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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
CONCORD MANAGEMENT &
CONSULTING LLC,

No. 18-cr-32-2 (DLF)

Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER
Before the Court is defendant Concord Management and Consulting LLC’s motion for an
order to show cause why Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III and Attorney General William
P. Barr should not be held in criminal contempt for violating this Court’s local rules governing
extrajudicial statements by prosecutors in criminal cases. See Local Crim. R. 57.7. For the
reasons that follow, the Court will deny the motion. Although the Court agrees that the
government violated Rule 57.7, it disagrees that contempt proceedings are an appropriate
response to that violation. Instead, the Court has entered an order limiting public statements
about this case moving forward and cautions the government that any future violations of that
order will trigger a range of potential sanctions.
I.

BACKGROUND
On February 16, 2018, the grand jury returned an indictment charging Concord and

others with conspiring to defraud the United States by impairing the lawful functions of the
Federal Election Commission, the Department of Justice, and the Department of State.
Indictment ¶ 9, Dkt. 1. The indictment alleges, among other things, that the defendants and their

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conspirators conducted an “information warfare” campaign on social media and at political
rallies to sow discord among U.S. voters in advance of the 2016 presidential election. Id. ¶ 10.
As required by regulation, the Special Counsel submitted to the Attorney General on
March 22, 2019, a report titled Report on the Investigation Into Russian Interference in the 2016
Presidential Election. 1 The Report summarized the results of the Special Counsel’s two-year
investigation into potential links between the Trump Campaign and efforts by the Russian
government to influence the 2016 presidential election. Two days later, the Attorney General
released a summary of the 448-page Report’s “principal conclusions.” 2 And several weeks later,
the Department of Justice released a redacted version of the full Report. At that time, the
Attorney General offered a few brief remarks about the Report at a press conference, 3 and he
later appeared before Congress to answer extensive questions about the Special Counsel’s
investigation. 4
During a hearing before the Senate Appropriations Committee, the Attorney General
testified that the regulations governing the Special Counsel’s investigation “did not contemplate

1

See Report on the Investigation Into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election 1 (as
released on Apr. 18, 2019), https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf (citing 28 C.F.R.
§ 600.8(c)) [hereinafter Special Counsel Report].
2

See Letter from Att’y Gen. William P. Barr to U.S. Senate, Comm. on the Judiciary and U.S.
H.R., Comm. on the Judiciary 2 (Mar. 24, 2019), www.documentcloud.org/documents/5779700AG-March-24-2019-Letter-to-House-and-Senate.html.
3

See Press Conference, Att’y Gen. William P. Barr Delivers Remarks on the Release of the
Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election (Apr. 18,
2019), https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-william-p-barr-delivers-remarksrelease-report-investigation-russian [hereinafter Press Conference Tr.].
4

See Hr’g on Justice Dep’t Investigation of Russian Interference in 2016 Presidential Election
Before the Senate Judiciary Comm., 116th Cong. (May 1, 2019), Dkt. 131-1 [hereinafter Senate
Judiciary Tr.].
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and specifically [were] meant to avoid . . . public reports,” but that he nevertheless retained the
“discretion . . . to make the [Special Counsel’s] report public.” 5 The Attorney General later
testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that he had “exercise[d] whatever discretion [he]
had to make as much of the report available to the public and to congressional leaders as [he]
could, consistent with the law.” Senate Judiciary Tr. at 10. He explained that certain redactions
were deemed necessary to protect national security interests, privacy interests, grand jury
materials, and ongoing criminal matters. Id. at 11; see also Senate Appropriations Tr. at 11.
Those “redactions were all carried out by DOJ lawyers with special counsel lawyers in
consultation with [the] intelligence community.” Senate Judiciary Tr. at 12. Although the
Attorney General had the final say over which redactions to include in the public Report, see
May 28, 2019 Hr’g Tr. at 22, Dkt. 144, he did not overrule the Special Counsel’s Office on any
proposed redactions, Senate Judiciary Tr. at 21–22.
On April 25, 2019, Concord filed the instant motion in which it argues that the Attorney
General and Special Counsel violated Local Rule 57.7 by releasing information to the public that
was not contained in the indictment. Concord’s main contention is that the Special Counsel’s
Report, as released to the public, and the Attorney General’s related public statements
improperly suggested a link between the defendants and the Russian government and expressed
an opinion about the defendants’ guilt and the evidence against them.
The Court held a hearing on Concord’s motion on May 28, 2019. Following the practice
of other courts, see United States v. Koubriti, 305 F. Supp. 2d 723, 730 (E.D. Mich. 2003), the
Court conducted the hearing under seal to avoid causing any further prejudice to Concord and
5

