June 2019, No. 109 Criminal Justice System Involvement and Measures of Health among New York City Residents, 2017 A person’s involvement in the criminal justice system may take multiple forms, including contact with police and with courts, through incarceration, probation or parole, and through involvement of their family members. Historically, many public policies and practices in the United States (US) have been shaped by racism and discrimination. This has created inequalities in the criminal justice system and other institutions that limit or promote opportunity based on race. For example, the US criminal justice system disproportionately affects Black and Latino/a individuals, their families and their communities.1 The US incarceration rate is now four times greater than it was in the 1970s and is the highest in the world.2 In 2017, New York City (NYC) had about 50,000 jail discharges,3 19,000 people on parole4 and 11,000 Stop, Question and Frisk encounters.5 In 2015, there were an estimated 33,000 children in NYC with a parent who had been incarcerated.6 Research studies suggest that some types of criminal justice system involvement are associated with poor health outcomes.7 However, health surveys often do not routinely include people involved in the criminal justice system, and few population-level studies have explored the health of this population. Using data from the 2017 NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDH) survey, this brief describes the prevalence of select criminal justice system involvement variables among NYC adults by key demographic characteristics and by self-reported physical and mental health and risk behavior. This information can be used to further understand the potential relationship between criminal justice system involvement and health. More than one in three adult New Yorkers, or 2.4 million people, have experienced one or more types of criminal justice system involvement • • • • In 2017, 29% of adult New Yorkers (an estimated 1.9 million people) reported ever being stopped, searched, or questioned by police. Nine percent (an estimated 577,000 people) reported ever being physically threatened or abused by police. One in ten (an Over 2 million adult New Yorkers have experienced one or estimated 639,000 more types of criminal justice system involvement people) reported ever being incarcerated or No CJS involvement, CJS involvement, 4,214,000 (64%) 2,370,000 (36%) under community supervision. Eight percent (an 3 or 4 1 type, 2 types, estimated 529,000 types, 1,434,000 624,000 312,000 people) reported having an immediate Criminal justice system (CJS) involvement refers to four specific types of experiences, including: ever stopped, searched, or questioned by police; ever physically threatened family member who or abused by police; ever incarcerated or under probation or parole supervision; or had an immediate family member who was incarcerated or under probation or parole was incarcerated or supervision in the last five years. This measure does not account for the frequency under community with which adults experienced each type of involvement. Prevalence estimates are age-adjusted and estimated number of adults are rounded to the nearest 1,000. supervision in the Source: NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Survey, 2017 last five years. Definition: Criminal justice system involvement: respondents were asked if they had ever been stopped, searched, or questioned by police; physically threatened or abused by police; incarcerated or under probation or parole supervision (“incarcerated or under community supervision” in the text); or had an immediate family member who was incarcerated or under probation or parole supervision in the last five years (“immediate family member incarcerated or under community supervision” in the text). Data Source: NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Survey 2017 is a survey of 2,335 adults aged 18 and older conducted by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene in 2017 to assess health and wellness. The SDH survey sample was drawn using both randomdigit dialing and addressbased sampling, with surveys completed via landline telephone or cell phone interview, web, or pencil-andpaper. Estimates presented here are based on selfreported data, which were weighted to the adult residential population per the American Community Survey 2015 and adjusted for the complex stratified survey design. Data are age-adjusted to the United States 2000 standard population. Authors: Kimberly Caramanica Zweig MPH, María Baquero PhD, Sharon B. Meropol MD, PhD, Ashwin Vasan MD, PhD Acknowledgement: Wen Qin Deng, MPH Epi Data Brief, No. 109 Page 2 Black New Yorkers, men, and people with a lower education level and lower income disproportionately bear the burden of criminal justice system involvement in New York City • Black New Yorkers were almost twice as likely as White New Yorkers to have been incarcerated or under community supervision (14% vs. 8%) and over three times as