Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle
(ACV): Background and Issues for Congress
Updated June 28, 2019

Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R42723

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

Summary
On January 6, 2011, after spending approximately $3 billion in developmental funding, the
Marine Corps cancelled the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) program due to poor reliability
demonstrated during operational testing and excessive cost growth. Because the EFV was
intended to replace the 40-year-old Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAV), the Pentagon pledged to
move quickly to develop a “more affordable and sustainable” vehicle to replace the EFV. The
Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) is intended to replace the AAV, incorporating some EFV
capabilities but in a more practical and cost-efficient manner. In concert with the ACV, the
Marines were developing the Marine Personnel Carrier (MPC) to serve as a survivable and
mobile platform to transport Marines when ashore. The MPC was not intended to be amphibious
like an AAV, EFV, or the ACV but instead would be required to have a swim capability for inland
waterways such as rivers, lakes, and other water obstacles such as shore-to-shore operations in the
littorals. Both vehicles were intended to play central roles in future Marine amphibious
operations. On June 14, 2013, Marine leadership put the MPC program “on ice” due to budgetary
pressures but suggested the program might be resurrected some 10 years down the road when
budgetary resources might be more favorable.
In what was described as a “drastic shift,” the Marines decided to “resurrect” the MPC in March
2014. The Marines designated the MPC as ACV Increment 1.1 and planned to acquire about 200
vehicles. The Marines also plan to develop ACV Increment 1.2, a tracked, fully amphibious
version, and at the time planned to acquire about 470 vehicles and fund an ongoing high water
speed study. Although ACV Increment 1.1 is to have a swim capability, another mode of transport
(ship or aircraft) would be required to get the vehicles from ship to shore. The Marines are
reportedly exploring the possibility of developing a high water speed ACV 2.0, which could
accompany tanks and light armored vehicles into combat.
On November 5, 2014, the Marines released a draft Request for Proposal (RFP) for ACV
Increment 1.1. On November 24, 2015, the Marine Corps awarded BAE Systems and SAIC
contracts to develop ACV 1.1 prototypes for evaluation. BAE’s contract was for $103.8 million
and SAIC’s for $121.5 million, and each company was to build 16 prototypes to be tested over
the next two years. Both BAE and SAIC delivered their prototypes early, and Engineering and
Manufacturing Development (EMD) testing began mid-March 2017. In early December 2017, the
Marines reportedly sent the ACV 1.1 down select request for proposals to BAE and Science
Applications International Corporation (SAIC).
On June 19, 2018, the Marine Corps selected BAE Systems to produce the ACV. The initial
contract—valued at $198 million—was for low-rate production of 30 vehicles to be delivered by
the autumn of 2019. On April 10, 2019, during testimony to the Senate Armed Services
Committee, Navy and Marine Corps leadership announced that during the fall of 2018, ACV 1.1
prototypes demonstrated satisfactory water mobility performance in high surf conditions and, in
doing so, met the full water mobility transition requirement for ACV 1.2 capability. As a result,
ACV 1.1 and ACV 1.2 were to be consolidated into a single variant—the ACV—which is
intended to replace all AAVs.
Potential issues for Congress include the potential ramifications of the consolidation of the ACV
1.1 and ACV 1.2 programs and how the possible adoption of the Expeditionary Advance Base
Operations (EABO) operational concept could affect the ACV program.

Congressional Research Service

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

Contents
Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Significance for Congress................................................................................................................ 2
The Marines’ Justification for the ACV and MPC .......................................................................... 2
ACV .......................................................................................................................................... 2
MPC .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Desired Operational Capabilities ..................................................................................................... 3
ACV .......................................................................................................................................... 3
MPC .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Expeditionary Advance Base Operations (EABO) .......................................................................... 4
Past Programmatic Activities .......................................................................................................... 5
2013 Decision to “Shelve” the MPC ......................................................................................... 5
MPC Becomes ACV 1.1............................................................................................................ 5
Marines Release Request for Information (RFI) for ACV Increment 1.1 ................................. 5
Marines Release Draft Request for Proposal (RFP) for ACV Increment 1.1 ............................ 6
Additional Details on 2015 ACV 1.1 RFP ................................................................................ 6
ACV 1.1 Fielding Plan ........................................................................................................ 6
Marines Award ACV 1.1 Contracts ........................................................................................... 7
General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) Protests Contract Awards to the
Government Accountability Office (GAO) ............................................................................ 8
GAO Denies GDLS Protest ...................................................................................................... 8
BAE Systems and SAIC Deliver ACV 1.1 Prototypes Early and EMD Testing Begins........... 8
Marine Corps Down Select Final Proposals ............................................................................. 8
Annual Required GAO Report on the ACV Program ............................................................... 9
BAE Wins ACV Competition ................................................................................................... 9
Navy Awards BAE Contract for ACV Lot 2 ............................................................................. 9
Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) FY2018 Annual Report ...................... 10
ACV 1.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................. 10
Ship-to-Shore Requirements for the Next ACV Version ......................................................... 10
ACV 1.1 and ACV 1.2 Consolidated .............................................................................................. 11
ACV 2.0.......................................................................................................................................... 11
Department of Defense FY2020 Budget Request .......................................................................... 11
FY2020 National Defense Authorization Act ................................................................................ 12
H.R. 2500 ................................................................................................................................ 12
RDT&E ............................................................................................................................. 12
Procurement ...................................................................................................................... 12
S. 1790 .................................................................................................................................... 13
RDT&E ............................................................................................................................. 13
Procurement ...................................................................................................................... 13
Department of Defense Appropriation Bill FY2020 ..................................................................... 13
H.R. 2968 ................................................................................................................................ 13
RDT&E ............................................................................................................................. 13
Procurement ...................................................................................................................... 13
Potential Issues for Congress......................................................................................................... 13
The Consolidation of the ACV 1.1 and ACV 1.2 Programs .................................................... 13

