Benchmarking Air Emissions Of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States June 2019 Data Downloads at: www.mjbradley.com Updated June 27, 2019 with p. 9 footnote Contributors: Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 Preface The 2019 Benchmarking report is the 15th collaborative effort highlighting environmental performance and progress in the nation’s electric power sector. The Benchmarking series began in 1997 and uses publicly reported data to compare the emissions performance of the 100 largest power producers in the United States. The company rankings are based on 2017 generation and emissions data and aggregate industry trends are presented through 2018. Data on U.S. power plant generation and air emissions are available to the public through several databases maintained by state and federal agencies. Publicly- and privately-owned electric generating companies are required to report fuel and generation data to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Most power producers are also required to report air pollutant emissions data to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These data are reported and recorded at the boiler, generator, or plant level, and must be combined and presented so that company-level comparisons can be made across the industry. The Benchmarking report facilitates the comparison of emissions performance by combining generation and fuel consumption data compiled by EIA with emissions data on sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2) and mercury (Hg) compiled by EPA; error checking the data; and presenting emissions information for the nation’s 100 largest power producers in a graphic format that aids in understanding and evaluating the data. The report is intended for a wide audience, including electric industry executives, environmental advocates, financial analysts, investors, journalists, power plant managers, and public policymakers. Report Authors: Christopher Van Atten, Amlan Saha, Luke Hellgren, Ted Langlois For questions or comments about this report, please contact: Christopher Van Atten M. J. Bradley & Associates LLC 47 Junction Square Drive Concord, MA 01742, USA Telephone: +1 978 369 5533 E-mail: vanatten@mjbradley.com Plant and company level data used in this report are available at www.mjbradley.com. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 2 Key Findings • The 100 largest power producers in the United States own roughly 3,000 power plants and account for more than 80 percent of the sector’s electric generation and reported air emissions. Their fuel mix, emissions, and emission rates vary widely as summarized throughout this report (based on 2017 data). • For the electric sector overall, in 2018, power plant SO2 and NOx emissions were 92 percent and 84 percent lower, respectively, than they were in 1990 when Congress passed major amendments to the Clean Air Act. In 2018, power plant SO2 and NOx emissions were 5.5 percent and 3.7 percent lower than they were in 2017. • • Power sector CO2 emissions increased about 1 percent between 2017 and 2018. This marked a reversal of the annual declines that had occurred each year since 2014. In 2018, power plant CO2 emissions were 4 percent lower than 1990 levels, and 25 percent lower than their peak in 2007. Some of the factors driving this longer-term trend include energy efficiency improvements and the displacement of coal by natural gas and renewable energy resources. Mercury air emissions from power plants (as reported to the TRI database) have decreased 90 percent since 2000. The first-ever federal limits on mercury and other hazardous air pollutants from coal-fired power plants went into effect in 2015. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 Download plant level data from the 2019 Benchmarking Air Emissions report at: www.mjbradley.com Electricity in the United States The electricity sector in the United States includes a wide array of companies that produce and distribute electricity to homes and offices, industrial facilities, and other customers. The services it provides are essential to the growth and functioning of the U.S. economy. In 2018, electricity accounted for almost 40 percent* of primary energy use in the United States, and its share of energy supply is expected to increase in the coming decades with the electrification of transportation and other end-uses. *U.S. EIA Monthly Energy Review, March 2019 3 Benchmarking Analytical Resources The Benchmarking Report now includes a series of interactive, webbased dashboards to further visualize the emissions and electricity generation from power producers in the United States. These tools provide insight into how facility- and company-level emissions and generation are changing over time by utilizing historical Benchmarking data (2008-2017). Data include: Environmental: Company-specific emissions and emission rates by company type and pollutant Environmental Operational: Electricity generation and relevant data aggregated by company type, company, and other metrics Locational: Facility-level emissions and generation visualized by fuel type, company ownership, and other metrics These tools are available at www.mjbradley.com. Operational Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 Locational 4 Section I U.S. Electric Sector Highlights Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 5 U.S. Generation by Fuel Type • In 2018, the U.S. electric system continued its general shift away from coal toward lowerand zero-emitting sources. For the second consecutive year, natural gas was the leading source of electricity generation in the U.S. (35 percent), followed by coal (27 percent). • Nuclear plants accounted for 19 percent, hydroelectric resources 7 percent, and oilfired resources <1 percent. Non-hydroelectric renewables: wind, solar, and geothermal, accounted for 9 percent of total U.S. generation. • Other fuel sources such as biomass, municipal solid waste, tire-derived fuel, manufactured and waste gases, etc., accounted for 2 percent. • This is a significant shift from the generation mix a decade ago. In 2006, coal accounted for 49 percent of power production, while natural gas generated only 20 percent. U.S. Electricity Generation by Fuel Type (2018) Zero-Carbon Generation in the United States In 2017, renewables and other zero-carbon resources generated more than 35% of U.S. electricity, making it the leading source of power generation for the first time. Natural gas was second (32.1%) and coal was third (29.8%). Of the zero-carbon resources, nuclear made up 56.3%, renewables 22.6%, and hydro 21.1%. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. Electric Power Monthly, Tables 1.1 and 1.1A. March 2019. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 6 Share of Emissions by Sector Share of Emissions: U.S. Electric Sector and Other Sectors Other Sectors Electric Sector Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Mercury (Hg) Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Emissions Inventory for Criteria Air Pollutants (March 2019). TRI National Analysis (October 2018). Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 Note: Mercury emissions reflect those reported to EPA TRI 7 Section II Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 8 The 100 Largest Electric Power Producers The report examines and compares the stack air pollutant emissions of the 100 largest power producers in the United States based on their 2017 generation, plant ownership, and emissions data. The table below lists the 100 largest power producers featured in this report ranked by their total electricity generation from fossil fuel, nuclear, and renewable energy facilities. These producers include public and private entities (collectively referred to as “companies” or “producers” in this report) that own roughly 3,000 power plants and account for 84 percent of reported electric generation and 86 percent of the industry’s reported emissions.1 The report focuses on four power plant pollutants for which public emissions data are available: sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), mercury (Hg), and carbon dioxide (CO2). At sufficient concentrations, these pollutants are associated with significant environmental and public health problems, including acid deposition, mercury deposition, nitrogen deposition, global warming, ground-level ozone, regional haze, and/or fine particle air pollution, which can lead to asthma and other respiratory illnesses. The report benchmarks, or ranks, each company’s absolute emissions and its emission rate (determined by dividing emissions by electricity produced) for each pollutant. The 100 largest power producers emitted in aggregate approximately 1.15 million tons of SO2, 0.89 million tons of NOx, 4 tons of mercury, and 1.64 billion tons of CO2. RANK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 PRODUCER NAME Duke Exelon Southern NextEra Energy Tennessee Valley Authority Entergy Dynegy Berkshire Hathaw ay Energy Dominion AEP NRG Calpine * Vistra Energy US Corps of Engineers FirstEnergy Xcel PSEG Riverstone US Bureau of Reclamation Ameren DTE Energy ArcLight Capital LS Pow er WEC Energy Group PG&E 2017 MWh (million) 221.4 194.7 192.5 185.1 134.1 121.7 117.3 113.3 102.2 102.0 97.4 94.2 89.2 76.5 76.2 71.8 52.3 50.0 46.5 41.1 40.4 39.8 37.6 35.5 34.8 RANK 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 PRODUCER NAME PPL Salt River Project New York Pow er Authority Pinnacle West Oglethorpe EDF CPS Energy Emera AES Ares Westar Great Plains Energy SCANA CMS Energy Panda Pow er Funds Alliant Energy Basin Electric Pow er Coop OGE Santee Cooper Avangrid The Blackstone Group Edison International NE Public Pow er District Associated Electric Coop Invenergy 2017 MWh (million) 34.5 29.8 27.8 26.3 26.2 26.0 24.0 23.7 23.0 22.6 22.5 22.0 22.0 21.7 21.5 19.8 19.6 18.5 18.0 17.8 16.8 15.9 15.9 15.7 14.9 RANK 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 PRODUCER NAME IDACORP General Electric EDP Low er CO River Authority Brookfield Portland General Electric PNM Resources The Carlyle Group Municipal Elec. Auth. of GA JEA Fortis NiSource Seminole Electric Coop Exxon Mobil Omaha Public Pow er District Puget Holdings CLECO ALLETE Occidental E.ON Los Angeles City Arkansas Electric Coop Starw ood Energy PUD No 2 of Grant County Tri-State 2017 MWh (million) 14.9 14.9 14.6 14.0 13.8 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.3 12.2 11.8 11.5 11.0 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.4 10.3 10.1 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.6 RANK 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 PRODUCER NAME Austin Energy Buckeye Pow er J-Pow er PUD No 1 of Chelan County Tenaska Dow Chemical El Paso Electric Algonquin Pow er Great River Energy Energy Northw est Intermountain Pow er Agency International Paper Sempra Enel Avista NC Public Pow er East Kentucky Pow er Coop Sacramento Municipal Util Dist Energy Capital Partners Southern California P P A Oaktree Capital BP Florida Municipal Pow er Agency Seattle City Light Pow erSouth Energy Coop 2017 MWh (million) 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.3 7.9 7.8 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.3 *In June of 2017, NRG’s wholly owned subsidiary, GenOn Energy, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and was deconsolidated from NRG’s financial statements. Because GenOn did not complete reorganization and emerge from Chapter 11 as a newly formed company independent from NRG until December 2018, Benchmarking methodology dictates that GenOn assets remain allocated to NRG through 2017. This separation will therefore be reflected in future editions of the Benchmarking Report. Although this scenario is uncommon, acquisitions, divestitures, and other separations with similar timelines may be responsible for discrepancies between internal company tracking and Benchmarking data. If GenOn assets were removed from NRG’s portfolio in 2017, for instance, total NRG generation would decline 18% and CO2 emissions would fall 21%; NOx, SO2, and mercury emissions would also be reduced by 24%, 15%, and 13%, respectively. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 9 250 -50 Duke Exelon Southern NextEra Energy Tennessee Valley Authority Entergy Dynegy Berkshire Hathaway Energy Dominion AEP NRG Calpine Vistra Energy US Corps of Engineers FirstEnergy Xcel PSEG Riverstone US Bureau of Reclamation Ameren DTE Energy ArcLight Capital LS Power WEC Energy Group PG&E PPL Salt River Project New York Power Authority Pinnacle West Oglethorpe EDF CPS Energy Emera AES Ares Westar Great Plains Energy SCANA CMS Energy Panda Power Funds Alliant Energy Basin Electric Power Coop OGE Santee Cooper Avangrid The Blackstone Group Edison International NE Public Power District Associated Electric Coop Invenergy IDACORP General Electric EDP Lower CO River Authority Brookfield Portland General Electric PNM Resources The Carlyle Group Municipal Elec. Auth. of GA JEA Fortis NiSource Seminole Electric Coop Exxon Mobil Omaha Public Power District Puget Holdings CLECO ALLETE Occidental E.ON Los Angeles City Arkansas Electric Coop Starwood Energy PUD No 2 of Grant County Tri-State Austin Energy Buckeye Power J-Power PUD No 1 of Chelan County Tenaska Dow Chemical El Paso Electric Algonquin Power Great River Energy Energy Northwest Intermountain Power Agency International Paper Sempra Enel Avista NC Public Power East Kentucky Power Coop Sacramento Municipal Util Dist Energy Capital Partners Southern California P P A Oaktree Capital BP Florida Municipal Power Agency Seattle City Light PowerSouth Energy Coop Rankings by Generation Generation of the 100 Largest Power Producers by Fuel Type (2017) (million MWh) 200 150 100 Renewable/Other Hydro Nuclear Oil Natural Gas Coal 50 0 Breakdown of ownership categories provided on Endnotes slide: privately/investor owned Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 public power cooperative 10 250 -50 Exelon NextEra Energy Duke US Corps of Engineers Tennessee Valley Authority Entergy Dominion Southern US Bureau of Reclamation Berkshire Hathaway Energy FirstEnergy PSEG PG&E EDF New York Power Authority AEP Riverstone Xcel NRG Vistra Energy Avangrid EDP Brookfield Edison International Oglethorpe DTE Energy Ameren Pinnacle West E.ON PUD No 2 of Grant County Invenergy PUD No 1 of Chelan County IDACORP CPS Energy Energy Northwest Enel NC Public Power NE Public Power District Municipal Elec. Auth. of GA Seattle City Light Westar Salt River Project Calpine ArcLight Capital Great Plains Energy El Paso Electric SCANA Sempra BP Avista ALLETE PNM Resources Austin Energy Portland General Electric Los Angeles City Algonquin Power AES Sacramento Municipal Util Dist Energy Capital Partners General Electric Starwood Energy Santee Cooper Puget Holdings Alliant Energy Southern California P P A WEC Energy Group OGE LS Power CMS Energy Basin Electric Power Coop Florida Municipal Power Agency Tenaska Arkansas Electric Coop PPL Lower CO River Authority Fortis Tri-State Emera NiSource Ares PowerSouth Energy Coop International Paper East Kentucky Power Coop Dynegy Panda Power Funds The Blackstone Group Associated Electric Coop The Carlyle Group JEA Seminole Electric Coop Exxon Mobil Omaha Public Power District CLECO Occidental Buckeye Power J-Power Dow Chemical Great River Energy Intermountain Power Agency Oaktree Capital Rankings by Zero-Carbon Generation Zero-Carbon Generation of the 100 Largest Power Producers (2017) (million MWh) 200 150 83 of the Top 100 power producers generated power from zero-carbon resources in 2017, accounting for 89 percent of the national total generated from resources including nuclear, hydro, and renewables. 