See Hr’g on Justice Dep’t Fiscal 2020 Budget Request Before the Senate Appropriations
Subcomm. on Commerce, Justice and Science, 116th Cong. 10 (Apr. 10, 2019), Dkt. 129-2
[hereinafter Senate Appropriations Tr.].
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the administration of justice. The Court also sought to ensure that the national security, privacy,
and other interests that the government sought to protect through its redactions would not be
revealed through an open hearing.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the Court ordered the parties “to abide moving forward
by Local Criminal Rule 57.7(b)” and ordered the government “to refrain from making or
authorizing any public statement that links the alleged conspiracy in the indictment to the
Russian government or its agencies.” May 28, 2019 Hr’g Tr. at 47–48. The Court further
ordered that “any public statement about the allegations in the indictment . . . must make clear
that, one, the government is summarizing the allegations in the indictment which remain
unproven, and, two, the government does not express an opinion on the defendant’s guilt or
innocence or the strength of the evidence in this case.” Id. at 48. 6 The Court also ordered
supplemental briefing on (1) whether the Court should defer consideration of Concord’s motion
until after trial, (2) whether the Court can and should exercise its discretion not to initiate
criminal contempt proceedings even if it finds a violation of Rule 57.7, and (3) what terms the
Court should include in any order regulating the parties’ public statements about this case
moving forward. See id. at 48–49. The parties have now fully briefed these issues.
As an initial matter, the Court will exercise its discretion to resolve Concord’s motion
now, rather than hold it in abeyance until after trial, because no trial date has been set in this case
and Concord has agreed to waive any prejudice that might result from resolving the issue
publicly before trial. See id. at 36, 38–39; Concord’s Supp. Br. at 6–9, 14, Dkt. 140. The issue

6

The Court memorialized these terms in a written order issued the following day. See May 29,
2019 Order, Dkt. 137.
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now before the Court is whether a Rule 57.7 violation occurred—and if so, what action, if any,
the Court should take to address the violation.
II.

ANALYSIS
A.

Rule 57.7

Rule 57.7 imposes a general duty on lawyers in criminal cases “not to release or authorize
the release of information or opinion which a reasonable person would expect to be disseminated
by means of public communication . . . if there is a reasonable likelihood that such dissemination
will interfere with a fair trial or otherwise prejudice the due administration of justice.” Local
Crim. R. 57.7(b)(1). The rule prohibits lawyers associated with the prosecution or defense from
publishing, between the time of the indictment and the commencement of trial, “[a]ny opinion as
to the accused’s guilt or innocence or as to the merits of the case or the evidence in the case.” Id.
57.7(b)(3)(vi). At the same time, the rule provides that these prohibitions “shall not be construed
to preclude [lawyers], in the proper discharge of official or professional obligations, . . . from
disclosing the nature, substance, or text of the charge, including a brief description of the offense
charged,” or “from quoting or referring without comment to public records of the court in the
case.” Id. 57.7(b).
On its face, Rule 57.7 prohibits lawyers in criminal cases from expressing an
extrajudicial opinion about a case without regard to prejudice. The rule begins with a general
prohibition on prejudicial statements and includes, in a separate paragraph, six specific
prohibitions, including one that applies to extrajudicial “opinions.” Id. 57.7(b)(1), (b)(3)(i)–(vi).
However, other circuits have construed identically structured rules to imply a general prejudice
standard across each per se category of prohibited statements to avoid First Amendment
concerns. See United States v. Cutler, 58 F.3d 825, 835–36 (2d Cir. 1995); Hirschkop v. Snead,

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594 F.2d 356, 367–68 (4th Cir. 1979) (per curiam). These decisions suggest that statements
falling within one of the specific categories in 57.7(b)(3) are presumptively prejudicial, but a
lawyer can rebut that presumption by showing the opinion was not actually prejudicial under the
circumstances. See Cutler, 58 F.3d at 836. The Court need not decide whether this
interpretation is correct because, for the reasons stated below, the statements at issue are
prejudicial.
Concord points to a number of discrepancies between the allegations of the indictment
and statements in the Special Counsel Report and the Attorney General’s remarks. In the Court’s
view, two categories of statements create a risk of prejudice to the defendants: (1) those linking
the defendants in this case to the Russian government and its efforts to interfere with the 2016
presidential election, and (2) those providing an opinion or conclusion about the defendants’
guilt or the evidence against them. The Court will address each in turn, though the two are
intertwined and must ultimately be considered together.
The Special Counsel Report describes efforts by the Russian government to interfere with
the 2016 presidential election. See Special Counsel Report 36–65; see also Indictment, United
States v. Netyksho, No. 18-cr-215 (D.D.C. July 13, 2018), Dkt. 1 (indictment against multiple
Russian intelligence officers based on the alleged hacking and leaking of private documents
belonging to Democratic officials). But the indictment, which alleges that private Russian
entities and individuals conducted an “information warfare” campaign designed to sow discord
among U.S. voters, Indictment ¶ 10, does not link the defendants to the Russian government.
Save for a single allegation that Concord and Concord Catering had several “government
contracts” (with no further elaboration), id. ¶ 11, the indictment alleges only private conduct by
private actors.

