Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Incorporating emissions from the NEM up to March 2019 Australia’s National Greenhouse Accounts © Commonwealth of Australia, 2019. Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons By Attribution 3.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people. For licence conditions see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ This report should be attributed as ‘Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018, Commonwealth of Australia 2019. Disclaimer While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. ‘© Copyright, Commonwealth of Australia 2019. 2 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Preface The Quarterly Update reports on the latest estimates of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. This update provides estimates of Australia’s national inventory of greenhouse gas emissions up to the December quarter of 2018, and emissions from the National Electricity Market (NEM)1 up to the March quarter 2019. National emission levels2 for the December quarter 2018 increased by 0.8 per cent relative to the previous quarter, on a seasonally adjusted and weather normalised basis, primarily due to increased emissions from LNG for export, diesel consumption across transport, and metal manufacturing. In trend terms, emissions have also increased by 0.2 per cent. Emissions for the year to December 2018 are estimated to be 538.2 Mt CO2-e, up 0.7 per cent (3.5 Mt CO2-e) on the previous year, primarily due to increased LNG exports (22.2 per cent). Australia’s emissions for the year to December 2018 have declined 14.2 per cent since the peak in the year to June 2007 and were 0.4 per cent above emissions in 2000 and 11.9 per cent below emissions in 2005. Emissions per capita, and the emissions intensity of the economy, were at their lowest levels in 29 years. Emissions per capita in the year to December 2018 have fallen 38.2 per cent since 1990, while the emissions intensity of the economy has fallen 61.4 per cent (Figure P1). 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 kg CO2-e per $ of real GDP t CO2-e per person Figure P1: Emissions per capita and per dollar of real GDP, year to December 1990 to 2018 0.30 0.25 0.20 Year to December Emissions per capita Emissions per dollar of real GDP Source: Department of the Environment and Energy Electricity sector emissions decreased by 3.5 per cent in the year to December 2018 and 15.5 per cent from the peak recorded in the year to June 2009. Annual emissions from the NEM for the year to March 2019 decreased 2.1 per cent on the previous year. Emissions from the NEM for the March 2019 quarter increased by 1.8 per cent on a seasonally adjusted and weather normalised basis3, and were unchanged at 0.0 per cent in trend terms. 1 The NEM includes grid electricity in the Eastern and South Eastern states and accounts for approximately 85 per cent of total electricity estimates in the year to December 2018. 2 National emissions level are inclusive of all sectors of the economy, including Land Use, Land use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). 3 ‘Unadjusted’, ‘seasonally adjusted, weather normalised’ and ‘trend’ are defined in Section 5: Technical notes 3 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Contents PREFACE ................................................................................................ 3 1. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................ 5 2. SECTORAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 9 2.1 ENERGY – ELECTRICITY 2.2 ENERGY – STATIONARY ENERGY EXCLUDING ELECTRICITY 2.3 ENERGY – TRANSPORT 2.4 ENERGY – FUGITIVE EMISSIONS 2.5 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE 2.6 AGRICULTURE 2.7 WASTE 2.8 LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY 9 12 14 16 17 18 19 20 3. EMISSIONS PER CAPITA AND PER DOLLAR OF GDP ........................ 21 4. SHORT LIVED CLIMATE FORCERS .................................................... 22 4.1 AEROSOLS – BLACK CARBON, PM2.5 4.2 OZONE AND AEROSOL PRECURSORS – SULPHUR DIOXIDE, PM10 22 24 5. TECHNICAL NOTES .......................................................................... 26 6. DATA TABLES .................................................................................. 35 7. RELATED PUBLICATIONS AND RESOURCES ..................................... 56 4 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 1. Overview Table 1: National Greenhouse Gas Inventory4, December quarter 2018, emissions growth rates December quarter 2018 Quarterly change – seasonally adjusted and weather normalised5 0.8% Quarterly change – seasonally adjusted and weather normalised – trend2 0.2% Year to December 2018 Annual Change 0.7% Table 2: National Electricity Market (NEM)6, March quarter 2019, emissions growth rates March quarter 2019 Quarterly change – seasonally adjusted and weather normalised2 1.8% Quarterly change – seasonally adjusted and weather normalised – trend2 0.0% Year to March 2019 Annual Change -2.1% Summary of emissions in the December quarter 2018 In the December quarter of 2018, seasonally adjusted emissions increased by 0.8 per cent (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Figure 1: Emissions2, by quarter, December 2008 to December 2018 Emissions (Mt CO2-e) 160 150 140 130 120 Unadjusted emissions Seasonally adjusted and weather normalised Source: Department of the Environment and Energy 4 National emissions level are inclusive of all sectors of the economy, including Land Use, Land use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). 5 ‘Unadjusted’, ‘seasonally adjusted, weather normalised’ and ‘trend’ are defined in Section 5: Technical notes 6 The NEM includes grid electricity in the Eastern and South Eastern states and accounts for approximately 85 per cent of total electricity estimates in the year to December 2018. 5 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 This is driven in part by seasonally adjusted increases in emissions from fugitives (9.9 per cent), stationary energy (0.7 per cent) and transport (0.4 per cent). These increases reflect growth in LNG for export (22.2 per cent), diesel consumption across transport (1.4 per cent), and metal manufacturing (iron and steel production up 10.6 per cent and aluminium production up 5.8 per cent). Figure 2: Emissions growth rates, by quarter, December 2008 to December 2018 Quarterly change in emissions (%) 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% -2% -3% -4% Seasonally adjusted and weather normalised Trend Source: Department of the Environment and Energy Trend emissions (Figure 3) increased by 0.2 per cent, reflecting increases in emissions from stationary energy, fugitive emissions and waste. Figure 3: Trend emissions, by quarter, December 2008 to December 2018 155 Emissions (Mt CO2-e) 150 145 140 135 130 125 Trend Source: Department of the Environment and Energy 6 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Summary of annual emissions Annual emissions for the year to December 2018 are estimated to be 538.2 Mt CO2-e. The 0.7 per cent or 3.5 Mt CO2-e increase in emissions over the year to December, reflects increases in emissions from the stationary energy, transport, fugitive, industrial processes and product use and waste sectors (Table 3). These increases in emissions were partially offset by decreases in emissions from agriculture and the electricity sectors. Table 3: ‘Unadjusted’ annual emissions, by sector, for the year to December 2017 and 2018 Annual emissions (Mt CO2-e) Sector Change (%) Year to December 2017 Year to December 2018 Energy – Electricity 185.5 178.9 -3.5 Energy – Stationary energy excluding electricity 97.0 102.8 6.0 Energy – Transport 99.0 101.7 2.8 Energy – Fugitive emissions 55.4 58.1 4.9 Industrial processes and product use 33.7 34.7 2.9 Agriculture 71.7 69.4 -3.3 Waste 11.9 12.1 1.7 Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry -19.5 -19.5 0.4a 534.7 b 538.2b 0.7 b National Inventory Total a actual change is a small increase in net emissions of less than 0.1 Mt CO2- e all values are rounded, total is derived from full precision data b Figure 4: Emissions contribution, by sector, for the year to December 2018 Source: Department of the Environment and Energy 7 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 The increases in stationary energy emissions reflect strong growth over the year in LNG exports (up 22.2 per cent), steel production (up 10.6 per cent) and aluminium production (up 5.8 per cent). Growth in LNG also strongly impacted fugitive emissions due to flaring and the venting of methane and carbon dioxide. The increase of 10.6 per cent in steel production in particular affected industrial processes and product use emissions. Transport emissions also increased 2.8 per cent over the year to December, reflecting a 10.9 per cent increase in diesel consumption. Over the year to December 2018, there were decreases in emissions from the electricity and agriculture sectors. The 3.5 per cent decrease in emissions from the electricity sector are due to a 6.0 per cent reduction in brown coal supply, a 26.6 per cent reduction in gas supply, and a corresponding 31.1 per cent increase in supply from renewable sources. The 3.3 per cent decline in emissions from the agriculture sector reflects a decrease in emissions from enteric fermentation, which is largely driven by a decline in the beef cattle population7. Sectoral trends since 1990 Australia’s emissions have decreased by 9.5 per cent (56.2 Mt CO2-e) since 1990, reaching 538.2 Mt CO2-e in the year to December 2018. The electricity sector has experienced the largest growth, increasing by 48.2 Mt CO2-e between 1990 and the year to December 2018. Other sectors which have increased in emissions since 1990 include stationary energy excluding electricity, transport, fugitive emissions and industrial processes and product use. In contrast, the waste and agriculture sectors have each decreased in emissions since 1990. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) emissions have decreased by the largest margin of any sector since 1990 (192.5 Mt CO2-e). The change in emissions from each sector from the year to December 1990 to 2018 in Mt CO2-e in percentage terms is presented in Figure 5. Figure 5: Percentage change in emissions, by sector, since year to December 1990 80% Electricity Per cent change in emissions on 1989-90 (%) 60% Stationary energy excluding electricity Transport 40% 20% 0% Fugitive emissions -20% -40% -60% Industrial processes and product use -80% Agriculture -100% Waste -120% -140% LULUCF Source: Department of the Environment and Energy 7 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (2019). Agricultural Commodities, March Quarter 2019. 