Congressional Research Service

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

Expeditionary Advance Base Operations and the ACV .......................................................... 14

Tables
Table 1. FY2020 DOD Budget Request—ACV ............................................................................ 12

Contacts
Author Information........................................................................................................................ 14

Congressional Research Service

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

Background
U.S. Code, Title 10, Section 5063, United States Marine Corps: Composition and Functions,
dated October 1, 1986, states the following:
The Marine Corps will be organized, trained and equipped to provide an amphibious and
land operations capability to seize advanced naval bases and to conduct naval land
campaigns.

In this regard, the Marines are required by law to have the necessary equipment to conduct
amphibious operations and land operations. The ACV and MPC were considered integral systems
by the Department of Defense (DOD) and Marine Corps to meet this legal requirement, as well as
providing critical capabilities to execute the nation’s military strategy.
On January 6, 2011, after spending approximately $3 billion in developmental funding, the
Marine Corps—with “encouragement” from DOD—cancelled the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle
(EFV) program. The EFV was intended to replace the 40-year-old Amphibious Assault Vehicle
(AAV), which currently transports Marines from ships to shore under hostile conditions. The
Marine Corps cancelled the EFV due to excessive cost growth and poor performance in
operational testing. Recognizing the need to replace the AAV, the Pentagon pledged to move
quickly to develop a “more affordable and sustainable” vehicle to take the place of the EFV. The
Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) is intended to replace the AAV, incorporating some EFV
capabilities but in a more practical and cost-efficient manner.
In concert with the ACV, the Marines were developing the Marine Personnel Carrier (MPC) to
serve as a survivable and mobile platform to transport Marines when ashore. At present, the
Marines do not have a wheeled armored fighting vehicle that can operate as a dedicated infantry
carrier with Marine maneuver forces inland. The MPC was not intended to be amphibious like an
AAV, EFV, or the ACV but instead would be required to have a swim1 capability for inland
waterways such as rivers, lakes, and other water obstacles such as shore-to-shore operations in the
littorals. Because of a perceived amphibious “redundancy,” some have questioned the need for
both the ACV and MPC. In June 2013, citing budgetary pressures, the Marines reportedly put the
MPC program “on ice” and suggested that it might not be resurrected for about 10 years.2
Although some have questioned why the Marines cannot simply “adopt” a U.S. Army personnel
carrier, Marine requirements for a personnel carrier reflect the need for this vehicle to be
compatible with amphibious assault craft, as well as to have an enhanced amphibious capability,
which is not necessarily an Army requirement.
With the Marines involved in decades-long land conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and
proliferating anti-access technologies such as guided missiles, some analysts questioned whether
the Marines would ever again be called on to conduct a large-scale amphibious assault operation.
In response to these questions and the perceived need to examine the post-Iraq and Afghanistan
Marine Corps, the Department of the Navy and DOD studied the requirement to conduct largescale amphibious operations and in early 2012 released a strategic vision for how amphibious
operations will be conducted in the future. The primary assertion of this study is that the Marine
Corps’ and Navy’s amphibious capabilities serve a central role in the defense of the global
interests of a maritime nation. The need to maintain an amphibious assault capability is viewed by
An amphibious capability generally refers to a vehicle’s ability to debark from a ship offshore at a considerable
distance and then move under fire to shore. A swim capability refers to a vehicle’s ability to traverse limited water
obstacles such as streams, rivers, and smaller bodies of inland water.
2 Lee Hudson, “Marines Put Marine Personnel Carrier on Shelf Due to Budget Constraints,” InsideDefense, June 14,
2013.
1

Congressional Research Service

1

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

Marine Corps leadership as establishing the requirement for the ACV and MPC (as discussed in
greater detail below).

Significance for Congress
Congress is responsible for authorizing and appropriating funds for all weapon systems programs,
including the ACV. In its oversight role, Congress could be concerned about how the ACV
enables the Marines to conduct not only amphibious operations but also operations ashore.
Another possible congressional concern is to what extent a robust amphibious assault capability is
a necessary component of U.S. national security. Cost is another issue of interest to Congress.

The Marines’ Justification for the ACV and MPC
ACV
At present, the Marines use the AAV-7A1 series amphibious assault vehicle to move Marines
from ship to shore. The Marines have used the AAV since 1971 and expect to continue to use it
until replaced by the ACV or a similar vehicle. Over the years, the Marines have claimed the AAV
has become increasingly difficult to operate, maintain, and sustain. As weapons technology and
threat capabilities have evolved since the early 1970s, the AAV—despite upgrades—is viewed as
having capabilities shortfalls in the areas of water and land mobility performance, lethality,
protection, and network capability. The AAV’s two-mile ship-to-shore range is viewed by many
as a significant survivability issue not only for the vehicle itself but also for naval amphibious
forces.