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The Report, however, identifies the social media efforts alleged in the indictment as one
of “two principal interference operations in the 2016 U.S. presidential election” carried out by
the Russians. Special Counsel Report at 9; see also id. at 14 (similar). The Report also refers to
the defendants’ “social media operations” as “active measures”—a term of art “that typically
refers to operations conducted by Russian security services aimed at influencing the course of
international affairs.” Id. at 14 (emphasis added); see also id. at i, iv, 14, 35, 174. Elsewhere,
the Report states that “[defendant Yevgeniy Viktorovich] Prigozhin is widely reported to have
ties to Russian President Vladimir Putin.” Id. at 4. And more significantly, the concluding
paragraph of the section of the Report related to Concord states that the Special Counsel’s
“investigation established that Russia interfered in the 2016 presidential election through the
‘active measures’ social media campaign carried out by” Concord’s co-defendant, the Internet
Research Agency (IRA). Id. at 35 (emphasis added). By attributing IRA’s conduct to
“Russia”—as opposed to Russian individuals or entities—the Report suggests that the activities
alleged in the indictment were undertaken on behalf of, if not at the direction of, the Russian
government.
Similarly, the Attorney General drew a link between the Russian government and this
case during a press conference in which he stated that “[t]he Special Counsel’s report outlines
two main efforts by the Russian government to influence the 2016 election.” Press Conference
Tr. (emphasis added). The “[f]irst” involved “efforts by the Internet Research Agency, a Russian
company with close ties to the Russian government, to sow social discord among American
voters through disinformation and social media operations.” Id. The “[s]econd” involved
“efforts by Russian military officials associated with the GRU,” a Russian intelligence agency, to
hack and leak private documents and emails from the Democratic Party and the Clinton

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Campaign. Id. The Attorney General further stated the Report’s “bottom line”: “After nearly
two years of investigation, thousands of subpoenas, and hundreds of warrants and witness
interviews, the Special Counsel confirmed that the Russian government sponsored efforts to
illegally interfere with the 2016 presidential election but did not find that the Trump campaign or
other Americans colluded in those schemes.” Id. (emphases added). In context, it is clear that
one of these “efforts” or “schemes” attributed to the Russian government was the information
warfare campaign alleged in the indictment. Id. Thus, the Attorney General “confirmed” what
the indictment does not allege—that Concord’s and its co-defendants’ activities were
“sponsored” by the “Russian government” and part of a two-pronged attack on our nation’s
democratic institutions. Id. This bottom-line conclusion was highlighted in multiple press
articles following the Report’s release. See Concord’s Mot. at 4–7, Dkt. 129 (collecting articles).
Although some of the government’s statements considered individually could be viewed
as ambiguous, viewed together, they were “reasonabl[y] likel[y]” to cause prejudice, Local Crim.
R. 57.7(b), because they drew a clear connection between the defendants and a foreign
government accused of interfering with the 2016 presidential election. And the fact that some
media outlets might have reported as much before the release of the Report does not eliminate
the prejudice to Concord. Regardless of media coverage before the Report, it is significant and
prejudicial that the government itself drew a link between these defendants and the Russian
government. See Gentile v. State Bar of Nevada, 501 U.S. 1030, 1074 (1991) (“Because lawyers
have special access to information through discovery and client communications, their
extrajudicial statements pose a threat to the fairness of a pending proceeding since lawyers’
statements are likely to be received as especially authoritative.”).

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The government’s statements were also prejudicial for another reason: they provided an
opinion about the defendants’ guilt and the strength of the evidence. The Report explains that it
used the term “established” whenever “substantial, credible evidence enabled the Office to reach
a conclusion with confidence.” Special Counsel Report at 2 (emphases added). It then states in
its conclusion that the Special Counsel’s “investigation established that Russia interfered in the
2016 presidential election through the ‘active measures’ social media campaign carried out by
the IRA.” Id. at 35 (emphasis added). In context, this statement characterizes the evidence
against the defendants as “substantial” and “credible,” and it provides the Special Counsel’s
Office’s “conclusion” about what actually occurred. The Attorney General similarly stated at his
press conference that “[a]fter nearly two years of investigation, thousands of subpoenas, and
hundreds of warrants and witness interviews, the Special Counsel confirmed that the Russian
government sponsored efforts to illegally interfere with the 2016 presidential election.” Id.
(emphasis added). These statements fall within Rule 57.7(b)(3)(vi)’s per se prohibition on
extrajudicial opinions and are prejudicial under the circumstances.
The government argues that the above statements are not prejudicial because the trial in
this case will not occur for several months. While it is true that courts consider the timing of a
statement in determining whether it will cause prejudice to the defense, see Gentile, 501 U.S. at
1044 (plurality opinion), given the intense public interest in the Special Counsel Report and its
conclusions, this factor cannot be decisive, see Koubriti, 305 F. Supp. 2d at 745 (observing that
“a statement made even in the early stages of a criminal proceeding can still be quite
prejudicial”). The Court remains confident that any prejudice can and will be cured through the
passage of time, voir dire, and jury instructions. But the question under Rule 57.7 is not whether
prejudice is inevitable or in fact occurs—it is whether the government’s statements were

