Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 1 of 15

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________

)
CENTER FOR IMMIGRATION
)
STUDIES,
)
)
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
v.
)
)
RICHARD COHEN, et al.,
)
)
Defendants.
)
____________________________________)

Civil Action No. 19-0087 (ABJ)

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff, the Center for Immigration Studies (“CIS”), brought this civil suit against
defendants, Richard Cohen and Heidi Beirich, two individuals who operate the Southern Poverty
Law Center (“SPLC”), alleging a violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations
Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq. Compl. [Dkt. # 1]. Plaintiff alleges that defendants
conspired to violate RICO when SPLC designated CIS a “hate group” in 2016. Id. ¶¶ 13, 28.
Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. # 11] (“Defs.’ Mot.”), and plaintiff
opposed the motion. Pl.’s Opp. to Defs.’ Mot. [Dkt. # 13] (“Pl.’s Opp.”). Because plaintiff has
not sufficiently alleged a predicate offense or a pattern of racketeering, the Court will grant
defendants’ motion to dismiss.
BACKGROUND
The Center for Immigration Studies (“CIS”) is a non-profit organization incorporated in
Washington, D.C. Compl. ¶ 3. CIS’s mission is “providing immigration policymakers, the
academic community, news media, and concerned citizens with reliable information about the

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 2 of 15

social, economic, environmental, security, and fiscal consequences of legal and illegal immigration
into the United States. Id. ¶ 16.
The Southern Poverty Law Center (“SPLC”) is a non-profit organization with its
headquarters in Montgomery, Alabama. Compl. ¶ 7. The organization monitors and publishes
investigative reports and expert analyses on groups that it identifies as extremist “hate groups.”
Id. ¶ 11. Defendant Heidi Beirich leads SPLC’s Intelligence Project, which publishes a blog called
“Hatewatch.” Id. ¶ 8.

Richard Cohen is the President of SPLC, and as plaintiff puts it,

“collaborates with Beirich in designating hate groups.” Id. ¶ 9.
Plaintiff alleges that Cohen and Beirich designated CIS to be a hate group in 2016, although
they knew that CIS did not meet SPLC’s definition for a hate group. Compl. ¶¶ 13, 18. SPLC’s
definition is “an organization that – based on its official statements or principles, the statements of
its leaders, or its activities – has beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people,
typically for their immutable characteristics.” Id. ¶ 14. SPLC went on to publish thirteen blog
posts on Hatewatch in which SPLC “reiterat[ed] that CIS was a hate group.” Id. ¶ 19.
According to plaintiff, because being an immigrant is not an immutable characteristic,
Compl. ¶ 15, and because the principles of CIS do not attack or malign an entire class of people,
defendants’ hate group designation constitutes the crime of wire fraud within the meaning of 18
U.S.C. § 1343 because the blog posts were transmitted on the internet. Id. ¶¶ 20, 28. Plaintiff
asserts that defendants’ goal was to “wreck” and “destroy” CIS financially. Id. ¶ 22.
Plaintiff asserts that it has suffered damages in the form of lost donations. In 2018, the
AmazonSmile Program removed CIS from its list of non-profit organizations eligible for
donations. Compl. ¶ 23. This has resulted in a loss of “at least $10,000 in donations to date and
damages are ongoing.” Id. ¶ 24. Plaintiff also asserts that Guidestar USA, Inc., a non-profit