100 50 0 Breakdown of ownership categories provided on Endnotes slide: privately/investor owned Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 public power cooperative 11 Emission Rankings Important Note on Emission Rankings The Benchmarking Report presents generation and emissions information of power producers, not distribution utilities that deliver electricity to customers. In order to apply a uniform methodology to all power producers, the Report assigns electricity generation and associated emissions to power producers according to their known generating asset ownership as of December 31, 2017. The above is true even when a producer’s generating facilities are part of one or more contractual agreements (e.g., power purchase contracts, etc.) with other entities (often utilities). In other words, this Report attributes all generation and emissions to the owner of an asset, not to purchasers of the asset’s output or to counterparties to the contracts. Publicly available data do not allow the accurate and exhaustive tracking of such agreements. There are a host of reasons why a company’s generation profile may differ from that of the electricity it delivers to customers. For example, rural cooperatives, which are non-profit entities and are thus generally unable to directly take advantage of renewable tax credits, tend to rely on power purchase agreements and other non-asset owning mechanisms to deliver renewable electricity to their customers. A vertically integrated utility that owns a large fossil generating fleet, but also delivers purchased renewable electricity to its customers, might have lower average emission rates than the level attributed in this report to the power producer that owns the said fossil fleet, if the renewable energy purchases were factored into the utility’s performance. By the same token, the utility’s emissions or emission rate would increase if it contracted with a higher emitting facility or relied on market purchases with associated emissions. The charts in the next few slides present both the total emissions by company as well as their average emission rates. The evaluation of emissions performance by both emission levels and emission rates provides a more complete picture of relative emissions performance than viewing these measures in isolation. Total emission levels are useful for understanding each producer’s contribution to overall emissions loading, while emission rates are useful for assessing how electric power producers compare according to emissions per unit of energy produced when size is eliminated as a performance factor. The charts illustrate significant differences in the total emission levels and emission rates of the 100 largest power producers. For example, the tons of CO2 emissions range from zero to over 104 million tons per year. The NOx emission rates range from zero to 2.3 pounds per megawatt hour of generation. A power producer’s total emissions are influenced by the amount of generation that the producer owns and by the fuels and technologies that it uses to generate electricity. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 12 Emission Contributions SO2 Percent of industry emissions 100% NOx Mercury (Hg) CO2 (million ton) (million ton) (ton) (billion ton) 1.35 1.09 5.02 1.93 80% 85% 100 largest producers 86% 83% No. of producers 75% 27 45 42 47 50% 10 16 12 16 25% 3 5 3 5 Air pollution emissions from power plants are highly concentrated among a small number of producers. For example, nearly a quarter of the electric power industry’s SO 2 and CO2 emissions are emitted by just three and five top 100 producers, respectively. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 13 PNM Resources Tri-State Intermountain Power Agency Associated Electric Coop US Bureau of Reclamation Arkansas Electric Coop Pinnacle West NE Public Power District JEA Omaha Public Power District Algonquin Power Energy Capital Partners AES Great River Energy El Paso Electric Fortis Basin Electric Power Coop FirstEnergy DTE Energy Berkshire Hathaway Energy Salt River Project International Paper AEP OGE NiSource Great Plains Energy ALLETE Westar Ameren Puget Holdings IDACORP PPL Alliant Energy Austin Energy Xcel Entergy Tennessee Valley Authority Vistra Energy Buckeye Power Duke General Electric PowerSouth Energy Coop Avista East Kentucky Power Coop Riverstone NRG CPS Energy Portland General Electric WEC Energy Group Municipal Elec. Auth. of GA Lower CO River Authority CLECO SCANA Dynegy ArcLight Capital CMS Energy Santee Cooper Southern The Blackstone Group Oglethorpe Florida Municipal Power Agency Seminole Electric Coop Ares Dominion PSEG Emera LS Power NextEra Energy Brookfield J-Power Exelon Calpine Dow Chemical New York Power Authority Avangrid The Carlyle Group Occidental Starwood Energy Tenaska Oaktree Capital Invenergy Exxon Mobil BP Sempra Southern California P P A Los Angeles City Panda Power Funds Edison International PG&E Sacramento Municipal Util Dist US Corps of Engineers EDF EDP E.ON PUD No 2 of Grant County PUD No 1 of Chelan County Energy Northwest Enel NC Public Power Seattle City Light (fossil fuel generating facilities) NOx – lb/MWh (fossil fuel generating facilities) NOx – ‘000 ton NOx: Total Emissions and Emission Rates Sorted from highest to lowest by emission rate 80 Oil 60 Natural Gas Coal 40 20 Note: 10 companies report zero NOx emissions* 0 3 2 1 0 Breakdown of ownership categories provided on Endnotes slide: privately/investor owned Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 public power cooperative *companies with zero emissions are ordered based on total generation 14 Duke AEP Berkshire Hathaway Energy Dynegy Southern Vistra Energy NRG FirstEnergy Entergy Tennessee Valley Authority Xcel DTE Energy PPL Ameren Associated Electric Coop AES Salt River Project Pinnacle West Basin Electric Power Coop Riverstone PNM Resources WEC Energy Group NextEra Energy JEA OGE Dominion Tri-State Omaha Public Power District Great Plains Energy ArcLight Capital Intermountain Power Agency Arkansas Electric Coop Westar Alliant Energy Fortis NE Public Power District NiSource Great River Energy SCANA CPS Energy Calpine General Electric CMS Energy Lower CO River Authority Algonquin Power Ares LS Power The Blackstone Group Puget Holdings Buckeye Power Oglethorpe Santee Cooper Portland General Electric ALLETE PSEG US Bureau of Reclamation Emera IDACORP CLECO Austin Energy East Kentucky Power Coop El Paso Electric Seminole Electric Coop PowerSouth Energy Coop Municipal Elec. Auth. of GA Exelon Florida Municipal Power Agency Avista International Paper J-Power The Carlyle Group Occidental Dow Chemical Panda Power Funds Tenaska Exxon Mobil Starwood Energy Energy Capital Partners Oaktree Capital Invenergy New York Power Authority Los Angeles City Southern California P P A Avangrid PG&E Sempra Edison International BP Sacramento Municipal Util Dist Brookfield US Corps of Engineers EDF EDP E.ON PUD No 2 of Grant County PUD No 1 of Chelan County Energy Northwest Enel NC Public Power Seattle City Light (fossil fuel generating facilities) NOx – lb/MWh (fossil fuel generating facilities) NOx – ‘000 ton NOx: Total Emissions and Emission Rates Sorted from highest to lowest by total emission 80 Oil 60 Natural Gas Coal 40 20 Note: 10 companies report zero NOx emissions* 0 3 2 1 0 Breakdown of ownership categories provided on Endnotes slide: privately/investor owned Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 public power cooperative *companies with zero emissions are ordered based on total generation 15 NE Public Power District Omaha Public Power District Vistra Energy Ameren Arkansas Electric Coop OGE DTE Energy Associated Electric Coop Energy Capital Partners Basin Electric Power Coop Buckeye Power NRG AEP FirstEnergy CPS Energy CLECO Xcel Tennessee Valley Authority Great River Energy The Blackstone Group ArcLight Capital Alliant Energy Algonquin Power AES IDACORP Great Plains Energy Dynegy Berkshire Hathaway Energy Entergy Riverstone East Kentucky Power Coop PPL Tri-State Seminole Electric Coop General Electric ALLETE Portland General Electric Fortis PNM Resources Puget Holdings US Bureau of Reclamation JEA Duke PSEG CMS Energy Avista Intermountain Power Agency WEC Energy Group Pinnacle West NiSource Westar Salt River Project Santee Cooper Emera PowerSouth Energy Coop Ares SCANA Florida Municipal Power Agency Southern Municipal Elec. Auth. of GA Dominion Oglethorpe Lower CO River Authority Austin Energy LS Power NextEra Energy Exelon J-Power New York Power Authority Dow Chemical El Paso Electric The Carlyle Group Calpine BP Brookfield Oaktree Capital Los Angeles City Tenaska Avangrid Edison International Sempra Starwood Energy Southern California P P A PG&E Panda Power Funds Invenergy Exxon Mobil Sacramento Municipal Util Dist Occidental US Corps of Engineers EDF EDP E.ON PUD No 2 of Grant County PUD No 1 of Chelan County Energy Northwest International Paper Enel NC Public Power Seattle City Light (fossil fuel generating facilities) SO2 – lb/MWh (fossil fuel generating facilities) SO2 – ‘000 ton SO2: Total