;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo
dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no, g]kfn

d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] lx/f;tdf oftgf / d[To'
;/f]sf/x¿sf] ;ª\If]k

k'; @)^#

-1-

  

d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] lx/f;tdf oftgf / d[To'
;/f]sf/x¿sf] ;ª\If]k
kGw  jifL{of d}gf ;'g'jf/nfO{ sfe ]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] kfFrvfnl:yt >L jL/]Gb  zflGt sfo{ tflnd
s]Gb df ;g\ @))$ km]a 'c/Ldf -zfxL_ g]kfnL ;]gf -g];]_sf] lx/f;tdf oftgf lbOPsf] / ToxfF pgsf]
d[To' ePsf] elgPsf] 5 . pgsf] zj ;f] s]Gb d} ufl8Psf] elgPsf] 5, hxfF g];]sf ;b:ox¿nfO{
;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo zflGt ;]gfsf] ld;gdf t}gfy ug'{eGbf cufl8 tflnd lbOG5 . dfgjclwsf/
b'Jo{jxf/sf cGo 36gfaf/]df h:t}, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] lhDd]jf/x¿nfO{ k"0f{ hjfkmb]xL
agfOg'k5{ egL lg/Gt/ jsfnt u/]sf] 5 / d}gf ;'g'jf/nfO{ lbOPsf] elgPsf] oftgf / To;kl5
ePsf] d[To'sf nflu Gofo vf]Hg ul/Psf k of;x¿sf] clen]v u/]sf] 5 .
;g\ @))% ;]K6]Da/df, tLj  ;fj{hlgs / cGt/f{li6«o bafakl5, tLghgf g];]sf clws[tx¿nfO{
;}lgs cbfnt;dIf NofOof] / d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] zjsf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ plrt k lqmof ckgfpg
ljkmn ePsf]df s]jn ^ dlxgfsf] sf/fuf/ ;hfo lbOof] . w]/} cg'/f]wsf afah'b g];]n] of] ;hfo
lbnfpg] cleof]ux¿sf] k s[lt pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no;dIf v'nf;f ug{, jf sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L jf
;}lgs cbfnt;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg b:tfj]hsf k ltlnlkx¿ o;nfO{ pknAw u/fpg Psgf;n]
c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . tL lhDd]jf/x¿sf] ;'g'jfO eO;s]sf] lyof] eGg] cfwf/df hfx]/L bvf{:t PkmcfO{cf/_ btf{ u/]kl5 ;'? ul/Psf] k x/L 5fglagnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ klg o;n] c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5
. ;fy}, gful/s cbfntdf cleof]hg u/fpg ;Sg] 5fglagnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg k x/L clgR5's
ePsf 5g\ .
of] d'2fdf Gofo gul/Psf] eGg] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] c8fg 5 . d}gf ;'g'jf/nfO{ lbOPsf]
elgPsf] oftgf / d[To'af/] k x/Ln], g];];Fusf] ;xsfo{df, k"0f{ 5fglag ug'{kg]{ / lhDd]jf/ elgPsf
clws[tx¿ tyf ;}lgsx¿nfO{ :jtGq gful/s cbfnt;dIf Nofpg'kg]{ o;sf] ljZjf; 5 .
of] d'2fdf k ultsf] cefj tyf g];]sf] tkm{af6 b]lvPsf] kf/blz{tfsf] cefj, h;nfO{ tn clen]v
ul/Psf] 5, n] pkrf/ vf]Hbf dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf kLl8tx¿ jf ltgsf cfkmGtx¿n] cem}
;fdgf ug'{k/]sf w]/} cj/f]w lrlqt ub{5g\ . dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gdf ;+nUg ePsf] cfzª\sfdf
;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 b]lvPsf] /fhgLlts OR5fsf]
cefjaf/] klg ltgn] uDeL/ ;/f]sf/x¿ p7fpF5g\ . o:tf cleof]hgx¿ kLl8t / ;'/Iffansf
;+:yfx¿ b'j}sf nflu kf/:kl/s ¿kn] nfek b x'g]5g\ / o;n] g]kfndf sfg'gL zf;gdf ljZjf;sf]
k'ga{xfnL ug{ ;3fpg k'¥ofpg]5 eGg] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] ljZjf; 5 .
d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] d[To'af/] g]kfnL ;]gfn] u/]sf 5fglag
g];]n] cfkm\gf] 5fglag slxn] ;'? u¥of] eGg] :ki6 geP klg d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] d[To'af/] cg';Gwfg
ug{ g];]n] klxn] sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{ / To;kl5 ;}lgs cbfntsf] :yfkgf u¥of] . @)^! r}t
! ut];Dddf sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L k"/f ePh:tf] b]lvof] / ;}lgs cbfntn] ;g\ @))% ;]K6]Da/df
cfkm\gf] km};nf hf/L u¥of] . cg]sf}+ cg'/f]w x¿sf afah'b g];]n] sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{ / ;}lgs
cbfnt;Fu ;DalGwt b:tfj]hsf k ltlnlkx¿ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg ljkmn
ePsf] 5 . t/, cGo ; f]tx¿af6 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] Pp6f b:tfj]h k fKt u/]sf] 5, h'g sf]6{
ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{sf] k ltj]bg ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] aLeT; oftgf / d[To'sf]
ljj/0fsf] j0f{g ub{5 / o;n] o:tf] b:tfj]h pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ ;Lw} pknAw u/fpg g];]n]
u/]sf] c:jLs[lt bfaL ul/Ph:tf] uf]kgLotf;DaGwL d'2fx¿sf] sf/0faf6 gePsf], a? b'Jo{jxf/sf]
ufDeLo{nfO{ 9fs5f]k ug]{ k oTgsf] cË ePsf] ;ª\s]t ub{5 .