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“reasonabl[y] likel[y]” to cause prejudice at the time they were made. Local Crim. R. 57.7(b);
see Koubriti, 305 F. Supp. 2d at 745 (concluding that a statement “[wa]s reasonably likely to
prejudice [an] individual’s subsequent criminal trial” at the time it was made even though the
statement appeared to have been “forgotten by the time of trial” and “extensive voir dire
revealed no actual prejudice” to the defense); Gentile, 501 U.S. at 1047 (plurality opinion)
(noting that a potential violation of a rule restricting extrajudicial statements “must be judged at
the time a statement is made”). Under the circumstances, the Court finds that standard satisfied.
In short, the Court concludes that the government violated Rule 57.7 by making or
authorizing the release of public statements that linked the defendants’ alleged activities to the
Russian government and provided an opinion about the defendants’ guilt and the evidence
against them. 7 The Court will therefore proceed to consider the appropriate response to that
violation, beginning with the possibility of contempt.
B.

Contempt

The general contempt statute, 18 U.S.C. § 401, gives a court the “power to punish” three
categories of “contempt of its authority.” The third category, relevant here, consists of
“[d]isobedience or resistance to [a court’s] lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, or
command.” Id. § 401(3).
“[W]hether a contempt is civil or criminal turns on the character and purpose of the
sanction involved.” Int’l Union, United Mine Workers v. Bagwell, 512 U.S. 821, 827 (1994)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “If the sanction is punitive and vindicates the authority of the
7

Concord also argues that the Special Counsel and the Attorney General violated D.C. ethics
rules and Department of Justice regulations that contain prohibitions similar to those found in
Rule 57.7. See Concord’s Mot. at 9–11. But because the contempt power concerns only
violations of a court’s own rules and orders, see 18 U.S.C. § 401(3), there is no need to address
potential violations of these other authorities.
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court, it is criminal, but if it is remedial and for the benefit of the complainant, it is civil.” United
States v. Two Gen. Elec. Aircraft Engines, 317 F. Supp. 3d 516, 521 (D.D.C. 2018). Because
Concord seeks to punish the government’s violation, rather than obtain a remedy or secure the
government’s compliance moving forward, see Concord’s Mot. at 11–12, it seeks the initiation
of criminal contempt proceedings, and the Court will analyze its request accordingly.
“Criminal contempt is a crime in the ordinary sense[.]” Bloom v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 194,
201 (1968). As a result, the initiation of criminal contempt proceedings is a serious step that
should not be taken lightly. See Koubriti, 305 F. Supp. 2d at 756–57. Under Federal Rule of
Criminal Procedure 42(a), the court must provide the defendant with formal notice that “state[s]
the time and place of the trial,” “allow[s] the defendant a reasonable time to prepare a defense,”
and “state[s] the essential facts constituting the charged criminal contempt.” Fed. R. Crim. P.
42(a)(1)(A)–(C). In addition, the court must appoint an attorney to prosecute the contempt. Id.
42(a)(2). Ordinarily, courts refer contempt charges to the Department of Justice for prosecution,
but where, as here, the entire Department would be conflicted, the court must enlist a private
attorney, Koubriti, 305 F. Supp. 2d at 756 n.20. At the contempt proceedings themselves, a host
of constitutional rights attach. As in any criminal case, the defendant enjoys the right to a jury
trial (if the charge is sufficiently “serious”), the privilege against self-incrimination, the right to
proof beyond a reasonable doubt, the right to assistance of counsel, the right to present a defense,
and double jeopardy protection. See Bagwell, 512 U.S. at 826–27 (collecting cases).
Given the procedural and constitutional significance of criminal contempt proceedings,
they should be initiated only as a last resort. “While a court has the authority to initiate a
prosecution for criminal contempt, its exercise of that authority must be restrained by the
principle that only the least possible power adequate to the end proposed should be used in

