July 10, 2019 Town of Trade Lake 11810 Town Hall Road Frederick, WI 54837 Subject: General Geology and Hydrogeology of the Town of Trade Lake Specific to Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) Dear Town Board: This letter and enclosed information will summarize the soils, geology, and hydrogeology of the Town of Trade Lake, both in general, and specific to the currently proposed CAFO site. General Setting The Town of Trade Lake is located in the St. Croix River Basin. The entire basin is glaciated, and is covered by a mix of glacial deposits. Deposits specific to the Town of Trade Lake include end moraine deposits of clay, sand, and gravel, pitted outwash deposits of stratified sand and gravel, and a small area of ground moraine in the northeast corner of the town. Ground moraine deposits consist of a mix of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders. Permeability rates of these deposits for water are generally high, ranging from 0.2-5 inches per hour, however infiltration rates for contaminants are much lower due to absorption, retardation, and plant nutrient uptake. A map of the basin and town deposits and permeability (U.S.G.S. Hydrologic Atlas HA-451) is included as Figure 1. Precambrian crystalline rock (Basalt) is the bedrock beneath the eastern approximately 2/3 of the Town. Undifferentiated sandstone lies beneath the western 1/3. The depth to bedrock is generally greater than 100 feet below land surface (bls) with sufficient groundwater in the surficial sand and gravel to provide water to residences and farms. Therefore, very few wells in the Town receive water from either bedrock formation versus the sand and gravel. Bedrock geology of the basin and Town is shown on Figure 2 (U.S.G.S. Hydrologic Atlas HA-451). The depth to groundwater in the town varies greatly, and is generally relative to surface elevation. A review of historic well records in the town show variations in depth to groundwater from as low as 3 feet bls to 145 feet bls, depending on the elevation of the well. Wells with water levels less than 10 feet are likely to be adjacent to lakes or rivers. Surface soils in the town are mixed, with muck-typically in wetland areas, sand, silty loam, sandy loam, gravelly loam, clay loam, and clay. Wetlands and wetland indicator soils are present throughout the town, and are depicted on Figure 3. CAFO Risks and Concerns Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) are heavily regulated by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). The permit process consists of a two-step, twelve (12) month process which includes a preliminary application, a site visit by a WDNR specialist, follow up with additional information required, and six (6) months prior to operation, submittal of the final application. The final application includes very specific engineered plans, environmental assessment (which may include social and economic impacts), public notice and comment period. p:\8700-8799\8792 - dietrich vanderwaal s.c. - town of trade lake\report\trade lake iteration 2.docx Town of Trade Lake July 10, 2019 Potential environmental risks from improper manure storage and use at a CAFO may include impacts to wetlands, surface water, and/or groundwater. Increased nitrogen and phosphorus levels in surface water and wetlands increase algae blooms, while elevated nitrate in groundwater is a health risk. Data compiled in the 1997 Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Miscellaneous Map 42, depicts nitrate levels in groundwater in Burnett County based on samples collected from 1991-1994. Samples in the Town of Trade Lake were typically non-detect (below 1 mg/L), however levels as high as 5 mg/L were observed in the northwest corner of the Town. A more recent study, compiled by the University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, depicts both averages and exceedances for nitrate in groundwater although the data appears to be limited. Data mapping for nitrate is shown on Figures 4a-4c. The WDNR is authorized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to implement the Clean Water Act through the CAFO permit system. There is a “zero” discharge standard for runoff to navigable waters. A CAFO operator may be subject to the enforcement process for violations. The WDNR does not regulate other potential concerns which may include odor, traffic, or light pollution. An additional concern at any agricultural facility may be petroleum storage and use. Agricultural petroleum storage tanks less than 1,100 gallons in capacity do not require registration are not regulated or inspected by the Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection (DATCP). Current Proposed CAFO – Cumberland LLC The proposed Cumberland LLC CAFO