-3-

 sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L
pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] k fKt u/]sf] k ltj]bgsf] k ltlnlkn] g];]sdL{x¿åf/f d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] oftgfdf
cfkm\gf] ;xeflutf :jLsf/ u/]s f jQmJox¿nufot sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{sf 5fglagx¿
;ª\If]lks[t u/]sf] 5 .
pQm k ltj]bgsf cg';f/, g];]sf clws[tx¿n] d}gf ;'g'jf/nfO{ sfe ]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] pgsf]
cfkm\gf] 3/af6 @)^) kmfu'g % ut] >L jL/]Gb  zflGt sfo{ tflnd s]Gb  kfFrvfndf nu] . ;f]
tflnd s]Gb df tTsfnLg k d'v ;]gfgL aaL vqL1sf] cfb]zadf]lhd Ps ldg]6 ^–& k6s kfgLsf]
Pp6f 7"nf] efF8f]df d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] 6fpsf] 8'afpg cfb]z lbg] b'O{ ;x;]gfgL;lxt ;ft g];] clws[t
/ ;}lgssf] pkl:yltdf pgnfO{ oftgf lbOof] . k ltj]b gsf cg';f/, ;}lgsx¿n] To;kl5 pgsf
leh]sf xft / v'§fdf rf/–kfFrk6s s/]G6 nufPÙ oftgf 8]9306f hf/L /Xof] / o;kl5 pgnfO{
tflnd s]Gb sf] kl/;/df ePsf] Pp6f ejgdf y'lgof] hxfF pgnfO{ cfFvfdf k§L / xftdf xts8L
nufP/ 5f]l8of]Ù pgn] kl5 jfGtf ug{ / d'vdf lkm+h sf9\g yflng\ / lrlsT;sLo ;xof]u
cfOk'Ug'eGbf cufl8 pgsf] d[To' eof] . sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{n] æoftgf lb+b} ;f]wk'5 ug]{ qmddf
oftgf ;xg g;sL lghsf] d[To' ePsf]Æ / æckl/kSj, cbIf 9ª\usf] oftgfk"0f{ Jojxf/ cdfgjLo
ePsf]Æ lgisif{ lgsfNof] .
sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{sf] k ltj]b gn] d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] oftgfdf ;+nUg clws[t / ;}lgsx¿n] of]
d[To'sf] 9fs5f]k ug{ k oTg u/]sf] klg lgisif{ lgsfNof] . zjsf] lk7\Ø"Fdf  uf]nL xflgPsf] /
o;nfO{ tflnd s]Gb leq ufl8Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 pQm tflnd s]Gb sf OGrfh{ dxf;]gfgLn] g];]sf]
lx/f;taf6 efUg vf]Hbf d}gf ;'g'jf/nfO{ uf]nL xflgPsf] eGb} agfj6L k ltj]bg tof/ u/] . sf]6{
ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{n] æ>L jL/]Gb  zflGt sfo{ tflnd s]Gb af6 Ps jif{ cufl8 k7fOPsf] ljj/0f;Fu
=== s'g} xfntdf klg ;xdt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g . pQm tflnd s]Gb sf tTsfnLg lgldQ k d'v