8 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 2. Sectoral Analysis 2.1 Energy – Electricity Electricity generation is the largest source of emissions in the national inventory, accounting for 33.2 per cent of emissions in the year to December 2018 (Figure 4). Electricity sector emissions have declined by 15.5 per cent (32.8 Mt CO2-e) in the year to December 2018, from the peak recorded in the year to June 2009 (Data Table 1A). ‘Unadjusted’ emissions from electricity generation decreased by 4.0 per cent in the December quarter of 2018 compared to the September quarter of 2018 (Figure 6). On a ‘seasonally adjusted and weather normalised’ 8 basis emissions decreased 0.9 per cent reflecting a strong increase in solar generation in the NEM (50.9 per cent) and decreases in gas and brown coal generation (15.7 and 9.9 per cent). Trend emissions decreased 1.3 per cent in the December quarter of 2018 compared to the September quarter of 2018. Figure 6: Electricity sector emissions, by quarter, December 2008 to December 2018 Emissions (Mt CO2-e) 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 Unadjusted emissions Seasonally adjusted and weather normalised emissions Source: Department of the Environment and Energy Over the year to December 2018, emissions from electricity decreased by 3.5 per cent on the previous year. In the year to March 2019, emissions from the NEM decreased 2.1 per cent compared with the year to March 2018 (Figure 7). Emissions from the NEM account for around 85 per cent of national electricity emissions. 8 Two adjustments are made: a) Seasonal adjustment is a first-order adjustment using ABS software that systematically corrects emissions data for average fluctuations in seasonal conditions which, for example, controls for the effects of two seasonal peaks in electricity demand. One in winter (associated with demand for heating) and one in summer (associated with demand for cooling); and b) Weather normalisation is a second-order adjustment that systematically corrects emissions data for atypical temperature effects on electricity demand within the year which, for example, controls for the effects of unusually cold winters or unusually hot summers. The weather normalisation methodology is described in detail in ‘Section 7: Special Topic’ of the December 2011 Quarterly Update. 9 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Figure 7: NEM electricity emissions, by quarter, March 2009 to March 2019 48 Emissions (Mt CO2-e) 46 44 42 40 38 36 Unadjusted emissions Seasonally adjusted and weather normalised emissions Source: Department of the Environment and Energy Emissions for the March quarter 2019 increased by 1.8 per cent on a seasonally adjusted and weather normalised basis. Demand in the NEM in the year to March 2019 remained flat at 0.0 per cent (Figure 8). Figure 8: Metered electricity demand in the NEM, year to the quarter, March 2009 to March 20199 210 Electricity Demand (TWh) 205 200 195 190 185 Source: Department of the Environment and Energy Year to the Quarter Source: Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO, 2018), obtained using NEM-Review software 9 The data presented in Figure 8 represents demand for the year to the quarter in the x-axis. For example, December 2016 correlates to demand from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2016 and September 2016 correlates to demand from 1 October 2015 to 30 September 2016. 10 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Reduced emissions in the year to March 2019 are principally a result of increased renewable generation (28.0 per cent) in the NEM and reductions of 0.8 per cent in black coal generation, 0.7 per cent in brown coal generation and 23.1 per cent in gas generation (Figure 9). Figure 9: Electricity generation in the NEM, by fuel, year to March 2010 to March 2019 120 Black coal Electricity Generation (TWh) 100 80 Brown coal 60 Gas 40 Renewables 20 0 Source: Australian Energy Market Operator Changes in the fuel mix used to generate electricity in the NEM over the past ten years are presented in Figure 9. Since the year to March 2010, coal generation has decreased from 82.0 per cent of total generation to 74.0 per cent. Gas generation has decreased from 10.0 per cent to 8.0 per cent and renewable generation (predominantly wind and solar generation) has increased from 8.0 per cent to 17.0 per cent of total generation. Electricity Generation (TWh) Figure 10: Electricity generation in the NEM, by fuel, by quarter, March 2016 to March 2019 25 Black coal 20 Brown coal Hydro 15 10 Solar 5 Gas 0 Wind Source: Department of the Environment and Energy 11 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 For the March 2019 quarter, generation from renewables decreased 6.4 per cent, in contrast to the 12.0 per cent decrease for the December 2018 quarter (Figure 9). This was primarily due to decreases in wind generation (down 3.1 per cent) and hydro generation (down 21.4 per cent) in the NEM. The shortfall in the NEM created by the decrease in renewable generation, in conjunction with an increase in demand for the March quarter (up 0.3 per cent), was met by increases in electricity generation from black coal (2.9 per cent), brown coal (9.1 per cent) and gas (67.9 per cent) (Figure 10). These increases in the March quarter were in contrast to the decreases of 1.2 per cent for coal and 15.7 per cent for gas, recorded in the December 2018 quarter.These changes in the fuel mix during the March quarter contributed to an increase of 1.8 per cent in emissions from the electricity sector on a seasonally adjusted and weather normalised basis (Figure 7). 2.2 Energy – Stationary energy excluding electricity Stationary energy excluding electricity includes emissions from direct combustion of fuels, predominantly from the manufacturing, mining, residential and commercial sectors. The mining sector includes petroleum, coal, crude oil, and gas. In the year to December 2018, stationary energy excluding electricity accounted for 19.1 per cent of Australia’s national inventory (Figure 4). Emissions from stationary energy excluding electricity in the December quarter of 2018 increased 0.8 per cent in trend terms compared with the September quarter of 2018. Emissions over the year to December 2018, increased by 5.7 per cent when compared with the previous year. Figure 11: Stationary energy excluding electricity emissions, unadjusted, by sub-sector, by quarter, December 2008 to December 2018 11 Emissions (Mt CO2-e) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Energy industries excluding electricity Manufacturing industries and construction Other sectors Source: Department of the Environment and Energy The emissions per quarter for stationary energy excluding electricity are presented in Figure 11. Emissions from energy industries excluding electricity increased emissions by 5.8 Mt CO2-e in the year to December 2018 compared with the year to December 2017. This was driven primarily by an increase of 22.2 per cent in LNG exports in the year to December 2018 (Figure 12). 12 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Figure 12: LNG exports, year to the quarter, December 1990 to December 2018 Source: Department of Industry, Innovation and Science (2019), Resources and Energy Quarterly 13 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 2.3 Energy – Transport The transport sector includes emissions from the direct combustion of fuels in transportation by road, rail, domestic aviation and domestic shipping. The main fuels used for transport are automotive gasoline (petrol), diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and aviation turbine fuel. In the year to December 2018, transport accounted for 18.9 per cent of Australia’s national inventory (Figure 4). Emissions from transport over the year to December 2018 increased by 2.8 per cent when compared with the previous year. The growth in transport was reflected in a 10.9 per cent annual growth in diesel consumption for the year to December 2018. This is attributed to increased diesel passenger vehicle sales and freight activity, supported by steady economic and population growth, and switching to diesel vehicles (associated with a 4.5 per cent fall in annual petrol consumption for the year to December 2018) (Figure 13). Figure 13: Consumption of primary liquid fuels, unadjusted and trend, by sub-sector, by quarter, December 2010 to December 2018 8000 7500 Million Litres 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 4500 4000 3500 Petrol Diesel Petrol - Trend Diesel - Trend Source: Department of the Environment and Energy (2018), Australian Petroleum Statistics Annual consumption of the major liquid fuels is presented in Figure 13 and is a general indicator of emissions from the domestic transport sector. This shows a large increase in diesel consumption around 2012, driven by increases in resource mining production. Fuel switching as a result of consumer preferences for diesel vehicles has particularly increased since the June 2017 quarter. Emissions in the December 2018 quarter decreased 0.6 per cent in trend terms, while ‘unadjusted’ emissions increased 2.2 per cent. This is the delayed result of lower than usual diesel sales for the September quarter (Figure 14). A return to trend growth is however expected in the future, as a result of strong diesel sales growth in the December 2018 quarter. This increase reflects the return to long term diesel consumption growth for road and rail transportation from the slowdown in the September 2018 quarter. 