Data Sources: Drug-Related Killings in the Philippines Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism Government Entities BARANGAY PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICE, HOLY SPIRIT, QUEZON CITY This office oversees peace and security in the barangay. The BPSO provided a list of 106 drug-related killings that took place in Holy Spirit between June 2016 and May 2018. We used 85 of these for this report. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS The Commission on Human Rights is an independent government body created by the Philippine Constitution in 1987. Its mandate is to investigate human rights violations against marginalized and vulnerable sectors. The commission provided a list of 551 drug-related killings that took place throughout the country between May 2016 to November 2017. These killings were reported by its field investigators. We culled from this list information on 50 drug casualties in Manila, Quezon City, and Caloocan. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ORDER AND ILLEGAL DRUGS In October 2017, the police submitted to the committee on public order and illegal drugs of the House of Representatives 863 spot reports covering 1,423 individuals killed between July 2016 and September 2017. The reports covered the entire country and represented only a fraction of total drug-related killings. We only included in this report information on drug casualties in Manila, Quezon City, and Caloocan. INTERNAL AFFAIRS SERVICE, PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE The mandate of this office is to conduct "motu propio" investigations each time a policeman discharges a firearm or where there is "death, serious physical injury or any violation of human rights occurred in the conduct of a police operation." We got 263 case folders containing orders for "motu propio" investigations of police shootings across Metro Manila from July 15, 2016 to December 28, 2016. For the cities of Quezon and Manila, we found records pertaining to 253 casualties from police operations (sweeps, raids, buy-busts, serving of arrest warrants). NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION POLICE OFFICE, PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE In response to our information request, this office provided detailed data in digital format on drug-related killings in Metro-Manila. The file listed over 1,002 killings between July 1, 2016 and March 31, 2018, and included names and other information on victims and suspects, incident narratives, motives of the killings, as well as geolocation data. We included in our analysis 201 incidents that met our time and location criteria. Academic Researchers THE INTERUNIVERSITY RESEARCH CONSORTIUM ON THE ANTIDRUG CAMPAIGN IN THE PHILIPPINES In 2018, the Ateneo School of Government at Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle Philippines, the University of the Philippines-Diliman, and the Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism at Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism formed a consortium to support multidisciplinary and evidence-based research on the antidrug campaign. The consortium's first project was a database of drug-related deaths. Led by the Ateneo policy Center, researchers collected information on drug-related killings from publicly available broadcast, print, or online news publications of reputable media agencies in the Philippines. They have data on over 7,000 deaths throughout the country that took place from the day after Duterte was elected president, May 10, 2016, to November 30, 2018. The researchers included in the database deaths through violent means only if the sources reported the following: The victim is alleged to have had a history of drug use; the victim is identified as someone who was linked to drugs as a pusher or dealer; the victim was on the drug watch list, or had been accused in a drug-related case; and the death is linked to, or is a result of, the government's antidrug campaign. An analysis of this data can be found in drugarchive.ph. CCT-DRK (CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS & DRUG-RELATED KILLINGS) RESEARCH Independent researchers compiled a list of 2,396 drug-related killings in Metro Manila that took place between July 2016 and December 2017. More than half of these, 1,653, were provided first-hand by their sources in local community groups that were aware of the killings in their neighborhoods. Most of the rest came from the Philippine Daily Inquirer's Kill List; and 20 were obtained from a police station in Manila. This study used only 855 names of casualties who died in Quezon City, Manila, and Caloocan City. Their report, "Quantifying the Effects of Drug-Related Killings on Philippine Conditional Cash Transfer beneficiaries in Metro Manila," will be published in 2019. Journalists REUTERS JOURNALISTS Reuters journalists obtained the complete e-blotter from the Quezon City Police District covering the period July 1, 2016 to July 18, 2017. The e-blotter lists 44,154 crimes recorded by the police in Quezon City during that period. The e-blotter includes information on victims and suspects, incident narratives as well as geolocation data filed by the police. From this data, we found 557 killings that met our criteria: The victim