Emissions and Emission Rates Sorted from highest to lowest by emission rate 160 140 Oil 120 Natural Gas 100 Coal 80 60 40 20 Note: 11 companies report zero SO2 emissions* 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Breakdown of ownership categories provided on Endnotes slide: privately/investor owned Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 public power cooperative *companies with zero emissions are ordered based on total generation 16 Vistra Energy NRG AEP Dynegy Ameren Duke Tennessee Valley Authority Berkshire Hathaway Energy DTE Energy Xcel Entergy FirstEnergy OGE ArcLight Capital Omaha Public Power District Associated Electric Coop NE Public Power District Southern Basin Electric Power Coop PPL Riverstone Arkansas Electric Coop AES The Blackstone Group Alliant Energy CPS Energy Great Plains Energy Buckeye Power WEC Energy Group PSEG Great River Energy Dominion CLECO CMS Energy General Electric Seminole Electric Coop Salt River Project Tri-State Emera Fortis JEA Pinnacle West Portland General Electric IDACORP Algonquin Power East Kentucky Power Coop Westar Ares PNM Resources Santee Cooper Puget Holdings ALLETE NiSource SCANA Intermountain Power Agency NextEra Energy LS Power Oglethorpe US Bureau of Reclamation PowerSouth Energy Coop Lower CO River Authority Avista Florida Municipal Power Agency Municipal Elec. Auth. of GA Energy Capital Partners Exelon Austin Energy Calpine J-Power Dow Chemical Panda Power Funds The Carlyle Group New York Power Authority Tenaska Oaktree Capital Starwood Energy Los Angeles City Exxon Mobil El Paso Electric PG&E Southern California P P A Invenergy Edison International Sempra BP Avangrid Sacramento Municipal Util Dist Occidental Brookfield US Corps of Engineers EDF EDP E.ON PUD No 2 of Grant County PUD No 1 of Chelan County Energy Northwest International Paper Enel NC Public Power Seattle City Light (fossil fuel generating facilities) SO2 – lb/MWh (fossil fuel generating facilities) SO2 – ‘000 ton SO2: Total Emissions and Emission Rates Sorted from highest to lowest by total emission 160 140 Oil 120 Natural Gas 100 Coal 80 60 40 20 Note: 11 companies report zero SO2 emissions* 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Breakdown of ownership categories provided on Endnotes slide: privately/investor owned Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 public power cooperative *companies with zero emissions are ordered based on total generation 17 Basin Electric Power Coop Omaha Public Power District Tri-State Great River Energy Buckeye Power East Kentucky Power Coop Intermountain Power Agency PPL NiSource Arkansas Electric Coop AES Associated Electric Coop Fortis WEC Energy Group Seminole Electric Coop Ameren OGE Lower CO River Authority JEA Westar Alliant Energy AEP Great Plains Energy CLECO DTE Energy Vistra Energy Dynegy PNM Resources CMS Energy Santee Cooper Salt River Project The Blackstone Group NRG ALLETE Xcel PowerSouth Energy Coop ArcLight Capital Puget Holdings FirstEnergy Berkshire Hathaway Energy Austin Energy Emera General Electric NE Public Power District SCANA CPS Energy LS Power Southern Florida Municipal Power Agency Portland General Electric Riverstone Ares Pinnacle West Duke Algonquin Power J-Power The Carlyle Group Panda Power Funds Tenaska Oglethorpe Dow Chemical Oaktree Capital Calpine Tennessee Valley Authority IDACORP Occidental Exxon Mobil Municipal Elec. Auth. of GA Starwood Energy Dominion Avista Entergy Southern California P P A Los Angeles City El Paso Electric Sacramento Municipal Util Dist PSEG NextEra Energy Sempra BP Invenergy Edison International Energy Capital Partners US Bureau of Reclamation International Paper PG&E New York Power Authority Avangrid Exelon Brookfield NC Public Power US Corps of Engineers EDF EDP E.ON PUD No 2 of Grant County PUD No 1 of Chelan County Energy Northwest Enel Seattle City Light (all generating facilities) CO2 – lb/MWh (all generating facilities) CO2 – million ton CO2: Total Emissions and Emission Rates 120 Sorted from highest to lowest by emission rate 100 Other* 80 Oil Natural Gas 60 Coal 40 20 Note: 9 companies report zero CO2 emissions** 0 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Breakdown of ownership categories provided on Endnotes slide: privately/investor owned Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 public power cooperative *includes wood/biomass, black liquor, MSW, landfill gas, and petroleum coke, among others **companies with zero emissions are ordered based on total generation 18 Duke Southern Dynegy AEP Berkshire Hathaway Energy Vistra Energy NRG Tennessee Valley Authority Xcel FirstEnergy NextEra Energy Calpine Entergy Ameren PPL Dominion DTE Energy WEC Energy Group ArcLight Capital Riverstone Salt River Project Basin Electric Power Coop AES LS Power Westar Great Plains Energy CMS Energy Alliant Energy OGE Associated Electric Coop Emera CPS Energy Santee Cooper Pinnacle West SCANA PSEG The Blackstone Group Lower CO River Authority Omaha Public Power District Ares Oglethorpe NiSource Fortis Exelon Tri-State JEA PNM Resources Buckeye Power Seminole Electric Coop NE Public Power District Panda Power Funds Arkansas Electric Coop General Electric Great River Energy Intermountain Power Agency CLECO East Kentucky Power Coop ALLETE Puget Holdings Portland General Electric The Carlyle Group Austin Energy IDACORP J-Power PowerSouth Energy Coop Municipal Elec. Auth. of GA Algonquin Power Exxon Mobil Tenaska Dow Chemical Occidental US Bureau of Reclamation Florida Municipal Power Agency Starwood Energy Los Angeles City Oaktree Capital PG&E El Paso Electric Invenergy Avista Southern California P P A Edison International Sacramento Municipal Util Dist New York Power Authority Sempra BP Avangrid Energy Capital Partners International Paper Brookfield NC Public Power US Corps of Engineers EDF EDP E.ON PUD No 2 of Grant County PUD No 1 of Chelan County Energy Northwest Enel Seattle City Light (all generating facilities) CO2 – lb/MWh (all generating facilities) CO2 – million ton CO2: Total Emissions and Emission Rates 120 Sorted from highest to lowest by total emission 100 Other* 80 Oil Natural Gas 60 Coal 40 20 Note: 9 companies report zero CO2 emissions** 0 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 *ordered based on total generation Breakdown of ownership categories provided on Endnotes slide: privately/investor owned Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 public power cooperative *includes wood/biomass, black liquor, MSW, landfill gas, and petroleum coke, among others **companies with zero emissions are ordered based on total generation 19 (coal plants) Mercury – lb/GWh 0.01 0.00 Duke Great River Energy Southern Vistra Energy Dynegy Coop Basin Electric Power AEP CLECO Berkshire Hathaway Energy Great Plains Energy Vistra Energy CPS Energy NRG OGE Tennessee Valley Authority Entergy Xcel Coop PowerSouth Energy FirstEnergy JEA NextEra Energy Ameren Puget Holdings Calpine Entergy Avista Ameren LS Power PPL Lower CO River Authority Dominion Austin Energy Energy DTEDistrict Omaha Public Power WEC Energy Group Ares ArcLight Capital IDACORP Riverstone NRG Salt River Project Xcel Basin Electric Power Coop NiSource AES Riverstone LS Power US Bureau of Reclamation Westar Westar Great Plains Energy Pinnacle West CMS Energy Portland General Electric Alliant CoopEnergy Associated Electric Coop Arkansas Electric OGE Electric Coop Associated NextEra Energy Emera AEP CPS Energy The Blackstone Group Santee Cooper FirstEnergy Pinnacle West Tri-State SCANA Salt River Project PSEG Southern The Blackstone Group Emera Lower CO River Authority Energy Capital Partners Omaha Public Power District Oglethorpe Oglethorpe of GA Municipal Elec. Auth. NiSource Alliant Energy Fortis NE Public Power District Ares Fortis Exelon Energy Berkshire Hathaway Tri-State Florida Municipal Power JEA Agency Dynegy PNM Resources ArcLight Capital Buckeye Power Authority Electric Coop Tennessee ValleySeminole PPL NE Public Power District DTE Energy Panda Power Funds CMS Energy Arkansas Electric Coop WEC Energy Group General Electric ALLETE Great River Energy Buckeye Power Intermountain Power Agency AES CLECO Dominion East Kentucky Power Coop Duke ALLETE Santee Cooper Puget Holdings General Electric Portland General Electric