2

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 3 of 15

watchdog, published SPLC’s designation of CIS as a hate group on its website. Id. ¶ 25. CIS
undertook an effort to remove the designation, and while GuideStar ultimately removed it, plaintiff
maintains that this caused a “diversion of resources from CIS’ mission and likely deterred
contributions.” Id.
On January 16, 2019, plaintiff filed a complaint in this court alleging defendants conspired
to violate RICO when they falsely designated plaintiff as a hate group in furtherance of a scheme
to destroy plaintiff. Compl. ¶¶ 28–31. Plaintiff seeks judgment against defendants for treble
damages and “an injunction prohibiting defendants from again calling CIS a hate group and
requiring defendants to state on the SPLC website that CIS is not a hate group, pursuant to 18
U.S.C. § 1964(a).” Id. ¶¶ 32–33.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“To survive a [Rule 12(b)(6)] motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009), quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In Iqbal,
the Supreme Court reiterated the two principles underlying its decision in Twombly: “First, the
tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable
to legal conclusions.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. And “[s]econd, only a complaint that states a
plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss.” Id. at 679, citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at
556.
A claim is facially plausible when the pleaded factual content “allows the court to draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
678. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than
a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. A pleading must offer more than

3

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 4 of 15

“labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” id.,
quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, and “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id.
In evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a court must “treat the complaint’s
factual allegations as true and must grant plaintiff ‘the benefit of all inferences that can be derived
from the facts alleged.’” Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000)
(internal citation omitted), quoting Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C. Cir. 1979);
see also Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. FDIC, 642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011), quoting Thomas v.
Principi, 394 F.3d 970, 972 (D.C. Cir. 2005). Therefore, when considering a motion to dismiss, a
court must construe a complaint liberally in the plaintiff’s favor. Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns Corp.,
16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994). Nevertheless, the court need not accept inferences drawn by
the plaintiff if those inferences are unsupported by facts alleged in the complaint, nor must the
court accept plaintiff’s legal conclusions. Id.; see also Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242
(D.C. Cir. 2002). In ruling upon a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a court may
ordinarily consider only “the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached as exhibits or
incorporated by reference in the complaint, and matters about which the Court may take judicial
notice.” Gustave-Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F. Supp. 2d 191, 196 (D.D.C. 2002), citing EEOC v. St.
Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624–25 (D.C. Cir. 1997).

4

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 5 of 15

ANALYSIS
Defendants have made several arguments in support of their motion to dismiss: (1) plaintiff
fails to allege a cognizable predicate offense under RICO; (2) plaintiff fails to allege a pattern of
racketeering activity; (3) plaintiff fails to allege each defendant’s participation in the scheme; (4)
plaintiff fails to allege proximate causation between the predicate acts and the alleged harm; and
(5) plaintiff’s RICO claim is actually a defamation claim which is barred by the First Amendment,
as is the injunctive relief plaintiffs seek. Defs.’ Mot. at 9–19.
The Court finds that plaintiff has failed to allege the predicate offense and a pattern of
racketeering necessary for a RICO claim. Thus, plaintiff’s lawsuit fails and the Court need not
address defendants’ other arguments.
To state a claim for a RICO conspiracy, “the complaint must allege that (1) two or more
people agreed to commit a subsection (c) offense, and (2) a defendant agreed to further that
endeavor.” RSM Prod. Corp. v. Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer U.S. LLP, 682 F.3d 1043, 1048
(D.C. Cir. 2012), citing Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52, 65 (1997); see 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d).
Subsection (c) provides that:
It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any
enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign
commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of
such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or
collection of unlawful debt.
18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). Congress enacted § 1962(c), and RICO generally, “to target . . . the
exploitation and appropriation of legitimate business by corrupt individuals.” Yellow Bus Lines,
Inc. v. Drivers, Chauffeurs & Helpers Local Union 639, 883 F.2d 132, 139 (D.C. Cir.
1989), modified on other grounds, 913 F.2d 948 (D.C. Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1222
(1991) (citation omitted). Section 1964(c) allows “[a]ny person injured in his business or property
5

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 6 of 15

by reason of a violation of section 1962” to bring a civil suit for treble damages, costs, and
attorneys’ fees. § 1964(c).
I.

Plaintiff has failed to allege a predicate offense.