14 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Figure 14: Transport emissions, unadjusted and trend, by quarter, December 2008 to December 2018 26 26 Emissions (Mt CO2-e) 25 25 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 Transport - Unadjusted Transport - Trend Source: Department of the Environment and Energy The domestic transport sector accounts for over 70 per cent 10 of liquid fuels consumed in Australia. The past six years have seen a decrease in the consumption of petrol (including ethanol-blended) of 4.1 per cent and a strong increase in diesel consumption of 19.9 per cent. 10 Department of Industry and Science (2018). Australian Energy Statistics: Table F. http://www.industry.gov.au/industry/Office-of-the-ChiefEconomist/Publications/Pages/Australian-energy-statistics.aspx 15 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 2.4 Energy – Fugitive emissions Fugitive emissions occur during the production, processing, transport, storage, transmission and distribution of fossil fuels. These include coal, crude oil and natural gas production and processing. Emissions from decommissioned underground coal mines are also included in this sector. In the year to December 2018, fugitive emissions accounted for 10.8 per cent of Australia’s national inventory (Figure 4). Figure 15: Fugitive emissions, unadjusted and trend, by sub-sector, by quarter December 2008 to December 2018 10 Emissions (Mt CO2-e) 8 6 4 2 Coal - unadjusted emissions Crude oil and natural gas - unadjusted emissions Coal - trend Crude oil and natural gas - trend Source: Department of the Environment and Energy Fugitive emissions in the December quarter increased 9.9 per cent on a seasonally adjusted basis. Emissions increased in trend terms by 3.8 per cent. The increase in emissions is driven by total gas production increasing 7.1 per cent in the December 2018 quarter. This includes a 6.5 per cent increase in LNG exports. An 11.8 per cent increase in underground coal production also contributed to the increase in fugitive emissions. Annual unadjusted emissions in this sector increased by 4.9 per cent over the year to December 2018 (Figure 15). This increase in fugitive emissions was driven by an increase of 15.1 per cent in natural gas production11, and a 0.5 per cent annual increase in coal production.11 11 Department of Industry, Innovation and Science (2019). Resources and Energy Quarterly, March 2019 16 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 2.5 Industrial processes and product use Emissions from industrial processes and product use occur as the result of by-products of materials and reactions used in production processes. This sector includes emissions from processes used to produce chemical, metal, and mineral product. It also includes emissions from the consumption of synthetic gases. In the year to December 2018, industrial processes and product use accounted for 6.4 per cent of Australia’s national inventory (Figure 4). Figure 16: Industrial processes and product use emissions, unadjusted, by sub-sector, by quarter, December 2008 to December 2018 4.0 Chemical industry 3.5 Emissions (Mt CO2-e) 3.0 Products substituted for Ozone Depleting Substances 2.5 Metal industry 2.0 1.5 Mineral industry 1.0 0.5 Other production and lubricant use 0.0 Source: Department of the Environment and Energy Trend emissions for industrial processes and product use decreased by 1.2 per cent in the December quarter 2018, however, trend emissions increased 2.3 per cent over the year to December 2018. The annual increase was largely due to increasing iron and steel production of 10.6 per cent, and a 1.3 per cent increase in emissions from products used as substitutes for ozone depleting substances (Figure 16). 17 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 2.6 Agriculture Emissions from agriculture include methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions are estimated for enteric fermentation and manure management in livestock. They are also estimated for rice cultivation, agricultural soils and field burning of agricultural residues. Carbon dioxide emissions are reported from the application of urea and lime (Figure 17). Figure 17: Agriculture emissions, unadjusted, by sub- sector, year to December, 1990 to 2018 Source: Department of the Environment and Energy In the year to December 2018, agriculture accounted for 12.9 per cent of Australia’s national inventory (Figure 4). Emissions from Agriculture have decreased by 3.3 per cent over the year to December 2018. This decline is driven mainly by decreases in emissions from enteric fermentation, which reflects a decline in the beef cattle population. In addition, there were decreases in emissions from agricultural soils and field burning of agricultural residues. This was the result of a return to more regular production conditions following the above average to exceptional yields in much of the Australian cropping region in 2016-17. 18 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 2.7 Waste The waste sector includes emissions from landfills, wastewater treatment, waste incineration and the biological treatment of solid waste. Emissions largely consist of methane, which is generated when organic matter decays under anaerobic conditions. In the year to December 2018, waste accounted for 2.2 per cent of Australia’s national inventory (Figure 4). Emissions from waste increased 1.1 per cent over the year to December 2018 due to a 3.9 per cent increase in emissions from wastewater treatment and discharge (Figure 18). This reflects lower rates of methane capture from wastewater treatment and discharge being reported by wastewater facilities. Figure 18: Waste emissions, unadjusted, by sub-sector, year to December, 1990 to 2018 Source: Department of the Environment and Energy 19 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 2.8 Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry The Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector of the national inventory includes estimates of net anthropogenic emissions for forests and agricultural lands and changes in land use. In the year to December 2018, the LULUCF sector12 accounted for a net sink equivalent to 3.6 per cent of Australia’s national inventory (Figure 4). Net emissions for the LULUCF sector in the year to December 2018 are estimated to be a sink of 19.5 Mt CO2-e (Figure 19). The sink of emissions decreased by 0.4 per cent (0.1 Mt CO2-e) on the previous twelve months (Table 3). Figure 19: LULUCF net anthropogenic emissions, by sub-sector, year to December, 1990 to 2018 Source: Department of the Environment and Energy 12 LULUCF includes Forest conversion, Forest land remaining forest land, Land converted to forest land, Grasslands (including Wetlands and Settlements) and Croplands 20 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 3. Emissions per capita and per dollar of GDP Emissions per capita, and the emissions intensity of the economy13, were at their lowest levels in 29 years. In the year to December 2018, national inventory emissions per capita were 21.5 t CO2-e per person. This represents a 38.2 per cent decline in national inventory emissions per capita from 34.8 t CO2-e in 1990. Over the period from 1989-90 to December 2018, Australia’s population grew strongly from 17.2 million to around 25.2 million. This reflects a growth rate of 46.8 per cent.14,15 Australia’s GDP (2015-16 prices)16 also experienced significant growth over this period, expanding from $0.8 trillion in 1989-90 to around $1.8 trillion in the year to December 2018. This represents a growth of 134.4 per cent. National inventory emissions per dollar of real GDP fell from 0.76 kg CO2-e per dollar in 1990 to 0.29 kg CO2-e per dollar in the year to December 2018 (Figure 20). This represents a decline of 61.4 per cent from the year to December 1990.10 Figure 20: Emissions per capita and per dollar of real GDP (2015-16 prices), unadjusted, year to December 1990 to 2018 36 0.80 34 0.75 32 0.70 0.65 28 0.60 26 24 0.55 22 0.50 20 0.45 18 0.40 16 0.35 14 0.30 12 10 0.25 8 0.20 Year to December Emissions per capita Emissions per dollar of real GDP Source: Department of the Environment and Energy 13 Emissions per capita and per dollar of real GDP levels are inclusive of all sectors of the economy, including Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) 14 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018), Australian Demographic Statistics, pub. no. 3101 http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0 15 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018), Population Clock. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock 16 2015-16 prices, Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018), National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, pub. no. 5206 http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/5206.0 21 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 kg CO2-e per $ of real GDP t CO2-e per person 30 4. Short Lived Climate Forcers With an increased global focus on short lived climate forcers (SLCF) and their role in affecting climate, Black carbon emissions from combustion processes have been included for the first time in this report along with other aerosols (PM2.5) and ozone and aerosol precursors (sulphur dioxide and PM10). These substances are already included in Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 4.1 Aerosols – Black Carbon, PM2.5 Black carbon, an aerosol (airborne particle) emitted from combustion processes is emitted as a component of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometres (≤ 2.5 μm) in diameter (PM2.5). Data from the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI)17, has been used in conjuction with greenhouse gas data to derive national black carbon estimates. This Update provides estimates of black carbon emissions for energy, industrial processes and product use, waste, transport, residential burning and biomass burning for the year to December 2017 to the year to December 2018. In the year to December 2018, LULUCF accounted for 76.6 per cent of Australia’s national black carbon inventory (Figure 21). The transport sector is the second largest contributor (16.9 per cent) to Australia’s black carbon emissions due to combustion of diesel fuel in heavy vehicles and kerosene in aviation. Figure 21: Black carbon emissions contribution, by sector, for the year to December 2018 The 1.5 per cent or 5.0 kt increase in black carbon emissions over the year to December 2018 reflect increases in emissions from the energy sector (including diesel use in transport). This was partially offset by decreases in emissions from the LULUCF sector (Table 4). 