PSEG The Carlyle Group Algonquin Power Austin Energy PNM Resources IDACORP CoopUtilities Comm East Kentucky Power Orlando Coop Seminole Electric J-Power PowerSouth Energy Coop SCANA Municipal AgencyElec. Auth. of GA Intermountain Power Exxon Mobil J-Power Tenaska Exelon Dow Chemical Calpine Occidental US Corps of Engineers US Bureau of Reclamation PG&E Florida Municipal Power Agency New York Power Authority Starwood Energy EDF Los Angeles City Panda Power Funds Oaktree Capital Avangrid PG&E Edison International El Paso Electric Invenergy Invenergy EDP Avista Brookfield The Carlyle GroupSouthern California P P A Edison International Exxon Mobil Sacramento Municipal Util Dist Occidental New York Power Authority E.ON Los Angeles City Sempra Starwood Energy BP County PUD No 2 of GrantAvangrid Capital Partners Energy County PUD No 1 of Chelan International Paper Tenaska Dow Chemical Brookfield El Paso Electric NC Public Power Energy Northwest US Corps of Engineers EDF International Paper EDP Sempra E.ON Enel NC Public Power PUD No 2 of Grant County 1 of Chelan County No Dist PUD Util Sacramento Municipal Energy P P A Northwest Southern California Oaktree Capital Enel Seattle City Light BP Seattle City Light (coal plants) Mercury – pound Mercury: Total Emissions and Emission Rates 120 100 80 1,400 2,000 0 Breakdown of ownership categories provided on Endnotes slide: privately/investor owned Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 Other Oil to lowest by emission rate Sorted from highest Natural Gas 1,200 60 Coal 1,000 40 800 20 600 0 400 2,500 200 Note: 33 companies report zero coal mercury emissions* 1,500 0.04 1,000 0.03 500 0.02 0 public power cooperative *companies with zero emissions are ordered based on total generation 20 (coal plants) Mercury – lb/GWh 0.01 0.00 Duke Vistra Energy Southern AEP Dynegy Coop Basin Electric Power AEP Southern Berkshire Hathaway Energy NRG Vistra Energy Great River Energy NRG Duke Tennessee Valley Authority Dynegy Xcel Energy Berkshire Hathaway FirstEnergy Ameren NextEra Energy FirstEnergy Calpine Xcel Entergy Great Plains Energy Authority Tennessee ValleyAmeren PPL PPL Dominion DTE Energy DTE Energy Entergy WEC Energy Group WEC Energy Group ArcLight Capital OGE Riverstone CPS Energy Salt River Project Westar Basin Electric Power Coop Riverstone Salt River Project AES ArcLight Capital LS Power Westar Coop Associated Electric Plains Energy Great Omaha Public Power Energy CMSDistrict Alliant Energy Energy Alliant AES OGE Lower CO River Authority Electric Coop Associated Dominion Emera Pinnacle West CPS Energy Tri-State Santee Cooper NiSource Pinnacle West The Blackstone Group SCANA Coop Arkansas Electric PSEG CMS Energy The Blackstone Group NE Public Power District Lower CO River Authority JEA Omaha Public Power District Fortis Oglethorpe Buckeye Power NiSource Puget Holdings Fortis Santee Cooper Ares Emera Exelon Austin Energy Tri-State LS Power JEA Oglethorpe PNM Resources IDACORP Buckeye Power ALLETE Seminole Electric Coop CLECO NE Public Power District NextEra Energy Panda Power Funds Ares Arkansas Electric Coop PNM Resources General Electric Portland General Electric Great River Energy US Bureau of Reclamation Intermountain Power Agency Coop PowerSouth Energy CLECO General Electric East Kentucky Power Coop Coop East Kentucky Power ALLETE PSEG Puget Holdings of GAGeneral Electric Municipal Elec. Auth. Portland SCANA The Carlyle Group Coop Energy Seminole Electric Austin Avista IDACORP Algonquin Power Orlando Utilities Comm Agency Florida Municipal Power J-Power PowerSouth Agency Energy Coop Intermountain Power Municipal Elec. Auth. of GA Energy Capital Partners Exxon Mobil J-Power Tenaska Exelon Dow Chemical Calpine Occidental US Corps of Engineers US Bureau of Reclamation PG&E Florida Municipal Power Agency New York Power Authority Starwood Energy EDF Los Angeles City Panda Power Funds Oaktree Capital Avangrid PG&E Edison International El Paso Electric Invenergy Invenergy EDP Avista Brookfield The Carlyle GroupSouthern California P P A Edison International Exxon Mobil Sacramento Municipal Util Dist Occidental New York Power Authority E.ON Los Angeles City Sempra Starwood Energy BP County PUD No 2 of GrantAvangrid Capital Partners Energy County PUD No 1 of Chelan International Paper Tenaska Dow Chemical Brookfield El Paso Electric NC Public Power Energy Northwest US Corps of Engineers EDF International Paper EDP Sempra E.ON Enel NC Public Power PUD No 2 of Grant County 1 of Chelan County No Dist PUD Util Sacramento Municipal Energy P P A Northwest Southern California Oaktree Capital Enel Seattle City Light BP Seattle City Light (coal plants) Mercury – pound Mercury: Total Emissions and Emission Rates 120 100 80 1,400 1,200 60 2,000 0 Breakdown of ownership categories provided on Endnotes slide: privately/investor owned Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 public power Other Oil highest to lowest by pounds Sorted from Natural Gas Coal 1,000 40 800 20 600 0 400 2,500 200 Note: 33 companies report zero coal mercury emissions* 1,500 0.04 1,000 0.03 500 0.02 0 cooperative *companies with zero emissions are ordered based on total generation 21 Rankings by CO2 Emission Rate (Top 20 Privately/Investor Owned Power Producers) All Sources – CO2 Emission Rate (lb/MWh) Ranking based on 2017 total generation 0 Exelon (2) 400 800 456 PSEG (17) 461 Dominion (9) Calpine (12) Duke (1) 1,600 2,000 107 NextEra Energy (4) Entergy (6) 1,200 596 641 796 945 Riverstone (18) 979 Southern (3) 1,034 LS Power (23) 1,043 Berkshire Hathaway Energy (8) 1,233 FirstEnergy (15) 1,238 ArcLight Capital (22) Xcel (16) NRG (11) Dynegy (7) 1,300 1,376 1,425 1,520 Vistra Energy (13) 1,557 DTE Energy (21) 1,563 AEP (10) Ameren (20) 1,619 1,696 Note: “Privately/investor owned” power producers include investor owned, privately held, and foreign owned corporations. This chart does not show public power producers (federal power authorities, state power authorities, municipalities, power districts) or cooperatives. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 22 Section III Emissions Trends Analysis Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 23 Annual Trends: U.S. Electric Sector Electric Sector Emissions2 Generation Fuel Mix3 Macroeconomic Indicators4 (Indexed; 2000 = 100) (Indexed; 2000 = 100) (Indexed; 2000 = 100) 250 244 200 Natural Gas 200 Renewable* 150 141 GDP** Nuclear 107 110 100 Total Generation CO2 79 Coal SO2 58 50 NOx 20 11 0 2000 2018 2000 2018 2000 2018 *Includes hydroelectric, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, and other renewable sources. **GDP in chained 2012 dollars. The electric power sector has made significant progress in terms of reducing its NOx and SO 2 emissions. From 2000 through 2018, NOx and SO2 emissions decreased 80 and 89 percent, respectively. From 2000 to 2018, CO2 emissions decreased 21 percent while GDP grew 41 percent. Over the same period, generation from renewables doubled. 5 Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 24 Existing Capacity U.S. Electric Generating Capacity by In Service Year: 1940 – 2017 (Nameplate Capacity; MW) 80,000 70,000 Renewable/Other 60,000 Hydro Nuclear 50,000 Oil Gas 40,000 Coal 30,000 20,000 10,000 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988 1986 1984 1982 1980 1978 1976 1974 1972 1970 1968 1966 1964 1962 1960 1958 1956 1954 1952 1950 1948 1946 1944 1942 1940 0 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. EIA-860 Annual Electric Generator Report. September 13, 2018. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 25 Average Capacity Factors Annual Capacity Factors for Select Fuels and Technologies Capacity factors measure the extent to which a power plant is utilized over the course of time. The technical definition is the ratio of the electrical energy produced by a generating unit to the electrical energy that could have been produced assuming continuous full power operation. Coal plant utilization has declined in recent years; the average annual capacity factor of coal plants in the U.S. dropped from 73 percent in 2008 to 54 percent in 2018, while over the same time period, natural gas combined-cycle capacity factors rose from 40 to 58 percent. Nuclear plants have high utilization rates, consistently running at above 90 percent average capacity factor. Hydropower capacity factors are lower, but have also remained relatively constant over the past decade. Wind capacity factors have increased from 32 percent in 2008 to 37 percent in 2018, largely due to improvements in wind turbine technology. Since EIA began publishing data for utility-scale solar projects in 2014, annual capacity factors have remained steady at around 26 percent. Nuclear Coal Natural Gas* Hydro Wind Solar PV** 100% 91% 93% 75% 73% 50% 58% 54% 43% 40% 37% 25% 26% 32% 26% 37% 0% 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 *Combined Cycle 2018 2008 2018 **Utility-Scale, data first available in 2014 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. Electric Power Monthly, Tables 6.7A and 6.7B. March 2019. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 26 Mercury and Air Toxics Standards Impacts • In 2012, EPA finalized the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS), regulating emissions of mercury and other hazardous air pollutants from coal- and oilfired electric generating units. The standards went into effect on April 16, 2015, although many coal units obtained a one-year extension to the initial compliance date. Annual Mercury Emissions by Coal Facility (pounds) Emissions Increase 16% of facilities • • Coal mercury emissions from the top 100 power producers in 2017 range from less than 1 pound to 1,315 pounds, and coal mercury emission rates range from 0.0002 pound per gigawatt hour (a gigawatt hour is 1,000 megawatt hours) to 0.040 pound per gigawatt hour. 600 Emissions Decrease 2017 84% of facilities MATS in effect Compared to 2014 levels mercury emissions declined at 84 percent of coal facilities that were in operation as of December 31, 2017 (see adjacent chart). Across these facilities, emissions decreased by an average of 69 percent. 400 400 600 2014 Pre-MATS Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 27 Deep Decarbonization In late 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published a special report evaluating the goal of maintaining global average temperature increases to less than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. According to the report, in order to limit warming to 1.5°C with limited overshoot, net global CO2 emissions will need to decline by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030 and reach “net zero” by around 2050. To limit warming to less than 2°C, CO2 emissions would need to decline 20 percent by 2030 and reach net zero around 2075. * The graphic to the right illustrates the steep reductions in CO2 (left) and other greenhouse gases (right) that the IPCC models are necessary to limit global warming to 1.5°C. The blue lines chart pathways to meet the goal with little or no overshoot. The gray areas illustrate pathways that overshoot the target, but then come back down. Electric power companies in the U.S. have been evaluating these “deep decarbonization” pathways to understand the potential implications for their business plans and operations. In some cases, companies have announced commitments and specific strategies to reduce their carbon emissions in line with these 2°C and 1.5°C global emissions pathways. *Graphic reprinted from 2018 IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 28 Deep Decarbonization, continued The International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Energy Technology Perspectives 2017, for example, includes two deep decarbonization pathways that are specific to the U.S. electric sector. The chart below plots IEA’s projections of U.S. electric sector CO 2 emissions for its "2C Scenario" as well as its "Beyond 2C Scenario“. The chart also includes the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) Reference Case forecast (AEO 2019), for context. These scenarios assume that electricity will account for an increasing share of the nation’s energy use due to the electrification of transportation and other sectors of the economy. Also included are the average CO2 emission rates for the electric sector from the two abatement scenarios. Projections of U.S. Electric Sector CO2 Emissions: 2015 – 2050 (million metric ton of carbon dioxide) 2,500 All Source CO2 Emission Rates† pounds per megawatt hour U.S. electric sector (2017): 2,000 1 1 1,500 1,000 2 500 2 3 0 -500 3 2015 '20 '25 '30 '35 '40 '45 '50 Reference Case Business-as-usual forecast from the U.S. EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2019* 2°C Scenario (2DS) Rapid decarbonization scenario from the IEA’s Energy Technology Perspectives 2017 Beyond 2°C Scenario (B2DS) Rapid decarbonization scenario from the IEA’s Energy Technology Perspectives 2017 aimed at limiting future temperature increases to 1.75°C by 2100 *adjusted to include an estimate of industrial power producers to align with IEA. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 957 IEA B2DS and 2DS (2030): 510 to 514 IEA B2DS and 2DS (2050): -69 to 25 †All sources include fossil, nuclear, hydroelectric, and renewable generation. 29 Section IV State-by-State Emissions Summary Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 30 State-by-State CO2 Emissions: U.S. Electric Sector Total CO2 Emissions by State All Generating Sources – CO2 Emission Rate (million ton; top 5 and bottom 5 are shown) (lb/MWh; top 5 and bottom 5 are shown) 0 200 Texas Florida 112.9 88.2 2,000 West Virginia 1,951 Kentucky 1,899 Ohio 87.0 Indiana 1,784 84.9 Missouri 1,779 2.7 New Hampshire 230 New Hampshire 2.0 Washington 196 Idaho 1.3 Maine 194 1.1 Idaho 152 Maine Vermont Vermont 0.01 3,000 1,989 Pennsylvania South Dakota 11 Electricity Exporters/Importers Fossil Generators – CO2 Emission Rate (2017 Net Trade Index; top 5 exporters and importers are shown) (lb/MWh; top 5 and bottom 5 are shown) 0 I M P O R T E R S 1,000 Wyoming 244.0 Indiana E X P O R T E R S 0 400 1 2 3 Total in-state supply of electricity as % share of total in-state consumption needs; in-state supply includes international imports 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 Wyoming 243% Vermont 216% West Virginia 214% Wyoming 2,274 North Dakota 202% Kansas 2,248 Montana 181% Nebraska 2,200 Virginia 75% California 67% Rhode Island 893 New Jersey 890 Massachusetts 875 Idaho 852 Idaho Delaware 60% Massachusetts 57% Maryland 54% Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 North Dakota 2,326 Montana 2,312 898 31 Section V Fuel Mix of 100 Largest Power Producers in 2017 Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 32 Fuel Mix of 100 Largest Power Producers Share of Total Rank Holding Company 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Duke Exelon Southern NextEra Energy Tennessee Valley Authority Entergy Dynegy Berkshire Hathaw ay Energy Dominion AEP NRG Calpine Vistra Energy US Corps of Engineers FirstEnergy Xcel PSEG Riverstone US Bureau of Reclamation Ameren DTE Energy ArcLight Capital LS Pow er WEC Energy Group PG&E PPL Salt River Project New York Pow er Authority Pinnacle West Oglethorpe Total (million MWh) 221.4 194.7 192.5 185.1 134.1 121.7 117.3 113.3 102.2 102.0 97.4 94.2 89.2 76.5 76.2 71.8 52.3 50.0 46.5 41.1 40.4 39.8 37.6 35.5 34.8 34.5 29.8 27.8 26.3 26.2 Coal Gas Oil Nuclear Hydro 33% 0% 29% 2% 26% 9% 48% 45% 15% 70% 46% 0% 58% 0% 55% 51% 10% 28% 7% 75% 65% 43% 11% 68% 0% 85% 50% 0% 32% 20% 28% 12% 48% 47% 19% 40% 52% 25% 37% 10% 35% 93% 23% 0% 0% 22% 27% 34% 0% 1% 5% 43% 86% 26% 16% 14% 31% 13% 31% 41% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.3% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 1.4% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 33% 85% 16% 27% 45% 50% 0% 3% 44% 17% 10% 0% 19% 0% 43% 19% 61% 37% 0% 20% 22% 0% 0% 0% 51% 0% 19% 0% 36% 39% 1% 1% 2% 0% 10% 0% 0% 4% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 2% 0% 0% 93% 4% 0% 4% 0% 2% 31% 1% 0% 87% 0% 0% Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 Renew able / Other 4% 2% 5% 24% 0% 1% 0% 23% 4% 1% 9% 7% 0% 0% 1% 5% 1% 0% 0% 0% 8% 10% 3% 3% 1% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 33 Fuel Mix of 100 Largest Power Producers Share of Total Rank Holding Company 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 EDF CPS Energy Emera AES Ares Westar Great Plains Energy SCANA CMS Energy Panda Pow er Funds