U.S. Departmentof Justice
Office of Legislative Affairs
Office of the Assistant Attorney General

Washington, D.C. 20530

June 12, 2019

The Honorable Elijah E. Cummings
Chairman
Committee on Oversight and Reform
U.S. House of Representatives
Washington, DC 20515
Dear Chairman Cummings:
Yesterday, the Department of Justice (Department) requested that Committee on
Oversight and Reform (Committee) postpone today’s scheduled vote recommending a resolution
citing the Attorney General and the Secretary of Commerce for contempt, and permit the
accommodation process to continue. We received your response shortly before 7:30 p.m.last
night in which you declined our request that you hold the subpoenas in abeyance and delay any
vote on whether to recommenda citation of contempt for noncompliance with the subpoenas,
pending the President’s determinationof an assertion of executive privilege.
You offered the Departmentuntil 9:00 p.m.last night to agree to produce, by today,
unredacted copies of the priority documents identified in items 1 and 2 of the schedules for the
subpoenas. But the Department has explained to the Committee on several occasionsthat these
identified documentsconsist of attorney-client communications, attorney work product, and
deliberative communications, and a federal court has already held many of these documents to be
privileged in litigation. The Committee has made noeffort to square its demands with these
established confidentiality interests, or the parallel privileges that were already upheld by a
federal judge.
While the Department is currently unable to producethese privileged materials, the
Department has made ongoing and continued efforts toward accommodation. Specifically, the
Department has offered to make John Gore available for an additionalinterview, so long as he
may be accompanied by Department counsel, and to continue to produce tens of thousands of
additional pages of documents we haveidentified as responsive to the subpoena. Contrary to the
Committee’s characterization of the Department’s document productionsto date, these
submissions have included non-public, internal communications—including a numberof emails
that were introduced by Committee staff as exhibits in the recent transcribed interview of a
Counselor to the Attorney General. Further, the additional documents the Department had been
planning to produce would have included similar communications. Nonetheless, we understand

 The Honorable Elijah E. Cummings
Page Two
that our counter-offer towards accommodation has not been accepted, and that the Committee
will accept nothing but obviously privileged materials. We regret that the Committee has elected
to proceed in this fashion.
By proceeding with today’s vote, you have abandoned the accommodation process with
respect to your requests and subpoenas for documents concerning the Secretary’s decision to
includea citizenship question on the 2020 Census. The Executive Branch has engaged in goodfaith efforts to satisfy the legislative needs of the Committee. Moreover, until the Committee’s
abrupt decision to seek a contempt resolution, the Department was prepared to provide a
significant numberof additional documents responsive to the Committee’s April 2, 2019
subpoena. Unfortunately, rather than allowing the Department to complete its document
production, you have chosen to go forward with an unnecessary and premature contemptvote.
Accordingly, this letter is to advise you that the President has asserted executive privilege
overcertain subpoenaed documentsidentified by the Committee in its June 3, 2019 letters to the
Attorney General and the Secretary—specifically, the documents listed in item 1 of the schedules
for each of the subpoenas,as well as drafts of the Department’s December 12, 2017 letter to the
U.S. Census Bureau. These documentsare protected from disclosure by the deliberative process,
attorney-client communications, or attorney work product components of executive privilege. In
addition, the President has made protective assertion of executive privilege over the remainder
of the subpoenaed documents. AsI indicated in myletter to you yesterday, this protective
assertion ensures the President’s ability to make a final decision whetherto assert privilege
following a full review of these materials. See Letter for the President, from William P. Barr,

Attorney General at 1-2 (May 8, 2019); Protective Assertion ofExecutive Privilege Regarding
White House Counsel’s Office Documents, 20 Op. O.L.C. 1 (1996) (opinion of Attorney General
Janet Reno). Regrettably, you have made these assertions necessary by your insistence upon
scheduling a premature contemptvote.

phen E. Boyd
Assistant Attorney General
Enclosure
ce:

The Honorable Jim Jordan
Ranking Member

 The Attorney General
Washington,D.C.