likely to have ever been physically threatened or abused by police (16% vs. 5%), or to have an immediate family member incarcerated or under community supervision in the past five years (13% vs. 4%). Black New Yorkers are more likely than White New Yorkers to report criminal justice system involvement Age-adjusted prevalence of criminal justice system involvement among adults by race/ethnicity,** 2017 Ever physically threatened or abused by police 16%^ 9% 4%* 5% Black Latino/a Ever incarcerated or under community supervision 4%* Immediate family member incarcerated or under community supervision in last five years 3%* 4% 8% 10% 11%^ 14%^ White 13%^ Asian **White, Black, and Asian race categories exclude Latino/a ethnicity. Latino/a includes Hispanic or Latino/a of any race. ^ Percentage is statistically different from White race/ethnicity (p<0.05). * Interpret estimate with caution due to small sample size. Source: NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Survey, 2017 • • Men were four times more likely than women to have ever been incarcerated or under community supervision (16% vs. 4%) and two and a half times as likely to have ever been stopped, searched, or questioned (43% vs. 17%), or ever been physically threatened or abused by police (14% vs. 5%). New Yorkers without higher education (those who only completed high school and those without a high school degree) were over twice as likely as people who completed college to have ever been physically threatened or abused by police (11% and 14% vs. 5%, respectively), incarcerated or under community supervision (14% and 17% vs. 5%, respectively), or to have an immediate family member incarcerated or under community supervision in the past five years (10% and 13% vs. 5%, respectively). • • Low income New Yorkers (with household incomes less than 200% of the federal poverty level (FPL)) were more likely than those with household incomes at or above 200% FPL to have ever been stopped, searched, or questioned (34% vs. 26%) and nearly twice as likely to have ever been physically threatened or abused by police (12% vs. 7%). US-born New Yorkers were more likely than those born outside the US to have been physically threatened by police (10% vs. 7%), twice as likely to have ever been stopped, searched, or questioned by police (38% vs. 18%) or incarcerated or under community supervision (12% vs. 6%), and almost three times as likely to have an immediate family member incarcerated or under community supervision in the past five years (11% vs. 4%). Definitions: Race and ethnicity: For the purpose of this publication, Latino/a includes persons of Hispanic or Latino/a origin, as identified by the survey question “Are you Hispanic or Latino/a?” and regardless of reported race. Black, White, and Asian race categories exclude those who identified as Latino/a. Poor physical health is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which physical health was not good. Poor mental health is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which mental health was not good. Frequent activity limitation is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which poor physical or mental health prevented the respondent from doing daily activities, such as selfcare, work, or recreation. Binge drinking is defined as consuming at least 4 (for women) or 5 (for men) drinks on a single occasion in the last 30 days. References: 1.The Sentencing Project. Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the United States Criminal Justice System; 2018. 2.National Research Council. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2014. 3.New York City Department of Correction. NYC Department of Correction at a Glance: Information for entire FY 2018. 4.New York State Corrections and Community Supervision. Community Supervision Legislative Report, 2017. 5.New York City Police Department. Crime and Enforcement Activity in New York City: Jan 1 - Dec 31, 2017. 6.Child Health, Emotional Wellness and Development Survey. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; 2015. 7.Cloud D, Vera Institute of Justice. On Life Support: Public Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration; 2014. Epi Data Brief, No. 109 Page 3 New York City adults with criminal justice system involvement report poorer health • • • • • • In 2017, NYC adults who were ever Adults who ever experienced criminal justice system involvement were more incarcerated or under community likely to report poor health, activity limitation, and binge drinking than those supervision were more likely than those who never did who were not to report fair or poor Age-adjusted prevalence of conditions by type of criminal justice system involvement, New health (28% vs. 18%); people who had an York City, 2017 immediate family member incarcerated a. Ever vs. never stopped/searched/questioned by police 33% or under community supervision in the 29% past five years were also more likely to 27% report fair or poor health than those 20% 18% 18% who did not (29% vs. 19%). 