is located in the NW ¼ of the SE ¼ of Section 7. Based on the data provided, and available on the WDNR web site, a preliminary application was received by the WDNR on March 15, 2019. Soils in the production area consist primarily of Alstad loam, and Branstad fine sandy loam. The proposed site plan is included in Attachment A. The Alstad soil is a somewhat poorly drained loam/fine sandy loam formed on the footslopes of moraines, while the Branstad soil is moderately well drained fine sandy loam formed on moraine rises. Soil mapping and specific soil information for the site is included as Attachment A. This data was included in the preliminary application submitted to the WDNR. A mapped wetland is present in the northeast corner of the parcel, as well as a “wetland too small to delineate” near the southwest corner of the parcel. WDNR mapping for the parcel is included in Appendix A. Larger areas of wetland exist outside of the production parcel, and any manure spreading on adjacent properties would be limited due to manure spreading restrictions set forth by the WDNR. This would be dictated in the nutrient management plan. A map depicting restricted manure spreading areas is included as Figure 5. Geologic mapping indicates surficial deposits on the parcel consist of glacial end moraine deposits approximately 150 feet thick, overlying sandstone bedrock (Figures 1 and 2). Historical well logs were searched for the area, with only one log available within the SE ¼ of Section 7, which showed 80 feet of clay underlain by 78 feet of sandy clay and a static groundwater level of 80 feet bls. A copy of the well log for the NE ¼ of the SE ¼ of Section 7 is included in Attachment A. Five (5) other well logs were available for Section 7, which indicated depths to groundwater of 53-85 feet bls. Conclusions and Recommendations The Town of Trade Lake has varied geology and hydrogeology, some of which may not be appropriate for CAFO siting. Suitability for specific sites is determined by the WDNR through the CAFO permit process, and sites with potential risks may require additional engineered safeguards through the DNR, or as determined during the public comment period. Once permitted, any - 2 - p:\8700-8799\8792 - dietrich vanderwaal s.c. - town of trade lake\report\trade lake iteration 2.docx Town of Trade Lake July 10, 2019 inadequacies in operation are subject to enforcement and potential fines by the WDNR, with public notification and complaint being a common cause for inspection. Given the depth to groundwater, and soil types, the 37 acre Cumberland LLC property itself appears to pose minimal risk to groundwater and surface water, provided that the appropriate engineering controls are installed and followed. REI thanks you for the opportunity to service your environmental consulting needs. Please contact me at (715) 675-9784 or Adelforge@REIengineering.com if you would like to discuss this further. Sincerely, REI Engineering, Inc. Andrew R. Delforge P.G. Senior Hydrogeologist/Project Manager - 3 - p:\8700-8799\8792 - dietrich vanderwaal s.c. - town of trade lake\report\trade lake iteration 2.docx Town of Trade Lake   Figure 1 – Surficial Deposits and Permeability Town of Trade Lake, Burnett County, WI REI No. 8792 P:\_Report Template\Photo Template.docx  Town of Trade Lake   Figure 2 – Bedrock Geology Town of Trade Lake, Burnett County, WI REI No. 8792 P:\_Report Template\Photo Template.docx  Figure 3 - Wetlands and Indicator Soils Legend Wetland Identifications and Confirmations Wetland Class Points Dammed pond Excavated pond Filled excavated pond Filled/drained wetland Wetland too small to delineate Filled Points Wetland Class Areas Wetland Upland Filled Areas Wetland Class Points Dammed pond Excavated pond Filled excavated pond Filled/drained wetland Wetland too small to delineate Filled Points Wetland Class Areas Wetland Upland Filled Areas NRCS Wetspots Maximum Extent Wetland Indicators Intermittent Streams 24K Hydrography Streams and Rivers 24K Hydrography Lakes and Open Water Municipality State Boundaries County Boundaries Major Roads Notes 2.0 NAD_1983_HARN_Wisconsin_TM 0 1.00 1: 63,360 2.0 Miles DISCLAIMER: The information shown on these maps has been obtained from various sources, and are of varying age, reliability and resolution. These maps are not intended to be used for navigation, nor are these maps an authoritative source of information about legal land ownership or public access. No warranty, expressed or implied, is made regarding accuracy, applicability for a particular use, completeness, or legality of the information depicted on this map. For more information, see the DNR Legal Notices web page: http://dnr.wi.gov/legal/ Interstate Highway State Highway US Highway County and