June 11, 2019

The President
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Mr. President,

The Secretary of Commerceand I are requesting that you assert executiveprivilege with
respect to documents responsive to a subpoena served on the Department ofJustice and a
subpoenaserved on the Department of Commerce by the Committee on Oversight and Reform of
the United States House of Representatives (“Committee”) on April 2, 2019. The subpoenas
relate to the Committee’s investigation into the Secretary’s decision to include a citizenship
question on the 2020 decennial census questionnaire. The Committee has scheduled a meeting

for June 12, 2019,to vote on a resolution holding the Secretary and me in contempt of Congress
for failing to comply with the subpoenas. Thisletter formally requests you assert executive
privilege and explains the legal basis for such an assertion.'
L
On December 12, 2017, the General Counsel of the Justice Management Division sent a

letter to the U.S. Census Bureau requesting the reinstatement of a question regardingcitizenship
on the 2020 decennial census questionnaire. Theletter stated that citizenship datais critical to
the Departmentof Justice’s enforcement of the Voting Rights Act andits protections against
racial discrimination in voting. The Department explained that, to enforce the Act’s
requirements, it needs a reliable calculation of the citizen voting-age population in localities
where voting rights violations are alleged or suspected, and that the census’is the most
appropriate vehicle for collecting that data. Approximately three monthslater, on March 26,
2018, the Secretary announced that he wasreinstating a citizenship question on the censusin
response to the Department’s request.

On January 8, 2019, the Committee senta letter to the Secretary requesting an extremely

broad set of documents regarding the Secretary’s decision to includethe citizenship question on
the census questionnaire. On February 12, 2019, the Committee senta letter to the Acting
Attorney General requesting similar documents regarding the Departmentof Justice’s role in that
decision. The Departments promptly began producing thousands of responsive documentsto the
Committee on a rolling basis, and made multiple witnesses available for interviews.

' The Secretary of Commerce has madea parallel request. See Letter for the President, from
Wilbur Ross, Secretary, Department of Commerce (June 11, 2019).

 Despite these efforts, the Committee issued separate subpoenas to the Secretary and me

on April 2, 2019, seeking many of the documentsrequested in the Committee’s January 8 and

February 12 letters. The subpoenaissued to the Secretary requested eleven specific documents,
including emails between the Secretary and his close advisers, as well as emails and documents
producedbyorsent to an attorney in the Department of Commerce’s Office of General Counsel.
The subpoena also requested all communications from January 20, 2017 through December 12,
2017 among Department of Commerceofficials or between suchofficials and outside entities
concerningthe citizenship question. The subpoena issued to me requested a memorandum and
note to the Acting Assistant Attorney General for the Departmentof Justice’s Civil Rights
Division from the same Department of Commerceattorney regarding the citizenship question.
The subpoenaalso requested all documents and communications from January 20, 2017 through
December 12, 2017 within the Department ofJustice and with outside entities regarding the

Departmentof Justice’s request to include the citizenship question.

The Departmentof Justice and the Department of Commerce have made substantial
efforts to accommodate the Committee’s oversight interests concerning the citizenship question.

To date, the Department of Commerce has produced almost 14,000 pages of responsive
documents. The Secretary testified before the Committee for nearly seven hours, and the
Department of Commerce also agreed to make available for voluntary transcribed interviewsits
General Counsel, a senior advisor to the Secretary, and a formersenior counselto the General
Counsel. The Department of Justice, meanwhile, has made eight document submissions to the

Committee between February and May of 2019 that total more than 17,000 pages. In addition,
the Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division voluntarily
appearedfor a transcribed interview, as did a Counselor to the Attorney General.

While the Department of Justice and the Department of Commerce have produced an

extensive amountof material, both Departments have withheld from production a limited
number of documents that are covered by components ofexecutiveprivilege, including the
deliberative process, attorney-client, and attorney work product components. A federal court has

held that many of these same documentsare privileged from disclosure in ongoinglitigation over

the inclusion ofthe citizenship question on the census. See State ofNew York v. U.S. Dep’t of

Commerce, 345 F. Supp. 3d 444, 451 n.7 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) (noting denials of motions to compel
on,inter alia, “deliberative-process-privilege grounds” and “attorney-client-privilege grounds”).