Plaintiff’s RICO claim is predicated upon alleged violations of the wire fraud statute, 18
U.S.C. § 1343, Compl. ¶¶ 20, 28, which is listed as a predicate offense under 18 U.S.C. 1961(1)(B).
Section 1343 provides that:
Whoever, having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to
defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent
pretenses, representations, or promises, transmits or causes to be transmitted
by means of wire, radio, or television communication in interstate or foreign
commerce, any writings … for the purpose of executing such scheme or
artifice, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years,
or both.
Wire fraud requires proof of (1) a scheme to defraud; and (2) the use of an interstate wire
communication to further the scheme. United States v. Philip Morris USA Inc., 566 F.3d 1095,
1116 (D.C. Cir. 2009); United States v. Maxwell, 920 F.2d 1028, 1035 (D.C. Cir. 1990). “The
crux of these requirements is that the wire fraud statute makes criminal only breaches of duty that
are accompanied by a misrepresentation or non-disclosure that is intended or is contemplated to
deprive the person to whom the duty is owed of some legally significant benefit.” United States
v. Lemire, 720 F.2d 1327, 1335 (D.C. Cir. 1983), reaffirmed in United States v. DeFries, 129 F.3d
1293 (D.C. Cir. 1997). False or partially false statements can be “actionable fraud if intentionally
misleading as to facts,” Philip Morris, 566 F.3d at 1128, and the fraud results in action that is “to
the advantage of the misleader and the disadvantage of the misled.” Id., quoting Emery v. Am.
Gen. Fin., Inc., 71 F.3d 1343, 1348 (7th Cir. 1995).
“Inherent in any scheme to defraud is falsehood of some kind.” Manax v. McNamara, 660
F. Supp. 657, 660 (W.D. Tex. 1987), aff’d, 842 F.2d 808 (5th Cir. 1988). While a “scheme to

6

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 7 of 15

defraud” encompasses the element of materiality of the falsehood, “[t]he common-law
requirements of ‘justifiable reliance’ and ‘damages,’ . . . plainly have no place in the federal fraud
statutes.” Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 24–25 (1999); see Bridge v. Phoenix Bond &
Indemnity Co., 553 U.S. 639, 650–661 (2008) (“[A] plaintiff asserting a RICO claim predicated
on mail fraud need not show, either as an element of its claim or as a prerequisite to establishing
proximate causation, that it relied on the defendant’s alleged misrepresentations.”). Essential to
the scheme to defraud is that “the defendant must have fraudulent intent at the time of the charged”
wiring. United States v. Coughlin, 610 F.3d 89, 97–98 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (discussing mail fraud
statute); United States v. Autuori, 212 F.3d 105, 115 (2d Cir. 2000).
Defendants argue that plaintiff has failed to state a claim for wire fraud, and instead, it has
alleged “garden-variety defamation.” Defs.’ Mot. at 10. They maintain that “merely pleading the
word ‘fraud’ does not transform the public statements into fraud.” Defs.’ Reply in Supp. of Defs.’
Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. # 14] at 4. Plaintiff argues that this fraudulent statement is actionable
because they have alleged a factual misrepresentation, and that they are not seeking to redress
harm to its reputation. Pl.’s Opp. at 8–9.
Plaintiff maintains that defendants committed fraud when they did not adhere to SPLC’s
own internal definition when they categorized CIS as a hate group. Compl. ¶¶ 18, 21. SPLC’s
definition of “hate group” is: “an organization that – based on its official statements or principles,
the statements of its leaders, or its activities – has beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire
class of people, typically for their immutable characteristics.” Id. ¶ 14. Plaintiff alleges that: being
an illegal immigrant is not an immutable characteristic, id. ¶ 15; CIS provides the public with
information regarding immigration in the United States, including the “fiscal consequences of legal
and illegal immigration,” id. ¶ 16; CIS’s motto is “pro immigrant, low immigration,” id.; and to