Local Roads County HWY Town of Trade Lake   Figure 4a – 1991-1994 Nitrates in Groundwater Town of Trade Lake, Burnett County, WI Photographs REI No. 8792 P:\_Report Template\Photo Template.docx  Town of Trade Lake   Figure 4b – Average Nitrate Concentrations Town of Trade Lake, Burnett County, WI REI No. 8792 P:\_Report Template\Photo Template.docx  Town of Trade Lake   Figure 4c – Nitrate Exceedances Town of Trade Lake, Burnett County, WI REI No. 8792 P:\_Report Template\Photo Template.docx  Town of Trade Lake   Figure 5 – Restricted Manure Spreading Areas Town of Trade Lake, Burnett County, WI REI No. 8792 P:\_Report Template\Photo Template.docx  Snap Wisconsin?s Nutrient Management Software 590 Nutrient Management Standard: SnapMaps Legend Colors and Symbols Explanations This publication explains the map symbols used in SnapMaps for nutrient management planning using Wisconsin's 590 Nutrient Management Standard. SWQMAs lblue diagonal line patterns) Surface Water Quality Management Area is an area 300 ft. [blue back?slash pattern} from a stream or river or 1,000 ft. {blue front?slash pattern] from a lake or pond. (Note: SWQMA is often pronounced as swift?mun.) 1/ In the winter. nutrient applications are prohibited when frozen soils or snow prevent effective incorporation. it? When it is n_ot winter. nutrient applications are restricted. nutrient application must either be incorporated within 3 days gr be accompanied by one of the following: v" Permanent vegetated buffers. v? Maintenance of more than 30% residue or vegetative cover [On long?term no-till ?elds with less than 30% residue or plant cover. nutrients can be applied within 1' davs of planting). Crop or cover crop establishment before or immediately after application. v" Unincorporated liquid manure application rates cannot be more than 12,000 gallons per acre at any one time. SWQMA 1000 ft Dismissed igrav diagonal pattern] Areas where the planner has turned off the SWQMA designation after determining the lake or pond indicated on the map is in error. $51-19 Tile lines {brown lines} a Unincorporated liquid manure applications are limited to 12,000 gallons per acre. Bedrock depth 4. 5 ft iorange areas With outline} Areas where bedrock is within 5 ft. of the surface have an increased risk of groundwater contamination. 1/ lCommercial nitrogen fertilizer is prohibited in the late summer or fall errce pt on fall-seeded crops or in blends with other fertilizers, maximum application rate is 36 lb lil per acre. Nitrogen (N) restricted soils igoldlinesorsquaresl Soils identi?ed as having a high riskfor allowing contaminates to leach through to groundwater have restrictions on rates and timing. Fall applications of commercial nitrogen are not allowed on these soils except for up to 36 lb l'rl per acre on fall-seeded crops or in blends with other fertilizers. Each soil type has additional restrictions as described below: 1? Water moves through these soils relatively quickly. v? Fertilizer in the spring and summer has to be applied in split applications with the majority post?planting or else applied with a nitri?cation inhibitor or in slow-release form. Late summer or fall manure ii is limited to 90 lb life for spring-planted crops corn, soybean] and 120 lb per acre for all other crops. Fall applications before spring-planted crops should be delayed until soil temperatures are less than 0ctober i, whichever comes ?rst. lfthe manure has 4% dry:[ matter or less, applications must be so date?applied or use a nitri?cation inhibitor. Irir-?ljr I.) it] Incl-L's or ill" :trll siniacr'i These soils have the same late summerand fail manure lil guidelines as outlined abova for soils but do not hate restrictions on spring or summer commercial fertilizer. i3 lrl- ir :rl 1/ Late summer orfall manure is limited to 120 lb per acre. 1/ For fall?applied manure with 4% or less dry matter, the application is limited to so lb unless one of the following is used: surface application; nitri?cation inhibitor; application to growing crop; cover crop established within 14 days,- or application delayed until soil temperatures are less than 50? For October 1, whichever comes ?rst. continued on back?h? I lW? ?rm for more information about the SnapPlus program: snapplus.wisc.edu This publication is available from the Nutrient and Pest Management Program: phone [608) 265-2660, email: or visit our website at ipcm.wisc.edu ATTACHMENT A CUMBERLAND LLC SITE DATA Responsive. Efficient. Innovative. APPROX TH COMPOST BLDG GDU FINI HER BREEDING BI GESTATION BARN FARROWI NG BARN TRACTOR WATER STORAGE TANK STATE RD 148 AND NRCS POLICY REQUIRE THAT THE EXCAVATOR CONTACT DIGGERS HOTLINE AT 8? OR (800) 242?85? FOR UTILITY LOCATIONS 72 HOURS PRIOR TO THE START OF EXCAVATION DATE