1 Page 1 of 22 2Glossary and Bibliography 3 Glossary 4A 5Acculturation- the process of taking on another group’s culture. 6Activism- informed action or involvement as a means of achieving a political goal. 7Activism can manifest in the form of protests, demonstrations and direct actions, art and 8cultural production, lobbying and advocacy work, fundraising, writing, educational 9discussions, etc. 10Agency- the capacity of an individual to act freely and make independent choices in any 11given environment. 12Accompliceship- the process of building relationships grounded in trust and 13accountability with marginalized people and groups. Being an accomplice involves 14attacking colonial structures and ideas by using one’s privilege and giving up power and 15position in solidarity with those on the social, political, religious, and economic margins 16of society. This is in contrast to the contested notion of allyship which is often 17performative, superficial, and disconnected from the anticolonial struggle. 18American Indian- a member of any of the indigenous peoples of the western 19hemisphere, except those distinguished as Eskimos or Inuits. 20Androcentric- the privileging and emphasis of male or masculine interests, narratives, 21traits, or point of view, often in spaces where power is wielded. 22Anthropocentrism- the belief that human beings are the most important entity or species 23in the universe or human-centeredness. 24Asian and/or Pacific Islander (API)- An identity marker often used in the United States to 25describe people of Asian and Pacific Islander descent. 26Assimilation- the process whereby a historically marginalized person or group 27voluntarily or involuntarily adopts the social, psychological, cultural, and political 28characteristics of a dominant group. 29B 30Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS)- is a global social movement that currently 31aims to establish freedom for Palestinians living under apartheid conditions. Inspired by 32tactics employed during the South African anti-apartheid movement, the Palestinian-led 33movement calls for the boycott, divestment, and sanctioning of the Israeli government 34until it complies with International law. BDS proponents and organizers have called for 35the global community to boycott or withdraw support from Israel and companies 36associated with it. The second component of BDS calls for governments, banks, 37universities, and other institutions to withdraw monetary support (divestment) from Israel 38and its companies. And finally, the third component—sanctions—asks international 39governments to hold Israel accountable for its actions through legislation, trade and 40military agreements, among other measures. 41C 42Capitalism- an economic and political system in which industry and trade are based on 43a “free market” and largely controlled by private companies instead of the government. 44Within Ethnic Studies, scholars are often very critical of the system of capitalism as 45research has shown that Native people and people of color are disproportionately 46exploited within the system. In a capitalist economy, surplus value (profit) is generated 47from human labor and everything is commodified. 48Character- A combination of qualities (i.e. mental, moral, ethical, etc.) that render a 49person distinctly unique. 50Chicana/o/x- A contested social and political identity chosen by people living in the 51United States with Mexican and indigenous ancestry. The term with the ‘x’ is 52pronounced with an ‘-ex’ sound at the end of the word. Page 2 of 22 53Cisgender- a person whose chosen gender identity corresponds with their sex assigned 54at birth. 55Cisheteropatriarchy- a system of power that is based on the dominance of 56cisheterosexual men. 57Citizenship- a status granted to a person that has been recognized by a particular 58country as being afforded all the benefits, rights, freedoms, and access as a member or 59citizen of the country. Citizenship is also the relationship a person maintains with the 60country or state they are loyal to. Thus, citizenship also includes how citizens engage 61their communities through both political and non-political processes for the betterment 62of their community, state, and nation. 63Class- a category and identifier that denotes a person or group’s economic or social 64status. 65Classism- is the systematic oppression of subordinated class groups to advantage and 66strengthen the dominant class groups. 67Colonialism- a practice of domination whereby one country seizes control over another 68country or territory and its people via force, exploitation, and/or political control. 69Community- a social group of any size whose members either reside in a specific 70locality, share government, and/or have a common cultural background, struggles, 71views, or history. 72Community Responsive Pedagogy- the practice of teaching with the objective to meet 73the needs of a community. It is an approach of teaching to recuperate the education and 74learning of often marginalized diverse students in order to improve themselves, their 75families and their respective communities. 76Counter narrative- refers to the narratives that arise from the vantage point of those who 77have been historically marginalized. The idea of “counter" implies a space of resistance 78against the status quo. Page 3 of 22 79Consciousness raising/Conscientization- the enhancement of one’s knowledge, 80awareness, and concern around a particular social and/or political issue in order to 81advance social change. 