d= ;]= aaL vqLn] x'Fb} gePsf] s'/fnfO{ clt/l~ht tj/n] skf]nslNkt s'/fx¿ n]vL n]vfO
36gfsf] em'7f] ljj/0f === k7fPsf]Æ eGb} ;f] k ltj]bg 7f8} c:jLsf/ u¥of] . sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L
af]8{n] dxf;]gfgL aaL vqL, ;x;]gfgL ;'lgnk ;fb clwsf/L / ;x;]gfgL cldt k'glj?4 æ;}lgs
P]gadf]lhd sf/afxLsf] k lqmof cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{Æ l;kmfl/; k]z u¥of] .
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;}lgs cbfntsf] kl/0ffd
sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{sf] k ltj]b g tof/ eof] elgPsf] ef]lnkN6 @)^! r}t @ ut] g];]n]
cf/f]lkt kL8sx¿nfO{ cbfnt;dIf Nofpg cufl8 a9\g] egL k ]; lj1lKt hf/L u¥of] t/ sf]6{ ckm
OGSjfo/L af]8{n] d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] d[To' uNtL lyof] eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] s'/f j0f{g u¥of] .
^ dlxgfkl5, @)^@ c;f]h !! ut], ;}lgs cbfntn] tLg clws[tnfO{ nfk/afxL u/]sf]df bf]ifL
kfPsf] / ;f]xLcg';f/ ;hfo lbPsf] s'/f g];]n] ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff u¥of] . @)^@ sflQs # ut]
pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] tTsfnLg k wfg;]gfkltnfO{ Ps kq n]vL d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] d[To'sf nflu
pQ/bfloTj tf]Sg tyf plrt 9ª\un] lhDd]jf/x¿nfO{ ;hfo lbg ;}lgs cbfnt ljkmn ePsf]
egL lrGtf JoQm ub}{ hjfkm k7fof] . @)^@ dª\l;/ !( ut], pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] sfo{/yL
ljjfsåf/f ;}lgs cbfntdf sf/afxL rnfOPsf] / o;n] tLg clws[tnfO{ ædfgs sfo{ljlw /
cfb]zx¿ kfngf gu/]sf]dfÆ bf]ifL kfOPsf] k'li6 u/]sf] Pp6f kq k fKt u¥of] . kqcg';f/ ;}lgs
cbfntn] d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] zj Joj:yfkg ubf{ plrt sfo{ljlw ckgfpg ljkmn ePsf]df pQm tLg
clws[tnfO{ ^ dlxgf sf/fjf;sf] ;hfo ;'gfof] . ;}lgs cbfntn] Ifltk"lt{afkt b'O{ ;x;]gfgLnfO{

1

sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{sf] k ltj]bgaf6 aaL vqL, hf] 36gf ePsf] avt k d'v ;]gfgL lyP, nfO{ sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{sf] k ltj]bg
clGtd ¿kdf cfOGh]n;Dddf dxf;]gfgLdf a9'jf ul/;lsPsf] b]lvG5 .
-4-