MPC
Although the AAV has some armor protection and can operate inland to a limited extent, it is not
intended for use as an infantry combat vehicle. The Marines do have the LAV-25, Light Armored
Vehicle-25, an eight-wheeled armored vehicle that carries a crew of three and six additional
marines. The LAV-25 is armed with a 25 mm chain gun and a 7.62 mm machine gun but is not
fully amphibious, as it cannot cross a surf zone and would get to the beach via some type of
connector such as the Landing Craft, Air Cushioned (LCAC). The LAV-25 has been in service
since 1983. According to the Marine Program Executive Office (PEO) Land Systems, the LAV is
not employed as an armored personnel carrier and usually carries a four-person Marine
scout/reconnaissance team in addition to its crew.3 In this regard, the MPC was viewed as
necessary by Marine leadership for the transport and enhanced armor protection of Marine
infantry forces.

3

Program Executive Office (PEO) Land Systems Marine Personnel Carrier Fact Sheet, 2010.

Congressional Research Service

2

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

Desired Operational Capabilities
ACV4
The Marines’ 2011 Request for Information (RFI)5 to industry provides an overview of the
operational requirements for the ACV. These requirements include the following:







The proposed vehicle must be able to self-deploy from amphibious shipping and
deliver a reinforced Marine infantry squad (17 marines) from a launch distance at
or beyond 12 miles with a speed of not less than 8 knots in seas with 1-foot
significant wave height and must be able to operate in seas up to 3-foot
significant wave height.
The vehicle must be able to maneuver with the mechanized task force for
sustained operations ashore in all types of terrain. The vehicle’s road and crosscountry speed as well as its range should be greater than or equal to the M-1A1.
The vehicle’s protection characteristics should be able to protect against direct
and indirect fire and mines and improvised explosive device (IED) threats.
The vehicle should be able to accommodate command and control (C2) systems
that permit it to operate both at sea and on land. The vehicle, at a minimum,
should have a stabilized machine gun in order to engage enemy infantry and light
vehicles.

MPC6
The Marine Corps’ 2011 Request for Information (RFI) to industry provided an overview of the
operational requirements for the MPC. These requirements included the following:





The vehicle must accommodate nine marines and two crew members and have a
“robust tactical swim capability (shore-to-shore [not designed to embark from an
amphibious ship]) and be capable of operating at 6 knots in a fully developed
sea.”7
The vehicle must be able to operate on land with M-1A1s in mechanized task
forces across the Marine Corps’ mission profile.
The vehicle shall provide protection for the occupants from the blasts, fragments,
and incapacitating effects of attack from kinetic threats, indirect fire, and
improvised explosive devices and mines.

4

Unless otherwise noted, information in this section is taken from the Amphibious Vehicle Request for Information
(RFI) issued by the Marine Corps Systems Command on February 11, 2011.
5 The Federal Acquisition Regulation defines an RFI as “a document used to obtain price, delivery, other market
information, or capabilities for planning purposes when the Government does not presently intend to issue a
solicitation. [FAR 15.202(e)].”
6 Unless otherwise noted, information in this section is taken from Annex A: Marine Personnel Carrier (MPC) Family
of Vehicles (FOV) Requirements Set to the Marine Personnel Carrier Request for Information (RFI), February 17,
2011.
7 Annex A: Marine Personnel Carrier (MPC) Family of Vehicles (FOV) Requirements Set to the Marine Personnel
Carrier Request for Information (RFI), February 17, 2011.

Congressional Research Service

3

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress



The vehicle shall be capable of firing existing Marine anti-structure and antiarmor missiles and should be able to accommodate existing command and
control (C2) systems.

Expeditionary Advance Base Operations (EABO)
Defense officials have noted the Marine Corps is “not currently organized, trained and equipped
to face a peer adversary in the year 2025”8 and enemies with advanced air and shore defense will
make amphibious operations even riskier. To counter this, the Navy is developing the
Expeditionary Advance Base Operations (EABO) operational concept to address these concerns.
EABO is described as follows:
Expeditionary Advance Base Operations is a naval operational concept that anticipates the
requirements of the next paradigm of US Joint expeditionary operations. The concept is
adversary based, cost informed and advantage focused. EABO calls for an alternative,
difficult to target forward basing infrastructure that will enable US naval and joint forces
to create a more resilient forward based posture to persist, partner and operate within range
of adversary long range precision fires. The alternative forward posture enabled by
Expeditionary Advance Bases (EABs) is designed to mitigate the growing threat posed by
the abundant quantity, expanded range and enhanced precision of potential adversary
weaponry—particularly ballistic and cruise missiles designed to attack critical joint fixed
forward infrastructure and large platforms. EABs provide a dispersed and largely mobile
forward basing infrastructure that enables a persistent alternative force capability set that
is similarly designed to be difficult to target and inherently resilient. The resilient, reduced
signature infrastructure of EABs, combined with naval forces designed and structured to
persist and operate within the arc of adversary anti-access/aerial denial (A2AD) capabilities
enables naval commanders to conduct Expeditionary Advance Base Operations to support
Joint Force Maritime Component Commander (JFMCC), and Fleet Commanders in the
fight for sea control, by exploiting the opportunities afforded by key maritime terrain,
particularly in close and confined seas. EABO advances, sustains and maintains the naval
and joint sensor, shooter and sustainment capabilities of dispersed forces to leverage the
decisive massed capabilities of the larger joint force with enhanced situational awareness,
augmented fires and logistical support. The EABO Concept enables US naval forces to
exercise 21st Century naval operational art, meet new enemy A2AD threats with new
capabilities and operate and thrive in and around close and confined seas. 9