Scale in Feet - 1" 200' NOTE: -SHEET DESCRIPTION- IF THIS BAR DOES NOT MEASURE 1" - SUI -1 8 DESCRIPTION OF REVISION -- -- THEN DRAWING IS AT DOUBLE SITE PLAN DRAWWG N0 - SCALEOR NOTTOSCALE . D2 P1 SUIDAE NOF ENGINEERING IT IS NOT TO BE LOANED, COPIED OR DUPLICATED IN ANY MANNER 03-15-2019 -- ChippewaFausw'swzg CUMBERLAND LLC File: MELIN Saved: Dennis 3:1 5-2019 4:37 PM Printed: Dmarquardt 3:1 5-2019 4:38 PM DD SHEET 0F 527370 527460 527550 527640 527730 527820 527910 528000 528090 45° 42' 45'' N 5061630 5061720 5061720 5061810 5061810 5061900 5061900 5061990 5061990 5062080 5062080 5062170 5062170 527280 45° 42' 45'' N 92° 38' 19'' W 92° 38' 59'' W Soil Map—Burnett County, Wisconsin (Cumberland LLC) 5061630 Soil Map may not be valid at this scale. 45° 42' 26'' N 45° 42' 26'' N 527370 527460 527550 527640 527730 Map Scale: 1:4,030 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet. N Meters 300 Feet 0 150 300 600 900 Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 15N WGS84 0 50 Natural Resources Conservation Service 100 200 Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 527820 527910 528000 528090 92° 38' 19'' W 92° 38' 59'' W 527280 3/15/2019 Page 1 of 3 Soil Map—Burnett County, Wisconsin (Cumberland LLC) MAP LEGEND Area of Interest (AOI) Area of Interest (AOI) Soils Soil Map Unit Polygons Soil Map Unit Lines Soil Map Unit Points Special Point Features Blowout Borrow Pit Clay Spot Closed Depression Gravel Pit Gravelly Spot Landfill Lava Flow Marsh or swamp MAP INFORMATION Spoil Area Stony Spot The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1:12,000. Very Stony Spot Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale. Wet Spot Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping can cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and accuracy of soil line placement. The maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a more detailed scale. Other Special Line Features Water Features Streams and Canals Transportation Rails Interstate Highways US Routes Major Roads Local Roads Background Aerial Photography Mine or Quarry Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map measurements. Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey URL: Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857) Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more accurate calculations of distance or area are required. This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as of the version date(s) listed below. Soil Survey Area: Burnett County, Wisconsin Survey Area Data: Version 17, Sep 11, 2018 Miscellaneous Water Perennial Water Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales 1:50,000 or larger. Rock Outcrop Date(s) aerial images were photographed: 2016 Saline Spot Sandy Spot May 9, 2013—Sep 8, The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were compiled and digitized probably differs from the background imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident. Severely Eroded Spot Sinkhole Slide or Slip Sodic Spot Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 3/15/2019 Page 2 of 3 Soil Map—Burnett County, Wisconsin Cumberland LLC Map Unit Legend Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name 152A Alstad loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 422A Seelyeville, Cathro, and Rondeau soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes 553B 553C Acres in AOI 20.7 35.8% 0.8 1.4% Branstad fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 33.7 58.1% Branstad fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes 2.8 4.8% 58.0 100.0% Totals for Area of Interest Natural Resources Conservation Service Percent of AOI Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 3/15/2019 Page 3 of 3 Map Unit Description: Alstad loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---Burnett County, Wisconsin Burnett County, Wisconsin 152A—Alstad loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: h1cx Elevation: 800 to 2,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 28 to 33 inches Mean annual air temperature: 39 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period: 90 to 140 days Farmland classification: Prime farmland if drained Map Unit Composition Alstad and similar soils: 85 percent Minor components: 15 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Alstad Setting Landform: Moraines Landform position (two-dimensional): Footslope Down-slope shape: Linear Across-slope shape: Concave Parent material: Loamy calcareous till Typical profile Ap - 0 to 9 inches: loam E - 9 to 15 inches: fine sandy loam E/B - 15 to 18 inches: fine sandy loam B/E - 18 to 24 inches: sandy clay loam Bt - 24 to 49 inches: sandy clay loam C - 49 to 60 inches: fine sandy loam Properties and