15% 12% Poor physical health was reported almost 11% 9% twice as often by people ever stopped, searched, or questioned by police (18% Poor Poor Frequent Binge Hypertension vs. 11%) and more than twice as often by physical mental activity drinking 4 people physically abused or threatened health 1 health 2 limitation 3 by police (29% vs. 12%), compared with those who never were. b. Ever vs. never physically threatened or abused by police 39% People ever stopped, searched, or questioned by police were more likely to 30% 29% report poor mental health (20% vs. 12%), 27% 24% 22% frequent activity limitation (15% vs. 9%), 21% and binge drinking (27% vs. 18%) than 14% 12% those who never were. 10% People ever physically threatened or abused by police reported poor mental Poor Poor Frequent Binge Hypertension 4 physical mental activity drinking health (27% vs. 14%) and frequent health 1 health 2 limitation 3 activity limitation (22% vs. 10%) twice as often as people who were not. They c. Ever vs. never incarcerated or under community supervision were also more likely to report 35% hypertension (39% vs. 30%) than people 31% 30% 27% never physically threatened or abused by police. 20% 19% 19% Similarly, people who were ever 13% 12% 10% incarcerated or under community supervision were twice as likely to Poor Poor Frequent Binge Hypertension report poor mental health (27% vs. physical mental activity drinking 4 13%) and frequent activity limitation health 1 health 2 limitation 3 (19% vs. 10%) and more likely to report 1 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which physical health was not good. 2 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which mental health was not good. 3 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which poor physical binge drinking (31% vs. 20%) than or mental health prevented the respondent from doing daily activities. 4 Consuming at least 4 (for women) people never incarcerated or under or 5 (for men) alcoholic drinks on a single occasion in the last 30 days. community supervision. Source: NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Survey, 2017 NYC adults ever incarcerated or under community supervision were less likely to have health insurance coverage than those who had never been incarcerated or under community supervision (82% vs. 90%). Suggested citation: Zweig KC, Baquero M, Meropol SB, Vasan A. Criminal Justice System Involvement and Measures of Health among New York City Residents, 2017. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: Epi Data Brief 109; June 2019. MORE New York City Health Data and Publications at nyc.gov/health/data Visit EpiQuery – the Health Department’s interactive health data system at nyc.gov/health/EpiQuery Epi Data Tables June 2019, No. 109 Criminal Justice System Involvement and Measures of Health among New York City Residents, 2017 Data Tables Table 1. Prevalence of reported criminal justice system involvement by the number of types experienced among New York City adults, 2017 Table 2. Prevalence of reported criminal justice system involvement among New York City adults, 2017 Table 3. Prevalence of reported criminal justice system involvement among New York City adults by demographic characteristics, 2017 Table 4a. Prevalence of health characteristics and insurance status by ever stopped, searched, or questioned by police among New York City adults, 2017 Table 4b. Prevalence of health characteristics and insurance status by ever physically threatened or abused by police among New York City adults, 2017 Table 4c. Prevalence of health characteristics and insurance status by ever incarcerated or under community supervision among New York City adults, 2017 Table 4d. Prevalence of health characteristics and insurance status by immediate family member incarcerated or under community supervision in last five years among New York City adults, 2017 Data Sources Data Source: NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Survey is a survey of 2,335 adults aged 18 and older conducted by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene in 2017 to assess health and wellness. The SDH survey sample was drawn using both random-digit dialing and address-based sampling, with surveys completed via landline telephone or cell phone interview, web, or pencil-and-paper. Estimates presented here are based on self-reported data, which were weighted to the adult residential population per the American Community Survey 2015 and adjusted for the complex stratified survey design. Data are age-adjusted to the United States 2000 standard population. Epi Data Tables, No. 109 New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene page 2 Table 1. Prevalence of reported criminal justice system involvement by the number of types experienced among New York City adults, 2017 Source: NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) Survey, 2017. SDH Survey included adults with landline phones and adults who can be reached by cell phone, as well as adults reached through Address Based Sampling. Data are