82Critical race theory (CRT)- while manifesting differently, CRT is often engaged to offer a 83critical analysis of race and racism within a particular discipline, field, system of power, 84culture, etc. CRT draws on a collection of critical frameworks to better understand how 85race and racism are interwoven into the fabric of American society. 86Culture- the characteristics, creations, and knowledge of a particular group of people, 87place, or time. These characteristics include, but are not limited to, beliefs, customs, art, 88music, language, traditions, and religion. 89Cultural appropriation- the adoption of elements of a culture (i.e. clothing, jewelry, 90language/slang, iconography, textiles, sacred traditions, etc.) other than your own (often 91historically marginalized groups), without knowledge or respect for the original culture. 92Culturally responsive/relevant teaching- a student-centered pedagogy that is grounded 93in cultural competence. This method of teaching stresses the importance of educators 94being culturally sensitive and actively working to include parts of their students’ unique 95cultures and backgrounds into all aspects of teaching and learning. 96Cultural retention- the act of preserving or retaining the culture of a specific group of 97people, in particular the cultures of those that have been historically marginalized, or 98cultures that are feared of being lost or erased for a multitude of reasons. 99Cultural revitalization- is a process through which unique cultures regain a sense of 100identity through promoting heritage, languages or reviving traditions and customs. 101Cultural wealth- critical education scholar Tara Yosso introduced the term “cultural 102wealth” in 2005 in her work, “Whose Culture has Capital? A Critical Race Theory 103Discussion of Community Cultural Wealth.” The term speaks to a broader framework 104that encompasses various forms of cultural capital—aspirational, linguistic, familial, 105social, navigational, and resistance— that are used to empower people. More Page 4 of 22 106specifically, the framework is used to better understand and describe what knowledge, 107experiences, adversities, strengths, etc. students of color bring with them to educational 108settings. 109D 110Decolonization- the process of undoing colonialism. In the very literal sense, 111decolonization it is the act of formerly colonized countries working to establish their own 112independence. However, decolonization or decolonize is frequently used to describe the 113un-learning of hegemonic and oppressive systems, practices, and ways of being in the 114quest for self-determination. 115Dehumanization- when a person or group of people are deprived of human qualities. 116This process is often carried out when a dominant group abuses power and denies 117opportunities and rights from another group. 118Democracy- a form of government in which the people maintain political power and 119have the ability to express their politics and views, and vote freely in an electoral 120process. 121Diaspora- is the voluntary or forcible dispersal/movement of peoples from their 122homelands into new regions. 123Double Consciousness- This term was first coined by W. E. B. Du Bois in The Souls of 124Black Folk to describe how an individual’s identity might be divided into several facets or 125levels of consciousness. As a theoretical framework, double consciousness reveals the 126psycho-social divisions in American society, it describes the feeling of having a double 127identity or “twoness”. Thus, individual’s see themselves through their own eyes and lens 128and also through the eyes of others and society more broadly. 129E 130Empathy- the ability to understand another person’s thoughts, experiences, and feelings 131from their point of view. Page 5 of 22 132Empire- A group of nations, states or territories, or a major political unit that is controlled 133by a single government, leader, or military dominion. Within the field of Ethnic Studies, 134scholars often study the implications of Western empires and expansion on people of 135color globally. 136Enculturation- the process of learning one’s own group’s culture. 137Environmental racism- is a type of discrimination where people of low-income or 138minority communities are forced to live in close proximity of environmentally hazardous 139or degraded environments, such as toxic waste, pollution, and urban decay. 140Ethnicity- an identity marker based on ancestry, including nationality, lands/territory, 141regional culture, language, history, tradition, etc., that comprise a social group. 142Eurocentric/Eurocentrism- a worldview that privileges and centers the thoughts, 143practices, knowledge, history, systems of beliefs, and customs of the western world and 144people of western European descent more specifically. 145Equality- is a state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated 146group have the same status in certain respects, including civil rights, freedom of 147speech, property rights, and equal access to social goods and services. 148Equity- unlike equality where everyone is treated the same, equity is providing students, 149and people in general, with what they need to thrive. Equity is the promotion of fairness 150and takes into consideration different backgrounds, learning styles, and material 151realities to account for what each individual student needs to succeed. 152F 153Federal recognition- a status granted to Native American tribes that have gone through 154the process of being recognized by the U.S. federal government and have been 155granted sovereignty. There are over 300 federally recognized tribes across the U.S. Page 6 of 22 156Filipina/o/x- an identity marker for people who identify as having ancestry in the 157Philippines. Instead of using Filipina or Filipino, the “x” renders the term gender neutral. 