Despite the Executive Branch’s good-faith efforts at accommodating the Committee’s

information needs, on June 3, 2019, the Committee sent separate letters to the Secretary and me

stating that it would schedule a vote to hold each of us in contempt of Congress-as.a result of our
purported failures to comply with the April 2 subpoenas. Although the Committee demanded an
immediate production of all subpoenaed documents in unredacted form,it stated that it would
consider postponing the contempt vote if the Secretary and I produced certain documents of
priority to the Committee. Those documents include(i) the eleven documentsspecified in the

Comunittee’s subpoenato the Secretary; and (ii) the memorandum andnoteto the Acting
Assistant Attorney Generalfor the Civil Rights Division from the Department of Commerce

attorney, as well as all drafts of the Departmentof Justice’s December 2017 letter to the U.S.

 Census Bureau requesting the inclusion ofa citizenship question. The Committee’s contempt

vote is currently scheduled for June 12, 2019.?

IL.
In my view, production ofthe priority documents identified in the Committee’s June 3

letters—all of which involve predecisional deliberative material, attorney-client communications,

or attorney work product—would havea significant chilling effect on future deliberations among
senior executive branchofficials, and would compromise the confidentiality on which the
Executive Branch’s attorney-client relationships depend. These confidentiality concerns are
heightenedat this time because, as noted above,a federal court has held that a numberof these
documents are protected by privilege in ongoinglitigation. Accordingly, the Secretary and I

respectfully request that you assert executive privilege over the specific documentsidentified in
the Committee’s June 3 letters. We also request that you makea protective assertion of
executive privilege with respect to the remainder of the subpoenaed documentsin orderto give
the Departments of Commerce and Justice time to determine whethera conclusive assertion of

executive privilege would be necessary with respect to any of the remaining documents.

A.
Thepriority documents requested in the Committee’s June3 letters fit squarely within the
scope of executive privilege. Executive privilege flows from the authorities vested in the
President by Article II of the Constitution and“has been asserted by numerous Presidents from
the earliest days of our Nation.” Congressional Requestsfor Confidential Executive Branch
Information, 13 Op. O.L.C. 153, 154 (1989) (“Requests for Confidential Information’). It is
“fundamental to the operation of Governmentand inextricably rooted in the separation of powers
underthe Constitution.” United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 708 (1974).

Onecategory of documentsprotected by executive privilege is “Executive Branch
deliberative communications.” Assertion ofExecutive Privilege Over Communications
Regarding EPA’s Ozone Air Quality Standards and California’s Greenhouse Gas Waiver
Request, 32 Op. O.L.C. 1, 2 (2008) (“EPA Assertion”) (opinion of Attorney General MichaelB.
Mukasey).? The Supreme Court has recognized “the valid need for protection of

? The Committee hasalso indicatedthatit scheduled the contemptvote based on myinstruction to
a DepartmentofJustice official not to appear for a deposition withoutthe assistance of agency counsel.
As the Department has explained, the Committee may not constitutionally prohibit agency counsel from
accompanying agency employeescalled to testify about matters that potentially involve information
protected by executive privilege. See Attempted Exclusion ofAgency Counselfrom Congressional
Depositions ofAgency Employees, 43 Op. O.L.C. ___ (May 23, 2019). Therefore, the congressional
subpoena purporting to require the Departmentofficial to appear without agency counsel waslegally
invalid, and my instruction to the Departmentofficial was lawful and necessary to prevent such a
constitutional violation.
3 See also Assertion ofExecutive Privilege Concerning the Dismissal and Replacementof U.S.
Attorneys, 31 Op. O.L.C. 1, 2 (2007) (“U.S. Attorneys Assertion”) (opinion of Acting Attorney General
Paul D. Clement); Assertion ofExecutive Privilege with Respect to Clemency Decision, 23 Op. O.L.C. 1,
1-2 (1999) (“ClemencyAssertion”) (opinion of Attorney General Janet Reno); Assertion ofExecutive