7

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 8 of 15

the extent that CIS supports reductions in legal or illegal immigration, those views are consistent
with bipartisan commissions. Id. ¶ 17. From this, plaintiff asserts that defendants knew or should
have known that the designation did not satisfy the SPLC definition, and it concludes that the
designation under those circumstances constituted a scheme to defraud with the intent to destroy
CIS financially. Id. ¶¶ 18, 21, 22.
The Court agrees with defendants that plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for the crime
of wire fraud, because plaintiff has failed to allege that any fraud occurred. Plaintiff’s allegations
do not lend support for its legal conclusion that defendants engaged in a “scheme to defraud.”
Significantly, the complaint is devoid of any allegation that defendants made a statement that was
false. The upshot of the complaint is that defendants advanced a conclusion that was debatable,
and that this expression of a flawed opinion harmed plaintiff’s reputation.
First, defendants’ designation does not concern a “fact” – whether or not SPLC adhered to
its definition to designate CIS to be a hate group is an entirely subjective inquiry. Indeed, when
SPLC designated CIS a hate group according to its own definition – and not some legal or
government definition – it was announcing that, in its view, CIS is a hate group. 1 See De Magno
v. United States, 636 F.2d 714, 720 n.9 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (where defendant qualified her statement
with “it seemed to her,” thus making clear that what she had to say was only an opinion, it did not
constitute fraud). And, it is not even clear from the complaint whether defendants failed to adhere
to their definition of a hate group since it could encompass a wide variety of views and behavior.

1
Defendants point out that allowing a RICO claim to stand based upon their hate group
designation implicates First Amendment concerns. Defs.’ Mot. at 15–19. Because the Court finds
that plaintiff has failed to state a claim under RICO, it need not address defendants’ First
Amendment arguments.
8

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 9 of 15

Plaintiff asserts that being an immigrant is not an immutable characteristic, but the SPLC definition
does not require the presence of an immutable characteristic. Compl. ¶¶ 14–15.
Plaintiff argues that SPLC’s definition is “objective and factual” and cites the district court
opinion in United States v. Philip Morris for the contention that the designation is actionable. Pl.’s
Opp. at 9. In that case, the court found that statements regarding the effects of cigarettes were
factual enough to be actionable as wire fraud. 449 F. Supp. 2d 1, 853 (D.D.C. 2006), aff’d in part,
vacated on other grounds, 566 F.3d 1095 (D.C. Cir. 2009). The statements at issue concerned the
hazards of smoking and the company’s marketing policies: company officials maintained that
nicotine was not addictive; they denied that they marketed cigarettes to youths, and they marketed
“low tar” cigarettes as safer than regular cigarettes, among others. Id. at 852–53. The court
recognized that typically, “a statement of opinion cannot constitute fraud,” id. at 853, citing De
Magno, 636 F.2d at 720 n.9, but found that there was “overwhelming evidence” that defendants
knew that their public statements were fraudulent, and that “where objective data is available to
disprove a statement or demonstrate that it is misleading at the time it was made, a public statement
of opinion by a company spokesperson can constitute actionable fraud.” Id.
The statements at issue here do not come close to those in Philip Morris. They do not
depend upon objective data or evidence, and there is no basis upon which to establish whether they
were known to be false when made. See Marks v. City of Seattle, No. C03-1701, 2003 WL
23024522 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 16, 2003) (finding failure to state a predicate act for a RICO claim
where plaintiff, a city employee, pled that defendant aired a broadcast stating that she used city
equipment for personal business, scheduled unnecessary overtime, and used the City rental cars
for personal use, because the false statements pled were defamation or false light, and not “false
statements in the sense of fraudulent misrepresentation”); see also Mansmann v. Smith, No. Civ.