In terms of Marine Corps amphibious assault operations, the adoption of EABO could reportedly
result in “an entirely different approach to amphibious assaults as well as new weapon systems.”10
Noting that “missiles can now hit ships and landing craft while they are hundreds of miles from
shore, making it far too dangerous for Marines to storm a beach with current capabilities,”11
Marine officials are reportedly exploring ways to create temporary “bubbles” where Marines can
get ashore. In response to these challenges, current and planned weapons systems might need to
be modified to accommodate EABO operational concepts.
Jeff Schogol, “The Next Fight: The Commandant is Pushing the Corps to be Ready for a Violent, Violent Fight,”
Marine Corps Times, September 18, 2017.
9 From Innovation Industry Day Announcement - Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory - EABO 2019, February 2,
2018, https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=5ad0e3a3809bf73ddeda57b1bd32aaf1&tab=core&
_cview=1.
10 Eugene K. Chow, “How Marines are Rethinking the Art of the Amphibious Assault for the Next Big War,” The
National Interest, February 19, 2018.
11 Ibid.
8

Congressional Research Service

4

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

Past Programmatic Activities
2013 Decision to “Shelve” the MPC
As previously noted, in June 2013, citing budgetary pressures, the Marines reportedly put the
MPC program “on ice” and suggested it might not be resurrected for about 10 years.12 At the time
of the decision, the Marines’ acquisition priorities were refocused to the ACV as well as the Joint
Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV).13 Although the Marines refocused budgetary resources to the ACV,
difficulties in developing an affordable high water speed capability for the ACV continued to
confront Marine leadership.14

MPC Becomes ACV 1.115
In what was described as a “drastic shift,” the Marines decided in March 2014 to “resurrect” the
MPC and designate it as ACV Increment 1.1 and initially acquire about 200 vehicles. The
Marines also plan to develop ACV Increment 1.2, a tracked version, and to acquire about 470
vehicles and fund an ongoing high water speed study. Although ACV Increment 1.1 will have a
swim capability, a connector will be required to get the vehicles from ship to shore.
Plans called for ACV Increment 1.1 to enter the acquisition cycle at Milestone B (Engineering
and Manufacturing Development) in FY2016, award prototype contracts leading to a down select
to one vendor in FY2018, and enter low-rate initial production.

Marines Release Request for Information (RFI) for
ACV Increment 1.116
On April 23, 2014, the Marines released an RFI for ACV Increment 1.1. Some of the required
capabilities included the following:
... operate in a significant wave height of two feet and sufficient reserve buoyancy to
enable safe operations; a high level of survivability and force protection; operate in four to
six feet plunging surf with ship-to-shore operations and launch from amphibious ships as
an objective; land mobility, operate on 30 percent improved surfaces and 70 percent
unimproved surfaces; ability to integrate a .50 calibre remote weapon station (RWS) with
growth potential to a dual mount 40 mm/.50 calibre RWS or a 30 mm cannon RWS;
carrying capacity to include three crew and 10 embarked troops as the threshold, 13
embarked troops as the objective, carry mission essential equipment and vehicle

Lee Hudson, “Marines Put Marine Personnel Carrier on Shelf Due to Budget Constraints,” Inside Defense, June 14,
2013.
13 For information on the JLTV, see CRS Report RS22942, Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV): Background and
Issues for Congress, by Andrew Feickert.
14 Christopher J. Castelli, “General: Marine Corps Could Shelve Development of High-Speed ACV,” Inside Defense,
October 25, 2013, and Jason Sherman, “Marine Corps Dials Back ACV, Capability, Defers High Water Speed Plans,”
Inside Defense, March 25, 2014.
15 Information in this section is taken from Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 Budget Estimates, Navy,
Justification Book, Volume 2, Research, Development, Test & Evaluation, Navy, Budget Activity 4, March 2014, pp.
417-421, and Lee Hudson, “Marine Corps Drastically Shifts Ground Vehicle Modernization Strategy,” Inside Defense,
March 14, 2014.
16 Lee Hudson, “Marines Release Amphib Vehicle RFI, Seek Accelerated Schedule,” Inside Defense, April 25, 2014.
12

Congressional Research Service

5

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

ammunition; and the ability to integrate a command, control and communications suite
provided as government furnished equipment ...17

The RFI included a requirement for industry to deliver 16 prototype vehicles nine months after
contract award in April 2016 at a rate of 4 vehicles per month.18 The Marines estimated ACV
Increment 1.1 would cost about $5 million to $6 million per vehicle, about $10 million less than
what the previous ACV version was expected to cost.19