17 http://www.npi.gov.au/ 22 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Table 4: Black carbon emissions, by sector, for the years to December 2017 and 2018 Annual emissions (kt) Sector Change (%) Year to December 2017 Year to December 2018 Energy – Fuel Combustion 63.1 68.8 9.0 Energy Industries 5.0 5.3 6.1 Energy – Manufacturing Industries and Construction 7.7 7.7 0.0 Energy – Other Sectors 0.4 0.4 0.0 Energy – Transport 50.0 55.4 10.9 Industrial processes and product use 0.4 0.4 5.8 Agriculture 6.4 6.1 -3.3 Waste 0.8 0.8 0.0 Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry 250.1 249.6 -0.2 Black Carbon Total 320.7 325.7 1.5 The increase in black carbon emissions for transport is attributed to increased diesel passenger vehicle sales and freight activity, supported by steady economic and population growth, and switching to diesel vehicles (Figure 13). Figure 22: Black carbon emissions, by sector, by quarter, December 2010 to December 2018 350 9 LULUCF 8 300 Transport 250 6 200 5 4 150 3 Black carbon emissions (kt) Black carbon emissions (kt) 7 Agriculture Manufacturing Industries and Construction Energy Industries 100 2 Industrial Processes 1 Waste 50 0 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Department of the Environment and Energy 23 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 2018 4.2 Ozone and aerosol precursors – Sulphur dioxide, PM10 Measured data from the NPI for sulphur dioxide (SO2) and the aerosol particulate matter less than or equal to 10 micrometres (≤ 10 μm) in diameter (PM10) has also been published in this report, for energy, waste and industrial processes and product use from the year to December 2010. For SO2, in the year to December 2018, metal production (copper and zinc) accounted for 72.7 per cent of Australia’s national inventory (Figure 23). Energy industries comprises electricity generation, petroleum refining and coal production is the second largest contributor (22.8 per cent) to Australia’s SO2, emissions. These emissions are primarily associated with electricity production. Figure 23: Sulphur dioxide emissions contribution, by sector, for the year to December 2018 Source: Department of the Environment and Energy The 2.8 per cent or 61.6 kt increase in emissions over the year to December 2018 mainly reflects increases in emissions from metal production (Table 5). These increases in emissions were partially offset by decreases in emissions from the transport and electricity generation sectors. Table 5: Sulphur dioxide emissions, by sector, for the years to December 2017 and 2018 Annual emissions (kt) Sector Change (%) Year to December 2017 Year to December 2018 Energy – Fuel Combustion 633.1 624.6 -1.3 Energy Industries 535.6 521.0 -2.7 Energy – Manufacturing Industries and Construction 63.6 68.0 7.0 Energy – Other Sectors 9.3 9.3 0.0 Energy – Transport 24.6 26.3 6.9 Industrial processes and product use 1590.1 1660.2 4.4 Sulphur Dioxide Total 2223.2 2284.8 2.8 24 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 For the aerosol PM10, in the year to December 2018, manufacturing industries and construction (including mining and quarrying) accounted for 52.3 per cent of Australia’s national inventory (Figure 24). The manufacture of solid fuels and other energy (the primary component of Energy Industries) is the second largest contributor (42.1 per cent) to Australia’s SO2 emissions due to coal mining. Figure 24: PM10 emissions contribution, by sector, for the year to December 2018 Source: Department of the Environment and Energy The 2.5 per cent or 22.8 kt increase in emissions over the year to December 2018 reflects increases in emissions from the energy and metal production sectors (Table 6). Table 6: PM10 emissions, by sector, for the years to December 2017 and 2018 Annual emissions (kt) Sector Change (%) Year to December 2017 Year to December 2018 Energy – Fuel Combustion 900.9 922.9 2.4 Energy Industries 396.6 418.6 5.6 Energy – Manufacturing Industries and Construction 492.2 492.2 0.0 Energy – Other Sectors 12.1 12.1 0.0 Industrial processes and product use 13.0 13.8 5.8 Waste 4.3 4.3 0.0 918.2 941.0 2.5 PM10 Total 25 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 5. Technical notes 5.1 Quarterly coverage The Quarterly Update uses emissions estimates based on our United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) inventory time series to better support implementation of Australia’s 2030 target. The UNFCCC inventory will be used to track progress towards Australia’s commitment to reduce emissions levels by 2030 under the Paris Agreement. 5.2 International guidelines The Quarterly Update has been prepared in accordance with the international guidelines agreed for use at the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the UNFCCC in Warsaw 2013 including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006). 5.3 Greenhouse gases and short lived climate forcers This report covers sources of greenhouse gas emissions and removals by sinks resulting from human (anthropogenic) activities for the major greenhouse gases listed in Table 7 below. For the first time this report also reports on some select aerosols and ozone and aerosol precursors known as short lived climate forcers (Table 7). Table 7: Major greenhouse gases and short lived climate forcers covered by the Quarterly Update Major greenhouse gases Short lived climate forcers Carbon dioxide (CO2) particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) Methane (CH4) Black carbon (BC) Nitrous oxide (N2O) particulate matter less than or equal to 10 micrometres (PM10) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Australia’s emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3) are considered negligible and are not estimated. Global warming potentials (GWPs) have been used for each of the major greenhouse gases to convert them to carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e). As greenhouse gases vary in their radiative activity and in their atmospheric residence time, converting emissions into CO 2-e allows the integrated effect of emissions of the various gases to be compared. The GWPs used in this Report were the 100-year GWPs contained in the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC 2007), by international agreement. Short lived climate forcers are gases and particles that affect the climate. They have lifetimes in the atmosphere of a few days to a decade, and many of them are also air pollutants. They are referred to as near-term climate forcers (NTCF) in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), which are a set of compounds whose impact on climate occurs primarily within the first decade after their emission. This set of compounds includes ozone and aerosols, or their precursors, and some halogenated species that are not well-mixed greenhouse gases (Annex 3 Glossary, Working Group I contribution to AR5). 26 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 GWPs are not applied to the short lived climate forcers, they are therefore reported in mass units. 5.4 Quarterly methodology and growth rates Emission estimates have been compiled by the Department using the estimation methodologies incorporated in the Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System (AGEIS) and documented in the National Inventory Report. The estimates are calculated using the latest national inventory data and indicators from external data sources (listed in Section 5.6). These data are used to determine growth rates, which are applied to estimate quarterly emissions growth. Quarterly growth rates are calculated as the percentage change between the estimates for the previous quarter and the current quarter. Annual growth rates are calculated as the percentage change between the estimates for the twelve months to the end of the equivalent quarter in the previous year, and the twelve months to the end of the current quarter. 5.5 Recalculations Periodic recalculations of the quarterly emission estimates are undertaken as more complete and accurate information becomes available, and in response to changes in international reporting requirements. Recalculations comply with international guidelines, are estimated on a time series consistent basis and are subject to annual international expert review. Recalculations since the September Quarter 2018 The recalculations since the September 2018 edition of the Quarterly Update for the financial years 2005 and 2016 to 2018 (and including the first quarter of 2019), by sector in Mt CO2-e, are shown in Table 8. Table 8: Recalculations (Mt CO2-e) since the September 2018 Quarterly Update, by sector, 2005 and 2016 to 2019 Financial Years and Quarters Sector 2005 2016 2017 2018 Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Agriculture -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 Electricity 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 Transport 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fugitive emissions 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 Industrial processes and product use 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 Waste 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LULUCF 1.6 1.6 -0.7 -0.7 1.9 1.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Total 1.5 1.6 -0.7 -0.7 1.8 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.1 -0.1 Stationary energy (excluding electricity) 27 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Sep Revisions to Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) livestock, crop and rice data. Revisions to Department of Industry, Innovation and Science (DIIS) commodities production data resulted in recalculations to stationary energy (excluding electricity), fugitive emissions, and industrial processes and product use. Recalculations to LULUCF reflect improvements made to the annual collection and processing of activity data and to emissions estimation methods for the LULUCF sector. These improvements are described in the latest annual National Inventory Report to the UNFCCC (published in May 2019). Routine recalculations The national inventory is subject to continuous improvement in line with the national inventory improvement plan. All methods and data sources are kept under review to ensure that the inventory is consistent with international guidelines, is able to use the best data available, including new National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) data, and takes account of the latest empirical science. 5.6 Source data Preliminary activity data are obtained under the NGERs and from a range of publicly available sources, principally:  Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018), Australian Demographic Statistics, pub. no. 3101 http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0  Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018), Population Clock. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock  Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (2019). Agricultural Commodities, March Quarter 2019.  Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018), National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, pub. no. 5206 http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/5206.0  AEMO – Market data extracted using NEM-Review software: http://www.aemo.com.au/Electricity/Data  BITRE – Domestic Totals & Top Routes: http://www.bitre.gov.au/publications/ongoing/domestic_airline_activity-time_series.aspx  BoM - Monthly climate summaries: http://www.bom.gov.au/  Department of Industry, Innovation and Science (2019). Resources and Energy Quarterly, March 2019  Department of Industry and Science (2018). Australian Energy Statistics: Table F. https://www.energy.gov.au/publications/australian-energy-update-2018  DoEE – Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System: http://ageis.climatechange.gov.au/ 28 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 5.7 Unadjusted time series The ABS defines an original time series as showing ‘the actual movements in the data over time’. The unadjusted time series’ in this report are equivalent to an original time series. 