 ? @%,))) / dxf;]gfgLnfO{ ? %),))) ltg{ cfb]z lbof] / pgLx¿ qmdzM Ps / b'O{ jif{;Dd
a9'jfsf nflu cof]Uo ePsf] km};nf ;'gfof] .
pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] To;kl5sf] g];];Fusf] cfkm\gf] kqfrf/df ;}lgs cbfntsf kl/0ffd k"0f{
¿kn] ckof{Kt lyP / ltgn] ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f efjL cfk/flws sfo{x¿ lg?T;flxt ug{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf
sd lyof] eGg] c8fg lnPsf] 5 . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] @)^@ sflQs # ut]sf] cfkm\gf] kqdf
æzfg];]n] kL8sx¿nfO{ Gofo;dIf pkl:yt ug{ ;xof]u ug{ GofononfO{ ;3fpg] cfzfÆ JoQm
u¥of] . of] d'2fsf] gful/s cbfntdf :jtGq 5fglag / cleof]hgsf nflu pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non]
cfkm\gf] jsfntnfO{ hf/L /fVb5 . b'ef{Uojz, of] aLrsf] jif{df, d}gf ;'g'jf/nfO{ lbOPsf] elgPsf]
oftgf / pgsf] d[To'af/] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf cg';GwfgnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ g];] ljkmn ePsf] 5
/ o;n] slxn]sfxLF ;lqmo afwf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . g];] k x/L 5fglagnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ klg ljkmn
ePsf] 5 .
g]kfn k x/LnfO{ ;xof]u ug{df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ljkmntf
d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] kl/jf/n] @))% gf]e]Da/df pgsf] d[To'sf] nflu lhDd]jf/ egL rf/ g];]sdL{sf] gfd
tf]s]/ Pp6f hfx]/L bvf{:t bfo/ u¥of] – dxf;]gfgL aaL vqL, ;]gfgL lg/~hg a:g]t, ;x;]gfgL
;'lgnk ;fb clwsf/L / ;x;]gfgL cldt k'g . ;'?df hfx]/L bvf{:t btf{ ug{ clgR5's eP klg
g]kfn k x/Ln] cGttM @)^@ sflQs @& ut] ;f] btf{ u¥of] . 5fglag ;'? ePotf g];]n] ;f]wk'5sf
nflu cf/f]lkt clws[tx¿;Fusf] kx'Fr glbP/ g]kfn k x/LnfO{ cfkm\gf] k"0f{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg
ljkmn ePsf] 5 .
sfe ] lhNnf k x/L sfof{non] @)^@ dª\l;/ @! ut] tflnd s]Gb sf anfWoIfnfO{ hfx]/L bvf{:tdf
gfd tf]lsPsf rf/ clws[t;Fusf] kx'Fr k x/LnfO{ lbOof];\ egL cg'/f]w ub}{ n]Vof] . k x/L cg'/f]w
tyf pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] @)^# j}zfv @! ut] k x/LnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ g];]nfO{ u/]sf] cg'/f]wsf
afah'b g];]n] cf/f]lkt clws[tx¿nfO{ g]kfn k x/Låf/f cfkm\gf] kmf}hbf/L 5fglagsf] qmddf
cGt/jftf{ lngsf nflu cf/f]lkt clws[tx¿nfO{ cem} pknAw u/fPsf] 5}g .
xfn;Ddsf] g];]af6 ePsf] c;xof]usf] ;a}eGbf :ki6 jQmJodf g];] sfg'gL zfvfsf ;xfos/yL
la= P= s'df/ zdf{n] @)^# h]7 * ut] ;}lgs cbfntn] km};nf u/]sf] x'gfn] rf/ clws[tlj?4
æsf/afxL ug{ Gofof]lrt gx'g]Æ egL sfe ] lhNnf k x/L sfof{nonfO{ n]v] . g];]n] pQm kqdf
oftgfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k pgsf] d[To' gePsf] a? ænfk/afxL, nx8afhL / ljj]s xLgtfk"0f{ sf/0faf6
ckgfPsf] unt k lqmof Pj+ k ljlw / lghsf] cfkm\g} dfgl;s b'j{ntfsf] sf/0faf6Æ ePsf] pNn]v
ub}{ d}gf ;'g'jf/nfO{ g} cfkm\gf] d[To'sf nflu cfFlzs ¿kn] bf]if nufPsf] b]lvG5 . rf/
clws[t;Fusf] kx'Frsf nflu cg'/f]w ub}{ @)^# h]7 @* ut] lhk sf sfe ]n] n]v]sf] kqsf] hjfkmdf
@)^# c;f/ % ut] k7fOPsf] kqdf g];]n] @)^# h]7 * ut]sf] cfkm\gf] c8fgnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofof] .
t}klg, g]kfn k x/Lsf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] ;fydf, @)^# c;f/ !@ ut]
zj pTvggsf] tof/Lsf nflu zj ufl8Psf] 7fpFdf lrgf] nufpg tflnd s]Gb leq k j]z ug{
lbOof], t/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ cl3Nnf] cj;/df tflnd s]Gb sf] kx'Fr glbOPkl5
pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] k wfg;]gfklt / g];]sf] dfgjclwsf/ zfvfnfO{ Pp6f kq n]v]kl5 dfq tn x]g'{xf];\_ .
@)^# sflt{s @# ut] g];]n] ;}lgs cbfntsf] lg0f{osf] k ltlnlksf nflu ul/Psf] cf}krfl/s
cg'/f]wsf afah'b k x/LnfO{ ;f] b:tfj]h pknAw u/fpg klg c:jLsf/ u¥of] .