 communications between high Governmentofficials and those who advise andassist them in the

performanceof their manifold duties,” concluding that “the importance of this confidentiality is

too plain to require further discussion.” Nixon, 418 U.S. at 705. “Threat of compelled disclosure
of confidential Executive Branch deliberative material can discourage robust and candid
deliberations, for ‘[h]uman experience teaches that those who expect public dissemination of
their remarks may well temper candor with a concern for appearances and fortheir own interests
to the detriment of the decisionmaking process.” Assertion ofExecutive Privilege Over
Documents Generated in Response to Congressional Investigation into Operation Fast and
Furious, 36 Op. O.L.C. __, at *3-4 (June 19, 2012) (“Fast and Furious Assertion”) (opinion of

Attorney General Eric H. Holder, Jr.) (quoting Nixon, 418 U.S. at 705). It is for this reason that

Presidents have repeatedly asserted executive privilege to protect confidential deliberative
materials of senior executive branch officials from congressional disclosure.*
The priority documents requested in the Committee’s June 3 letters—the eleven

documentsidentified in the subpoenato the Secretary, the memorandum and note concerning the

citizenship question drafted by a Department of Commerceattorney, and drafts of the
Department of Justice’s 2017 letter requesting the inclusionof the citizenship question—are
deliberative communications protected by executive privilege. Each of these documents or
communications was generated in the course of the deliberative process concerning either the
Secretary’s decision to reinstate a citizenship question or the Departmentof Justice’s decision to
request that such a question be reinstated, and reflect the internal advice, opinions, or
recommendations of senior executive branchofficials. All of the Commerce documents predate
the Secretary’s March 2018 decisionto reinstate a citizenship question, andall of the Justice
documents predate its 2017 letter requesting the inclusion ofthe question. To protect the
integrity of executive branch decision-making, department heads and their advisers must be able’
to engage in full and candid discussions about the advantages and disadvantagesof significant
and sensitive decisions, such as the Secretary’s decision to include the citizenship question on
the census questionnaire. Indeed, a federal court has already held that some of these priority
documents, such ascertain of the drafts of the 2017 letter requesting the inclusion of the
citizenship question, are protected by the deliberative processprivilege for substantially similar
reasons. See Memorandum Opinion and Orderat 5, State ofNew York y. U.S. Dep’t of
Commerce, No. 18-CV-2921 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 5, 2018) (Dkt. No. 369).
Executive privilege also protects attorney-client communications and attorney work

product. Assertion ofExecutive Privilege Regarding White House Counsel’s Office Documents,
20 Op. O.L.C. 2, 3 (1996) (opinion of Attorney General Janet Reno). In the commonlaw, the
attorney-client privilege “is the oldest of the privileges for confidential communications.”
Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389 (1981). “Its purposeis to encouragefull and
Privilege Regarding White House Counsel’s Office Documents, 20 Op. O.L.C. 2, 3 (1996) (opinion of
Attorney General Janet Reno).
‘ See, e.g., Fast and Furious Assertion, 36 Op. O.L.C. at *2-5; EPA Assertion, 32 Op. O.L.C., at
2-3; Assertion ofExecutive Privilege Concerning the Special Counsel’s Interviews ofthe Vice President
and Senior White House Staff, 32 Op. O.L.C. 7, 8-11 (2008); Assertion ofExecutive Privilege with
Respect to Prosecutorial Documents, 25 Op. O.L.C. 1, 1-2 (2001); Clemency Assertion, 23 Op. O.L.C. at
1-4; Assertion ofExecutive Privilege in Response to a Congressional Subpoena, 5 Op. O.L.C. 27, 29-31
(1981) (opinion of Attorney General William French Smith).