5.8 Seasonal adjustment analysis The ABS defines seasonal adjustment as follows: ‘A seasonally adjusted time-series is a time-series with seasonal component removed. This component shows a pattern over one year or less and is systemic or calendar related.’ The unadjusted quarterly data have been adjusted using SEASABS to remove the effects of seasonal factors. SEASABS is a standard seasonal adjustment tool, consistent with methods applied by the ABS. SEASABS analysis for the Quarterly Update uses a 5 term Henderson moving average. 5.9 Trend analysis The trend series provides the best indication of underlying movements in the inventory by smoothing short term fluctuations in the seasonally adjusted series, caused for example, by extreme weather events such as floods or fires. The trend time series is estimated using the SEASABS tool. More information on trend analysis is available on the ABS website http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/home/Time+Series+Analysis:+The+Basics. 5.10 Weather normalisation The seasonally adjusted and trend estimates are further adjusted to correct for the effects of variations around average seasonal temperatures. This process is termed ‘weather normalisation’ and is designed to provide a clearer indication of the underlying trends in the emissions data. Seasonal temperatures are an important predictor of emissions in Australia due to their influence on demand for electricity for heating and cooling (air conditioning). The seasonally adjusted series corrects for the regular effects of differences in average temperatures between seasons. The weather normalised series further corrects for fluctuations in average seasonal conditions. The weather normalisation methodology is based on the Bureau of Meteorology concept of ‘heating and cooling degree days,’ and is applied to total emissions (excluding LULUCF) and the electricity sector. The methodology is described in detail in ‘Section 7: Special Topic’ of the December 2011 edition of the Quarterly Update. 5.11 Quarterly uncertainty For all sectors the Department’s assessment is that the 90 per cent confidence interval for the national inventory is ± 6.5 per cent (i.e. there is a 90 per cent probability that future revisions will be limited to ± 6.5 per cent of the current estimate). 29 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 5.12 Sectoral emissions sources and sinks Energy: Electricity:  Emissions from the combustion of fuel used to generate electricity for public use. Stationary energy excluding electricity:  Energy industries: petroleum refining, gas processing and solid fuel manufacturing (including coal mining and oil/gas extraction and processing).  Manufacturing industries and construction: direct emissions from the combustion of fuel to provide energy used in manufacturing such as steel, non-ferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, nonenergy mining and pulp and paper.  Other sectors: energy used by the commercial, institutional, residential sectors as well as fuel used by the agricultural, fishery and forestry equipment. This also includes all remaining fuel combustion emissions associated with military fuel use. Transport:  Road transport: passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, trucks, buses and motorcycles.  Domestic air transport: commercial passenger and light aircraft on domestic routes using either aviation gasoline or jet kerosene. International air transport is reported but not included in Australia’s total emissions (in line with international guidelines).  Coastal shipping: domestic shipping and small craft. International shipping is reported but not included in Australia’s total emissions (in line with international guidelines).  Rail transport: railways, but not electric rail, where fuel combustion is covered under the electricity sector.  Transmission of natural gas. Fugitive emissions: Emissions, other than those attributable to energy use, from:  Solid fuels: CO2 and CH4 from coal mining activities, post-mining and decommissioned mines and CO2, CH4 and N2O from flaring associated with coal mining.  Oil and natural gas: exploration, extraction, production, processing and transportation of natural gas and oil. Includes leakage, evaporation and storage losses, flaring and venting of CO 2, CH4 and N2O. Industrial processes and product use:  Mineral industry: CO2 from cement clinker and lime production; the use of limestone and dolomite and other carbonates in industrial smelting and other processes; soda ash production and use; and magnesia production.  Metal industry: CO2 and PFCs from aluminium smelting; CO2, CH4 and N2O from iron and steel production; and CO2 from the production of ferroalloys and other metals. 30 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018  Chemical Industry: includes N2O from the production of nitric acid; CO2, from ammonia production, acetylene use and the production of synthetic rutile and titanium dioxide; and CH 4 from polymers and other chemicals.  Other product manufacture and use: CO2 from the consumption of CO2 in the food and drink industry and the use of sodium bicarbonate, SF6 from electrical equipment.  Product uses as substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances: HFC and refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, foam blowing, metered dose inhalers, fire extinguishers, solvent use.  Non-energy products from fuel and solvent use: CO2 produced by oxidation of lubricating oils and greases. Agriculture: CH4 and N2O emissions from the consumption, decay or combustion of living and dead biomass, including:  Enteric fermentation in livestock: emissions associated with microbial fermentation during digestion of feed by ruminant (mostly cattle and sheep) and some non-ruminant domestic livestock.  Manure management: emissions associated with the decomposition of animal wastes while held in manure management systems.  Rice cultivation: CH4 emissions from anaerobic decay of organic material when rice fields are flooded.  Agricultural soils: emissions associated with the application of fertilisers, crop residues and animal wastes to agricultural lands and the use of biological nitrogen fixing crops and pastures.  Field burning of agricultural residues: emissions from field burning of cereal and other crop stubble, and the emissions from burning sugar cane prior to harvest.  Carbon dioxide emissions from the application of urea and lime. Waste: Emissions are predominantly CH4. Small amounts of CO2 and N2O are generated through incineration and the decomposition of human wastes respectively. The main sources are:  Solid waste: emissions resulting from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in landfills.  Wastewater: emissions resulting from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in sewerage facilities (including on-site systems such as septic tanks) during treatment and disposal of wastewater.  Incineration: emissions resulting from the incineration of solvents and clinical waste.  Biological treatment of solid waste: emissions resulting from the anaerobic decomposition of organic material in composting and anaerobic digester facilities. 31 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry: The LULUCF sector includes:  Forest converted to other land uses: emissions and removals from the direct human-induced removal of forest and replacement with pasture, crops or other uses since 1990. Emissions arise from the burning and decay of cleared vegetation, and changes in soil carbon from current and past events.  Land converted to forest: emissions and removals (i.e. sinks) from forests established on agricultural land. Growth of the forests and regrowth on cleared lands provides a carbon sink, while emissions can arise from soil disturbance on the cleared lands (N2O). Both new plantings and the regeneration of forest from natural seed sources contribute to this classification as well as sequestration projects under the Emission Reduction Fund.  Forest land remaining forest land: emissions and removals in forests managed under a system of practices designed to support commercial timber production such as harvest or silvicultural practices or practices that are designed to implement specific sink enhancement activities. Forest harvesting causes emissions due to the decay of harvest slash and any subsequent prescribed burning. The regrowth of forests following harvesting provides a carbon sink and the harvested wood product pool can be a carbon sink or source depending on the rate of input and the rate of decay. Wildfire emissions on forest management land are reported using the natural disturbances provision.  Cropland: Anthropogenic emissions and removals on croplands occur as a result of changes in management practices on cropping lands, from changes in crop type (particularly woody crops) and from changes in land use.  Grazing land: Anthropogenic emissions and removals on grasslands result from changes in management practices on grass lands, particularly from changes in pasture, grazing and fire management; changes in woody biomass elements and from changes in land use.  Wetlands: Net emissions from the coastal lands including dredging of seagrass, aquaculture, and loss of tidal marsh areas. Changes in mangroves are reported under forest classifications. 5.13 Measurements The units used in this quarterly update inventory are: grams (g) tonnes (t) metres (m) litres (L) Standard metric prefixes used in this inventory are: kilo (k) = 103 (thousand) mega (M) = 106 (million) giga (G) = 109 tera (T) = 1012 peta (P) = 1015 32 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 In this report, emissions are expressed in Mt CO2-e, which represents millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent gas. Short lived climate forcers are expressed in kt which represents thousands of tonnes of the respective gas or particle. 5.14 Future publications The March 2019 Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory will be published by 31 August 2019. 