Act tough! Demand your contract core drilling quote in 60 minutes Because John Murray is Mr. Contract Core Drilling, he is in big demand. Joy's problem: how to give a little bit of John to every customer. The answer: a bright orange "hot line"-the shortest distance between you and John and the most reliable core drill service you can buy. Pick up your phone anywhere in the country and call 219-872-4444 collect. The next voice you hear will be John's. And t!ie next core you extract will be Joy-perfect: a guaranteed sample of the whole strata. Call. today. One of John's 103 core crews may be just a few miles from your site right now. John answers letters too: Joy Manufacturing Company, 900 Woodland Avenue, Michigan City, Indiana. MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL August 1966 I' , 55 Air Pollution and the Coal Industry MINING VOL. 25 AUGUST 1966 NO. 8 CONGRESS JOURNAL 4 Miners Datebook Growing demands for cleaner air have serious impli­ cations for the coal industry since more than half of the coal used today goes for generation of electricity and the coal-burning electric utilities are most likely to be affected by any air pollution restrictions. Garvey re­ views the pollutants in coal and discusses ordinances that have been passed to restrict use of fuels containing in excess of one percent sulfur. 5 Mining Newsmonth DISCUSSION : James R. Jones PUBLISHER J. Allen Overton, Jr. EDITORIAL DIRECTOR Robert W. Van Evera EDITOR David W. Pinkard ARTICLES Opinions expressed by the authors with. in these pages are their own and do not neoessarily represent those of the American Mining Congress. ASSISTANT EDITOR Departments James R. Garvey There is a sense of urgency in the matter of air pollution control, and it is important to the coal industry that any controls established can be complied with technolog­ ically. Answers must be found to many unsolved prob­ lems, and while much pro_qress is bein_q made to find solutions, are the city councils, health officials, citizens' committees, etc., convinced and willing to wait? Keith R. Knoblock 76 Report Corner 94 Wheels of Government 97 Personals 101 Manufacturers Forum 105 Advertisers Index 106 Editorial Special Sections 37 AMC Mining Convention Preview 66 National Coal Association's 49th Convention 78 Sentinels o.f Safety Awards Ceremonies 82 Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute Meets at Estes. Park SPECIAL PROJECTS EDITOR J.E. Goodman ASSOCIATE EDITORS Charles S. Burns Stanley W. Schroeder Laurence P. Sherfy Philip W. Stroupe Chester N. Truax, Jr. F. Bourne Upham III PRODUCTION MANAGER Terence J. Costello ADVERTISING MANAGER 22,German Steel Wants More U.S. Coal Omer Anderson Germany's steel producers are ain revoltJJ over their government's protectionist attitude toward its domestic coal industry. One of the countris leading steel com­ panies has threatened to move its steel plant to Holland unless the government lowers the bars on United States coal. Patrick D. McMurrer ASSISTANT ADVERTISING MANAGERS Glenn F. Jackson Walton Nichols CIRCULATION MANAGER Winnie G. Mayes Copyrighted 1966 by AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS Ring Bldg., Washington, D.C. 20036 PRESIDENT 29 Cut-and-Fill-Stoping Andrew Fletcher Frank Nugent L. J. Randall EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT AND SECRETARY J. Allen Overton, Jr. ASSISTANT SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS Henry I. Dworshak Jay C. Dotson Reliability engineering is widely used in the. aero§pace industry to assure mission successes, and the concept of reliability analysis is gaining ground in the automotive industry and with commercial airlines. It has potential uses in the minin_q industry anywhere that uninter­ rupted operation of facilities is essential to maintaining uniform production. Joel K. Waterland Transverse shrinkage stoping was the principal mining method at the Homestake mine for the 20 years leading up to 1955. At that time cut-and-fill stoping was adopted throughout the mine. The basic mining 11iethod has re­ mained essentially unchanged these last ten years, bid many new ideas have been tried. Clyde E. Weed VICE PRESIDENTS 68 Reliability Engineering and Its Application in Mining 84 Should You Build One Very Large Plant or Two Medium Size Plants? Edward T. McNally, Robert C. Woodhead, and John L. Gamble 51 Rapid Load-out of Unit Trains R. E. Durocher The 700 miles separating Jones & Laughlin's Kirkland Lake, Ont. iron mine and its blast