9

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 10 of 15

A. 96-5768, 1997 WL 145009 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 21, 1997) (dismissing plaintiff’s RICO claim for
failure to state a predicate offense and noting that “it is not clear anything fraudulent is alleged;
rather, plaintiffs appear to be listing a number of state law tort claims that Defendants allegedly
accomplished by means of mail and wire services” where defendants allegedly made false
statements discrediting plaintiff’s business with the goal of injuring it).
Second, plaintiff has clearly tried to shoehorn a defamation claim into the RICO
framework. But the D.C. Circuit has observed that a plaintiff “complaining about a defamatory
statement cannot end-run the requirements for a defamation claim” by pleading it as a RICO
violation. See Teltschik v. Williams & Jensen, PLLC, 748 F.3d 1285, 1288 (D.C. Cir. 2014). Other
district courts have not looked favorably at attempts to do so. See Kimberlin v. Nat’l Bloggers
Club, No. GJH-13-3059, 2015 WL 1242763, at *9 (D. Md. Mar. 17, 2015) (dismissing plaintiff’s
RICO claim for the additional reason that it “reflect[ed] more of an attempt to spin an alleged
scheme to harm his reputation than it reflects a viable RICO claim”); Ritchie v. Sempra Energy,
No. 10-cv-1513, 2013 WL 12171757 at *4 (S.D. Ca. Oct. 15, 2013) (finding that allegations of a
smear campaign, through a website and press releases, containing false statements regarding
market analysis, designed to injury the company’s good will and lower its stock prices, did not
state a predicate offense under RICO); Kimm v. Lee, No. 04 CIV. 5724 (HB), 2005 WL 89386, at
*4 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 13, 2005), aff’d sub nom. Kimm v. Chang Hoon Lee & Champ, Inc., 196 F.
App’x 14 (2d Cir. 2006) (dismissing plaintiff’s RICO claim where plaintiff alleged false
statements perpetrated to harm his reputation); Manax v. McNamara, 660 F. Supp. 657, 660 (W.D.
Tex. 1987), aff’d, 842 F.2d 808 (5th Cir. 1988) (where defendant coordinated false and misleading
press articles harmful to plaintiff, the scheme was not a fraud on tangible or intangible rights, but
rather was damage to his reputation and thus could not be a predicate act under RICO). And, the

10

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 11 of 15

law is clear that defamation is not a predicate act under RICO. Hourani v. Mirtchev, 796 F.3d 1
(D.C. Cir. 2015). Thus, because plaintiff has failed to sufficiently allege wire fraud, plaintiff has
failed to state a predicate offense to sustain its RICO claim. 2
The Court’s conclusion is consistent with the D.C. Circuit’s admonition regarding RICO
claims premised on mail fraud or wire fraud in general:
RICO claims premised on mail or wire fraud must be particularly
scrutinized because of the relative ease with which a plaintiff may mold a
RICO pattern from allegations that, upon closer scrutiny, do not support it
. . . . This caution stems from the fact that “[i]t will be the unusual fraud
that does not enlist the mails and wires in its service at least twice.”
W. Assocs. Ltd. P’ship, ex rel. Ave. Assocs. Ltd. P’ship v. Mkt. Square Assocs., 235 F.3d 629, 637
(D.C. Cir. 2001), quoting Al–Abood ex rel. Al–Abood v. El–Shamari, 217 F.3d 225, 238 (4th Cir.