 frank communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby promote broader public

interests in the observance of law and administration ofjustice.” Jd. As for attorney work
product, in the ordinary case,“it is essential that a lawyer work with a certain degree ofprivacy,

free from unnecessary intrusion by opposing parties and their counsel.” Hickman v. Taylor, 329
U.S. 495, 510-11 (1947). Were attorney work product “open to opposing counsel on mere
demand, . . . [iJnefficiency, unfairness and sharp practices would inevitably develop in the giving
oflegal advice and in the preparation of cases fortrial... , [a]nd the interests of the clients and
the cause ofjustice would be poorly served.” Jd. at 511. These considerations apply with even
greater force where senior executive branchofficials are the clients. These officials must be able

to havefree and frank consultations with their attorneys about the scopeoftheir legal authorities
and responsibilities, without fear that these discussions, or attorney work product generatedin
preparation for potential litigation, will be publicized.

Someofthe priority documents requested by the Committee are covered bythe attorney-

client-communicationsor attorney-work-product componentsof executiveprivilege.

Specifically, the memorandum andnote drafted by an attorney in the Department of Commerce’s

Office of General Counsel contain legal analysis, recommendations, and advice concerningthe
reinstatementof a citizenship question. Versions of this memorandum were transmitted to the
Secretary as well as to the Acting Assistant Attorney General for the Department of Justice’s

Civil Rights Division, and in both instances offered advice to a client regardingthe legal
authority and pertinent case law for various potential courses of action and the strengths and
weaknessesofthese alternatives. Moreover, the attorney wasaskedto prepare the memorandum
precisely because the Departments expected thatlitigation would follow a decision to include the
citizenship question. If the attorney-work-product doctrine is to have any force, then an
executive branch agency maynot be required to disclose attorney work product developed in

preparation for potentiallitigation while that verylitigation is ongoing. For these reasons, the
memorandum drafted by the Department of Commerceattorney, and the note ancillary toit, fit
comfortably within the attorney-client-communicationsand attorney-work-product components
of executiveprivilege. This conclusion,too,is consistent with a federal court’s holding that the
memorandumis protected by the common-law attorney-client privilege. See Order, New York,
No. 18-CV-2921 (Sept. 30, 2018) (Dkt. No. 361).
Accordingly, I concludethat the subpoenaed materials identified as priority documents in
the Committee’s June 3,2019 letters clearly fall within the scope of executive privilege.
B.
Inext explain the need for you to make protective assertion of executive privilege with
respectto the remainder of the documents requested in the Committee’s April 2 subpoenas to the

Secretary and me. In cases “where a committee has declined to grant sufficient time to conduct a

full review, the President may makea protective assertion of privilege to protect the interests of
the Executive Branch pending a final determination about whetherto assert privilege.” Letter for
the President, from William P. Barr, Attorney General at 1-2 (May 8, 2019); Protective

Assertion ofExecutive Privilege Regarding White House Counsel’s Office Documents, 20 Op.
O.L.C. 1 (1996) (“Protective Assertion ofExecutive Privilege’) (opinion of Attorney General
Janet Reno). The remainder of the requested documents—identified in item 2 of the schedule for
eachof the subpoenas—includeall documents and communications between Department of

 Commerce and Department of Justice officials within and outside of the Executive Branch

through most of 2017 regarding the decision to includea citizenship question on the census
questionnaire. That extremely broad request sweeps in many tens of thousandsof pages of
information, much of which has already been produced to the Committee, but much of which the
Departments of Justice and Commercearestill continuing to process. These materials, which

may include documents withheld onprivilege grounds during ongoinglitigation, undoubtedly
havethe potential to include additional deliberative, attorney-client, or attorney work product

documents protected by executive privilege.