furnaces, plus the lack of ready access to a waterway and stockpiling consider­ ations ,at the steel plants, led the company to adopt the unit train concept. Trains move out of Kirkland Lake daily with turnaround on cars of seven days. MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL The question posed by the title of this article is an­ swered by comparing hypothetical fiow sheets for an 800 tph preparation plant with several combinations of two 400 tph plants. The main conclusion reached is that the controlling factor appears to be the cost of oper­ ating two medium size plants against the cost of oper­ ating one. Finally, any decision for preparation plant construction will be related to special locational and operational considerations. AUGUST 1966 On Our Cover Westward Ho! has been the Ameri­ can slogan of mobility from stoge­ coach days down to the modern era of automatic transrnission and the super­ highway. The mining industry turns its headlights toword the Great Open Spaces in September when it gathers in Salt Lake City for the American Mining Congress Metal Mining and Industrial Minerals Convention. For an advance look at this major event on the year's mining calendar see pages 37 to 48. Published Monthly. Yearly subscriptions, .United States and Canada, $3.00; For­ eign, $10.00. Single copies, $0.75. Feb­ ruary Annual Review Issue, $1.25. Sec­ ond class postage paid at Washington, D. C., and at additional Post Office, Lancaster, Penna. 4ffl&. Member Audit Bureau of Circulation Indexed regularly by Engineering Inda:, Inc. 'W � PRINTED BY BUSINESS PRESS, INCORPORATED�- 55 Air Pollution and the Coal Industry MINING VOL. 25 AUGUST 1966 NO. 8 CONGRESS JOURNAL 4 Miners Datebook Growing demands for cleaner air have serious impli­ cations for the coal industry since more than half of the coal used today goes for generation of electricity and the coal-burning electric utilities are most likely to be affected by any air pollution restrictions. Garvey re­ views the pollutants in coal and discusses ordinances that have been passed to restrict use of fuels containing in excess of one percent sulfur. 5 Mining Newsmonth DISCUSSION : James R. Jones PUBLISHER J. Allen Overton, Jr. EDITORIAL DIRECTOR Robert W. Van Evera EDITOR David W. Pinkard ARTICLES Opinions expressed by the authors with. in these pages are their own and do not neoessarily represent those of the American Mining Congress. ASSISTANT EDITOR Departments James R. Garvey There is a sense of urgency in the matter of air pollution control, and it is important to the coal industry that any controls established can be complied with technolog­ ically. Answers must be found to many unsolved prob­ lems, and while much pro_qress is bein_q made to find solutions, are the city councils, health officials, citizens' committees, etc., convinced and willing to wait? Keith R. Knoblock 76 Report Corner 94 Wheels of Government 97 Personals 101 Manufacturers Forum 105 Advertisers Index 106 Editorial Special Sections 37 AMC Mining Convention Preview 66 National Coal Association's 49th Convention 78 Sentinels o.f Safety Awards Ceremonies 82 Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute Meets at Estes. Park SPECIAL PROJECTS EDITOR J.E. Goodman ASSOCIATE EDITORS Charles S. Burns Stanley W. Schroeder Laurence P. Sherfy Philip W. Stroupe Chester N. Truax, Jr. F. Bourne Upham III PRODUCTION MANAGER Terence J. Costello ADVERTISING MANAGER 22,German Steel Wants More U.S. Coal Omer Anderson Germany's steel producers are ain revoltJJ over their government's protectionist attitude toward its domestic coal industry. One of the countris leading steel com­ panies has threatened to move its steel plant to Holland unless the government lowers the bars on United States coal. Patrick D. McMurrer ASSISTANT ADVERTISING MANAGERS Glenn F. Jackson Walton Nichols CIRCULATION MANAGER Winnie G. Mayes Copyrighted 1966 by AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS Ring Bldg., Washington, D.C. 20036 PRESIDENT 29 Cut-and-Fill-Stoping Andrew Fletcher Frank Nugent L. J. Randall EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT AND SECRETARY J. Allen Overton, Jr. ASSISTANT SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS Henry I. Dworshak Jay C. Dotson Reliability engineering is widely used in the. aero§pace industry to assure mission successes, and the concept of reliability analysis is gaining ground in the automotive industry and with commercial airlines. It has potential