is alleged to have had a history of drug use; the victim is identified as someone who was linked to drugs as a user, seller, or dealer; the victim was on the drug watchlist, or had been accused in a drug-related case; the death is linked to, or is a result of, the government's antidrug campaign; and the killing bears the marks of similar drug-related killings by unidentified assailants - i.e. the victim was shot, often at close range, by masked, hooded, or helmeted gunmen -- and the incident took place in neighborhoods that have had the same type of killings during that period. We included casualties that resulted from both police operations and attacks by unidentified assailants. In addition, the journalists also obtained the Quezon City Police e-blotter for June 30, 2015 to June 30, 2016. That e-blotter has 44,241 entries containing names of suspects and victims, types of crime, and dates crimes were committed, but no incident narratives or geolocation data. Beyond Quezon City, the journalists obtained digital records of the antidrug operations carried by the Manila Police District from July 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017. These digital files had details, including incident narratives, on the killings of 378 drug suspects and of some drug-related arrests. In addition to the electronic files of police records, the journalists obtained the following: 1) digital images of the handwritten police blotters for Tondo Police Station 1 in Manila from November 15, 2016 to February 5, 2017, and for Tondo Police Station 2 in Manila from January 25, 2017 to February 9, 2017; 2) digital images of the handwritten blotters at the Caloocan City Police Station from July 1, 2016 to November 30, 2016; and 3) digital images of the handwritten blotters at the Navotas Police station from October 18, 2016 to November 30, 2016. FREELANCE JOURNALIST #1 A freelance journalist took digital images of spot (or incident) reports on file at the Quezon City Police District headquarters. These spot reports provide detailed information on victims and suspects as well as incident narratives for the period June 2016 to January 2017. The journalist also took digital images of spot reports from the Manila Police District covering the period July 2016 to December 2016 and digital images of spot reports from the Pasay City police department covering the period July 2016 to December 2016. In addition, the journalist got digital images of the handwritten blotter at the the Manila Police District's Criminal Investigation and Detective Unit for the period June 2016 to January 2017. The information from this handwritten blotter, however, is spotty and incomplete. FREELANCE JOURNALIST #2 A freelance journalist took photographs of 1,117 spot reports (some duplicated) on file at the Caloocan City police headquarters covering the period July 2, 2016 to July 9, 2017. The journalist also collected digital images of summary reports "of the most significant incidents," prepared by the Northern Police District for September to December 2016. The NPD oversees Caloocan City, for which there were 96 "significant incident" reports during that period. REPORTERS COVERING THE NPD ( NORTHERN POLICE DISTRICT) We received information on 152 killings that took place in the municipalities of Caloocan, Navotas, Malabon, and Valenzuela, all in Metro Manila, between May 2017 and July 2018 from journalists covering drug-related killings that fall under the jurisdiction of the Northern Police District. These journalists rush to crime scenes after the killings are reported. The names include only those of victims they saw either at the crime scene or in morgues, and only those who were either killed in police operations or were drug suspects killed by unidentified assailants. This study used only the information on 44 casualties in Caloocan in 2017. Human Rights Groups BALAY REHABILITATION CENTER The Balay Rehabilitation Center provides psychosocial and advocacy support to victims of torture and other forms of organized political violence. Founded in 1985, it has been working in Caloocan City for many years. The names of drug war casualties on its list were based on information provided by families of victims and key informants in the communities where it works. Balay provided information on 161 drug-linked casualties in Caloocan between July 2016 and December 2017. PHILIPPINE HUMAN RIGHTS INFORMATION CENTER Philrights or the Philippine Human Rights Information Center was formed in 1991 by the Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates (PAHRA), a coalition of human rights groups in the Philippines. It has special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (UN ECOSOC). Philrights collected information on 43 drug-related killings from the families of victims in the communities where it works across Metro Manila. Each name on its list was based on interviews with family members, some of whom provided death certificates and other documentation. For the cities of Manila, Quezon and Caloocan, we found 27 casualties. RISE UP FOR LIFE AND RIGHTS Rise Up for Life and Rights is a network of religious organizations and institutions founded in late 2016 in response to drug-related killings. Rise Up provides legal, educational, advocacy, and psychosocial support to the