weighted to the adult residential population per the American Community Survey 2015, and age-adjusted to the US 2000 standard population. Among those who have experienced any criminal justice system involvement Among all No criminal justice system involvement 1 type of criminal justice system involvement 2 types of criminal justice system involvement 3 or 4 types of criminal justice system involvement Prevalence 64.3 Lower 95% Confidence Interval 61.5 Upper 95% Confidence Interval Weighted N 67.0 4,214,000 21.6 19.4 24 1,434,000 62.1 57.5 66.5 9.4 4.7 7.8 3.5 11.3 6.2 624,000 312,000 25.9 12.0 22.0 9.2 30.3 15.4 Prevalence -- Lower 95% Confidence Interval -- Upper 95% Confidence Interval -- Criminal justice system involvement refers to four specific types of experiences, including: ever stopped, searched, or questioned by police; ever physically threatened or abused by police; ever incarcerated or under probation or parole supervision; or had an immediate family member who was incarcerated or under probation or parole supervision in the last five years. Denominator includes respondents who answered at least one of the criminal justice system involvement questions. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) are a measure of estimate imprecision: the wider the CI, the more imprecise the estimate. Population estimates are rounded to the nearest thousand. Epi Data Tables, No. 109 New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene page 3 Table 2. Prevalence of reported criminal justice system involvement among New York City adults, 2017 Source: NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) Survey, 2017. SDH Survey included adults with landline phones and adults who can be reached by cell phone, as well as adults reached through Address Based Sampling. Data are weighted to the adult residential population per the American Community Survey 2015, and age-adjusted to the US 2000 standard population. Prevalence Ever stopped, searched, or questioned by police Lower 95% Confidence Interval Upper 95% Confidence Interval Weighted N 29.3 26.8 32.0 1,941,000 Ever physically threatened or abused by police 8.7 7.2 10.6 577,000 Ever incarcerated or under probation or parole supervision 9.6 7.9 11.5 639,000 Immediate family member incarcerated or under probation or parole supervision in last 5 years 8.2 6.7 9.9 529,000 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) are a measure of estimate imprecision: the wider the CI, the more imprecise the estimate. Population estimates are rounded to the nearest thousand. Epi Data Tables, No. 109 New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene page 4 Table 3. Prevalence of reported criminal justice system involvement among New York City adults by demographic characteristics, 2017 Source: NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) Survey, 2017. SDH Survey included adults with landline phones and adults who can be reached by cell phone, as well as adults reached through Address Based Sampling. Data are weighted to the adult residential population per the American Community Survey 2015, and age-adjusted to the US 2000 standard population. Ever stopped, searched, or questioned by police Sex Lower 95% Upper 95% Confidence Confidence Interval Interval Prevalence p-value ± Ever physically threatened or abused by police Lower 95% Upper 95% Confidence Confidence Interval Interval Prevalence p-value ± Ever incarcerated or under community supervision Prevalence Lower 95% Upper 95% Confidence Confidence Interval Interval p-value ± Immediate family member incarcerated or under community supervision in last five years Lower 95% Upper 95% Confidence Confidence Interval Interval Prevalence p-value ± Male Female Race/Ethnicity1 43.3 17.2 39.0 14.7 47.6 20.2 <0.001 Ref. 13.5 4.6 U 10.8 3.1 16.8 6.7 <0.001 Ref. 16.2 4.0 13.1 2.8 19.8 5.7 <0.001 Ref. 7.2 9.0 White Black Latino Asian Other Education Less than high school graduate 31.2 33.4 29.7 14.9 34.2 * 27.1 27.9 25.1 10.5 22.2 35.6 39.4 34.8 20.7 48.6 Ref. 0.546 0.657 <0.001 0.677 5.2 16.3 8.7 3.8 * 30.8 * 3.5 11.7 5.9 1.7 21.5 7.5 22.2 12.6 8.2 41.9 Ref. <0.001 0.072 0.441 <0.001 8.1 14.2 10.0 4.3 * 22.9 * 5.5 10.0 7.2 2.1 12.7 11.6 19.8 13.7 8.8 37.7 Ref. 0.035 0.387 0.091 0.024 3.5 12.8 11.1 3.1 * 27.7 * 28.1 21.1 36.4 0.342 14.1 8.9 21.4 0.003 17.0 11.6 24.1 <0.001 12.8 8.3 19.3 0.009 21.1 32.7 0.099 10.7 7.3 15.3 0.005 13.7 9.6 19.1 0.001 10.2 6.9 14.7 0.023 High school graduate 26.5 D U 5.2 7.1 9.8 11.3 0.247 Ref. 2.2 9.2 8.1 1.3 17.0 5.5 17.6 15.0 7.1 41.8 Ref. <0.001 <0.001 0.783 <0.001 Some college College graduate Employment Status Employed 33.9 32.3 28.3 28.7 39.9 36.2 0.653 Ref. 10.4 4.6 6.9 3.3 15.4 6.3 0.009 Ref. 10.2 5.0 6.7 3.6 15.2 6.9 0.022 Ref. 8.2 5.3 5.5 3.7 12.2 7.4 0.119 Ref. 31.2 27.8 34.8 Ref. 7.4 5.8 45.8 30.6 0.166 0.047 11.0 12.0 6.4 7.6 7.1 7.8 7.8 11.8 18.9 17.3 Ref. 0.305 0.345 8.0 8.4 9.2 Ref. 29.7 19.0 9.2 12.3 11.7 10.8 37.4 24.3 Ref. 0.246 0.111 5.9 Unemployed Not in labor force Household Poverty <200% FPL ≥200% FPL Place of Birth United States born Born outside the United States 9.5 18.2 18.4 4.6 6.4 14.6 13.1 0.887 0.557 25.5 33.9 U 21.3 30.3 30.3 37.7 0.005 Ref. 11.7 7.1 8.5 5.4 15.8 9.2 0.028 Ref. 11.3 8.4 8.4 6.3 14.9 11.1 0.152 Ref. 10.4 7.0 7.8 5.3 13.7 9.2 0.059 Ref. 37.5 18.4 U 34.0 15.2 41.1 22.1 <0.001 Ref. 10.4 6.8 8.2 4.7 13.1 9.6 0.039 Ref. 11.8 6.4 9.4 4.6 14.7 8.9 0.002 Ref. 11.0 4.4 8.9 2.8 13.5 6.7 <0.001 Ref. 