uses in the minin_q industry anywhere that uninter­ rupted operation of facilities is essential to maintaining uniform production. Joel K. Waterland Transverse shrinkage stoping was the principal mining method at the Homestake mine for the 20 years leading up to 1955. At that time cut-and-fill stoping was adopted throughout the mine. The basic mining 11iethod has re­ mained essentially unchanged these last ten years, bid many new ideas have been tried. Clyde E. Weed VICE PRESIDENTS 68 Reliability Engineering and Its Application in Mining 84 Should You Build One Very Large Plant or Two Medium Size Plants? Edward T. McNally, Robert C. Woodhead, and John L. Gamble 51 Rapid Load-out of Unit Trains R. E. Durocher The 700 miles separating Jones & Laughlin's Kirkland Lake, Ont. iron mine and its blast furnaces, plus the lack of ready access to a waterway and stockpiling consider­ ations ,at the steel plants, led the company to adopt the unit train concept. Trains move out of Kirkland Lake daily with turnaround on cars of seven days. MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL The question posed by the title of this article is an­ swered by comparing hypothetical fiow sheets for an 800 tph preparation plant with several combinations of two 400 tph plants. The main conclusion reached is that the controlling factor appears to be the cost of oper­ ating two medium size plants against the cost of oper­ ating one. Finally, any decision for preparation plant construction will be related to special locational and operational considerations. AUGUST 1966 On Our Cover Westward Ho! has been the Ameri­ can slogan of mobility from stoge­ coach days down to the modern era of automatic transrnission and the super­ highway. The mining industry turns its headlights toword the Great Open Spaces in September when it gathers in Salt Lake City for the American Mining Congress Metal Mining and Industrial Minerals Convention. For an advance look at this major event on the year's mining calendar see pages 37 to 48. Published Monthly. Yearly subscriptions, .United States and Canada, $3.00; For­ eign, $10.00. Single copies, $0.75. Feb­ ruary Annual Review Issue, $1.25. Sec­ ond class postage paid at Washington, D. C., and at additional Post Office, Lancaster, Penna. 4ffl&. Member Audit Bureau of Circulation Indexed regularly by Engineering Inda:, Inc. 'W � PRINTED BY BUSINESS PRESS, INCORPORATED�- Air Pollution Mi n u s ¼ i n. chips screened from the pellets are stored in an 800-ton silo for separate loading of this product. Pellets are delivered to the open sfockpile by a fixed, cantilevered belt conveyor cl a mshell type, and are operated by hydrau�ic cyl inders contro ll ed by solenoid valves a ctuat ed from the contr ol co_nsole. T�e hydraulic lines are el ect ric traced to main­ tam the o! l at a satisfactory viscos ity at sub-zero tem­ peratures m the winter m onths. The weighin� fu ?ction is by means of a h opper-type ?earn scale,_ which is fitted with an electronic load cell m the tens10n member immediat ely before the weio-h bea�. On aut�ma tic operation the signal from the 10:d cell is �lectromc ally compa red w ith a preset signal re­ pre��ntm? the demed weight, and the bin feed'·gate pos1t10n is governe d by the differenc e between these STANDARD can meet your requirements and the Coal Industry By JAMES R. GARVEY President Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. sig nals. When they aJe in agreement the feed gates . cl ose. On � anual �pe�at1�n the gates are clo sed by the o perator usmg th e md1cat mg weight meters on the con­ trol console �nd the �ounter in the prin tout equipment _ c�bmet as guides. A high speed data prin ter is paralleled with the cou�ter for paper tape p rintout. Th� stockp1le_ a n? load-out installation described has been m �perat10n smce the end of 1964. To date it has handled m exc ess of 1 ½ milli on tons of pellet s, equiva­ l?nt to abou t 18,000 r ail road ca rs. It has met expect a­ tio ns a s a f _a st a? d efficient weighing a nd locating sys­ t em for umt tr a m movemen t of p ellets. recently on the O much emphasis h as been placed might conclud e prdblem of water pollution that one lesser importance. that · air pollution is of somewhat by health officials However, with the growing demand f or many coal f or cleaner air, it may no t be necessary pollution-the producers to be concerned about water tion restrictions loss of markets resulting from air pollu oducti on and all will eliminate the need