-5-

 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{n osf] sfddf afwf
;/sf/;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f !$ cg';f/2, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] g];]sf] sf]6{ ckm
OGSjfo/L / ;}lgs cbfnt;Fu ;DalGwt b:tfj]hx¿sf nflu 3/L3/L c'g/f]wx¿ u/]sf] 5 .
pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] ;}lgs cbfnt / cGo b:tfj]hx¿sf nflu sfo{/yL k lbk k tfk ad dNn,
k"j{k wfg;]gfklt Kof/hË yfkf / g];] dfgjclwsf/ zfvfnufotsfnfO{ @)^@ ;fpg !#, @)^@
c;f]h !#, @)^@ sflQs #, @)^@ k'if * / @)^# c;f/ !( lnlvt cg'/f]wx¿ ug'{sf ;fy} s]xL
a}7sx¿df df}lvs ¿kdf eg]sf] 5 . oL w]/} cg'/f]wsf hjfkmdf g];]n] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{
;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/Ldfq pknAw u/fPsf] 5, / kL8sx¿sf gfd, cleof]ux¿sf] ;"rL, jf ;}lgs
cbfntsf] lg0f{osf] k"0f{ kf7 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ tflnd s]Gb df o;n] @)^# c;f/ !@ ut] u/]sf] e d0fsf] qmddf Pp6f
kmfOndf kx'Fr pknAw u/fP klg pQm kmfOndf sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L / ;}lgs cbfntsf s'g}
b:tfj]hx¿ ;dfj]z lyPgg\ . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] @)^# c;f]h ^ ut] sfo{/yL, g];]
dfgjclwsf/ zfvfsf k d'v tyf k f8 ljjfssf k d'v;Fu e]6 u¥of], h;n] pRrfo'Qmsf]
sfof{nonfO{ sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L / ;}lgs cbfntsf kmfOnx¿df kx'Fr lbg c:jLsf/ u/]sf]
s'/fnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofP .
g];]n] ;'?df pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ tflnd s]Gb sf] kl/;/leq d}gf ;'g'jf/ ufl8Psf] ljZjf;
ul/Psf] 7fpFdf ljgfaGb]h kx'Fr k fKt ug{ klg lbPg . @)^@ r}t @$ ut] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non]
tflnd s]Gb sf] e d0f ug{ vf]Hbf pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ kx'Fr c:jLsf/ ug'{sf
;fy} tTsfnLg clkm;/ OGrfh{n] pgLx¿;Fu v'nf ¿kn] clzi6 Jojxf/ u/] . tTsfnLg
k wfg;]gfkltnfO{ @)^# h]7 !! ut] pRrfo'Qmn] n]v]sf] kqdf lj:t[t ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Pem}+ pQm
tflnd s]Gb  ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo zflGt :yfkgfdf g];]sdL{x¿sf] t}gfyLsf nflu tof/ ug{ :yfkgf
ul/Psf] tYonfO{ x]bf{ pRrfo'Q msf] sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u ug{ lghn] u/]sf] c:jLs[lt ljz]if¿kn]
cfklQhgs lyof] . g];]n] To;kl5 of] æc;dembf/LÆaf6 ePsf] bfaL ub}{ pRrfo'Q msf] sfof{nonfO{