Marines Release Draft Request for Proposal (RFP) for ACV
Increment 1.120
On November 5, 2014, the Marines reportedly released a draft RFP for ACV Increment 1.1. The
Marines were looking for information from industry regarding program milestones, delivery
schedules, and where in the program cost savings could be achieved. Plans were for two
companies to build 16 prototype vehicles each for testing. Companies who competed for the two
contracts included BAE Systems, General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS), Lockheed Martin,
and Scientific Applications International Corporation (SAIC).21

Additional Details on 2015 ACV 1.1 RFP22
Under the provisions of the RFP, the ACV 1.1 was envisioned as an eight-wheeled vehicle
capable of carrying 10 Marines and a crew of 3 that would cost between $4 million to $7.5
million per copy—a change from the RFI estimate of $5 million to $6 million per vehicle. In
terms of mobility, the ACV 1.1 would need to be able to travel at least 3 nautical miles from ship
to shore, negotiate waves up to at least 2 feet, travel 5 to 6 knots in calm seas, and be able to keep
up with the M-1 Abrams tank once ashore.
Proposals were due in April 2016 and the Marines reportedly planned to award two EMD
contracts for 16 vehicles each to be delivered in November 2016. In 2018, the Marines would
then down select to one vendor and start full production.

ACV 1.1 Fielding Plan23
The Marines reportedly plan to acquire 204 ACV 1.1s, to be allocated as follows:



1st Marine Expeditionary Force, Camp Pendleton, CA—67;
2nd Marine Expeditionary Force, Camp Lejeune, NC—46;

17

Ibid.
Ibid.
19 Lee Hudson, “Next-Generation Amphibious Vehicle Estimated to Cost $5-$6M Per Copy,” Inside Defense, June 27,
2014.
20 Information in this section is taken from Megan Eckstein, “Marines Expect ACV RFP in Spring; Will Choose 2
Winners for Prototype Production, Testing,” Defense Daily, September 29, 2014, and Lee Hudson, “Marines Release
Next-Gen Amphibious Vehicle Draft Request for Proposal,” Inside Defense, November 6, 2014.
21 Megan Eckstein, “Marines Expect ACV RFP in Spring; Will Choose 2 Winners for Prototype Production, Testing,”
Defense Daily, September 29, 2014.
22 Information in this section is taken from Joe Gould, “Marine Amphibious Vehicle RFP Due in March,” Defense
News, February 16, 2015.
23 Ibid.
18

Congressional Research Service

6

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress






3rd Marine Expeditionary Force, Okinawa, Japan—21;
Assault Amphibian School, Camp Pendleton, CA—25;
Exercise Support Division, Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twenty
Nine Palms, CA—25; and
Program Manager, Quantico, VA, and Amphibious Vehicle Test Branch, Camp
Pendleton, CA—20.

In April 2016 testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee, the Deputy Commandant for
Combat Development and Integration testified that the Marines’ Acquisition Objective for the
ACV 1.1 remained at 204 vehicles, which would provide lift for two infantry battalions.24 Full
Operational Capability (FOC) for ACV 1.1 is planned for FY2020.25

Marines Award ACV 1.1 Contracts26
On November 24, 2015, the Marine Corps awarded BAE Systems and SAIC contracts to develop
ACV 1.1 prototypes for evaluation. BAE’s contract was for $103.8 million and SAIC’s for
$121.5 million, and each company is to build 16 prototypes. The Marines expect to down select
to a single vendor in 2018. Initial operational capability (IOC) was expected by the end of 2020,
and all ACV 1.1 vehicles are planned to be fielded by summer 2023. Plans are to equip six
battalions with ACV 1.1s and 392 existing upgraded AAVs.
Both BAE and SAIC reportedly have a long history related to amphibious vehicles, as BAE built
the Marines’ original AAV and SAIC has built hundreds of Terrex 1 vehicles used by Singapore,
and both companies had Marine Corps contracts to modernize AAVs.
ACV 1.1 is intended to have some amphibious capability but would rely on ship-to-shore
connectors. ACV 1.2 is intended to have greater amphibious capability, including greater water
speed and the ability to self-deploy from amphibious ships.
BAE planned to team with Italian manufacturer Iveco (which owns Chrysler and Ferrari). BAE’s
prototype would accommodate 13 Marines and travel 11.5 miles at about 7 miles per hour (mph)
in surf and 65 mph on land. BAE’s version would incorporate a V hull design intended to protect
passengers from underside blasts and have external fuel tanks for increased safety. BAE intends
to produce its prototypes at its York, PA, facility.
SAIC planned to team with Singapore Technology Kinetics to develop its prototype based on an
existing design called Terrex. SAIC’s version is said to travel 7 mph in water and incorporates a
V hull design as well as blast-mitigating seats. It would carry a crew of 3 and can accommodate
11 Marines. SAIC’s version plans for a Common Remote Weapons System (CROWS) (.50

24

Statement of Lieutenant General Robert S. Walsh, Deputy Commandant, Combat Development and Integration &
Commanding General, Marine Corps Combat Development Command and Mr. Thomas P. Dee, Deputy Assistant
Secretary of the Navy, Expeditionary Programs and Logistics Management before the Subcommittee on Seapower of
the Senate Armed Services Committee on Marine Corps Modernization, April 13, 2016, p. 5.
25 Ibid.
26 Dan Parsons, “Marine Corps Awards BAE, SAIC $225 Million Amphibious Combat Vehicle Contracts,” Defense
Daily, November 25, 2015; Lee Hudson, “BAE and SAIC Both Win Contracts for USMC Next-Gen Amphib Vehicle,”
Inside Defense, November 24, 2015; Jen Judson, “BAE, SAIC Named as Finalists in Marines ACV Competition,”
Defense News, November 24, 2015; and Lance M. Bacon, “Inside the Amphibious Vehicles that Won the Marines’
$225M Contracts,” Marine Corps Times, January 4, 2016.