for coal pr S at tendant problems. ely to be aff ected Although all coal markets are lik of most c oncern by air pollution restrictions, the, one namely, the use of is coal's current l argest market, This market, com­ coal. for generation of electricitv. production, is one pri;ing over 50 percent of present edicted phenome nal for which many economists h ave pr ussion is concerned growth in the future. While this disc t es to the use of with control of air pollution as it rela the effects of more coal in the electric generating plants, ther markets can­ stringent pollution restrictions on o not be ignored either. its REPAIR WORN MACHINE ELEMENTS • • • ECONOMICALLy For all elevating and conveying equipment We specialize in material mov­ ing equipment. High quality steel elevator buckets; wing type self cleaning pulleys, with taper lock hubs and bushing_ or solid hubs bored to your specifications, and bin gates in either single or duplex style. All Standard products are man­ ufactured by skilled workmen in our modern plant. We also fabricate weldments and other sheet, plate and light metal assemblies. For complete line details write for catalog 1 IW1illll1Lfi M Some Combustion Products Totally Innocuous �ince its first showing at the 1965 Min­ ing Convention, the MOGUL ARC­ SPRAY System proved its worth in the reclamation of worn mining mill and eorth moving equipment. Arc s;rayed su�f?ces often proved more durable than orrgmal surfaces, even on machine ele­ ment build-ups as great as 1/s" SPRAYING CAPACITIES-Steel Up to 50 lbs. per hour. Nickel: Up to 46 lbs. per hour. Zinc: U!> to 111 lbs. per hour. 0 : WRITE FOR THE MOGUL ARC-SPRAY SYSTEM BULLETIN Metalllzino company OF AMERICA, INC. coal industry Bench-scale studies a re part of a major means for research progra m to develop more effective sting a nd future coal-fired exi in n pollutio ir a of control g gas operatin an technici a installations. Shown here is ous Coal chromatograph used in these studies at Bitumin Resea rch, Inc. 3520 W. Carroll Ave., Chicago, Ill. 60624 SA 2-3710 When coal is burned at a power plant to produc e steam which, in turn, is used in the generation of e lectricity, a number of combustion p roduc ts are form ed which must be disposed of. Som e of thes e, such as nitro­ gen, oxygen, and water v apor, a re completely innocuous and not considere d t o be pollutan ts. O thers, both g ases and solids, are susp ect, an d, ac cording to public health officials, result in billions o f dollars' worth of p roperty damage ea ch yea r in addition to adversely affecting the health of the public. The particulate matter in the effluent gases consists of mostly an inert material, the ash con ta ined i n the original coal. In m ost p ower plants, especially the modern,- efficient type, the amou nt of this material emitted is l ess than one-half of o ne percent o f that contained in the original fu el. Such plants are equipp ed with extremely efficient dust collectors which remove the particulates from the dust stream. 55 MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL AUGUST 1966 Air Pollution Mi n u s ¼ i n. chips screened from the pellets are stored in an 800-ton silo for separate loading of this product. Pellets are delivered to the open sfockpile by a fixed, cantilevered belt conveyor cl a mshell type, and are operated by hydrau�ic cyl inders contro ll ed by solenoid valves a ctuat ed from the contr ol co_nsole. T�e hydraulic lines are el ect ric traced to main­ tam the o! l at a satisfactory viscos ity at sub-zero tem­ peratures m the winter m onths. The weighin� fu ?ction is by means of a h opper-type ?earn scale,_ which is fitted with an electronic load cell m the tens10n member immediat ely before the weio-h bea�. On aut�ma tic operation the signal from the 10:d cell is �lectromc ally compa red w ith a preset signal re­ pre��ntm? the demed weight, and the bin feed'·gate pos1t10n is governe d by the differenc e between these STANDARD can meet your requirements and the Coal Industry By JAMES R. GARVEY President Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. sig nals. When they aJe in agreement the feed gates . cl ose. On � anual �pe�at1�n the gates are clo sed by the o perator usmg th e md1cat mg weight meters on the con­ trol console �nd the �ounter in the prin tout equipment _ c�bmet as guides. A high speed data prin ter is paralleled with the cou�ter for paper tape p rintout. Th� stockp1le_ a n? load-out installation described has been m �perat10n