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contempt cases.” Young v. United States ex rel. Vuitton et Fils S.A., 481 U.S. 787, 793–801
(1987) (alteration adopted and internal quotation marks omitted); see also In re Brown, 454 F.2d
999, 1006 (D.C. Cir. 1971) (highlighting a “long standing congressional will to restrict the
federal courts to the least possible criminal contempt power adequate to the end proposed”
(alteration adopted and internal quotation marks omitted)).
The decision to initiate criminal contempt proceedings is left to “the sole discretion of the
court” because criminal contempt is designed to vindicate the court’s own authority, rather than
to compensate private parties. Brandt v. Gooding, 636 F.3d 124, 135 (4th Cir. 2011); see also
Blalock v. United States, 844 F.2d 1546, 1561 (11th Cir. 1988) (Tjoflat, J., concurring) (“The
bringing of a criminal contempt proceeding is a matter committed to the sole discretion of the
district court or the prosecutor[.]”). Courts “must and should have the broadest possible
discretion to determine whether the conduct at issue is such that a finding of criminal contempt is
necessary to vindicate its authority.” United States v. Lynch, 952 F. Supp. 167, 172 (S.D.N.Y.
1997). In exercising that discretion, courts “must keep in mind that the judicial contempt power
is ‘shielded from democratic controls’ and hence should be exercised with restraint and
discretion.” In re Smothers, 322 F.3d 438, 442 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Roadway Express, Inc.
v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 764 (1980)). Before reaching for the criminal contempt power, “courts
should be aware of the options available to them” and keep in mind that, “in situations where a
criminal contempt order may be too strong, courts still have other means to maintain the dignity
of the court and respect for all parties present.” Id. at 443.
Though Concord has asked the Court to initiate criminal contempt proceedings, if the
Court were to do so, those proceedings would be “separate and independent” from this case, and
their purpose would be solely “to vindicate the authority of the court.” Brandt, 636 F.3d at 135

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(internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, Concord itself “ha[s] no legitimate interest in
such . . . proceeding[s],” and cannot claim to be prejudiced should the Court decide not to pursue
them. Id.; see also Ramos Colon v. U.S. Atty. for Dist. of Puerto Rico, 576 F.2d 1, 5 (1st Cir.
1978) (“A party to the original litigation has no standing to prosecute an action for criminal
contempt or to take an appeal from the court’s rejection of his allegations.”); Kienle v. Jewel Tea
Co., 222 F.2d 98, 100 (7th Cir. 1955) (“Whether [a contempt] proceeding should be instituted is
a matter concerning [the] defendant and the public, in which [the complainant’s] interest is no
greater than that of every member of the general public.”).
Applying these principles, a number of factors persuade the Court to exercise its
discretion not to initiate criminal contempt proceedings at this time. See Islamic Inv. Co. of the
Gulf (Bah.) Ltd. v. Harper, 545 F.3d 21, 25 (1st Cir. 2008) (explaining that “the trial court retains
a certain negative discretion to eschew the imposition of contempt sanctions . . . in the interests
of justice” “even if all of [the] conditions [for contempt] are satisfied”).
First, the government violated a standing court rule, rather than a specific court order
addressed to the parties. To be sure, some courts have initiated contempt proceedings based on
violations of generally applicable local court rules, including those governing extrajudicial
statements. See, e.g., In re Morrissey, 168 F.3d 134, 137 (4th Cir. 1999). But the D.C. Circuit
has expressed doubt about whether standing rules can serve as the basis for criminal contempt
proceedings under 18 U.S.C. § 401(3). See In re Brown, 454 F.2d at 1006. Without deciding the
issue, the Brown court noted that “every other directive” mentioned in 18 U.S.C. § 401(3)—a
“writ, process, order, . . . decree, or command”—is “specifically addressed to a particular person
or group” and has traditionally “been enforceable through the contempt power.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted). Consequently, “it may be that the ‘rule’ to which [§ 401(3)] refers is

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the rule in the process sense—the rule to show cause, the rule nisi, and the like—rather than a
general, standing rule of court, which usually draws its sanctions from other sources.” Id.
The Ninth Circuit has picked up where the D.C. Circuit left off and converted Brown’s
dicta into a holding. See United States v. Kimsey, 668 F.3d 691, 699 (9th Cir. 2012)
(“conclud[ing] that the D.C. Circuit’s suggestion is correct”). In deciding that § 401’s
companion provision, § 402, “does not permit convictions for criminal contempt for violations of
standing rules of court,” id. at 698, the Kimsey court examined contemporary legal usage of the
term “rule,” applied the noscitur a sociis canon, and observed that interpreting “rule” to include
generally applicable court rules would lead to absurd results by converting violations of minor
procedural and pleading requirements into federal crimes. See id. at 700–03. 8
Further, even if § 401 authorizes a court to hold a party in criminal contempt for violating
standing court rules, it certainly does not require it to do so. In deciding whether to take that step
in this case, the Court is mindful that wielding the contempt power to punish violations of
generally applicable orders would, at the very least, push the outer limits of the Court’s contempt
power. See Brown, 454 F.2d at 1006 n.33 (warning that “[u]se of the criminal contempt power
to vindicate violations of court rules of practice arguably would expand that power beyond
congressional contemplation and in given cases would produce monstrous results”). And in
terms of culpability, a violation of a standing court rule does not involve the same affront to the
Court’s authority as would a violation of a specific court order directing a party to take or refrain
from a particular action. In the Court’s view, this factor counsels strongly against the initiation
of contempt proceedings as a matter of discretion.