Congressional Research Service

7

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

calibre machine gun and a 30 mm cannon), which could be operated from inside the vehicle while
buttoned up, therefore not exposing crewmen to hostile fire.

General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) Protests Contract Awards
to the Government Accountability Office (GAO)27
On December 7, 2015, it was reported that GDLS would protest the award of the ACV 1.1
contract to BAE and SAIC, claiming the Marines asked for particular capabilities and then
evaluated vendors by a different set of standards.

GAO Denies GDLS Protest28
On March 15, 2016, GAO denied GDLS’s protest, noting that “the Marine Corps’ evaluation was
reasonable and consistent with the evaluation scheme identified in the solicitation.”29 The
Marines reportedly stated that the protest put the ACV 1.1 program about 45 days behind
schedule but anticipated the ACV 1.1 would still be fielded on time.30

BAE Systems and SAIC Deliver ACV 1.1 Prototypes Early and
EMD Testing Begins31
BAE and SAIC reportedly delivered their ACV 1.1 prototypes, with BAE delivering its first
prototype in December 2016 and SAIC delivering its prototype in February 2017. This early
delivery could potentially result in an unspecified incentive fee award for both companies. EMD
testing began the week of March 13 and was scheduled to last eight months.

Marine Corps Down Select Final Proposals32
In early December 2017, the Marines reportedly sent the ACV 1.1 down select request for
proposals to BAE and SAIC. Plans called for operational testing to start in January 2018, with the
Marines anticipating announcing a contract winner in June 2018 for the delivery of 204 ACV 1.1s
over a four-year period.

Jen Judson, “General Dynamics Protests ACV Contract Awards to BAE and SAIC,” Defense News, December 7,
2015, and Dan Parsons, “In ACV Protest, GD Says Marines Corps Kept Requirements Hidden” Defense Daily,
December 9, 2015.
28 Jen Judson, “GAO Denies General Dynamics’ Amphibious Combat Vehicle Protest,” Defense News, March 15,
2016, and Lee Hudson, “Following GAO Bid Protest, ACV 1.1 is Delayed but Will be Fielded On Time,” Inside
Defense, July 19, 2016.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Lee Hudson, “BAE Systems, SAIC Will Receive Incentive Fee from Marines for Delivering Amphib Vehicles
Early,” Inside Defense, February 22, 2017, and “Marines Kick Off Next-Generation Amphibious Vehicle EMD
Testing,” Inside Defense, March 21, 2017.
32 Lee Hudson, “Marine Corps Sends Final Solicitation to BAE, SAIC for Next-Gen Amphib Vehicle,”
InsideDefense.com, December 13, 2017.
27

Congressional Research Service

8

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

Annual Required GAO Report on the ACV Program33
In accordance with the provisions of the FY2014 National Defence Authorization Act (P.L. 11366) Section 251, GAO submitted its annual report to Congress on the ACV program in April
2018. GAO reviewed program cost estimates, updated schedules, and program assessments of test
results and production readiness, and compared ACV acquisition efforts to DOD guidance and
GAO-identified best practices.34 GAO found the following:
The first version of the Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV 1.1) is on track to meet
development cost goals with no additional anticipated delays for major acquisition
milestones. With regard to costs, the development phase of ACV 1.1 is on pace to not
exceed cost goals that were established at the start of development, based on a recent Navy
estimate, the ACV program office, and reporting from the contractors.35

GAO recommended that the Marine Corps (1) not enter the second year of low rate production
for ACV 1.1 until after the contractor has achieved an overall Manufacturing Readiness Level
(MRL) of 8 and (2) not enter full-rate production until achieving an overall MRL of 9.36 DOD
partially concurred with this recommendation but noted that it was “reasonable to proceed at
lower MRL levels if steps are taken to mitigate risks.”37

BAE Wins ACV Competition38
On June 19, 2018, the Marine Corps selected BAE Systems to produce the ACV. Reportedly, the
initial contract—valued at $198 million—will be for low-rate production of 30 vehicles to be
delivered by the autumn of 2019. Eventually, 204 vehicles are to be delivered under the ACV 1.1
phase of the project. BAE will also produce the ACV 1.2 variant and, all told, the entire ACV 1.1
and 1.2 project is expected to deliver 700 vehicles, and, if all options are exercised, the total
contract will reportedly be worth $1.2 billion.

Navy Awards BAE Contract for ACV Lot 239
In December 2018, the Navy reportedly awarded BAE Systems a $140 million contract
modification to build 30 Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) ACVs as part of Lot 2, with the first
vehicles expected to be delivered in the summer of 2020. Lot 1 is reportedly still scheduled to
start delivery in the summer of 2019.