smce the end of 1964. To date it has handled m exc ess of 1 ½ milli on tons of pellet s, equiva­ l?nt to abou t 18,000 r ail road ca rs. It has met expect a­ tio ns a s a f _a st a? d efficient weighing a nd locating sys­ t em for umt tr a m movemen t of p ellets. recently on the O much emphasis h as been placed might conclud e prdblem of water pollution that one lesser importance. that · air pollution is of somewhat by health officials However, with the growing demand f or many coal f or cleaner air, it may no t be necessary pollution-the producers to be concerned about water tion restrictions loss of markets resulting from air pollu oducti on and all will eliminate the need for coal pr S at tendant problems. ely to be aff ected Although all coal markets are lik of most c oncern by air pollution restrictions, the, one namely, the use of is coal's current l argest market, This market, com­ coal. for generation of electricitv. production, is one pri;ing over 50 percent of present edicted phenome nal for which many economists h ave pr ussion is concerned growth in the future. While this disc t es to the use of with control of air pollution as it rela the effects of more coal in the electric generating plants, ther markets can­ stringent pollution restrictions on o not be ignored either. its REPAIR WORN MACHINE ELEMENTS • • • ECONOMICALLy For all elevating and conveying equipment We specialize in material mov­ ing equipment. High quality steel elevator buckets; wing type self cleaning pulleys, with taper lock hubs and bushing_ or solid hubs bored to your specifications, and bin gates in either single or duplex style. All Standard products are man­ ufactured by skilled workmen in our modern plant. We also fabricate weldments and other sheet, plate and light metal assemblies. For complete line details write for catalog 1 IW1illll1Lfi M Some Combustion Products Totally Innocuous �ince its first showing at the 1965 Min­ ing Convention, the MOGUL ARC­ SPRAY System proved its worth in the reclamation of worn mining mill and eorth moving equipment. Arc s;rayed su�f?ces often proved more durable than orrgmal surfaces, even on machine ele­ ment build-ups as great as 1/s" SPRAYING CAPACITIES-Steel Up to 50 lbs. per hour. Nickel: Up to 46 lbs. per hour. Zinc: U!> to 111 lbs. per hour. 0 : WRITE FOR THE MOGUL ARC-SPRAY SYSTEM BULLETIN Metalllzino company OF AMERICA, INC. coal industry Bench-scale studies a re part of a major means for research progra m to develop more effective sting a nd future coal-fired exi in n pollutio ir a of control g gas operatin an technici a installations. Shown here is ous Coal chromatograph used in these studies at Bitumin Resea rch, Inc. 3520 W. Carroll Ave., Chicago, Ill. 60624 SA 2-3710 When coal is burned at a power plant to produc e steam which, in turn, is used in the generation of e lectricity, a number of combustion p roduc ts are form ed which must be disposed of. Som e of thes e, such as nitro­ gen, oxygen, and water v apor, a re completely innocuous and not considere d t o be pollutan ts. O thers, both g ases and solids, are susp ect, an d, ac cording to public health officials, result in billions o f dollars' worth of p roperty damage ea ch yea r in addition to adversely affecting the health of the public. The particulate matter in the effluent gases consists of mostly an inert material, the ash con ta ined i n the original coal. In m ost p ower plants, especially the modern,- efficient type, the amou nt of this material emitted is l ess than one-half of o ne percent o f that contained in the original fu el. Such plants are equipp ed with extremely efficient dust collectors which remove the particulates from the dust stream. 55 MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL AUGUST 1966 In addition to the inert fly ash, some coal-burning plants may also produce and· discharge a submicron­ sized particulate which is primarily an unburned hydro­ carbon, usually benzo-a-pyrene. This compound has been demonstrated to have carcinogenic characteris­ tics; it is the same material contained in tobacco smoke and in the exhaust gases £�om gasoline and diesel burning engines. Sampling programs on coal-burning plants have demonstrated that in the modern, efficient power plant either none or an extremely small amount of such material is produced. Kill mine fires fast with the M-S-A Foamaker Emission of CO i Under Serious Study Among the gaseous materials discharged from the stack is carbon dioxide. This