qualities Slope: 0 to 3 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Natural drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Runoff class: Low Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.20 to 2.00 in/hr) Depth to water table: About 6 inches Frequency of flooding: None Frequency of ponding: None Calcium carbonate, maximum in profile: 10 percent Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.0 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2w Hydrologic Soil Group: B/D Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 7/9/2019 Page 1 of 2 Map Unit Description: Alstad loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---Burnett County, Wisconsin Forage suitability group: Mod AWC, high water table (G090AY004WI) Hydric soil rating: No Minor Components Bluffton Percent of map unit: 10 percent Landform: Depressions on moraines, drainageways on moraines Hydric soil rating: Yes Branstad Percent of map unit: 5 percent Hydric soil rating: No Data Source Information Soil Survey Area: Burnett County, Wisconsin Survey Area Data: Version 17, Sep 11, 2018 Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 7/9/2019 Page 2 of 2 Map Unit Description: Branstad fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes---Burnett County, Wisconsin Burnett County, Wisconsin 553B—Branstad fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: h211 Elevation: 790 to 1,640 feet Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 33 inches Mean annual air temperature: 36 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period: 90 to 140 days Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland Map Unit Composition Branstad and similar soils: 95 percent Minor components: 5 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Branstad Setting Landform: Moraines Landform position (three-dimensional): Rise Down-slope shape: Convex Across-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Loamy calcareous till Typical profile Ap - 0 to 9 inches: fine sandy loam E - 9 to 14 inches: fine sandy loam E/B - 14 to 20 inches: fine sandy loam B/E - 20 to 45 inches: sandy clay loam Bt1 - 45 to 55 inches: sandy clay loam Bt2 - 55 to 68 inches: fine sandy loam Btk - 68 to 80 inches: fine sandy loam Properties and qualities Slope: 2 to 6 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Natural drainage class: Moderately well drained Runoff class: Low Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.20 to 2.00 in/hr) Depth to water table: About 24 inches Frequency of flooding: None Frequency of ponding: None Calcium carbonate, maximum in profile: 10 percent Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.8 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2e Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 7/9/2019 Page 1 of 2 Map Unit Description: Branstad fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes---Burnett County, Wisconsin Hydrologic Soil Group: C Forage suitability group: Mod AWC, adequately drained (G090AY005WI) Hydric soil rating: No Minor Components Alstad Percent of map unit: 5 percent Landform: Moraines Landform position (three-dimensional): Rise Down-slope shape: Convex Across-slope shape: Convex Hydric soil rating: No Data Source Information Soil Survey Area: Burnett County, Wisconsin Survey Area Data: Version 17, Sep 11, 2018 Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 7/9/2019 Page 2 of 2 Mapped Wetlands and Indicator Soils Cumberland LLC Site Legend Wetland Identifications and Confirmations Wetland Class Points Dammed pond Excavated pond Filled excavated pond Filled/drained wetland Wetland too small to delineate Filled Points Wetland Class Areas Wetland Upland Filled Areas Wetland Class Points Dammed pond Excavated pond Filled excavated pond Filled/drained wetland Wetland too small to delineate Filled Points Wetland Class Areas Wetland Upland Filled Areas Municipality State Boundaries County Boundaries Major Roads Interstate Highway State Highway US Highway County and Local Roads County HWY Local Road Railroads Tribal Lands Notes 0.1 NAD_1983_HARN_Wisconsin_TM 0 0.06 1: 3,960 0.1 Miles DISCLAIMER: The information shown on these maps has been obtained from various sources, and are of varying age, reliability and resolution. These maps are not intended to be used for navigation, nor are these maps an authoritative source of information about legal land ownership or public access. No warranty, expressed or implied, is made regarding accuracy, applicability for a particular use, completeness, or legality of the information depicted on this map. For more information, see the DNR Legal Notices web page: http://dnr.wi.gov/legal/ Rivers and Streams Intermittent Streams Lakes and Open water Index to EN_Image_Basemap_Leaf_ Off