33

Government Accountability Office (GAO), Amphibious Combat Vehicle: Program Should Take Steps to Ensure
Manufacturing Readiness, GAO-18-364, April 2018.
34 Ibid. Executive Summary.
35 Ibid.
36 Manufacturing Readiness Level (MRL) 8 is defined by GAO as “pilot line capability demonstrated; ready to begin
low-rate production,” and MRL 9 is defined as “low-rate production demonstrated; capability in place to begin full-rate
production.”
37 Ibid.
38 Matthew Beinart, “Marine Corps ACV Deal with BAE Systems Expected to Total $1.2 Billion, 700 Vehicles,”
Defense Daily, June 20, 2018, and Courtney McBride, “BAE Systems Wins Competition for U.S. Marine Corps’ ACV
1.1,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, June 27, 2018, p. 5.
39 Information in this section is taken from Mallory Shelbourne, “Navy Awards BAE Systems $140 Million Contract
Modification for ACV Lot 2,” InsideDefense.com, December 7, 2018.

Congressional Research Service

9

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) FY2018 Annual
Report40
In DOT&E’s December 2018 FY2018 Annual Report, it was noted






During the operational evaluation (OA), the ACV-equipped unit demonstrated the
ability to maneuver to an objective, conduct immediate action drills, and provide
suppressive fires in support of dismounted infantry maneuver in a desert
environment. The ACV-equipped unit was able to maneuver in the littorals;
embark aboard a landing craft air cushioned (LCAC), transit the open ocean and
surf zone, and debark from the LCAC. The ACV demonstrated water mobility
and the ability to self-deploy from the beach, cross the surf zone, enter the ocean,
swim, and return to the beach.
Based on data from the OA, reliability is below the program reliability growth
curve (58 hours Mean Time Between Operational Mission Failures [MTBOMF]).
BAE vehicles demonstrated 24.9 hours MTBOMF. There were no systemic
problems identified that indicate a major redesign is required.
The ACV section was successful in 15 of 16 missions and demonstrated the
capability to negotiate terrain in the desert and littorals, operate with tanks and
light armored vehicles, and maneuver to achieve tactical advantage over the
opposing threat force. ACV crews, supported infantry, and the opposing force
noted that the vehicles performed better than the legacy vehicle in a wide variety
of areas.41

In terms of recommendations, DOT&E noted the Program Manager, Advanced Amphibious
Assault should do the following:




Modify the infantry troop commander’s station to make it easier to move
between the hatch and seat.
Assess the capability of all existing Marine Corps recovery assets to recover the
ACV.
Investigate options for preventing damage to steering/suspension when
encountering battlefield debris, such as concertina wire.42

ACV 1.2 Requirements
Ship-to-Shore Requirements for the Next ACV Version43
According to reports, the Marines envisioned that the successor to ACV 1.1—the ACV 1.2—
would have a threshold requirement of 12 miles from ship-to-shore. If this threshold can be

40

Information in this section is taken from Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) FY 2018 Annual
Report, December 2018.
41 Ibid., pp. 119-120.
42 Ibid., p. 120.
43 Lee Hudson, “Marines Reveal ACV 1.2 Will Have Threshold Requirement of 12 Miles,” Inside Defense, March 22,
2016.

Congressional Research Service

10

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

achieved, it could help to reduce the vulnerability of U.S. naval vessels supporting Marine
amphibious operations to enemy shore fire.

ACV 1.1 and ACV 1.2 Consolidated44
On April 10, 2019, during testimony to the Subcommittee on Seapower of the Senate Armed
Services Committee, Navy and Marine Corps leadership noted
During the fall of 2018, ACV 1.1 prototypes demonstrated satisfactory water mobility
performance in high surf conditions, and in doing so met the full water mobility transition
requirement for ACV 1.2 capability. Subsequently, the Milestone Decision Authority
Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development and Acquisition (ASN
(RD&A)) approved the consolidation of increments one and two into a single program to
enable continuous production of ACVs to completely replace the AAV. The next key
acquisition event is the Full Rate Production decision scheduled for the third quarter of FY
2020 following Initial Operational Test & Evaluation. ACV remains on schedule to achieve
Initial Operational Capability in the fourth quarter of FY 2020.

With the consolidation of ACV variants into a single variant, there will likely be a number of
programmatic changes and potential ramifications for the ACV and ACV 2.0 programs.

ACV 2.045
Reportedly, the Marines plan to develop an ACV 2.0, capable of carrying 10 to 13 Marines plus
crew, capable of high water speeds and deployment from ships far from the coast. ACV 2.0 is
planned to be capable of operating on land alongside tanks and light armored vehicles. According
to the Marines
ACV 2.0 serves as a conceptual placeholder for a future Decision Point (~ 2025, or sooner)
at which time knowledge gained in the fielding and employment of the first phase of ACV
(1.1 and 1.2), the state of the naval connector strategy, and science & technology work
towards a high water speed capable self-deploying vehicle will support an informed
decision.46

Department of Defense FY2020 Budget Request47
The FY2020 presidential budget request includes RDT&E and Procurement funding requests in
the Base Budget, as well as FY2020 requested quantities. The Marines did not request ACV
Overseas Contingency operations (OCO) funding in FY2020.