is not generally con­ sidered to be a pollutant inasmuch as it has ne er been demonstrated to have: any adverse effects on plants or animals. However, to illustrate the far-reach­ ing aspects of · the air pollution problem, it should be noted that serious studies, are underway to deter­ mine whether more restricti�ns should be placed on the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. There is eviderice that the amount of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere is increasing rapidly a a result of the combustion of fossil fuels. If the future rate of increase continues as it is at the present, it has been predicted that, because the CO 2 envelope reduces radiation, the temperature of the earth's atmos'pher will increase and that vast changes in the climates of the earth will result. Such changes in temperature will cause melting of the polar icecaps, which, in turn would result in the inundation of many coastal cities including New York and Lcmdon. The oxides of nitrogen, notably nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide, which are·· produced as a result of the high temperatures of fossil-fuel combustion, ar receiving considerable attention by air pollution officials, although at the present time no restriction have been imposed. The oxides of nitrogen and the subsequent photochemical reactions which take place in the atmosphere have been demonstrated to be a principal cause of the smogs which afflict such cities as Los Angeles. Oxides of Sulfur Main Public Concern And finally, we have the oxides of sulfur, sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide. These oxides are of most concern at the present time, because public health Operation of a five lb per hour pulverized coal-firPd jurnacc i studied at Bi1umino11 Coal Research in conjunction with bench-scale res arch on air pollution control officials have convinced themselves of their deleterious effects on plants, animals, and humans. As a result, such cities as New York are passing ordinances, either re­ stricting the sulfur content of the fuel or the amount of sulfur dioxide which may be emitted from the stack in such a manner that a coal of less than one percent sulfur content will be required to comply, or expensive control equipment will have to be added to the power plant. Is this stringent control of sulfur oxide emissions necessary? This is not known, and to date there seems to be no substantiating evidence that minor amounts of sulfur oxides in the air are in any way harmful. This evidence is lacking despite the fact that for over 40 years research on the effects of oxides in dilute quan­ tities has been conducted by renowned scientists, both medical and otherwise, throughout the world. As recently as November 7, 1965, the Environmental Pollution Panel of the President's Science Advisory Committee said in its report: "While we all fear, and many believe, that long continued exposure to low levels of pollution is having Studies are being conducted on atmospheric contaminants in flue gases in a two-year re­ search project sponsored by the U.S. Public Health Service. Shown here is stack sampling equipment installed at a power generating plant 56 The fastest, easiest way to kill dangerous mine fires is with the M-S·A®Foamaker portable foam generator. Once in position, it takes less than a minute before this lightweight (620 lbs.) firefighter is ready to pour up to 5,000 gpm of moist, high-expansion foam through tough polyethylene tubing directly into the fire area. The tubing, attached to the Foamaker fan cham­ ber, unrolls to a distance of 500 feet with the force of the foam. It melts when it reaches the fire, releas­ ing a smothering blanket of foam directly onto the flames. The tubing prevents the foam from being wasted filling entries and crosscuts. Fast and maneuverable, the Foamaker portable foam generator lets you fight stubborn class A and B fires from a safe distance ... fires that otherwise would be inaccessible or would have to be sealed off. For maxfmum effectiveness several units can be placed in strategic locations throughout your mine, constantly ready to combat any fire emergency. Let your MSA representative show you how the Foamaker portable foam generator can kill mine fires fast. Call him for all the details ,and a demonstration, or write Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15208. � � MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL Page 57 l"Iii-� James R. Garvey