2
Defendants also argue that plaintiff has failed to state a claim for wire fraud because it has
not pled that defendants intended to obtain money or property through their scheme. Defs.’ Mot.
at 10–11. Plaintiff argues that this is not a required element for wire fraud. The D.C. Circuit has
not ruled on this issue, and the circuit courts currently stand divided. Given the other flaws in the
complaint, the Court need not wade into the thicket. Compare Monterey Plaza Hotel Ltd. P’ship
v. Local 483 of Hotel Employees & Rest. Employees Union, 215 F.3d 923, 926–27 (9th Cir. 2000)
(stating that the wire fraud statute “explicitly require[s] an intent to obtain “money or property”);
United States v. Keller, 14 F.3d 1051, 1056 (5th Cir. 1994) (The requisite intent to defraud exists
if the defendant acts “knowingly and with the specific intent to deceive, ordinarily for the purpose
of causing some financial loss to another or bringing about some financial gain to [himself].”);
United States v. Walters, 997 F.2d 1219, 1227 (7th Cir. 1993) (“Both the ‘scheme or artifice to
defraud’ clause and the ‘obtaining money or property’ clause of § 1343 contemplate a transfer of
some kind . . . . A deprivation is a necessary but not a sufficient condition of mail fraud.”); United
States v. Baldinger, 838 F.2d 176, 180 (6th Cir. 1988) (finding that the mail fraud statute, which
has virtually identical language to the wire fraud statute, “was intended by the Congress only to
reach schemes that have as their goal the transfer of something of economic value to the
defendant”) (internal quotation marks omitted) with Porcelli v. United States, 404 F.3d 157, 162
(2d Cir. 2005) (finding that an element of mail fraud is that money or property be the object of the
scheme, so that the crime is complete when a deprivation occurs), citing United States v. Hedaithy,
392 F.3d 580, 602 n.21 (3d Cir. 2004) (“[A] mail fraud violation may be sufficiently found where
the defendant has merely deprived another of a property right.”); United States v. Welch, 327 F.3d
1081, 1106 (10th Cir. 2003) (“Yet, the intent to defraud does not depend upon the intent to gain,
but rather, on the intent to deprive.”); United States v. Stockheimer, 157 F.3d 1082, 1087–088 (7th
Cir. 1998) (“An intent to defraud does not turn on personal gain … all that matters is that [the
defendant] intended to inflict a loss.”).
11

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 12 of 15

2000); see id. (“Although a RICO claim may be based only on predicate acts consisting exclusively
of mail and wire fraud, scrutiny of such claims is necessary, and not inconsistent with the breadth
of RICO.”).
II.

Plaintiff has not alleged a “pattern of racketeering activity.”

Even if plaintiff stated a predicate offense, plaintiff’s RICO claim fails because it has not
alleged a “pattern of racketeering activity.” § 1962(c). In order to establish a “pattern of
racketeering activity” a plaintiff must allege “at least two acts of racketeering activity . . . within
ten years.” 18 U.S.C. § 1961(5). And “in addition to the requisite number of predicate acts, the
plaintiff must [also] show ‘that the racketeering predicates are related, and that they amount to or
pose a threat of continued criminal activity.’” Edmondson & Gallagher v. Alban Towers Tenants
Ass’n, 48 F.3d 1260, 1264 (D.C. Cir. 1995), quoting H.J. Inc. v. N.W. Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229,
239 (1989).
In Edmondson, the D.C. Circuit outlined six factors that are relevant in determining the
existence of a “pattern of racketeering.” 48 F.3d at 1263. These factors are: “the number of
unlawful acts, the length of time over which the acts were committed, the similarity of the acts,
the number of victims, the number of perpetrators, and the character of the unlawful activity.”
Id. at 1265, quoting Kehr Packages, Inc. v. Fidelcor, Inc., 926 F.2d 1406, 1411–13 (3d Cir. 1991).
The six factors are not dispositive; rather, they serve as a guide, and courts are encouraged to
evaluate cases using a “fact-specific approach” that is both “flexible” and “commonsensical.” W.
Assocs., 235 F.3d at 637. In some cases, “some factors will weigh so strongly in one direction as
to be dispositive.” Edmondson, 48 F.3d at 1265.
Applying this framework, the Edmondson Court rejected a real estate developer’s RICO
claim premised on allegations that a tenants’ association illegally blocked the sale of building. 48