33 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 6. Data tables Data Table 1A: Unadjusted emissions (Mt), by sector, by quarter, since 2001-0218 Energy 2005-2006 2004-2005 2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 Year 18 Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Transport Fugitive emissions National Inventory Total 19.4 18.9 10.2 7.3 19.5 4.0 16.6 143.4 44.3 19.4 19.6 9.6 7.1 19.5 4.0 16.6 139.9 March 45.4 18.6 18.5 8.9 6.9 19.0 3.9 16.2 137.4 June 46.8 19.2 18.7 9.8 7.3 19.2 4.0 16.4 141.3 September 48.6 19.9 19.6 9.9 7.8 18.1 3.8 18.7 146.4 December 46.2 19.9 20.2 9.1 7.8 18.1 3.8 18.7 143.8 March 45.4 19.1 19.1 8.5 7.8 17.7 3.7 18.3 139.7 June 46.4 19.5 19.3 9.5 7.7 17.9 3.7 18.5 142.6 September 49.0 20.3 20.3 10.0 8.3 18.9 3.6 16.6 147.1 December 46.8 20.3 21.0 9.2 8.3 18.9 3.6 16.6 144.8 March 50.0 19.4 19.8 8.6 8.1 18.7 3.6 16.4 144.7 June 49.1 19.9 20.0 9.7 7.9 18.7 3.6 16.4 145.4 September 50.9 20.8 20.8 10.2 8.0 19.1 3.6 22.4 155.9 December 48.2 20.9 21.1 9.6 8.0 19.1 3.6 22.4 152.9 March 48.8 19.8 19.7 8.9 7.9 18.7 3.5 21.9 149.3 June 48.9 20.4 20.6 10.0 8.0 18.9 3.6 22.1 152.6 September 50.9 20.7 20.6 10.5 8.2 18.7 3.6 21.4 154.6 December 48.9 20.5 21.9 9.8 8.0 18.7 3.6 21.4 152.8 March 50.6 19.4 20.5 9.2 7.8 18.3 3.5 21.0 150.3 June 50.9 20.6 20.5 10.5 8.0 18.5 3.5 21.2 153.8 Electricity Stationary energy excl. electricity September 47.5 December Quarter This table presents estimates of quarterly emissions by sector since 2001-02, in unadjusted terms. As numbers are rounded, the sum of the sectors may not exactly equal the totals. 35 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Energy 2011-2012 2010-2011 2009-2010 2008-2009 2007-2008 2006-2007 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Transport Fugitive emissions National Inventory Total 20.5 21.2 10.9 8.5 17.8 3.7 23.7 158.5 50.8 21.0 22.0 10.3 8.6 17.8 3.7 23.7 157.9 March 51.6 19.8 21.2 9.7 8.4 17.4 3.6 23.2 154.8 June 49.5 20.6 21.4 11.0 8.6 17.6 3.6 23.4 155.8 September 53.5 21.4 21.7 11.8 8.7 17.1 3.8 19.8 157.7 December 50.3 21.3 22.3 9.9 8.6 17.1 3.8 19.8 153.0 March 51.7 20.3 21.3 9.9 8.5 16.9 3.7 19.6 151.9 June 50.5 21.4 21.7 10.6 8.6 16.9 3.7 19.6 153.1 September 55.4 22.1 22.1 10.7 9.3 17.3 3.8 17.6 158.3 December 52.3 21.6 22.6 10.7 8.7 17.3 3.8 17.6 154.5 March 52.5 19.4 21.2 9.5 7.3 16.9 3.7 17.2 147.5 June 51.5 20.5 21.5 11.2 7.5 17.1 3.7 17.4 150.4 September 51.4 20.8 22.4 11.3 8.6 16.7 3.8 12.3 147.3 December 51.3 21.3 22.9 10.3 9.0 16.7 3.8 12.3 147.5 March 52.5 20.5 21.4 9.9 9.1 16.3 3.8 12.0 145.5 June 49.9 21.3 22.1 10.8 9.0 16.5 3.8 12.1 145.6 September 51.0 21.9 22.8 11.6 9.1 17.8 3.7 7.4 145.3 December 47.1 21.6 23.7 10.8 9.2 17.8 3.7 7.4 141.3 March 50.7 20.1 22.1 9.0 9.0 17.4 3.6 7.2 139.1 June 49.7 21.6 22.8 10.2 8.9 17.6 3.6 7.3 141.9 September 50.9 23.2 22.5 10.8 9.2 18.1 3.3 4.6 142.4 December 49.2 22.7 22.9 10.5 8.2 18.1 3.3 4.6 139.3 March 50.3 21.4 23.1 9.6 8.1 17.9 3.2 4.5 138.2 June 48.7 22.1 23.4 11.1 7.9 17.9 3.2 4.5 138.9 Electricity Stationary energy excl. electricity September 52.2 December Quarter 36 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Energy 2017-2018 2016-2017 2015-2016 2014-2015 2013-2014 2012-2013 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Transport Fugitive emissions National Inventory Total 24.1 23.2 11.0 8.0 18.2 3.1 1.8 136.5 45.9 23.9 23.9 10.6 8.0 18.2 3.1 1.8 135.4 March 47.6 22.2 22.2 9.8 7.7 17.8 3.0 1.8 132.1 June 46.6 23.2 22.8 10.6 7.8 18.0 3.1 1.8 133.9 September 45.0 23.9 23.4 10.3 7.9 18.3 3.1 2.0 134.2 December 44.0 23.9 23.9 10.2 7.9 18.3 3.1 2.0 133.4 March 47.2 22.5 22.7 10.1 7.6 17.9 3.1 2.0 133.1 June 44.5 23.7 23.2 10.2 7.7 18.1 3.1 2.0 132.5 September 47.5 23.4 24.0 12.4 8.3 17.7 3.0 -0.9 135.4 December 46.4 22.9 24.5 11.1 8.3 17.7 3.0 -0.9 132.9 March 47.9 21.8 23.3 10.4 8.0 17.3 2.9 -0.9 130.8 June 47.2 22.6 23.5 11.6 8.2 17.5 3.0 -0.9 132.7 September 49.3 23.4 24.1 12.5 8.4 17.4 3.1 -4.1 134.1 December 48.0 23.3 24.5 11.9 8.4 17.4 3.1 -4.1 132.6 March 49.9 22.3 24.0 12.1 8.1 17.2 3.1 -4.1 132.6 June 47.5 23.3 23.8 12.2 8.2 17.2 3.1 -4.1 131.2 September 48.6 24.2 24.5 12.9 8.6 18.4 3.0 -4.9 135.3 December 45.3 24.2 25.8 12.6 8.5 18.4 3.0 -4.9 132.8 March 49.4 22.6 23.9 12.4 8.2 18.0 2.9 -4.8 132.6 June 45.9 24.4 24.5 13.9 8.4 18.2 2.9 -4.8 133.3 September 45.7 25.0 25.1 14.7 8.5 17.8 3.0 -5.0 134.9 December 44.4 25.0 25.5 14.5 8.6 17.8 3.0 -5.0 133.8 March 46.2 24.2 24.9 13.3 8.6 17.4 3.0 -4.8 132.8 June 45.1 25.6 25.6 14.3 8.7 17.6 3.0 -4.9 135.1 Electricity Stationary energy excl. electricity September 47.0 December Quarter 37 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Energy 2018-2019 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Transport Fugitive emissions National Inventory Total 26.5 25.4 14.7 8.7 17.2 3.0 -4.9 135.4 42.9 26.4 25.9 15.7 8.7 17.2 3.0 -4.9 135.0 March - - - - - - - - - June - - - - - - - - - Electricity Stationary energy excl. electricity September 44.7 December Quarter 38 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Data Table 1B: Seasonally adjusted emissions (Mt), by sector, by quarter, since 2001-0219 Energy 2005-2006 2004-2005 2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 Year 19 Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Transport Fugitive emissions National Inventory Total 18.9 18.7 9.6 7.1 19.3 4.0 15.9 140.0 45.2 19.1 18.9 9.8 7.0 19.3 4.0 16.3 139.7 March 45.9 19.2 19.0 9.6 7.1 19.2 4.0 16.6 140.6 June 46.7 19.3 19.1 9.5 7.4 19.3 4.0 16.7 141.6 September 47.2 19.4 19.3 9.4 7.6 18.0 3.7 18.2 143.1 December 47.1 19.6 19.5 9.2 7.8 18.0 3.7 18.5 143.5 March 45.8 19.8 19.6 9.2 8.0 17.9 3.7 18.7 142.9 June 46.4 19.7 19.7 9.2 7.8 18.0 3.7 18.9 142.9 September 47.6 19.9 20.1 9.4 8.1 18.8 3.6 16.1 144.0 December 47.8 19.9 20.3 9.3 8.3 18.8 3.6 16.4 144.4 March 50.4 20.1 20.3 9.3 8.3 18.9 3.6 16.8 147.9 June 49.3 20.0 20.5 9.4 8.0 18.7 3.6 16.6 145.6 September 49.4 20.3 20.6 9.5 7.8 19.0 3.6 22.0 152.8 December 49.1 20.5 20.4 9.7 7.9 19.0 3.6 22.3 152.5 March 49.0 20.6 20.2 9.7 8.0 18.9 3.6 22.2 152.3 June 49.3 20.6 21.0 9.7 8.2 18.9 3.6 22.2 152.9 September 49.4 20.2 20.4 9.8 8.0 18.7 3.5 21.2 151.6 December 49.9 20.1 21.2 9.9 7.9 18.6 3.5 21.4 152.5 March 50.7 20.2 21.1 10.0 7.9 18.5 3.5 21.2 153.1 June 51.5 20.7 20.9 10.2 8.1 18.5 3.5 20.9 154.2 Electricity Stationary energy excl. electricity September 46.2 December Quarter This table presents estimates of quarterly emissions by sector since 2001-02, in seasonally adjusted terms. Estimates for the national inventory total and the electricity sector include weather normalisation, as described in Section 5: Technical Notes. Seasonally adjusted estimates for all other sectors are presented without weather normalisation. As a result, the national inventory total may differ from the sum of the rows. 39 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Energy 2011-2012 2010-2011 2009-2010 2008-2009 2007-2008 2006-2007 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Transport Fugitive emissions National Inventory Total 20.0 21.0 10.3 8.3 17.8 3.6 23.8 155.6 51.8 20.6 21.3 10.3 8.5 17.7 3.6 23.7 157.7 March 51.5 20.6 21.7 10.6 8.6 17.6 3.6 23.3 157.4 June 50.2 20.7 21.8 10.7 8.8 17.5 3.6 22.8 156.3 September 52.0 20.8 21.5 11.1 8.5 17.1 3.7 20.2 155.0 December 51.3 20.9 21.6 10.0 8.5 17.0 3.7 19.9 152.9 March 51.4 21.3 21.9 10.8 8.7 17.1 3.8 19.6 154.2 June 51.3 21.5 22.0 10.3 8.8 16.9 3.7 18.6 153.5 September 53.9 21.5 21.9 10.1 9.1 17.2 3.7 18.4 155.6 December 53.5 21.2 21.9 10.8 8.6 17.1 3.7 17.8 154.5 March 52.0 20.3 21.8 10.4 7.4 17.1 3.7 17.1 149.5 June 52.2 20.6 21.7 10.9 7.7 17.1 3.7 16.2 150.7 September 50.1 20.2 22.3 10.7 8.4 16.6 3.8 13.3 145.1 December 52.5 20.8 22.2 10.3 8.8 16.6 3.8 12.5 147.7 March 51.9 21.5 22.1 10.9 9.3 16.5 3.8 11.8 147.4 June 50.4 21.4 22.3 10.5 9.2 16.6 3.8 10.9 145.6 September 50.1 21.3 22.7 11.0 8.9 17.7 3.7 8.6 143.4 December 48.2 21.2 23.0 10.7 9.1 17.7 3.7 7.7 141.5 March 49.9 21.1 22.8 9.8 9.1 17.7 3.6 7.0 140.8 June 50.0 21.7 22.9 10.0 9.1 17.7 3.6 6.2 141.8 September 50.3 22.4 22.4 10.3 9.0 18.0 3.3 5.6 140.8 December 50.3 22.3 22.2 10.4 8.1 18.0 3.3 4.8 139.5 March 49.5 22.5 23.8 10.5 8.3 18.1 3.3 4.2 139.8 June 48.8 22.2 23.6 10.8 8.1 18.0 3.2 3.5 138.6 Electricity Stationary energy excl. electricity September 50.6 December Quarter 40 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Energy 2017-2018 2016-2017 2015-2016 2014-2015 2013-2014 2012-2013 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Transport Fugitive emissions National Inventory Total 23.4 23.1 10.5 7.8 18.0 3.1 2.8 135.0 47.0 23.5 23.2 10.6 7.9 18.0 3.1 2.1 135.7 March 46.6 23.3 22.9 10.5 7.9 18.0 3.1 1.5 133.5 June 46.7 23.2 23.0 10.4 7.9 18.0 3.1 1.0 133.8 September 44.8 23.2 23.3 9.9 7.8 18.2 3.2 2.9 132.8 December 45.0 23.5 23.2 10.3 7.8 18.2 3.1 2.3 133.7 March 46.2 23.5 23.4 10.8 7.8 18.1 3.1 1.7 134.4 June 44.8 23.7 23.4 10.0 7.8 18.1 3.1 1.3 132.5 September 47.2 22.7 23.8 11.9 8.2 17.6 3.0 -0.2 134.0 December 47.4 22.6 23.8 11.1 8.2 17.5 3.0 -0.7 133.1 March 46.9 22.7 23.9 11.1 8.2 17.5 3.0 -1.1 131.9 June 47.5 22.6 23.8 11.4 8.3 17.4 3.0 -1.5 132.7 September 48.9 22.8 23.9 12.0 8.3 17.4 3.1 -3.5 132.7 December 49.1 23.0 23.9 11.9 8.3 17.3 3.1 -3.9 132.8 March 48.8 23.2 24.6 12.8 8.2 17.5 3.1 -4.3 133.7 June 47.9 23.2 24.0 12.1 8.2 17.1 3.1 -4.6 131.2 September 48.2 23.6 24.3 12.4 8.4 18.4 3.0 -4.4 133.9 December 46.3 23.8 25.2 12.5 8.4 18.3 3.0 -4.7 133.1 March 48.3 23.5 24.5 13.1 8.4 18.2 2.9 -5.1 133.7 June 46.4 24.3 24.7 13.8 8.5 18.1 2.9 -5.3 133.4 September 45.3 24.4 24.9 14.1 8.4 17.8 3.0 -4.5 133.6 December 45.4 24.7 24.9 14.4 8.5 17.6 3.0 -4.7 134.0 March 45.1 25.2 25.4 14.1 8.8 17.6 3.0 -5.1 133.9 June 45.6 25.6 25.8 14.2 8.8 17.5 3.0 -5.2 135.1 Electricity Stationary energy excl. electricity September 46.7 December Quarter 41 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Energy 2018-2019 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Transport Fugitive emissions National Inventory Total 25.9 25.2 14.2 8.5 17.2 3.0 -4.5 134.1 43.9 26.0 25.3 15.6 8.6 17.1 3.0 -4.6 135.2 March - - - - - - - - - June - - - - - - - - - Electricity Stationary energy excl. electricity September 44.3 December Quarter 42 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Data Table 1C: Trend emissions (Mt), by sector, by quarter, since 2001-0220 Energy 2005-2006 2004-2005 2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 Year 20 Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Transport Fugitive emissions National Inventory Total 19.0 18.8 9.8 7.1 19.3 4.0 16.8 140.8 45.7 19.1 18.8 9.7 7.1 19.4 4.0 16.2 140.0 March 45.9 19.2 19.0 9.6 7.1 19.3 4.0 16.4 140.5 June 46.6 19.3 19.1 9.5 7.3 18.9 3.9 17.2 141.8 September 47.1 19.4 19.3 9.4 7.6 18.4 3.8 17.9 142.9 December 46.8 19.6 19.5 9.3 7.8 18.0 3.7 18.7 143.2 March 46.4 19.7 19.6 9.2 7.9 17.9 3.7 18.8 143.1 June 46.4 19.8 19.8 9.3 8.0 18.2 3.7 18.0 143.0 September 47.3 19.9 20.0 9.3 8.1 18.6 3.7 17.0 143.9 December 48.5 19.9 20.2 9.3 8.2 18.8 3.6 16.1 144.9 March 49.4 20.0 20.4 9.3 8.2 18.9 3.6 16.5 146.3 June 49.7 20.1 20.5 9.4 8.0 18.9 3.6 18.3 148.4 September 49.4 20.3 20.5 9.6 7.9 18.9 3.6 20.5 150.8 December 49.1 20.5 20.4 9.7 7.9 19.0 3.6 22.2 152.5 March 49.1 20.6 20.5 9.7 8.0 19.0 3.6 22.5 152.9 June 49.2 20.5 20.6 9.8 8.1 18.8 3.6 21.9 152.3 September 49.4 20.2 20.8 9.8 8.0 18.7 3.6 21.6 152.2 December 50.0 20.2 20.9 9.9 7.9 18.7 3.5 21.1 152.4 March 50.6 20.3 21.0 10.0 8.0 18.5 3.5 21.1 153.1 June 51.0 20.4 21.0 10.2 8.1 18.3 3.6 21.9 154.4 Electricity Stationary energy excl. electricity September 46.0 December Quarter This table presents estimates of quarterly emissions by sector since 2001-02, in trend terms. Estimates for the national inventory total and the electricity sector include weather normalisation, as described in Section 5: Technical Notes.’ Trend estimates for all other sectors are presented without weather normalisation. As a result, the national inventory total may differ from the sum of the rows. 43 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Energy 2011-2012 2010-2011 2009-2010 2008-2009 2007-2008 2006-2007 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Transport Fugitive emissions National Inventory Total 20.4 21.1 10.3 8.3 18.0 3.6 22.9 155.9 51.3 20.5 21.4 10.4 8.5 17.7 3.6 23.8 157.1 March 51.2 20.6 21.6 10.6 8.7 17.6 3.6 23.5 157.4 June 51.2 20.7 21.7 10.7 8.6 17.4 3.7 22.2 156.3 September 51.2 20.8 21.6 10.7 8.6 17.2 3.7 20.9 154.8 December 51.3 21.0 21.6 10.6 8.5 17.1 3.7 19.9 153.7 March 51.4 21.2 21.8 10.4 8.7 17.0 3.8 19.3 153.6 June 52.1 21.5 22.0 10.3 8.9 17.1 3.7 18.9 154.5 September 53.0 21.4 22.0 10.4 8.8 17.1 3.7 18.3 154.7 December 53.3 21.0 21.8 10.4 8.3 17.2 3.7 17.9 153.7 March 52.5 20.6 21.8 10.7 7.8 17.1 3.7 17.1 151.3 June 51.5 20.3 21.9 10.7 7.7 16.9 3.7 15.6 148.6 September 51.4 20.5 22.1 10.6 8.2 16.7 3.8 14.0 147.3 December 51.6 20.9 22.1 10.6 8.9 16.5 3.8 12.6 147.0 March 51.6 21.3 22.2 10.6 9.1 16.5 3.8 11.6 146.7 June 50.8 21.4 22.3 10.8 9.2 16.9 3.7 10.5 145.7 September 49.6 21.3 22.6 10.8 9.1 17.4 3.7 9.0 143.4 December 49.2 21.1 22.9 10.5 9.1 17.7 3.7 7.7 141.8 March 49.4 21.3 22.9 10.1 9.1 17.7 3.6 6.9 141.2 June 50.0 21.7 22.7 10.0 9.1 17.8 3.5 6.3 141.1 September 50.4 22.2 22.5 10.1 8.8 17.9 3.4 5.6 140.7 December 50.2 22.3 22.8 10.4 8.4 18.0 3.3 4.9 140.2 March 49.5 22.4 23.2 10.6 8.1 18.0 3.2 4.2 139.3 June 48.4 22.6 23.5 10.6 8.0 18.0 3.2 3.5 138.0 Electricity Stationary energy excl. electricity September 51.3 December Quarter 44 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Energy 2017-2018 2016-2017 2015-2016 2014-2015 2013-2014 2012-2013 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Transport Fugitive emissions National Inventory Total 23.1 23.4 10.6 7.9 18.0 3.1 2.8 136.3 46.9 23.4 23.0 10.6 7.9 18.0 3.1 2.0 134.8 March 46.6 23.4 23.0 10.5 7.9 18.0 3.1 1.5 133.9 June 46.1 23.3 23.0 10.3 7.9 18.1 3.1 1.7 133.4 September 45.5 23.3 23.2 10.2 7.8 18.1 3.1 2.1 133.3 December 45.2 23.5 23.3 10.2 7.8 18.2 3.1 2.4 133.5 March 45.3 23.6 23.4 10.4 7.8 18.1 3.1 1.9 133.6 June 46.0 23.4 23.5 10.8 7.9 18.0 3.1 1.0 133.6 September 46.6 23.0 23.7 11.1 8.1 17.7 3.0 0.1 133.3 December 47.0 22.7 23.8 11.2 8.2 17.5 3.0 -0.6 132.9 March 47.4 22.6 23.9 11.3 8.2 17.5 3.0 -1.2 132.6 June 47.8 22.7 23.8 11.4 8.2 17.4 3.0 -2.0 132.4 September 48.6 22.8 23.9 11.8 8.3 17.4 3.1 -3.0 132.8 December 49.0 23.0 24.1 12.2 8.2 17.3 3.1 -3.9 132.9 March 48.8 23.2 24.2 12.4 8.2 17.3 3.1 -4.4 132.8 June 48.2 23.4 24.3 12.4 8.3 17.6 3.1 -4.4 132.7 September 47.7 23.5 24.5 12.4 8.4 18.0 3.0 -4.5 132.9 December 47.5 23.7 24.7 12.6 8.4 18.3 2.9 -4.8 133.4 March 47.2 23.9 24.8 13.1 8.4 18.3 2.9 -5.0 133.6 June 46.5 24.1 24.7 13.7 8.4 18.0 3.0 -5.0 133.5 September 45.8 24.4 24.8 14.1 8.4 17.8 3.0 -4.8 133.6 December 45.3 24.8 25.1 14.3 8.6 17.7 3.0 -4.8 133.9 March 45.3 25.2 25.4 14.2 8.7 17.6 3.0 -5.0 134.2 June 45.1 25.6 25.5 14.2 8.7 17.4 3.0 -5.0 134.4 Electricity Stationary energy excl. electricity September 47.3 December Quarter 45 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Energy 2018-2019 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Transport Fugitive emissions National Inventory Total 25.9 25.4 14.6 8.6 17.3 3.0 -4.8 134.7 44.0 26.1 25.3 15.1 8.5 17.1 3.0 -4.5 134.9 March - - - - - - - - - June - - - - - - - - - Electricity Stationary energy excl. electricity September 44.6 December Quarter 46 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Data Table 1D: Black carbon trend emissions (kt), by sector, by quarter, since 2008-2009 Energy 2012-2013 2011-2012 2010-2011 2009-2010 2008-2009 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Black Carbon Inventory Total 8.5 0.1 1.0 0.0 84.6 97.3 0.0 8.6 0.1 1.0 0.0 84.6 97.4 1.6 0.0 7.8 0.1 1.0 0.0 82.8 94.6 1.6 0.0 8.4 0.1 1.0 0.0 83.7 96.3 12.2 1.5 0.0 9.3 0.1 0.9 0.0 78.7 91.9 December 12.7 1.5 0.0 9.7 0.1 0.9 0.0 78.7 92.4 March 11.6 1.5 0.0 8.8 0.1 0.9 0.0 77.0 89.6 June 12.6 1.5 0.0 9.6 0.1 0.9 0.0 77.8 91.4 September 12.8 1.5 0.1 9.8 0.1 1.3 0.0 71.9 86.1 December 13.2 1.5 0.1 10.2 0.1 1.3 0.0 71.9 86.5 March 12.5 1.5 0.1 9.7 0.1 1.3 0.0 70.3 84.2 June 13.6 1.5 0.1 10.7 0.1 1.3 0.0 71.1 86.2 September 13.4 1.8 0.1 9.7 0.1 1.3 0.0 63.4 78.3 December 13.7 1.8 0.1 9.9 0.1 1.3 0.0 63.4 78.6 March 14.2 1.8 0.1 10.6 0.1 1.3 0.0 62.7 78.3 June 15.1 1.8 0.1 11.4 0.1 1.3 0.0 62.7 79.3 September 14.6 1.9 0.1 10.8 0.1 1.2 0.0 64.0 79.9 December 15.2 1.9 0.1 11.4 0.1 1.2 0.0 64.0 80.5 March 13.7 1.8 0.1 10.1 0.1 1.2 0.0 62.6 77.6 June 14.8 1.9 0.1 11.0 0.1 1.2 0.0 63.3 79.4 Fuel combustion Manufacturing industries and construction21 Other sectors Transport September 11.6 1.6 0.0 December 11.7 1.6 March 10.6 June 11.4 September Quarter 21 Manufacturing Industries and Construction includes metal manufacturing, mining, chemical production and food processing. 47 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Energy 2018-2019 2017-2018 2016-2017 2015-2016 2014-2015 2013-2014 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF Black Carbon Inventory Total 11.0 0.1 1.2 0.0 67.3 83.5 0.1 11.3 0.1 1.2 0.0 67.3 83.8 1.9 0.1 10.7 0.1 1.1 0.0 65.9 81.6 15.4 1.9 0.1 11.4 0.1 1.1 0.0 66.6 83.2 September 15.3 1.9 0.1 11.5 0.1 1.1 0.0 61.1 77.6 December 15.6 1.9 0.1 11.8 0.1 1.1 0.0 61.1 77.9 March 14.8 1.8 0.1 11.1 0.1 1.1 0.0 59.8 75.7 June 15.4 1.8 0.1 11.7 0.1 1.1 0.0 60.4 77.0 September 15.6 1.9 0.1 11.7 0.1 1.0 0.0 64.6 81.3 December 15.9 1.9 0.1 12.1 0.1 1.0 0.0 64.6 81.6 March 15.8 1.8 0.1 12.0 0.1 1.0 0.0 63.9 80.8 June 16.3 1.8 0.1 12.4 0.1 1.0 0.0 63.9 81.3 September 15.3 1.9 0.1 11.9 0.1 1.6 0.2 63.5 80.7 December 16.5 1.9 0.1 13.1 0.1 1.6 0.2 63.5 81.9 March 14.9 1.9 0.1 11.6 0.1 1.6 0.2 62.1 78.9 June 15.9 1.9 0.1 12.5 0.1 1.6 0.2 62.8 80.6 September 16.0 1.9 0.1 12.6 0.1 1.6 0.2 62.6 80.5 December 16.3 1.9 0.1 12.9 0.1 1.6 0.2 62.6 80.8 March 16.5 1.9 0.1 13.1 0.1 1.5 0.2 61.2 79.5 June 17.6 1.9 0.1 14.1 0.1 1.6 0.2 61.9 81.4 September 17.3 1.9 0.1 13.8 0.1 1.5 0.2 63.2 82.3 December 17.5 1.9 0.1 14.0 0.1 1.5 0.2 63.2 82.5 March - - - - - - - - - June - - - - - - - - - Fuel combustion Manufacturing industries and construction21 Other sectors Transport September 14.9 1.9 0.1 December 15.3 1.9 March 14.6 June Quarter 48 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Data Table 1E: PM2.5 trend emissions (kt), by sector, by quarter since 2008-2009 Energy 2012-2013 2011-2012 2010-2011 2009-2010 2008-2009 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF PM2.5 Inventory Total 11.6 0.4 6.1 0.0 221.0 247.2 0.1 11.6 0.4 6.1 0.0 221.0 247.0 2.5 0.1 10.5 0.4 6.0 0.0 216.2 240.8 2.5 0.1 11.4 0.4 6.0 0.0 218.6 244.1 19.4 2.6 0.1 12.5 0.4 5.3 0.0 216.2 241.4 December 20.1 2.6 0.1 13.2 0.4 5.3 0.0 216.2 242.0 March 18.8 2.6 0.1 11.9 0.4 5.2 0.0 211.5 235.9 June 19.8 2.6 0.1 13.0 0.4 5.2 0.0 213.9 239.3 September 20.7 2.5 0.1 13.2 0.5 7.7 0.0 217.0 245.8 December 20.9 2.5 0.1 13.7 0.5 7.7 0.0 217.0 246.0 March 20.4 2.5 0.1 13.0 0.4 7.5 0.0 212.3 240.7 June 21.7 2.5 0.1 14.4 0.4 7.6 0.0 214.6 244.4 September 21.4 2.8 0.1 13.1 0.3 7.7 0.0 202.0 231.4 December 21.5 2.8 0.1 13.4 0.3 7.7 0.0 202.0 231.5 March 22.5 2.8 0.1 14.3 0.3 7.6 0.0 199.8 230.2 June 23.4 2.8 0.1 15.3 0.3 7.6 0.0 199.8 231.1 September 22.5 2.9 0.1 14.6 0.3 7.2 0.0 203.6 233.6 December 23.1 2.9 0.1 15.3 0.3 7.2 0.0 203.6 234.2 March 21.5 2.8 0.1 13.6 0.3 7.0 0.0 199.2 228.0 June 22.5 2.9 0.1 14.7 0.3 7.1 0.0 201.4 231.4 Fuel combustion Manufacturing industries and construction22 Other sectors Transport September 19.7 2.6 0.1 December 19.5 2.6 March 18.3 June 19.1 September Quarter 22 Manufacturing Industries and Construction includes metal manufacturing, mining, chemical production and food processing. 49 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Energy 2018-2019 2017-2018 2016-2017 2015-2016 2014-2015 2013-2014 Year Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCF PM2.5 Inventory Total 14.8 0.3 6.8 0.0 208.5 238.3 0.1 15.2 0.3 6.8 0.0 208.5 238.6 2.8 0.1 14.4 0.3 6.6 0.0 204.0 233.3 23.1 2.9 0.1 15.3 0.3 6.7 0.0 206.3 236.4 September 23.2 2.8 0.1 15.5 0.4 6.5 0.0 201.8 231.9 December 23.5 2.8 0.1 15.9 0.4 6.5 0.0 201.8 232.2 March 22.7 2.8 0.1 15.0 0.3 6.3 0.0 197.4 226.8 June 23.4 2.8 0.1 15.8 0.4 6.4 0.0 199.6 229.8 September 23.4 2.9 0.1 15.8 0.5 5.9 0.1 186.3 216.1 December 23.7 2.9 0.1 16.2 0.5 5.9 0.1 186.3 216.5 March 23.8 2.8 0.1 16.2 0.5 5.9 0.1 184.2 214.4 June 24.1 2.8 0.1 16.8 0.5 5.9 0.1 184.2 214.8 September 23.0 3.0 0.1 16.0 0.6 9.5 0.5 196.8 230.4 December 24.3 3.0 0.1 17.6 0.6 9.5 0.5 196.8 231.7 March 22.6 2.9 0.1 15.6 0.5 9.3 0.5 192.5 225.4 June 23.6 2.9 0.1 16.8 0.5 9.4 0.5 194.7 228.6 September 23.7 3.0 0.1 16.9 0.6 9.2 0.5 184.1 218.1 December 24.0 3.0 0.1 17.4 0.6 9.2 0.5 184.1 218.4 March 24.4 2.9 0.1 17.6 0.6 9.0 0.5 180.1 214.5 June 25.7 2.9 0.1 19.0 0.6 9.1 0.5 182.1 218.0 September 25.2 3.0 0.1 18.5 0.6 8.9 0.5 180.4 222.8 December 25.4 3.0 0.1 18.8 0.6 8.9 0.5 180.4 222.9 March - - - - - - - - - June - - - - - - - - - Fuel combustion Manufacturing industries and construction22 Other sectors Transport September 22.6 2.9 0.1 December 22.9 2.9 March 22.4 June Quarter 50 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Data Table 1F: PM10 trend emissions (kt), by sector, by quarter, since 2008-2009 2013-2014 2012-2013 2011-2012 2010-2011 2009-2010 2008-2009 Year Energy Industrial processes and product use Waste PM10 Inventory Total September 131.2 2.9 0.1 134.2 December 131.6 2.9 0.1 134.6 March 125.4 2.8 0.1 128.2 June 130.4 2.8 0.1 133.3 September 130.8 2.9 0.1 133.9 December 131.5 3.0 0.1 134.6 March 126.5 2.9 0.1 129.5 June 132.8 2.9 0.1 135.8 September 159.9 3.0 0.1 163.0 December 158.1 3.0 0.1 161.2 March 148.2 3.0 0.1 151.2 June 157.1 3.0 0.1 160.2 September 181.0 2.8 0.0 183.9 December 184.3 2.8 0.0 187.2 March 175.8 2.8 0.0 178.6 June 183.7 2.7 0.0 186.5 September 202.6 3.0 0.1 205.7 December 205.8 3.0 0.1 208.8 March 196.3 2.9 0.1 199.2 June 207.4 3.0 0.1 210.4 September 222.3 3.5 0.1 225.9 December 223.6 3.5 0.1 227.2 March 218.9 3.3 0.1 222.4 June 227.9 3.4 0.1 231.4 Quarter 51 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 