Consistent with paragraph 5 of President Reagan’s 1982 memorandum aboutassertions
of executiveprivilege, the Departmentof Justice has requested that the Chairman of the

Committee hold the subpoenas in abeyance and delay any vote recommendingthat the House of

Representatives approve contemptresolutionsfor failing to comply with the subpoenas, pending
a final presidential decision on whetherto invoke executive privilege as to the remainder of the
documents. See Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, Re:
Procedures Governing Responses to Congressional Requestsfor Information at 2 (Nov.4,
1982). The Chairman, however, has not agreed to adjourn the markup session scheduled for
10 a.m. on June 12 on a resolution recommending findings of contempt. In these circumstances,
where a departmentlacks sufficient time to review the requested documents, you may properly
assert executive privilege with respect to the entirety of the remaining materials that the

Committee has demanded, pendinga final decision on the matter. You would be making only a

preliminary, protective assertion of executive privilege designed to ensure your ability to make a
final assertion, if necessary, over someorall of the remaining materials. See Protective

Assertion ofExecutive Privilege, 20 Op. O.L.C. at 1. I concludethat such a preliminary,
protective assertion is legally permissible.
TI.

A congressional committee “may overcomean assertion of executive privilege only if it

establishes that the subpoenaed documents are ‘demonstrably critical to the responsible
fulfillment of the Committee’s functions.’” Assertion ofExecutive Privilege Concerningthe

Special Counsel’s Interviews ofthe Vice President and Senior White House Staff, 32 Op. O.L.C.
7, 11 (2008) (quoting Senate Select Comm. on Presidential Campaign Activities v. Nixon, 498

F.2d 725, 731 (D.C. Cir. 1974) (en banc)) (emphasis added).> “Those functions must be in
furtherance of Congress’s legitimate legislative responsibilities,” id, because “[c]ongressional
oversight of Executive Branchactionsis justifiable only as a meansoffacilitating the legislative
task of enacting, amending, or repealing laws,” Assertion ofExecutive Privilege in Response to a
Congressional Subpoena, 5 Op. O.L.C. 27, 29-31 (1981) (“1981 Assertion’) (opinion of

Attorney General William French Smith); see McGrain v. Daugherty, 273 U.S. 135, 176 (1927)
(congressional oversight power may beusedonly to “obtain informationin aid ofthe legislative
function”). The Committee hasnotsatisfied that high standard here.

> See also, e.g., U.S. Attorneys Assertion, 31 Op. O.L.C. at 2; Clemency Assertion, 23 Op. O.L.C.
at 2; Nixon, 418 U.S. at 707 (“[I]t is necessary to resolve those competinginterests in a mannerthat
preservesthe essential functions of each branch.”).

 The Committee has asserted that it needs the subpoenaed documents becauseit is

investigating “the actual reasons behind the Trump Administration’s decision to add a citizenship
question to the 2020 Census.” Letter for Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., Secretary, Department of
Commerce, from Elijah E. Cummings, Chairman, Committee on Oversight and Reform, U.S.

House of Representatives at 2-3 (June 3, 2019) (“Cummings Letter to Ross”); see Letter for
William P. Barr, Attorney General, from Elijah E. Cummings, Chairman, Committee on

Oversight and Reform, U.S. House of Representatives at 2-3 (June 3, 2019) (“CummingsLetter

to Barr”) (similar). According to the Committee, the Secretary “began a secret campaign to add

the citizenship question just days after assuming [his] post and several monthsbefore any request
from the Department ofJustice.” Cummings Letter to Ross at 2; see CummingsLetter to Barr at

2 (similar). The Committee believes that “the real reason the Trump Administration sought to
add the citizenship question was not to help enforce the Voting Rights Actatall, but rather to
gerrymander congressionaldistricts in overtly racist, partisan, and unconstitutional ways.”

CummingsLetter to Ross at 2; see Cummings Letter to Barr at 2 (similar). The Committee has
stated that its investigation “may lead to legislation” concerning the processes and notification

requirements for adding questions to the census. Cummings Letter to Ross at 6; see Cummings

Letter to Barr at 6 (similar).