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) are a measure of estimate imprecision: the wider the CI, the more imprecise 1 For the purpose of this publication, Latino includes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, as identified by the survey question “Are you Hispanic or Latino?” and regardless of reported race. Black, White, Asian, and Other racialized categories exclude those who identified as Latino. * Estimate should be interpreted with caution. Estimate's Relative Standard Error (a measure of estimate precision) is greater than 30% or the sample size is less than 50, or the 95% Confidence Interval half width is greater than ten, making the estimate potentially unreliable. ± Measure of statistical significance of t-test. Bold p-values indicate statistical significant difference from the reference group. Ref. : Reference group D When reporting to nearest whole percent, round down. U When reporting to nearest whole percent, round up. Epi Data Tables, No. 109 New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene page 5 Table 4a. Prevalence of health characteristics and insurance status by ever stopped, searched, or questioned by police among New York City adults, 2017 Source: NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) Survey, 2017. SDH Survey included adults with landline phones and adults who can be reached by cell phone, as well as adults reached through Address Based Sampling. Data are weighted to the adult residential population per the American Community Survey 2015, and age-adjusted to the US 2000 standard population. Ever stopped, searched, or questioned by police Lower 95% Confidence Interval Prevalence Fair or poor general health 20.0 1 Poor physical health 17.5 Poor mental health2 20.4 3 Frequent activity limitation Binge drinking 4 14.5 U U Upper 95% Confidence Interval Never stopped, searched, or questioned by police Prevalence Lower 95% Confidence Interval Upper 95% Confidence Interval p-value ± 16.1 24.6 17.8 15.5 20.5 0.393 13.7 22.2 11.0 9.2 13.0 0.006 16.2 25.3 11.9 9.8 14.5 0.001 11.2 18.8 8.9 7.3 10.9 0.008 27.4 23.0 32.3 17.9 15.4 20.7 <0.001 Hypertension 33.2 28.5 38.2 29.3 26.8 32.0 0.166 Diabetes 10.0 7.3 13.5 12.7 10.7 15.0 0.159 Insured 88.0 84.0 91.0 89.3 87.0 91.3 0.509 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) are a measure of estimate imprecision: the wider the CI, the more imprecise the estimate. ± Measure of statistical significance of t-test. Bold p-values indicate statistical significant difference from the reference group. 1 Poor physical health is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which physical health was not good. 2 Poor mental health is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which mental health was not good. 3 Frequent activity limitation is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which poor physical or mental health prevented the respondent from doing daily activities. 4 Binge drinking is defined as consuming at least 4 (for women) or 5 (for men) drinks on a single occasion in the last 30 days. U When reporting to nearest whole percent, round up. Epi Data Tables, No. 109 New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene page 6 Table 4b. Prevalence of health characteristics and insurance status by ever physically threatened or abused by police among New York City adults, 2017 Source: NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) Survey, 2017. SDH Survey included adults with landline phones and adults who can be reached by cell phone, as well as adults reached through Address Based Sampling. Data are weighted to the adult residential population per the American Community Survey 2015, and age-adjusted to the US 2000 standard population. Ever physically threatened or abused by police Prevalence Lower 95% Confidence Interval Upper 95% Confidence Interval Never physically threatened or abused by police Prevalence Fair or poor general health 26.7 18.6 36.6 18.3 Poor physical health 29.4 21.1 39.4 11.8 Poor mental health2 26.7 18.7 36.5 13.5 Frequent activity limitation 22.3 15.0 31.9 Binge drinking4 24.0 17.0 Hypertension 38.6 30.7 Diabetes 14.6 Insured 87.6 1 3 Lower 95% Confidence Interval 16.2 Upper 95% Confidence Interval p-value ± 20.7 0.079 10.1 13.7 <0.001 11.5 15.9 0.005 9.9 8.2 11.8 0.005 32.7 20.7 18.3 23.2 0.433 47.1 29.8 27.5 32.3 0.046 8.8 23.4 11.9 10.2 13.8 0.464 81.4 91.9 88.9 86.7 90.7 0.641 U 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) are a measure of estimate imprecision: the wider the CI, the more imprecise the estimate. ± Measure of statistical significance of t-test. Bold p-values indicate statistical significant difference from the reference group. 