joined Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. in 1946 as a develop­ ment engineer. Since then he has served successively as supervising engineer, as­ sistant director of research, director of research and, since 1963, as president. As president of BCR, he is responsible for development and execution of the coop­ erative research program• of the coal and related industries. In addition, Garvey is vice president, research and engineering, of the National Coal Association, a BCR affiliate. In that capacity, he manages the industry's coo_perative engineering service program as well as its -research. unfavorable effects on human health, it is heartening to know that careful studies have so far failed to to produce evidence that this is so.... " And Dr.William T. Ingram, consultant to the New York City Health Department, and a professor at the New York University and Cornell Medical Center, stated recently that current information on sulfur dioxide does not warrant the sulfur controls proposed by the New York City Council's Special Committee on Air Pollution. Dilute Concentrations May Not Harm There is little written evidence that sulfur dioxide in dilute concentrations is harmful; on the contrary, there is some evidence that a little sulfur dioxide is helpful in preventing the common cold, and that dilute amounts also offset the damaging effects of other pollutants on plant life. The foregoing refers to dilute concentrations of sulfur oxides, and so it would be well at this point to define what concentrations are involved in order to put the whole picture in better perspective. In the conventional, modern, coal-burning power plant, coal of, for example, 3.4 sulfur content is draw;n from a storage bunker through a mill where it is pul­ verized to about talcum-powder size, blown into a combustion chamber where it is ignited and the heat used to produce steam.The resultant gases and parti­ culates pass through a heat exchanger for extraction of additional heat from the hot gases, thence to· a high efficiency dust collector where 99-plus percent of the particulates are removed. In these particulates are included about ten percent of the original sulfur which was in the coal, so that the gases discharged to the stack contain about 3000 parts per million (ppm) by volume SO2 and about 30 ppm SO 3 • The gases are discharged 400 to 800 ft above ground level, and because of the buoyancy of the gas they rise rapidly, mix with the surrounding air, and by the time they eventually settle to the ground, the dilution is such that the concentration will be of the order of· less than 0.3 ppm.Thus, after starting with a three-plus percent sulfur coal, a 0.3 ppm concentration of SO2 at ground level is obtained. As a general rule, the ground-level concentration will be related to the sulfur content of the fuel in about this ratio of one to ten. Thus, three percent sulfur coal produces 0.3 ppm 58 SO2; one percent sulfur coal will produce about 0.1 ppm SO2 concentration. A concentration of 0.1 ppm at ground level has been suggested by the Public Health Service as the maximum level which is desirable despite the lack of evidence that such an extremely low level is necessary or even desirable.Contrast this concentration with the concentration approved by industrial hygienists for persons working around smelters and other such plants where high concentra.tions of sulfur dioxide are pro­ duced. The threshold limit for such workers is set at five ppm over an eight-hour working period. Unrealistic Ordinances Are Being Resisted What effect would such limitations on sulfur contents ( either a 0.1 ppm ground-level concentration, or the roughly equivalent one percent sulfur in the coal) mean insofar as coal's leading market, the utility plants, is concerned? A recent study of the sulfur content of coals used by such plants is shown in figure 1, which demonstrates that about 90 percent of these plants use coals having sulfur contents greater than one percent. % Sulfur 0.4-0.7 0.4-1.0 1.1-1.6 1.7-2.2 2.3-2.8 + 2.8 Fig. 1. Sulfur Content of Utility Coals % of Total Cumulative % 4.9 4.9 10.4 10.4 12.8 23.2 43.6 20.4 14.6 57.2 42.8 100.0 And while the problem is significantly serious throughout the entire United States, it is even more significant in certain localized areas. For example, in the Midwest where 3 5 percent of the utility market exists, the average sulfur content is 3.2 percent, and even at the 1.5 percent sulfur limitation, only 8.7 percent of the coals used would qualify. Every possible effort is being made by the various coal associations and by many of the coal companies themselves to resist the imposition of unrealistically restrictive ordinances on the sulfur content of fuels.At the same time, the reality must be faced that there will be a gradual tightening of the allowable limits, hope­ fully not down to the one percent, which appears to be totally unrealistic, but certainly below the average now being shipped to power• plants. What can be done to enable producers of high sulfur coals to comply with these limitations and thereby protect their current utility markets and obtain the potential of growth which exists? 