families of drug war casualties. It also collects information on drug casualties in the communities where it works. Each name on its list was based on interviews with family members of victims, some of whom provided death certificates and other documentation. The Rise Up secretariat is run by two organizations, the Promotion of Church People's Response and Kapatirang Simbahan Para sa Bayan. For the cities of Manila, Quezon, and Caloocan, we included 62 casualties from Rise Up's data. TASK FORCE DETAINEES OF THE PHILIPPINES The Task Force Detainees, a human rights organization founded in 1974 by the Association of Major Religious Superiors of the Philippines, collected information from families of the victims of the drug-campaign. In total, TFDP listed 199 cases of different human rights violations (extrajudicial killings, torture, arbitrary arrests, and harassment) across the country from June 2016 to October 2018. For Manila, Quezon City, and Caloocan, we found 87 drug-related casualties between July 2016 and December 2017 linked to either police operations or attacks by unidentified assailants. Each name on this list was based on interviews with close family members, some of whom provided death certificates and other documentation. Church Groups CATHOLIC DIOCESE OF CALOOCAN Volunteers and staff at the Catholic Diocese of Caloocan reached out to and provided assistance to families of victims of drug-related killings in Caloocan, Navotas, and Malabon. They spoke with the families and also logged information on the casualties, including names, dates, and places of death. They provided information on 338 drug-related killings from June 2016 to November 2017. We included 205 of these in this report. FRANCISCAN SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT FOR JUSTICE, PEACE, AND INTEGRITY OF CREATION The Franciscan Solidarity Mission for Justice, Peace, and the Integrity of Creation and their staff reached out to families of victims of drug-related killings in Quezon City and collected information on casualties, including names, dates, and places of death. They provided information on 40 drug-related killings between June 2016 and March 2018, of which 36 were counted for this report. HOLY TRINITY PARISH, BALIC-BALIC, MANILA Parish workers at the Holy Trinity parish in Balic, Balic, Manila reached out to families of drug war casualties and provided livelihood and other forms of assistance. They shared information on 15 drug-related killings. INA NG LUPANG PANGAKO PARISH, PAYATAS, QUEZON CITY Volunteers and staff at the Ina ng Lupang Pangako parish in Payatas, Quezon City, provided burial and livelihood assistance to families of victims of drug-related killings. They visited the families and also logged information on the casualties, including names, dates, and places of death. They provided information on 20 drug-related killings between June 2016 and August 2017. REDEMPTORIST SOCIAL MISSION The Redemptorist Social Mission, located in the Shrine of Our Mother of Perpetual Help in Baclaran, Pasay City, provides burial assistance as part of its ministry. When the antidrug campaign began, families of the victims of drug-related killings asked the mission's help for burial expenses. Families submitted death certificates, and when applicable, police reports, so they can avail themselves of assistance. The mission's social workers also interviewed victims' families. The mission provided a list of 269 dead from drug-related killings between July 2016 and December 2017 in the municipalities of Caloocan, Navotas, Malabon, Valenzuela, Manila, Pasay, and Quezon City. We included 163 casualties in our analysis. SAN ISIDRO LABRADOR PARISH, BAGONG SILANGAN, QUEZON CITY Volunteers and staff at the San Isidro Labrador parish in Bagong Silangan, Quezon City, provided counseling and other support to families of victims of drug-related killings. They visited the families and also logged information on the casualties, including names, dates, and places of death. They provided information on 37 drug-related killings between July 2016 and July 2017. SISTER JUANITA DANO Juanita Dano, a nun who lives among the poor In San Andres, Manila, collected information on drug-related killings in her community. She provided names and other details of casualties in a letter she sent to Catholic clergy and in a case she filed in the Supreme Court, along with several others. We counted 30 casualties in San Andres and Santa Ana, Manila, from July 2016 to August 2017. Other Sources FUNERAL PARLOR, CALOOCAN CITY Journalists obtained copies of paper documents containing burial information on victims of drug-related killings from a funeral parlor in Caloocan City accredited by the police to receive and do autopsies of the bodies of victims of violent crimes. The documents include names, dates and locations of death, and other circumstances of victims of drug war violence; victims of ordinary homicides were excluded from these documents. Documents were available for 144 deaths that took place in Caloocan City, Malabon, and Navotas from July to December 2016. Our data includes 90 names of those killed in Caloocan, and where the site of the killings was not available, only the dead who were Caloocan City residents. Addresses of the deceased were provided in the documents.