44

Statement of the Honorable James F. Geurts, Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development and
Acquisition ASN (RD&A) and Lieutenant General David H. Berger, Deputy Commandant Combat Development and
Integration & Commanding General, Marine Corps Combat Development Command Before the Subcommittee on
Seapower of the Senate Armed Services Committee on Fiscal Year 2020 Navy Modernization Programs, April 10,
2019, p. 5.
45 Daniel Goure, “Why the U.S. Marines Amphibious Combat Vehicle Program Works, The National Interest, May 2,
2017.
46 Marine Corps Combat Development Command, https://www.mccdc.marines.mil/Resources/Amphibious-CombatVehicle/High-Water-Speed/, accessed September 26, 2018.
47 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/Chief Financial Officer, Program Acquisition Cost by
Weapon System: United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2020 Budget Request, March 2019, p. 3-10.

Congressional Research Service

11

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

Table 1. FY2020 DOD Budget Request—ACV
Funding
Category

Base
Budget

Base
Budget

OCO
Budget

OCO
Budget

Total
Request

Total
Request

$M

Qty

$M

Qty

$M

Qty

RDT&E

77.3

—

—

—

77.3

—

Procurement

317.9

56

—

—

317.9

56

TOTAL

395.3

56

—

—

395.3

56

Source: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/Chief Financial Officer, Program Acquisition
Cost by Weapon System: United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2020 Budget Request, March 2019,
p. 3-10.
Notes: Numbers may not add due to rounding.
$M = U.S. Dollars in Millions; Qty = FY2020 Procurement Quantities.

According to DOD, the FY2020 ACV budget request will fund
The ACV 1.1 Full Rate Production (FRP) Lot 3 of 56 vehicles, plus procurement of related
items such as production support, systems engineering, program management, Engineering
Change Orders (ECOs), Government Furnished Equipment (GFE), and integrated logistics
support. Research and Development efforts include the procurement of ACV 1.2 MRV test
articles, associated GFE, and initiation of a Vehicle Protective System trade study and
integration efforts.48

FY2020 National Defense Authorization Act
H.R. 250049
RDT&E
H.R. 2500 decreases the Marines’ FY2020 ACV RDT&E Budget Request by $8.2 million (to
$69.1 million) based on early to need ($2.2 million) and excess to growth ($6 million).50

Procurement
H.R. 2500 decreases the Marines’ FY2020 ACV Procurement Budget Request by $4.8 million (to
$313.1 million) due to excess engineering change orders.51

48

Ibid.
H.R. 2500 (Report 116-120), National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020, June 19, 2019.
50 Ibid., p. 433.
51 Ibid., p. 423.
49

Congressional Research Service

12

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress

S. 179052
RDT&E
S. 1790 fully authorizes the Marines’ FY2020 ACV RDT&E Budget Request ($77.3 million).53

Procurement
S. 1790 fully authorizes the Marines’ FY2020 ACV Procurement Budget Request ($317.9
million).54

Department of Defense Appropriation Bill FY2020
H.R. 296855
RDT&E
H.R. 2968 decreases the Marines’ FY2020 ACV RDT&E Budget Request ($77.3 million) by $9.2
million ($68.1 million) due to project excess growth ($7 million) and ACV 1.2 training devices
early to need ($2.2 million).56

Procurement
H.R. 2968 decreases the Marines’ FY2020 ACV Procurement Budget Request ($317.9 million)
by $4.8 million (to $313.1 million) due to excess engineering change orders.57

Potential Issues for Congress
The Consolidation of the ACV 1.1 and ACV 1.2 Programs
While from an overall programmatic perspective, the consolidation of the ACV 1.1 and ACV 1.2
variants could be viewed as a favourable programmatic outcome, there are likely ramifications
that might be of interest to policymakers. Potential issues include the following:




Will the consolidation of ACV 1.1 and ACV 1.2 result in an overall cost savings?
Will this consolidation permit the acquisition of additional ACVs because of
potential cost savings?
With the consolidation and the stated intent to replace AAVs, what is the revised
timeline for the replacement of AAVs and will this result in cost savings from not
having to upgrade and maintain AAVs longer than previously intended?

52

S. 1790 (Report No. 116-48) National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020, June 11, 2019.
Ibid., p. 493.
54 Ibid., p. 439.
55 Report 116-84, Department of Defense Appropriations Bill, 2020, May 23, 2019.
56 Ibid., p. 259.
57 Ibid., p. 193.
53

Congressional Research Service

13

 Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV): Background and Issues for Congress




How will the consolidation of ACV 1.1 and ACV 1.2 affect the ACV 2.0
program?

Expeditionary Advance Base Operations and the ACV
If the Navy and Marine Corps decide to adopt Expeditionary Advance Base Operations (EABO)
as an operational concept, it could possibly have implications for the ACV program, including the
following:







At the weapon systems level, would EABO require any changes to the vehicles
themselves, such as enhanced survivability, lethality, or Command, Control,
Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
(C4ISR) features?
If changes are required to facilitate EABO, how would this affect the program’s
overall acquisition timeline and cost?
If EABO does not require any technical changes in the ACV program, would the
adoption of EABO modify the Marines’ current procurement quantities of
ACVs?
If EABO requires different procurement quantities for the different ACV versions
(more or fewer), how might this affect program timelines and program costs?

Author Information
Andrew Feickert
Specialist in Military Ground Forces

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to
copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

Congressional Research Service

R42723 · VERSION 45 · UPDATED

14