2018-2019 2017-2018 2016-2017 2015-2016 2014-2015 Year Energy Industrial processes and product use Waste PM10 Inventory Total September 235.8 3.2 0.4 239.4 December 235.6 3.2 0.4 239.1 March 227.3 3.1 0.4 230.7 June 232.1 3.2 0.4 235.7 September 238.6 3.4 0.3 242.3 December 237.2 3.4 0.3 240.9 March 233.0 3.3 0.3 236.6 June 235.3 3.4 0.3 239.0 September 226.4 3.7 1.1 231.1 December 227.6 3.5 1.1 232.2 March 219.7 3.1 1.1 223.9 June 225.3 3.1 1.1 229.4 September 228.1 3.4 1.1 232.6 December 227.8 3.5 1.1 232.3 March 224.2 3.4 1.1 228.6 June 231.1 3.4 1.1 235.6 September 233.8 3.5 1.1 238.4 December 233.8 3.5 1.1 238.3 March - - - - June - - - - Quarter 52 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Data Table 1G: SO2 trend emissions (kt), by sector, by quarter since 2001-2002 2006-2007 2005-2006 2004-2005 2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 Year Fuel Combustion Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Other Sectors Transport Industrial processes and product use SO2 Inventory Total September 186.8 154.9 23.7 1.8 6.3 514.7 701.5 December 178.3 144.3 25.5 1.8 6.7 510.8 689.1 March 180.1 147.9 24.2 1.8 6.2 503.5 683.5 June 184.9 152.6 23.8 1.8 6.6 516.5 701.4 September 199.4 168.4 22.7 2.0 6.4 502.6 702.0 December 192.7 160.0 23.9 2.0 6.8 505.3 698.0 March 187.8 157.3 22.3 1.9 6.2 494.1 681.9 June 194.1 160.7 24.7 1.9 6.7 499.1 693.2 September 191.3 158.0 24.6 1.9 6.8 433.9 625.2 December 184.1 151.1 23.9 1.9 7.2 441.3 625.4 March 192.7 161.3 22.9 1.9 6.6 436.7 629.4 June 191.2 158.4 23.7 1.9 7.1 441.4 632.6 September 191.5 157.5 25.1 2.0 6.8 448.7 640.1 December 183.9 149.0 25.7 2.0 7.2 447.6 631.6 March 184.8 151.0 25.2 2.0 6.7 433.3 618.2 June 184.1 151.2 23.7 2.0 7.2 446.4 630.5 September 198.0 164.9 24.5 1.9 6.6 430.2 628.2 December 192.2 158.7 24.3 1.9 7.2 427.2 619.4 March 196.6 164.1 24.0 1.9 6.6 415.8 612.4 June 200.2 164.9 26.4 1.9 7.0 422.4 622.6 September 194.6 161.2 24.2 1.9 7.3 421.9 616.5 December 192.2 157.1 25.3 1.9 7.9 423.2 615.4 March 191.7 159.5 23.0 1.9 7.4 415.4 607.0 June 185.4 152.8 23.0 1.9 7.7 420.5 606.0 Quarter 53 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 2012-2013 2011-2012 2010-2011 2009-2010 2008-2009 2007-2008 Year Fuel Combustion Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Other Sectors Transport Industrial processes and product use SO2 Inventory Total September 203.1 170.2 24.4 1.9 6.6 431.6 634.8 December 194.6 159.9 25.7 1.9 7.0 432.3 626.9 March 198.8 164.3 26.1 1.9 6.6 425.0 623.9 June 197.0 160.6 27.4 1.9 7.2 429.9 626.9 September 205.7 170.0 26.6 1.9 7.2 459.0 664.7 December 194.4 160.5 24.8 1.9 7.3 460.3 654.7 March 191.1 160.8 21.9 1.8 6.6 447.1 638.2 June 188.6 157.8 21.8 1.8 7.1 453.8 642.4 September 189.9 157.9 23.2 1.9 7.0 406.9 596.8 December 190.4 157.6 23.6 1.9 7.3 408.5 599.0 March 193.5 161.4 23.7 1.8 6.6 398.0 591.5 June 187.4 153.4 25.0 1.9 7.3 405.4 592.8 September 188.6 156.6 23.4 1.9 6.7 447.1 635.7 December 175.7 144.3 22.5 1.9 7.0 446.5 622.2 March 184.2 155.4 20.2 1.8 6.7 435.8 620.0 June 185.4 152.6 23.6 1.8 7.4 444.6 630.0 September 185.4 153.9 23.5 1.9 6.2 453.0 638.4 December 181.5 148.6 24.6 1.9 6.3 456.1 637.5 March 182.4 152.1 21.7 1.9 6.7 443.7 626.2 June 178.3 147.1 22.1 1.9 7.2 438.6 616.9 September 178.0 144.8 25.4 2.0 5.8 435.9 613.9 December 173.6 141.4 24.2 2.0 6.1 433.5 607.1 March 175.0 146.4 21.3 1.9 5.4 419.6 594.6 June 174.0 143.4 22.8 1.9 5.8 424.5 598.5 Quarter 54 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 2018-2019 2017-2018 2016-2017 2015-2016 2014-2015 2013-2014 Year Fuel Combustion Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Other Sectors Transport Industrial processes and product use SO2 Inventory Total September 170.6 139.5 23.2 2.0 5.9 461.7 632.3 December 167.7 136.2 23.3 2.0 6.1 461.0 628.7 March 173.7 146.2 19.8 2.0 5.8 441.6 615.3 June 168.0 137.9 22.0 2.0 6.1 455.1 623.1 September 167.0 140.8 18.0 2.1 6.1 438.2 605.2 December 163.5 137.4 17.8 2.1 6.2 430.6 594.1 March 166.6 142.0 16.6 2.0 5.9 422.1 588.7 June 165.4 139.7 17.4 2.1 6.2 432.4 597.9 September 163.7 138.4 17.1 2.2 6.0 458.9 622.5 December 159.8 134.8 16.6 2.2 6.2 456.5 616.4 March 162.6 140.0 14.2 2.2 6.2 450.6 613.3 June 158.1 133.2 16.3 2.2 6.4 454.7 612.7 September 164.7 139.2 17.0 2.3 6.1 452.4 617.1 December 155.3 129.6 16.6 2.3 6.7 432.4 587.7 March 164.1 141.6 14.3 2.3 6.0 377.7 541.9 June 156.7 131.5 16.5 2.3 6.4 385.2 541.9 September 157.9 133.2 16.3 2.3 6.0 410.5 568.4 December 154.3 129.3 16.5 2.3 6.2 416.7 571.0 March 158.3 134.6 15.2 2.3 6.3 408.6 566.9 June 157.6 131.4 17.1 2.3 6.7 413.6 571.3 September 157.0 130.1 17.9 2.3 6.6 420.0 577.1 December 151.6 124.9 17.7 2.3 6.7 417.9 569.6 March - - - - - - - June - - - - - - - Quarter 55 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Data table 2: Tracking Australia’s emissions The data presented in Table 9 and Figure 25 include Australia’s annual emissions for 2000 to 2019. Australia’s annual emissions for the year to December 2018 are estimated to be 538.2 Mt CO2-e. This figure is 0.4 per cent above emissions in 2000 (536.2 Mt CO2-e) and 11.9 per cent below emissions in 2005 (610.6 Mt CO2-e). Table 9: National inventory total from 2000 to 2019, by financial year Financial Year23 Emissions (Mt CO2-e) 2000 536.2 2001 564.8 2002 562.0 2003 572.5 2004 582.0 2005 610.6 2006 611.5 2007 627.0 2008 615.7 2009 610.6 2010 586.0 2011 567.7 2012 558.7 2013 537.7 2014 533.1 2015 531.6 2016 530.4 2017 534.7 2018 536.5 201924 538.2 23 2000 to 2017, National Inventory Report 2017 (Department of the Environment and Energy (2019), National Inventory Report, Australian Government submission under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/greenhousegas-measurement/progress-inventory; 2018,) Quarterly Update: December 2018. 24 Year to December 2018 56 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Figure 25: National inventory total, year to June 2000 to 2019 25 Source: Department of the Environment and Energy 25 Year to December 2018 57 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 7. Related publications and resources Australia’s National Greenhouse Accounts The following Department of the Environment and Energy (DoEE) publications are all available on the departmental website: http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-measurement/progress-inventory National Inventory Report 2017 The three volumes comprising Australia’s forthcoming National Inventory Report 2017 were submitted under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol in May 2019. These reports contains national greenhouse gas emission estimates for the period 1990-2017 and preliminary estimates for 2018 compiled under the rules for reporting applicable to the UNFCCC.  Volume 1: Includes Australia’s data for energy (stationary energy, transport and fugitive emissions), industrial processes and product use, and agriculture.  Volume 2: Australia’s data for the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) and waste sectors, recalculations and improvements.  Volume 3: Australia’s data for Kyoto Protocol LULUCF, Kyoto Protocol accounting requirements, annexes, glossary and references. State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2017 This document provides an overview of the latest available estimates of annual greenhouse gas emissions for Australia’s States and Territories. It complements Australia’s National Inventory Report 2017 and the National Inventory by Economic Sector 2017. National Inventory by Economic Sector 2017 This document provides an overview of the latest available estimates of annual greenhouse gas emissions, disaggregated by Australia-New Zealand Standard Industrial Classifications (ANZSIC). It complements Australia’s National Inventory Report 2017 and the State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2017. Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System (AGEIS) The AGEIS centralises the Department’s emissions estimation, emissions data management and reporting systems. AGEIS is being used to compile national and State and Territory inventories. The interactive web interface provides enhanced accessibility and transparency to Australia’s greenhouse emissions data: http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/climate-science-data/greenhouse-gasmeasurement/ageis 58 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 Australia’s Emissions Projections: 2018 The report provides detail on emissions trends, including sector specific analysis of factors driving emissions. The report estimates the emissions reduction effort required to meet Australia’s emissions reduction targets. The projections include sensitivity analyses to illustrate how emissions may differ under changes in economic growth. http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/publications/emissionsprojections-2018 Full Carbon Accounting Model The Full Carbon Accounting Model (FullCAM) is the calculation engine which supports the estimation of carbon stock change on forest and agricultural systems. FullCAM can be downloaded from the Department’s webpage: http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/climate-sciencedata/greenhouse-gas-measurement/land-sector Australia’s Seventh National Communication/Third Biennial Report Australia’s Seventh National Communication (2017) summarises information on Australia’s implementation of its UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol obligations including: emissions and removals of greenhouse gases; national circumstances; policies and measures; vulnerability assessment; financial, technology and capacity building cooperation; education, training, and public awareness. Countries such as Australia are required to submit these reports to the UNFCCC every four years. In accordance with international reporting requirements, the 2017 National Communication also incorporates Australia’s Third Biennial Report. Biennial Reports must be submitted every two years and outline Australia’s progress in achieving emission reductions and the provision of financial, technology, and capacity-building support. More information is available at: http://unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/items/10138.php What the rest of the world is doing Other developed countries are also required to produce annual greenhouse gas inventories. More information regarding the reporting requirements and various international reports (including reports by Australia) are located online. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-andreview-under-the-convention/greenhouse-gas-inventories-annex-i-parties/national-inventorysubmissions-2019 59 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2018 environment.gov.au -: r" . - .5 CC68.0215