158The term with the ‘x’ is pronounced with an ‘-ex’ sound at the end of the word. 159First Peoples- any of the indigenous peoples or Indian/Native communities of Canada. 160G 161Gender- western culture has come to view gender as a binary concept, with two rigidly 162fixed options— men and women. Instead of the static binary model produced through a 163solely physical understanding of gender, a far richer tapestry of biology, gender 164expression, and gender identity intersect resulting in a multidimensional array of 165possibilities. Thus, gender can also be recognized as a spectrum that is inclusive of 166various gender identities. 167Genocide- the intentional systematic destruction of an entire national, ethnic, racial or 168religious community. Moreover, the United Nations offers a much more expansive 169definition of this term that encompasses the various ways in which genocide manifests. 1 170H 171Hate crime- according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), a hate crime is 172defined as “a criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part 173by an offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, 174gender, or gender identity.” 175Hate incident- while similar to hate crimes, hate incidents are acts of bias against race, 176religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity, however, they 177do not meet the legal definition of a crime. 11 The United Nations defines genocide as, “any of the following acts committed with the 2intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, such 3as: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of 4the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about 5its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent 6births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.” Page 7 of 22 178Hegemony- the dominance or influence of one group over another, often supported by 179legitimating norms and ideas. Hegemony describes the dominant position of a particular 180set of ideas and their tendency to become commonsensical and intuitive, thereby 181inhibiting the dissemination or even the articulation of alternative ideas. 182Herstory- is a term used to describe history written from a feminist or women’s 183perspective. Herstory is also deployed when referring to counter narratives within 184history. The prefix “her” instead of “his” is used to disrupt the often androcentric nature 185of history. 186Heteropatriarchy- a system of society in which men and heterosexuals (especially 187heterosexual men) are privileged, dominant, and hold power. 188History- the study of the past, including, but not limited to: events, people, cultures, art, 189languages, foreign affairs, and laws. 190Homophobia- discrimination, dislike, prejudice, hatred, and a range of other negative 191feelings and/or actions expressed towards people that identify or are perceived as gay, 192lesbian, bisexual, or queer. 193Humanization- the recognition of the dignity, rights, and overall human qualities of a 194person. Humanization occurs when power is used to offer opportunity to people that 195have been marginalized. 196Human Rights- are the inalienable and basic rights that belong to all human beings from 197birth until death, these include: freedom, democracy, liberty, education, water, shelter, 198etc. 199Hxrstory- pronounced the same as “herstory,” hxrstory is used to describe history 200written from a more gender inclusive perspective. The “x” is used to disrupt the often 201rigid gender binarist approach to telling history. 202Hybridities- a term used to describe the crossing, intersection, and mixing of two or 203more distinct cultures, often to form new identities. Page 8 of 22 204I 205Identity- the qualities, expressions, beliefs, physical traits, cultures, and social statuses 206that comprise a person and/or group of people. 207Ideology- A set/system of social, political, economic, and/or psychological beliefs, 208values, and ideals that characterize a particular culture, school of thought, organization, 209or people. 210Imperialism- the extension of one nation’s dominance, power, or rule over another via 211policy, ideology, influence (social, economic, religious, etc.), or military. 212Indian- relating to or denoting indigenous peoples of North, Central, and South America, 213especially those of North America. Historically the term has been used as a slur or 214pejorative, however, there are some indigenous people that have reclaimed the term. 215For example, the use of “California Indian” has become more common to describe 216Native Americans in the state. 217Inequality- is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social 218positions or statuses within a group or society. 219Inequity- lack of equity; unfairness; favoritism or bias. 220Indigeneity- while “indigenous” has been used to describe people who are native to a 221specific land or locale, indigeneity builds upon that definition. Indigeneity is a framework 222and practice of seeing and understanding the world through an indigenous lens. 223Indigenous- refers to the native and original people of a particular land or territory. 224Intradisciplinary- working within a single discipline. 225Interdisciplinary- research conducted by educators and scholars that involves the 226intersection and integration of two or more disciplines with the goal of pushing 227knowledge production and theorizing beyond their disciplinary bounds. Page 9 of 22 228Internalize- the process of absorbing or incorporating often external beliefs, values, 229attitudes, and/or behaviors into one’s nature and consciousness. 230Intersectionality- an analytic framework that is used to describe how the interlocking of 231systems of power disproportionately impacts those with multiple marginalized identities. 