1 Poor physical health is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which physical health was not good. 2 Poor mental health is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which mental health was not good. 3 Frequent activity limitation is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which poor physical or mental health prevented the respondent from doing daily activities. 4 Binge drinking is defined as consuming at least 4 (for women) or 5 (for men) drinks on a single occasion in the last 30 days. U When reporting to nearest whole percent, round up. Epi Data Tables, No. 109 New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene page 7 Table 4c. Prevalence of health characteristics and insurance status by ever incarcerated among New York City adults, 2017 Source: NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) Survey, 2017. SDH Survey included adults with landline phones and adults who can be reached by cell phone, as well as adults reached through Address Based Sampling. Data are weighted to the adult residential population per the American Community Survey 2015, and age-adjusted to the US 2000 standard population. Ever incarcerated or under community supervision Lower 95% Confidence Interval Prevalence Fair or poor general health 28.4 Poor physical health1 19.5 Poor mental health2 26.7 Frequent activity limitation3 19.1 Binge drinking4 30.5 Hypertension 34.6 D U Upper 95% Confidence Interval Never incarcerated or under community supervision Lower 95% Confidence Interval Prevalence Upper 95% Confidence Interval p-value ± 0.022 20.6 37.9 17.9 15.8 20.3 13.3 27.6 12.1 10.4 14.1 0.051 18.8 36.3 12.9 10.9 15.1 0.003 12.9 27.2 9.7 8.1 11.7 0.013 22.0 40.7 20.0 17.7 22.5 0.034 26.1 44.2 29.9 27.5 32.4 0.325 9.9 13.4 0.484 87.5 91.4 0.045 Diabetes 14.0 8.5 22.2 11.5 Insured 81.9 73.5 88.1 89.6 U 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) are a measure of estimate imprecision: the wider the CI, the more imprecise the estimate. ± Measure of statistical significance of t-test. Bold p-values indicate statistical significant difference from the 1 Poor physical health is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which physical health was not good. 2 Poor mental health is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which mental health was not good. 3 Frequent activity limitation is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which poor physical or mental health prevented the respondent from doing daily activities. 4 Binge drinking is defined as consuming at least 4 (for women) or 5 (for men) drinks on a single occasion in the last 30 days. D When reporting to nearest whole percent, round down. U When reporting to nearest whole percent, round up. Epi Data Tables, No. 109 New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene page 8 Table 4d. Prevalence of health characteristics and insurance status by family member incarcerated in last five years among New York City adults, 2017 Source: NYC Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) Survey, 2017. SDH Survey included adults with landline phones and adults who can be reached by cell phone, as well as adults reached through Address Based Sampling. Data are weighted to the adult residential population per the American Community Survey 2015, and age-adjusted to the US 2000 standard population. Immediate family member incarcerated or under community supervision in last five years Lower 95% Confidence Interval Prevalence Fair or poor general health Poor physical health1 2 Poor mental health Upper 95% Confidence Interval No immediate family member incarcerated or under community supervision in last five years Lower 95% Confidence Interval Prevalence Upper 95% Confidence Interval p-value ± 28.7 21.0 37.8 18.8 16.6 21.3 0.028 18.2 11.7 27.4 12.9 11.0 15.0 0.191 14.3 28.6 13.9 11.8 16.4 0.087 20.5 U Frequent activity limitation3 15.8 10.3 23.4 10.5 8.8 12.6 0.132 Binge drinking4 28.0 20.0 37.7 20.6 18.3 23.1 0.116 Hypertension 34.9 27.5 43.1 30.3 27.9 32.8 0.272 Diabetes 15.2 9.8 22.9 12.0 10.3 14.1 0.359 Insured 89.2 81.7 93.9 88.8 86.6 90.6 0.886 U 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) are a measure of estimate imprecision: the wider the CI, the more imprecise the estimate. ± Measure of statistical significance of t-test. Bold p-values indicate statistical significant difference from the reference 1 Poor physical health is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which physical health was not good. 2 Poor mental health is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which mental health was not good. 3 Frequent activity limitation is defined as reporting 14 or more days in the last 30 days in which poor physical or mental health prevented the respondent from doing daily activities. 4 Binge drinking is defined as consuming at least 4 (for women) or 5 (for men) drinks on a single occasion in the last 30 days. U When reporting to nearest whole percent, round up.