8

Other circuits have reached a contrary conclusion, though not with the same degree of analysis.
See, e.g., United States v. Herrera, 252 F.3d 1356 (5th Cir. 2001) (per curiam).
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Second, the government’s statements, all of which relate to the Special Counsel Report,
amount to a single violation. Though a single, particularly egregious violation might justify the
immediate invocation of a court’s contempt power in certain circumstances, criminal contempt is
generally reserved for “repeated and flagrant abuses” that demonstrate a willful disregard for the
court’s authority. Koubriti, 305 F. Supp. 2d at 748 (collecting cases upholding contempt
findings based on repeated violations). In this case, nothing about the government’s conduct to
date suggests a flagrant disregard for the Court’s authority.
To the contrary, the government has demonstrated that moving forward it will comply
with Rule 57.7 and any further order of the Court. On May 29, 2019, following the Court’s
hearing, the Special Counsel held a press conference to announce the conclusion of his
investigation and his resignation as Special Counsel. 9 In delivering his remarks, the Special
Counsel carefully distinguished between the efforts by “Russian intelligence officers who were
part of the Russian military” and the efforts detailed “in a separate indictment” by “a private
Russian entity engaged in a social media operation where Russian citizens posed as Americans in
order to interfere in the election.” Special Counsel Statement Tr. (emphases added). He also
repeatedly referred to the activities described in the Report as “allegations” and made clear that
his Office was “not commenting on the guilt or innocence of any specific defendant.” Id. The
Special Counsel added that the defendants were “presumed innocent unless and until proven
guilty in court.” Id. These actions demonstrate that the government understands and intends to

9

See Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III Makes Statement on Investigation Into Russian
Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election (May 29, 2019), https://www.justice.gov/opa/
speech/special-counsel-robert-s-mueller-iii-makes-statement-investigation-russian-interference
[hereinafter Special Counsel Statement Tr.].
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abide by the Court’s May 28, 2018 Order, and they serve as a strong indication that contempt
proceedings would be both unnecessary and excessive under the circumstances.
Third, the record before the Court strongly suggests that the government did not act with
the willfulness required for criminal contempt. “[A]lthough § 401(3) does not explicitly mention
mens rea, wrongful intent is necessary,” and “[t]he disregard of authority must be willful.” In re
Holloway, 995 F.2d 1080, 1082 (D.C. Cir. 1993). “Knowledge that one’s act is wrongful and a
purpose to nevertheless do the act are” therefore “prerequisites to criminal contempt.” In re
Brown, 454 F.2d at 1007. Willfulness may “be inferred if a lawyer’s conduct discloses a
reckless disregard for his professional duty,” Sykes v. United States, 444 F. 2d 928, 930 (D.C.
Cir. 1971) (per curiam), but a “[g]ood faith pursuit of a plausible though mistaken alternative is
antithetical” to the intent required, In re Brown, 454 F.2d at 1007.
The government represents that the Attorney General and his team were aware of their
obligations under Rule 57.7(b) and consulted with internal ethics experts to determine which
redactions Rule 57.7(b) required. See May 28, 2019 Hr’g Tr. at 10–11. Moreover, it is evident
that in deciding which redactions to approve, the Attorney General balanced “two roles of equal
importance, one as the Nation’s chief prosecutor, and one as the head of an Executive
department with responsibilities to keep the public informed on policy matters.” Koubriti, 305 F.
Supp. 2d at 760.
The Court appreciates the “difficult and challenging task” the Attorney General faced in
“harmonizing these dual roles” under tight time pressures. Id. But the Attorney General’s
discretion to balance these competing interests ends where the language of the local rule begins.
And for the reasons stated above, the government violated Rule 57.7. Even so, its “[g]ood faith
pursuit of a plausible though mistaken alternative” is incompatible with the willfulness required

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for criminal contempt, In re Brown, 454 F.2d at 1007, and the Attorney General’s careful (but
incorrect) assessment of his competing obligations does not suggest a reckless disregard for his
responsibilities to the Court, see Koubriti, 305 F. Supp. 2d at 755 (“[T]o the extent that the
Attorney General’s transgressions . . . were attributable to an improper balancing of his public
policy and prosecutorial roles, there is ample reason for the Court to proceed with caution, and to
ensure that any punitive or disciplinary measures do not unduly encroach upon the Attorney
General’s legitimate political functions.”).
Concord disagrees with this assessment of the government’s intent and offers two
arguments—one substantive and one procedural. Substantively, Concord argues that willfulness
has been established based on the appearance of unequal treatment between Concord and another
defendant, Roger Stone. Both defendants were indicted in the course of the Special Counsel’s
investigation, and both are discussed in his Report. See Special Counsel Report at 14–35, 51–62.
Concord acknowledges that both defendants were the subject of redactions made to prevent
“harm to an ongoing matter.” See id. But Concord argues that the redactions for Stone were
made in part to prevent harm to the defense, while the redactions for Concord were made only to
prevent harm to the prosecution. As proof, Concord points to the FOIA Exemptions the
government has invoked to defend those redactions in a separate litigation. See Brinkmann Decl.
Ex. D., Electronic Privacy Information Center v. DOJ (EPIC), No. 19-cv-810 (D.D.C. June 3,
2019), Dkt. 54-4 (copy of Report with additional FOIA markings). For Stone, the government
invoked (among other things) FOIA Exemption 7(B), which applies to materials that “would
deprive a person of a right to a fair trial or an impartial adjudication.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(B).
For Concord, however, the government did not invoke Exemption 7(B). This difference,