232Institutional racism- the systemic normalization or legalization of racism and 233discrimination. This often emerges via the unequal and inequitable distribution of 234resources, power, and opportunity. Institutional racism is also referred to as systemic 235and/or structural racism. 236Institutions- an organization, establishment, foundation, society, or the like, devoted to 237the promotion of a particular cause or program, especially one of a public, educational, 238or charitable character. 239Islamophobia- hatred, discrimination, fear, and prejudice against Muslims and the 240overall religion of Islam. 241L 242Latina/o/x- terms used to identify men (Latino) and women (Latina) with ancestry in 243Latin America—Spanish speaking countries in the Caribbean and Americas. Latinx 244differs from Latina/o as the “x” renders the term gender-neutral and more inclusive. 245Thus, the term can be used by women, men, gender non-binary and trans identifying 246people. The term with the ‘x’ is pronounced with an ‘-ex’ sound at the end of the word. 247LGBTQIA- lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual. 248Liberation- the state of freedom. Within the context of Ethnic Studies, liberation is often 249used to describe social movements (i.e. Black Power, BDS, and others) whose aim is to 250achieve freedom through equal rights and justice. 251M Page 10 of 22 252Master narrative- is generally described as the colonially-derived story of events 253emphasizing monolithic, Eurocentric, and androcentric perspectives. 254Matriarchy- a government or social system in which women hold primary power, 255authority, and social privilege. 256Mestiza/o- a term used to identify someone of mixed race ancestry, often European and 257Native American or Latin American. 258Microaggression- a small or subtle comment or action that consciously or unconsciously 259expresses a prejudiced attitude, bias, derogatory, or hostile attitude towards a member 260of a historically marginalized group. 261Migration- movement of people, voluntarily or involuntarily, from one region to another. 262Multidisciplinary- research conducted by educators and scholars from different 263disciplines that are working collaboratively and drawing on each other’s disciplinary 264expertise for a particular project. 265N 266Native American- a member of any of the indigenous peoples of North, Central, and 267South America. 268Naturalization- the legal process by which a person gains citizenship to a country. 269Nepantlas- is a Náhuatl word that was adopted by Chicanx writers, scholars, and 270feminists to describe an “in-between space.” Chicana feminist, Gloria Anzaldua, was 271among the first to advance theorizing on the term, defining it as, a precarious space 272where transformation can occur. The term can be used to describe a variety of identity273related issues, including, race, gender, language, etc. Nepantla is the recognition of 274confusion, chaos, and messiness in one’s understanding of self and the world. Nepantla 275also provides room for self-reflection to better understand and work through this liminal 276space. Page 11 of 22 277Net worth by race- the disparity or inequality of wealth among races, specifically when it 278comes to financial capital in resources, income and savings. 279O 280Oppression- prolonged unjust and/or cruel exercise of authority or power over another 281person or group. Also, a sense of being weighed down in body, mind or spirit. 282The Four “I”s of Oppression- the four “I”s of oppression are: ideological oppression (an 283idea, concept, or theory whose qualities advocate for or can be interpreted as causing 284harm or upholding the views of a dominant group at the expense of others), institutional 285oppression (the belief that one group is superior than another and that the more 286dominant group should determine when and how those on the margins are incorporated 287into institutions within a society), interpersonal oppression (how oppression is played 288out between individuals), and internalized oppression (the internalization of the belief 289that one group is superior to another). 290P 291Patriarchy- a system of society in which men are privileged, dominant, and hold power. 292Pedagogy- the study of how skills and knowledge are exchanged between within an 293educational setting (i.e. classroom, workshop, training, etc.). Pedagogy is the method 294and practice of teaching. 295People of color- someone who is not white. People of color as a collective identity 296emerged as a response to systemic racism and to assert resistance and solidarity 297against white supremacy. People of color are a global majority. 298Political- Beyond relating to the affairs of government, political also describes the 299broader ideas, values, interests, and principles of a particular person, group, or party. 300Power- the ability or capacity to direct, influence, or determine behavior (social, political, 301economic, etc.) via authority and control. Page 12 of 22 302Pow wow- a Native American intertribal gathering where indigenous people honor their 303cultures through fellowship, dance, eating, singing, socializing, performing rituals, 304among other activities. 305Praxis- a cyclical process through which theory is transformed into practice and then 306reflected upon. 307Pre-Contact- is a term often used to describe civilizations and environments prior to 308colonialism or contact with an outside culture and non-indigenous people. 309Privilege- a special advantage or benefit not enjoyed by everyone. Within systems of 310power, privilege is often inherited and is informed by one’s identity. 