n]Vof] . dfly elgPem}+ g];];Fusf] yk kqfrf/kl5 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] cGttM ;f] s]Gb sf] e d0f
ug{ ;Sof] .
d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] oftgf / xTofsf] 5fglag ug{ /fghLlts OR5fsf] cefj
sfe ] lhNnf k x/L sfof{non] u/]sf k of;x¿sf afah'b d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] d[To';DaGwL 5fglagnfO{
cufl8 a9fpg / lhDd]jf/x¿nfO{ cleof]hg ug{ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 /fhgLlts OR5fsf] cefj
/x]sf] 5 egL pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no lrlGtt 5 . @)^# ;fpg ! / ebf} @) sf] aLrdf sfe ] lhNnf
k x/L sfof{no -lhk sf_, sfe ] lhNnfsf ;/sf/L jlsn -8LhLP_, kf6gsf k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn
/ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] aLrdf æbf]xf]/f] vt/fsf]Æ -cyf{t\, ;}lgs cbfntåf/f ;'g'jfO
eO;s]sf pgLx¿nfO{ gful/s cbfntåf/f ;'g'jfO x'g;S5 ls ;Sb}g eGg]_ d'2faf/] sfg'gL /fo
;DaGwdf z[ª\vnfa4 kqfrf/ eof] . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] hfgsf/Lcg';f/ ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf]
ljsf;qmddf g];]af6 cfjZos b:tfj]h a]u/ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] /fo lbg g;Sg] s'/f 8LhLPn] sfe ]
lhk sfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fof] . To;kl5 sfe ]sf] k x/Ln] b:tfj]hsf nflu g];];Fu ;Dks{ /fVg cg'/f]w
ub}{ ck/fw cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ kq n]Vof] . dfly hgfOPem}+, @)^# sflQ{s @# ut] g];]n] cfkm"n]
;}lgs cbfntsf] lg0f{osf] k ltlnlk pknAw u/fpg g;s]sf] hjfkm lbof] .
2

æsfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ g]kfnleq k j]z ug]{, aflx/ hfg] / b]zleq} cfjthfjt ug]{ :jtGqtf x'g]5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/n]
clwsf/k fKt clwsf/Lx¿;Fusf] ;dGjodf lgif]lwt If]qx¿df cfjthfjtsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ ;xh agfpg] 5 . sfof{nosf] sfof{b]zadf]lhd
k of]u ul/g] cfjthfjt ug]{ :jtGqtfdf lgDglnlvt ljz]ifflwsf/x¿ x'g]5g\M === -3_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] tf]s]sf / ljz]ifflwsf/
k fKt ;"rgf ;+nUg sfuhftx¿ afx]ssf sfof{nosf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;xL 9Ën] ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg{;Sg] sfuhft tyf ;fdu Ldf
kx'Fr .Æ dfgjclwsf/sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo pRrfo'Qm / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;/sf/aLr ePsf] ;+dmf}tf -clk n @))%_sf] wf/f !$ sf]
cg'R5]b !  [hf]8 lbOPsf]]  .
-6-