12

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 13 of 15

F.3d at 1265. The real estate developer accused the tenants’ association of committing extortion,
bribery, and perjury by “exploit[ing] [a] quiet-title action, holding the building sale hostage and
thereby attempting to force [the developer] to pay them off.” Id. at 1263–64. The D.C. Circuit
affirmed the dismissal of the RICO claims because “the single scheme alleged – designed to
frustrate one transaction and inflicting a single, discrete injury on a small number of victims –
fail[ed] to meet RICO's requirement of a ‘pattern of racketeering activity.’” Id. Notably, the
Court held that when a plaintiff merely alleges a “single scheme, single injury, and few victims,”
it is “virtually impossible for plaintiffs to state a RICO claim.” Id. at 1265. This is precisely the
case here.
Plaintiff’s complaint describes a single scheme: “to falsely designate CIS a hate group and
destroy it.” Compl. ¶ 28. Plaintiff alleges that more than one blog entry was posted to “carry out
this conspiracy.” Id. ¶ 19. But all of the actions described in the complaint involve a single alleged
victim, and they were allegedly aimed at accomplishing a “single discrete goal”: the demise of
CIS. Edmondson, 48 F.3d at 1265. Moreover, plaintiff pleaded a discrete injury – loss of donations
– suffered by the victim. See Compl. ¶¶ 23–25. There are only two alleged perpetrators here –
defendants Beirich and Cohen. Id. ¶ 30. Finally, the alleged acts are all of the same kind – they
all are blog posts labeling CIS as a hate group. Id. ¶ 19.
While plaintiff states in its complaint that the “attacks are ongoing and will continue,” this
prediction is not enough to support its legal conclusion that “they may constitute an open-ended
pattern of racketeering required by 18 U.S.C. § 1961(5).” Compl. ¶ 28; see Kowal v. MCI
Commc’ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994), citing Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265,
286 (1986). Even if a future post repeats the same information, it will still not be in a furtherance
of the sole scheme alleged.

13

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 14 of 15

It is true that the Supreme Court has stated that multiple schemes are not always necessary
to demonstrate a pattern of racketeering. H.J., 492 U.S. at 241 (finding that Congress did not
intend that “continuity” be shown only by proof of multiple schemes, and that such an inflexible
approach “appears nowhere in the language or legislative history of the Act”). But that does not
mean that the Edmondson approach is not applicable in the appropriate case. In W. Assocs., the
D.C. Circuit acknowledged this statement in H.J.; it observed that Edmonson is “not to the
contrary,” and that “the number of schemes alleged remains a useful consideration.” 235 F.3d at
634. And, the facts here do not support varying from Edmonson’s finding that a complaint alleging
a single scheme, injury, and victim fails to state a claim under RICO.
Accordingly, in light of the Edmonson factors, the Court finds that plaintiff has failed to
allege a “pattern of racketeering.” See W. Assocs., 235 F.3d at 634 (dismissing RICO claim where
plaintiff alleged single scheme of fraudulent bookkeeping entries, resulting in single injury to
single set of victims); E. Savings Bank, FSB v. Papageorge, 31 F. Supp. 3d 1, 13 (D.D.C.
2014) (rejecting RICO claim because “plaintiff has only alleged that the defendants engaged in
acts designed to” achieve a “single discrete goal”: “obtain[ing] control of the Property from the
plaintiff at a low price”).
Because the Court finds that plaintiff failed to allege a substantive RICO violation
under Section 1962(c), it has failed to plead a conspiracy to violate RICO under Section
1962(d). See Papageorge, 31 F. Supp. 3d at 12–13 (dismissing RICO conspiracy claim
under § 1962(d) where plaintiff failed to plead a RICO violation under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a)–(c)).
Accordingly, plaintiff’s complaint is dismissed.

14

 Case 1:19-cv-00087-ABJ Document 18 Filed 09/13/19 Page 15 of 15

CONCLUSION
Because plaintiff has failed to plead a predicate offense and a pattern of racketeering
activity, the Court will grant defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint.
A separate order will issue.

AMY BERMAN JACKSON
United States District Judge
DATE: September 13, 2019

15