The Constitution authorizes Congress to enact laws governing the census. See U.S.
Const. art. 1, § 2. Thus, I recognize that the Committee has legitimate oversight interests in this
area generally. It is not sufficient, however, that the subpoenaed documents may,at somelevel,

relate to a legitimate oversight interest. To overcomean assertion of executive privilege, a
congressional committee must “point[] to . . . specific legislative decisions that cannot

responsibly be made without accessto [the privileged] materials.” Senate Select Comm., 498
F.2d at 733. “While fact-finding bya legislative committee is undeniably part ofits task,
legislative judgments normally depend more onthe predicted consequences of proposed
legislative actions andtheir political acceptability, than on precise reconstruction of past events.”
Id. at 732; see also Requestsfor Confidential Information, 13 Op. O.L.C, at 159 (“Congress will
seldom have any legitimate legislative interest in knowing the precise predecisional positions and
statements of particular executive branch officials.”).
The Committee hasyet to identify any specific legislative need for the subpoenaed

documents, much less:a “demonstrably critical” one. Senate Select Comm., 498 F.2d at 731. It

is difficult to conceive how the Secretary’s deliberative emails regarding the inclusion of the
citizenship question, or an attorney’s legal analysis and assessment regardingthat inclusion, are

necessary predicates to Congress’s enactmentoflegislation regarding the census. Rather, the

Committee appears to believe it may investigate any andall processes of decision-making in the
Executive Branch regarding the census, regardless of whether that investigation has any bona
fide relationship to possible legislation, and regardless of whether that investigation intrudes on
executive branch prerogatives.

Thus, what the Committee appearsto seek is a “precise reconstruction of past events,”
not because there are “specific legislative decisions that cannot responsibly be made without”it,
but simply for the sake of the informationitself. Id. at 732-33. That purpose doesnotclear the
high bar required to overcomean assertion of executive privilege. The “informing function”that
Congress possesses underArticle I “is that of informing itself about subjects susceptible to
legislation, not that of informingthe public.” Miller v. Transamerican Press, Inc. , 709 F.2d 524,

 531 (9th Cir. 1983) (citing Hutchinson v. Proxmire, 443 U.S. 111, 132-33 (1979)); see also
Assertion ofExecutive Privilege Concerning the Dismissal and Replacementof U.S. Attorneys,

31 Op. O.L.C. 1, 4 (2007) (“Broad, generalized assertions that the requested materials are of
public import are simply insufficient under the ‘demonstrablycritical’ standard.”). The
Committee has not identified any “specific legislative decisions that cannot responsibly be made
without access”to the privileged materials. Senate Select Comm., 498 F.2d at 733.
The Departments of Justice and Commerce, moreover, have already made extensive
efforts to accommodate the Committee’s requests. As discussed above, each Departmenthas

produced tens of thousands of pages of responsive documents and has madesenior officials
available for hearings and transcribed interviews—andthat process remains ongoing. Except
where the Committee unconstitutionally demanded that executive branch officials appear without
agency counsel, the Executive Branch has madeevery official requested by the Committee in

this investigation available to testify, declining to answer only those questions that implicated a

protected privilege. See Attempted Exclusion ofAgency Counselfrom Congressional

Depositions ofAgency Employees, 43 Op. O.L.C. __ (May 23, 2019). In my view, through these
efforts, the two Departments have beenfulfilling in good faith their constitutional “obligation. .

to makea principled effort to acknowledge, and if possible to meet, the [Committee’s] legitimate

needs.” 1981 Assertion, 5 Op. O.L.C.at 31.

Accordingly, when I balance the Committee’s attenuated legislative interest in the

subpoenaed documents against the Executive Branch’s stronginterest in protecting the

confidentiality ofits internal deliberations and the integrity of attorney-client communications
and attorney work product, I conclude that the Committee has not established that the

subpoenaed documents are “demonstrably critical to the responsible fulfillment”of the
Committee’s legitimate legislative functions. Senate Select Comm., 498 F.2d at 731.
IV.
For the reasonsset forth above, I have concluded that you may properly assert executive
privilege over the priority subpoenaed documentsidentified in the Committee’s June 3, 2019

letters, and may properly makea protective assertion of executive privilege with respect to the
remainder of the subpoenaed documentsto give the Departments of Commerceand Justice time
to determine whether any remaining documents maybe subjectto privilege. I respectfully
request that you doso.
Sincerely,

William P. Barr
Attorney General