 æbf]xf]/f] vt/fÆsf] d'2faf/] ljleGg lgsfox¿aLr ePsf] ;~rf/sf] cfbfgk bfgn] 36gfsf]
5fglagdf cgfjZos / nfdf] l9nfO u/]sf]df pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no uDeL/ ¿kdf lrlGtt 5 . of]
36gfsf] 5fglag / cleof]hgdf k ultsf nflu jsfnt ug{ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] u[xdGqfno,
g]kfn k x/L / dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf jl/i7 clwsf/Lx¿;Fu e]6 u/]sf] 5 . dfly
hgfOPem}+, g];]sf 5fglagx¿af6 Pp6f :jtGq, kf/bzL{ / k"0f{ hfFra'em x'G5 eGg]df pRrfo'Q msf]
sfof{nonfO{ ljZjf; 5}g . d'2fsf] k x/L 5fglag sfo{df sfg'gL c8\rgx¿ 5}gg\ eGg]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no;Fu ePsf cfkm\gf a}7sx¿af6 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] a'em]sf] 5 .
pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] u[xdGqfnonfO{ @)^# c;f/ @#, ;fpg !( / xfn} c;f]h !! ut] tLgj6f
kq n]v]sf] 5, h;df pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] u[xdGqfnonfO{ g]kfn k x/LnfO{ d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] d[To'
;DaGwdf cfkm\gf] 5fglagnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ælåljwfxLg lgb]{zgÆ k7fpg cg'/f]w u¥of] .
pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] clxn];Dd oL lr6\7Lx¿sf] s'g} hjfkm kfPsf] 5}g .
@)^# dª\l;/ !% ut] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] lhk sf sfe ] / 8LhLPsf clws[tx¿;Fu e]6 u¥of] .
k x/Ln] cfkm"n] ;]K6]Da/ -ebf}–c;f]h_df g]k  k wfg sfof{no;Fu d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] zj pTvggsf
lglDt ljlwlj1sf nflu cg'/f]w u/]sf] t/ hjfkmsf] kvf{Odf /x]sf] s'/f atfP . sfe ]sf] g]k  /
8LhLPn] k x/L 5fglagnfO{ hf/L /fVgdf ca s'g} afwf gePsf] tyf æbf]xf]/f] vt/fsf]Æ k Zgsf]
;dfwfg geP tfklg zj pTvgg ug{ ;lsg] bfaL u/] .
lgisif{ / l;kmfl/;
d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] d[To'df hjfkmb]xLtf k bfg ug{ / efjL dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gx¿ lg?T;flxt ug{
b'j}sf nflu plrt lsl;dn] zj pTvgg ug]{ sfo{nufot lghfdtL clwsf/Lx¿åf/f d}gf
;'g'jf/sf] d[To'af/] ul/Psf kmf}hbf/L 5fglag k"/f ul/g' clt cfjZos 5 eGg] pRrfo'Qmsf]
sfof{non] c8fg /fVb5 . g];] ;}lgs cbfntsf] kl/0ffdn] uDeL/ ck/fw / dfgjclwsf/
b'Jo{jxf/x¿sf nflu ;}lgs Gofoflws/0fn] gful/s cbfntx¿sf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ k lt:yfkg ug{
;Sb}g eGg]df hf]8 lbG5 . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] uDeL/ dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gaf/]sf d'2f
;}lgs Gofoflws/0fdf geO{ gful/s cbfntdf rnfOg'kg]{ ckl/xfo{tf cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x¿n]
rfx]sf] 53 eg]/ g];]sf] 3/L3/L Wofgfsif{0f u/]sf] 5 .
o; ;ª\If]kdf jl0f{t c;xof]usf] Oltxf; / /fhgLlts OR5fsf] cefj b]lvPh:tf] eP klg
dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gstf{x¿nfO{ ltgn] u/]sf sfo{sf nflu hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;/sf/ /
;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ cfkm" uDeL/ /x]sf] g]kfnL hgtf / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{ b]vfpg cem} klg Pp6f
cj;/ 5 . o; ;DaGwdf pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no l;kmfl/; ub{5 M
– g];]n] d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] oftgf / d[To';DaGwL g]kfn k x/Lsf] cfkmgf] 5fglagdf, hfx]/L bvf{:tdf
cf/f]lkt kL8sx¿ egL gfd tf]lsPsf clws[tx¿;Fu lgjf{w kx'Fr k bfg ug]{, zj pTvgg ug]{
k of]hgsf nflu zj uf8]sf] 7fpFdf kx'Fr / ;f] d'2f;Fu ;Da4 g];]sf ;a} b:tfj]hdf
kx'Frnufot cfkm\gf] k"0f{ ;xof]u tTsfn
lbg .
– g];]n] sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{ / ;}lgs cbfnt;Fu ;DalGwt b:tfj]h x¿nufot pRrfo'Q msf]
sfof{non] cg'/f]w u/]sf ;a} b:tfj]h tTsfn pknAw ug{ .
3