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Concord argues, strongly suggests that the government consciously chose to fulfill its Rule 57.7
obligations with respect to Stone, while ignoring those same obligations with respect to Concord.
The government counters with a credible explanation for the difference in treatment
between Concord and Stone. The government asserts that it made redactions in both cases to
prevent prejudice and comply with Rule 57.7. See Hr’g Tr. at 15; Brinkmann Decl. ¶¶ 44, 46,
50, EPIC, No. 19-cv-810, Dkt. 54-3. But it chose not to invoke Exemption 7(B) for the Concord
redactions because Exemption 7(B) only applies to information that “would deprive” a party of a
fair trial. See Gov’t’s Response to Concord’s Supp. Br. at 6–8, Dkt. 143 (quoting 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(b)(7)(B)). For Exemption 7(B) to apply, “a trial or adjudication” must be “pending or
truly imminent,” and it must be “more probable than not that disclosure of the material sought
would seriously interfere with the fairness of those proceedings.” Wash. Post Co. v. DOJ, 863
F.2d 96, 101–02 (D.C. Cir. 1988).
In this case, no trial date has been set, and the Court has not previously entered an order
limiting public statements in response to concerns about pretrial publicity. For these reasons, the
government relied on Exemption 7(A), which is broader than Exemption 7(B) and applies to
materials that “could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings.” 5
U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(A). In Stone, however, a trial date has been set, and the court has already
taken “steps to assure public statements by the parties do not adversely affect the trial.”
Brinkmann Decl. ¶ 53; see also id. ¶ 56 (relying in part on “the extraordinary media attention
surrounding [Stone’s] case” and “the court’s multiple orders further restricting public
statements”). These distinctions, coupled with the difference in standards between Exemption
7(A) and Exemption 7(B), explain the difference in treatment between Concord and Stone.
Without deciding whether the government’s choice of exemptions was correct—under FOIA or

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as a matter of litigation strategy—it has explained the basis for its decision, and that explanation
is entitled to a presumption of good faith, absent clear evidence to the contrary. See People for
the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric. & Animal & Plant Health Inspection
Serv., 918 F.3d 151, 157 (D.C. Cir. 2019).
Procedurally, Concord objects to the Court deciding the question of willfulness on the
current record and argues that the Court should hear testimony and review an unredacted version
of the Special Counsel Report to test the government’s explanations for its conduct. The Court
disagrees.
Government officials are presumed to act in good faith when exercising their authority,
and the Court considers their statements as officers of the Court relevant in determining whether
a more complete record would be worth the considerable burden of collateral contempt
proceedings. See Koubriti, 305 F. Supp. 2d at 756 (relying in part on the Attorney General’s
statements as an officer of the court to conclude that the “record in support of criminal contempt
charges . . . [fell] well short of warranting the engagement of th[e] complex machinery” of
criminal contempt proceedings); see also Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475, 486 (1978)
(“[A]ttorneys are officers of the court, and when they address the judge solemnly upon a matter
before the court, their declarations are virtually made under oath.” (internal quotations omitted)).
Moreover, the government does not rely solely on representations by counsel; it also points to a
sworn declaration submitted in the FOIA matter that explains the Department of Justice’s
decision-making process. See Brinkmann Decl., EPIC, No. 19-cv-810. This evidence—
combined with the government’s representations, the Attorney General’s congressional
testimony, and the public record—is more than adequate to establish that the “complex

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machinery” of criminal contempt proceedings is unwarranted under the circumstances. Koubriti,
305 F. Supp. 2d at 756.
Fourth, the Court has adequate alternative means, short of contempt, to address any
affront to its authority or prejudice to Concord. See In re Smothers, 322 F.3d at 442–43
(explaining that courts should favor a system of “progressive discipline” that begins with a
warning and then escalates to more serious sanctions). The Court also is confident that any risk
of prejudice to Concord caused by the government’s statements can be fully and adequately
addressed through careful voir dire questioning and jury instructions. See Gentile, 501 U.S. at
1055 (plurality opinion) (“Voir dire can play an important role in reminding jurors to set aside
out-of-court information and to decide the case upon the evidence presented at trial”). In light of
these readily available and less drastic measures, the Court sees no need to invoke its criminal
contempt authority.
For all these reasons, the Court declines to initiate criminal contempt proceedings in
response to the government’s Rule 57.7 violation.
C.