311R 312Race- a social construct created by European and American pseudo-scientists which 313sorts people by phenotype into global, social, and political hierarchies. 314Racism- the belief in the superiority of one race over another. Racism manifests when 315power is used to deny access, rights, and/or opportunities to a particular group or 316person based on their racial background. 317Redlining- a discriminatory practice by which banks, insurance companies, lenders, etc., 318refused or limited home loans, mortgages, and insurance policies to historically 319marginalized groups (often Black people) to aide in the segregation of cities. 320Resilience- the ability to recover and/or adapt in the face of extreme adversity, trauma, 321stress, and difficulty. 322Resistance- an act of dissent or defiance aimed at an oppressive force. 323S 324Self-determination- the process by which a person establishes their own agency and 325motivation with the hope of controlling their own life. Page 13 of 22 326Self-reflection- meditation or serious thought about one’s character, actions and, 327motives. 328Sexuality- a person’s sexual orientation or preference. 329Sexism- discrimination based on someone’s sex or gender, often women and girls. 330Social- of or relating to the broader society, a specific community, or group. 331Social construct- an idea or system that has been created and broadly accepted by 332people in society; an idea or system that is not naturally occurring or inherent. 333Social justice- The equitable distribution of resources (rights, money, food, housing, 334education, etc.) to every individual regardless of ethnicity, class, gender, sexual 335orientation, religion, language, or nationality. 336Solidarity- unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a 337common interest; mutual support within a group. 338Speakers’ triangle- a method used in public speaking to engage an audience. The 339speakers’ triangle often requires speakers to be mindful of their movements (walking 340and gestures) as they develop their speeches. For example, if giving a persuasive 341speech with a three-prong argument, the speaker might start in one position for their 342first argument, move to another end of the room for the second, and shift to another 343position for the third, creating a triangle. 344Stereotype threat- according to psychologists Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson, 345stereotype threat is, “being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative 346stereotype about one’s group.” Within the context of their research, Steele and Aronson 347studied Black and White students’ performance on academic tests. They concluded that 348because Black students are often stereotyped as inherently “less competent” or lacking 349intellectual capacity, they would at times feel a desire to disengage from the learning 350process and perform those negative stereotypes, thus, impacting their performance on 351academic and standardized tests. Page 14 of 22 352T 353Transdisciplinary- research conducted by educators and scholars from different 354disciplines working together to create and innovate something entirely new that moves 355beyond existing disciplinary boundaries. 356Transphobia- discrimination, dislike, prejudice, hatred, and a range of other negative 357feelings and/or actions expressed towards people that identify or are perceived as 358transgender. 359Tribal sovereignty- the innate authority of indigenous tribes to maintain power and 360govern themselves within the United States, as recognized by the U.S. federal 361government. 362V 363Violence- the manifestation of extreme aggression in the form of damaging physical 364force, hostile actions, or use of one’s power to inflict emotional and psychological harm. 365W 366Whiteness- a social construct that has served as the foundation for racialization in the 367United States. Whiteness is the antithesis of Blackness, and is commonly associated 368with those that identify as white. However, Whiteness is much more than a racial identity 369marker, it separates those that are privileged from those that are not. Whiteness can 370manifest as a social, economic, political, and cultural behavior and power. For example, 371the “standard” or cultural “norm” are often always based on whiteness and by extension 372white culture, norms, and values. 373White supremacy- the belief that white people are inherently superior and represent the 374dominant race. It is an operationalized form of racism that manifests globally, 375institutionally, and through systems of power. Page 15 of 22 376Womanism- a term that was coined by Alice Walker in response to mainstream 377feminism’s focus on White women. Womanism emerged as a distinct space to advocate 378and fight for issues concerning Black women. 379X 380Xdisciplinary- The term signifying that Ethnic Studies variously takes the forms of being 381interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary, undisciplinary, and intradisciplinary, 382in diverse academic and everyday contexts. The holistic, humanistic, loving and critical 383praxis approach for teaching Ethnic studies. 384Xenophobia- prejudice and hatred, drawn from irrational fear, against people from a 385different country. Page 16 of 22 386 Bibliography 387Aldridge, Derrick. "The Limits of Master Narratives in History Textbooks: An Analysis of 388Representations of Martin Luther King, Jr." Teachers College Record 108 (April 4, 3892006): 662–86. 390Astin, Alexander. “Diversity and Multiculturalism on the Campus: How Are Students 391Affected?” Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 25, no. 2 (1993): 44–49. 392Au, Kathryn H., and Karen Blake. 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