oL dfkb08x¿nfO{ xfn} dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo cfof]uåf/f k'gM:jLs[lt k bfg ul/Psf] 5 M
æ;}lgs Gofoflws/0fx¿sf] If]qflwsf/ ljlzi6 ¿kn] ;}GosdL{x¿åf/f ePsf ;}Go s;'/x¿df dfq ;Lldt ul/g'k5{ / o;df dfgjclwsf/
pNnª\3gx¿ ;dfj]z ul/g'x'Fb}g, h'g ;fwf/0f 3/]n' cbfntx¿ jf pko'Qm ePdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf uDeL/ ck/fwx¿df
cGt/f{li6«o jf cGt/f{li6«os[t kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/cGtu{t kb{5g\ .Æ -O{÷;LPg= $÷@))%÷!)@÷Add.  ! / dfccf k :tfj
@))%÷*! df l;4fGt @( x]g'{xf];\_
-7-

 – u[xdGqfnon] d}gf ;'g'jf/nfO{ lbOPsf] elgPsf] oftgf / pgsf] d[To'sf ;DaGwdf ;a} ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿ / g];]sf] k"0f{ ;xof]u lnP/ zj pTvgg ug]{ sfo{nufot cfkm\gf] 5fglagnfO{ hf/L
/fVg g]kfn k x/LnfO{ tTsfn lgb]{zg hf/L ug{ .
– cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 tyf ;jf]{Qd cEof;x¿cg';f/ zj pTvgg ug]{]nufot d}gf ;'g'jf/sf]
36gf;DaGwL g]kfn k x/Ln] k"0f{ 5fglag ug{, h;n] ubf{ pgsf] oftgf / d[To'sf nflu
lhDd]jf/x¿nfO{ ;dod} Gofo;dIf NofOof];\ . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] zj pTvggdf ;xof]u
ug{ g]kfn k x/LnfO{ ljlwdfgjzf:qsf lj1x¿ pknAw u/fpg] eg]sf] 5 t/ g]k af6 o;nfO{
cufl8 a9\g ;Ifd agfpg cem} cf}krfl/s cg'/f]w k fKt ug{ cem} afFs L 5 .
;]K6]Da/df pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf clkm;/ OGrfh{;Fu ePsf] Pp6f a}7sdf, k wfg;]gfkltn]
pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ ;Da4 b:tfj]hdf kx'Fr x'g]5 / d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] d'2fdf æGofon] cfkm\gf]
af6f] k"/f ug'{k5{Æ eGg] cfZjf;gx¿ lbPsf lyP . oL cfZjf;gx¿ cg'/f]w ul/Psf ;a} b:tfj]h
pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ tTsfn pknAw u/fpg] / g];]n] k x/L 5fglagsf nflu ljBdfg
cj/f]wx¿nfO{ tTsfn x6fpg] sfo{df kl/0ft x'g]5g\ h;af6 d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] oftgf / xTofdf
lhDd]jf/x¿nfO{ Gofo;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] cfzf ub{5 .

-8-