The Court’s Inherent Disciplinary Authority

The Court next considers the possibility of imposing a lesser sanction under its inherent
disciplinary authority. The Court’s disciplinary “power is distinct from [its] contempt power.”
Manez v. Bridgestone Firestone N. Am. Tire, LLC, 533 F.3d 578, 591 (7th Cir. 2008). But it,
too, must be exercised “with restraint and discretion.” Shepherd v. ABC, 62 F.3d 1469, 1478
(D.C. Cir. 1995). In general, courts imposing disciplinary sanctions “must use the least
restrictive sanction necessary to deter the inappropriate behavior.” In re First City
Bancorporation of Tex. Inc., 282 F.3d 864, 867 (5th Cir. 2002) (per curiam). And before
imposing a disciplinary sanction, a court must find “clear and convincing evidence” that a party

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“committed sanctionable misconduct that is tantamount to bad faith.” Ali v. Tolbert, 636 F.3d
622, 627 (D.C. Cir. 2011).
For many of the reasons already discussed—in particular, the lack of any evidence of bad
faith—the Court will refrain from imposing any punitive sanction at this time and, consistent
with other courts, will instead adopt a policy of “progressive discipline.” In re Smothers, 322
F.3d at 442. The Court cautions the government that any future violations of Rule 57.7 or the
Court’s May 29, 2019 Order will trigger a range of potential sanctions. See ABA Standards for
Imposing Lawyer Sanctions § 6.2 (listing the sanctions of “admonition,” “reprimand,”
“suspension,” and “disbarment” as potential responses to an attorney’s violation of a court order,
depending on the severity of the violation (capitalization omitted)).
D.

Order Regulating the Parties’ Statements Moving Forward

Rule 57.7(c) provides that “[i]n a widely publicized or sensational criminal case, the
Court, on motion of either party or on its own motion, may issue a special order governing such
matters as extrajudicial statements by parties[.]” Local Crim. R. 57.7(c). The Court previously
suggested that a Rule 57.7(c) order might be warranted under the circumstances and ordered the
parties to brief the potential terms of such an order. May 28, 2019 Hr’g Tr. at 22–23, 45, 48–49.
In response, the parties appear to agree that the Court’s May 29, 2019 Order effectively serves as
a Rule 57.7(c) order and that the terms of that order are adequate and appropriate. See Concord’s
Supp. Br. at 11 (stating that the May 29, 2019 Order “is, for all intents and purposes, an order
entered pursuant to Rule 57.7(c)” and that “its terms are appropriate”); Gov’t’s Supp. Br. at 14,
Dkt. 139 (indicating that the “government does not oppose an order in this case further restricting
extrajudicial statements” and proposing terms similar to those already contained in the Court’s
May 29, 2019 Order). Accordingly, that order will remain in effect through trial.

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E.

Unsealing this Opinion and Related Materials

The Court initially chose to resolve this matter under seal to protect Concord’s interests
and enable a candid discussion of the redactions to the Special Counsel Report. However,
Concord now objects to that decision and requests that the Court unseal the May 28, 2019
hearing transcript, the Court’s May 29, 2019 Order, the parties’ supplemental briefs, and
presumably this decision as well. Concord’s Supp. Br. at 11–15. The government has requested
an opportunity to brief the issue before the Court decides whether to unseal these portions of the
record. Gov’t’s Response to Concord’s Supp. Br. at 9.
Before acting on Concord’s request, the Court will give the government an opportunity to
file an objection and propose any redactions if the materials are to be released. If the
government objects to releasing the materials, in whole or in part, it should address in its
opposition the public’s right to access those materials and any First Amendment concerns that
might arise from maintaining them under seal.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, it is
ORDERED that Concord’s motion for an order to show cause why Special Counsel
Robert S. Mueller, III and Attorney General William P. Barr should not be held in contempt is
DENIED;
ORDERED that the Court’s May 29, 2019 Order shall remain in effect through trial;
ORDERED that, on or before July 5, 2019, the government shall file under seal any
opposition to Concord’s request to unseal (1) the May 28, 2019 hearing transcript, Dkt. 144; (2)
the Court’s May 29, 2019 Order, Dkt. 137; (3) the parties’ supplemental briefs, Dkts. 139, 140,
142, 143; and (4) this Memorandum Opinion and Order. Concord shall file any response to the

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government’s opposition on or before July 11, 2019. Both parties shall include in their
respective filings any proposed redactions to these materials in the event they are released.

________________________
DABNEY L. FRIEDRICH
United States District Judge

July 1, 2019

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