Alliant Energy Basin Electric Pow er Coop OGE Santee Cooper Avangrid The Blackstone Group Edison International NE Public Pow er District Associated Electric Coop Invenergy IDACORP General Electric EDP Low er CO River Authority Brookfield Portland General Electric PNM Resources The Carlyle Group Municipal Elec. Auth. of GA JEA Total (million MWh) 26.0 24.0 23.7 23.0 22.6 22.5 22.0 22.0 21.7 21.5 19.8 19.6 18.5 18.0 17.8 16.8 15.9 15.9 15.7 14.9 14.9 14.9 14.6 14.0 13.8 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.3 12.2 Coal Gas Oil Nuclear Hydro 0% 40% 25% 73% 15% 65% 75% 39% 48% 0% 61% 88% 54% 53% 0% 46% 0% 53% 77% 0% 29% 36% 0% 57% 0% 26% 62% 0% 22% 45% 0% 24% 74% 14% 81% 7% 1% 38% 39% 100% 27% 6% 38% 32% 13% 54% 26% 2% 23% 37% 10% 46% 0% 42% 1% 48% 11% 99% 22% 48% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 65% 36% 0% 0% 0% 22% 23% 21% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 13% 0% 0% 32% 44% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 25% 0% 56% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 2% 0% 2% 0% 0% 1% 2% 0% 34% 1% 0% 0% 60% 1% 0% 1% 69% 14% 0% 0% 0% 0% Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 Renew able / Other 35% 0% 0% 13% 3% 6% 1% 1% 11% 0% 10% 5% 7% 0% 85% 0% 8% 1% 0% 63% 0% 18% 100% 0% 30% 12% 2% 0% 0% 8% 34 Fuel Mix of 100 Largest Power Producers Share of Total Rank Holding Company 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Fortis NiSource Seminole Electric Coop Exxon Mobil Omaha Public Pow er District Puget Holdings CLECO ALLETE Occidental E.ON Los Angeles City Arkansas Electric Coop Starw ood Energy PUD No 2 of Grant County Tri-State Austin Energy Buckeye Pow er J-Pow er PUD No 1 of Chelan County Tenaska Dow Chemical El Paso Electric Algonquin Pow er Great River Energy Energy Northw est Intermountain Pow er Agency International Paper Sempra Enel Avista Total (million MWh) 11.8 11.5 11.0 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.4 10.3 10.1 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.6 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.3 7.9 7.8 7.4 Coal Gas Oil Nuclear Hydro 66% 67% 70% 0% 98% 41% 17% 62% 0% 0% 0% 75% 0% 0% 93% 44% 98% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 29% 96% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 18% 33% 32% 30% 90% 2% 35% 56% 0% 99% 0% 65% 20% 73% 0% 6% 19% 2% 98% 0% 94% 94% 43% 35% 2% 0% 0% 22% 47% 0% 24% 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 19% 0% 0% 0% 0% 37% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 57% 0% 0% 96% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 8% 0% 8% 0% 0% 13% 5% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 9% 54% Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 Renew able / Other 1% 0% 0% 10% 0% 16% 27% 30% 1% 100% 3% 0% 27% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6% 6% 0% 36% 2% 3% 0% 78% 53% 91% 4% 35 Fuel Mix of 100 Largest Power Producers Share of Total Rank Holding Company 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 NC Public Pow er East Kentucky Pow er Coop Sacramento Municipal Util Dist Energy Capital Partners Southern California P P A Oaktree Capital BP Florida Municipal Pow er Agency Seattle City Light Pow erSouth Energy Coop Total (top-100 producers) Total (all U.S. producers) Total (million MWh) 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.3 3,402.4 4,036.8 Coal Gas Oil Nuclear Hydro 0% 94% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 20% 0% 33% 31% 30% 0% 3% 58% 1% 69% 100% 34% 69% 0% 67% 31% 32% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 100% 0% 0% 0% 28% 0% 0% 11% 0% 0% 23% 20% 0% 0% 34% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 7% 7% Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 Renew able / Other 0% 2% 8% 93% 2% 0% 66% 0% 0% 0% 8% 10% 36 Section VI Appendix Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 37 Data Sources The following public data sources were used to develop this report: EPA AIR MARKETS PROGRAM DATA (AMP): EPA’s Air Markets Program Data account for almost all of the SO 2 and NOx emissions, and about 20 percent of the CO2 emissions analyzed in this report. EPA TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY (TRI): The 2017 mercury emissions used in this report are based on TRI reports submitted by facility managers. EIA FORMS 923 POWER PLANT DATABASES (2017): EIA Form 923 provides data on the electric generation and heat input by fuel type for utility and non-utility power plants. The heat input data was used to calculate approximately 80 percent of the CO 2 emissions analyzed in this report. EIA FORM 860 ANNUAL ELECTRIC GENERATOR REPORT (2017): EIA Form 860 is a generating unit level data source that includes information about generators at electric power plants, including information about generator ownership. EPA U.S. INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND SINKS (2018): EPA’s U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks report provides in Annex 2 heat contents and carbon content coefficients of various fuel types. This data was used in conjunction with EIA Form 923 to calculate approximately 20 percent of the CO2 emissions analyzed in this report. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 38 Methodology Plant Ownership This report aims to reflect power plant ownership as of December 31, 2017. Plant ownership data used in this report are primarily based on the EIA-860 database from the year 2017. EIA-860 includes ownership information on generators at electric power plants owned or operated by electric utilities and nonutilities, which include independent power producers, combined heat and power producers, and other industrial organizations. It is published annually by EIA. For the largest 100 power producers, plant ownership is further checked against self-reported data from the producer’s 10-K form filed with the SEC, listings on their website, and other media sources. Ownership of plants is updated based on the most recent data available. Consequently, in a number of instances, ultimate assignment of plant ownership in this report differs from EIA-860’s reported ownership. This primarily happens when the plant in question falls in one or more of the categories listed below: 1. It is owned by a limited liability partnership of shareholders of which are among the 100 largest power producers. 2. The owner of the plant as listed in EIA-860 is a subsidiary of a company that is among the 100 largest power producers. 3. It was sold or bought during the year 2017. Because form 10-K for a particular year is usually filed by the producer in the first quarter of the following year, this report assumes that ownership as reported in form 10-K is more accurate. Publicly available data do not provide a straightforward means to accurately track lease arrangements and power purchase agreements. Therefore, in order to apply a standardized methodology to all companies, this report allocates generation and any associated emissions according to reported asset ownership as of December 31, 2017. Identifying “who owns what” in the dynamic electricity generation industry is probably the single most difficult and complex part of this report. In addition to the categories listed above, shares of power plants are regularly traded and producers merge, reorganize, or cease operations altogether. While considerable effort was expended in ensuring the accuracy of ownership information reflected in this report, there may be inadvertent errors in the assignment of ownership for some plants where public information was either not current or could not be verified. Generation Data and Cogeneration Facilities Plant generation data used in this report come from EIA Form 923. Cogeneration facilities produce both electricity and steam or some other form of useful energy. Because electricity is only a partial output of these plants, their reported emissions data generally overstate the emissions associated with electricity generation. Generation and emissions data included in this report for cogeneration facilities have been adjusted to reflect only their electricity generation. For all such cogeneration facilities emissions data were calculated on the basis of heat input of fuel associated with electricity generation only. Consequently, for all such facilities EIA Form 923, which report a plant’s total heat input as well as that which is associated with electricity production only, was used to calculate their emissions. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 39 Methodology (continued) NOx and SO2 Emissions The EPA AMP database collects and reports SO2 and NOx emissions data for nearly all major power plants in the U.S. Emissions information reported in the AMP database is collected from continuous emission monitoring (CEM) systems. SO 2 and NOx emissions data reported to the AMP account for all of the SO 2 and NOx emissions assigned to the 100 largest power producers in this report. The AMP database collects and reports SO2 and NOx emissions data by fuel type at the boiler level. This report consolidates this data at the generating unit and plant levels. In the case of jointly owned plants, because joint ownership is determined by producer’s share of installed capacity, assignment of SO2 and NOx emissions to the producers on this basis implicitly assumes that emission rates are uniform across the different units. This may cause producers to be assigned emission figures that are slightly higher or lower than their actual shares. The appointment of NOx emissions between coal and natural gas at boilers that can burn both fuels may in certain instances slightly overstate coal’s share of the emissions. This situation is likely to arise when a dual-fuel boiler that is classified as “coal-fired” within AMP burns natural gas to produce electricity in substantial amounts. In most years there would be very little economic reason to make this switch in a boiler that is not part of a combined cycle setup. Continued low natural gas prices in 2017 led to a small number of boilers switching to natural gas for most or a large part of their electricity output. Because AMP datasets do not make this distinction, apportioning emissions based on the fuel-type of the boiler would increase coal’s share of emissions. SO2 and CO2 emissions are mostly not affected by this issue. Natural gas emits virtually no SO 2. CO2 emissions can be calculated from the heat input data reported in EIA Form 923, which allows for the correct apportionment of emissions between coal and natural gas. CO2 Emissions A majority of CO2 emissions used in this report were calculated using heat input data from EIA form 923 and carbon content coefficients of various fuel types provided by EPA. The table on the following slide shows the carbon coefficients used in this procedure. Non-emitting fuel types, whose carbon coefficients are zero, are not shown in the table. CO2 emissions reported through the EPA AMP account for a small share of the CO 2 emissions used in this report. The datasets report heat input and emissions data by fuel type at either the prime mover or boiler level. This report consolidates that data at the generating unit and plant levels. In the case of jointly owned plants, because joint ownership is determined by producer’s share of installed capacity, assignment of CO2 emissions to the producers on this basis implicitly assumes that emission rates are uniform across the different units. This may cause producers to be assigned emission figures that are slightly higher or lower than their actual shares. Mercury Emissions Mercury emissions data for coal power plants presented in this report were obtained from EPA’s Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). Mercury emissions reported to the TRI are based on emission factors, mass balance calculations, or data monitoring. The TRI contains facility-level information on the use and environmental release of chemicals classified as toxic under the Clean Air Act. The TRI contains information on all toxic releases from a facility; mercury emissions in this report are based on air releases only. Because coal plants are the primary source of mercury emissions within the electric industry, the mercury emissions and emission rates presented in this report reflect the emissions associated with each producer’s fleet of coal plants only. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 40 Carbon Content Coefficients by Fuel Type From Annex 2 of EPA GHG Inventory 2018 Fuel Type Carbon Content Coefficients (Tg Carbon/Qbtu) Coal Anthracite Coal 28.28 Bituminous Coal 25.44 Sub-bituminous Coal 26.50 Lignite Coal 26.65 Waste/Other Coal (includes anthracite culm, bituminous gob, fine coal, lignite waste, waste coal) 26.05 Coal-based Synfuel, including briquettes, pellets, or extrusions, which are formed by binding materials or processes that recycle materials 25.34 Coal-based Synthetic Gas 18.55 Oil Distillate Fuel Oil (Diesel, No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 Fuel Oils) 20.17 Jet Fuel 19.70 Kerosene 19.96 Residual Fuel Oil (No. 5, No. 6 Fuel Oils, and Bunker C Fuel Oil) 20.48 Waste/Other Oil (including Crude Oil, Liquid Butane, Liquid Propane, Oil Waste, Re-Refined Motor Oil, Sludge Oil, Tar Oil, or other petroleum-based liquid wastes) 20.55 Petroleum Coke 27.85 Gas Natural Gas 14.46 Blast Furnace Gas 18.55 Other Gas 18.55 Gaseous Propane 14.46 Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 41 Quality Assurance This report examines the air pollutant emissions of the 100 largest electricity generating companies in the United States based on 2017 electricity generation, emissions, and ownership data. The report relies on publicly-available information reported by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), state environmental agencies, company websites, and media articles. Emission data may include revisions to 2017 data that companies were in the process of submitting or have already submitted to EPA at the time of publication of this report. This report relies almost entirely on publicly available information. Data sets published by EIA and EPA are the primary source of the generation and emissions data used in this report. The organizations that fund this report believe maintaining public access to this information is essential to tracking the industry’s performance and making accurate and informed analyses and policy decisions. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 42 Endnotes 1. Private entities include investor-owned and privately held utilities and non-utility power producers (e.g., independent power producers). Cooperative electric utilities are owned by their members (i.e., the consumers they serve). Publicly-owned electric utilities are nonprofit government entities that are organized at either the local or State level. There are also several Federal electric utilities in the United States, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority. Power plant ownership in this report is divided into three categories: privately/investor owned (investor-owned corporations, privately held corporations, foreignowned corporations), public power (federal power authorities, state power authorities, municipalities, power districts), and cooperative. 2. Electric Sector Emissions data from EPA AMP database available at http://ampd.epa.gov/ampd/ 3. Generation data from EIA Monthly Energy Review Table 7.2a Electricity Generation Total for All Sectors available at https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#electricity 4. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis available at https://www.bea.gov/national/index.htm#gdp 5. The sources used in the Annual Trends figure have already made national-level 2018 data available, allowing the trends section to extend through 2018. Detailed 2018 data used for the company-specific analysis of the top 100 electricity producers was not yet available at the time of report publication. Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 43 Benchmarking Air Emissions Of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States 100 North Tryon Street Charlotte, NC 28255 www.bankofamerica.com 99 Chauncy Street 6th Floor Boston, MA 02111 www.entergy.com www.ceres.org 10 South Dearborn Street 52nd Floor Chicago, IL 60680 40 West 20th Street New York, NY 10011 www.exeloncorp.com www.nrdc.org Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States Data tables and maps at: www.mjbradley.com June 2019 639 Loyola Avenue New Orleans, LA 70113