1.-PERMITS BELT SELECTION BASED ON UNIFORM RATE ...rather than on high peak loads. 2.-EASY TRAMMING ALLOWS BELT TAIL SECTION MOVEMENT ...as the section face advances. Eliminates Jong-distance shuttle car haulage. 3.-OPTIONAL ROTARY BREAKER REDUCES LARGE LUMPS OF ROCK AND COAL ... to a size that insures transfer of material. onto the conveyor without overloading and belt damage. The STAMLER BELT FEEDER ... a mobile flight conveyor .. .is the most flexible machine of its type produced for the mining industry today. The wide range of models and optional features offered insures that the Stamler model you select will be designed and built for YOUR particular applica­ tion and to cope with YOUR particular problems of material transfer. At present, there are 13 basic models of Stamler feeders available with tramming heights varying from OPTIONAL ROTARY BREAKER ...handles lump coal and rock with con­ s iderable ease .. . runs counter to the flow of the material and is spring-relieved in the event pf an unbreakable piece. 26 to 42 inches, and with hopper capacities ranging from 3 to 9 tons.One of these 13 Stamler Belt Feeder models will provide a solution to your problem of increasing efficiency and lowering costs. Write for Iitera ture. Your choice of hopp er c ap ac ities from 3 ta 9 tons. Pyritic Sulfur Can Be Removed from Coal Sulfur occurs in coal in two primary forms, organic and pyritic. The question is often asked, why cannot sulfur be taken out of the coal before it is shipped to the power plant? Sulfur content of bituminous coals varies from 0.5 percent to over six percent.The organic content varies between 20 and 60 percent of The W.R. STAMLER CORPORATION MILLERSBURG, KENTUCKY 40348 Area Code 606 Phone 484-2185 SCHROEDER BROTHERS, Exclusive Eastern Sales Agent Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15136 SALMON & COMPANY Birmingham, Alabama 35201 MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL Page 59 RALPH B. MOORE, INC. Denver, Colorado 80207 UNION INDUSTRIAL CORPORATION Carlsbad, New Mexico 88220 Size Raw 2x0 txo 60Mx0 60Mx0 Fig. 2. Studies of Eastern Coals Sulfur Analyses Total Organic Pyrite 4.10 1.70 2.40 Cleaned at 1.6 Sp. Gr. 1.70 3.12 1.42 2.97 1.70 1.27 2.52 1.70 0.82 Cleaned at 1.3 Sp. Gr. 2.00 1.74 0 .26 the total sulfur in the coal. This organic sulfur is a part of the coal molecule itself and cannot be separated from the coal except by disintegration of the mole­ cule; therefore, its removal prior to combustion is impossible. The pyritic portion of the total sulfur content of bituminous coals occurs as pyrite, a mineral associated with the coal but not chemically bound to it. Because there is no chemical bond, it is theoretically possible to separate the pyritic forms of sulfur from the coal. However, in many, if not in most bituminous coals, this pyritic sulfur occurs as a finely disseminated parti­ culate substance; and in order to release it, it is neces­ sary to crush the coal to an extremely fine size. The need for this crushing and the limitations on cl¢'aning at a preparation plant are illustrated in figures 2 and 3. Figure 2 shows the results of studies made on a typical Eastern coal supplied in large quantities to utility plants. The raw coal, as mined, contains 4.10 percent total sulfur, of which about 58 percent is in the pyritic form. Cleaning of the raw, 2 x O coal at 1.6 specific gravity will reduce the pyritic sulfur content from 2.40 to 1.42 percent, the organic sulfur will remain unchanged, and the total sulfur will be reduced from 4.10 to 3.12 percent. Cleaning such as this is, as coal producers well know, a common prac­ tice at many preparation plants. As was pointed out earlier, pyrite for the most part is contained in coal as a finely disseminated material, and in order to effect appreciable removal of the pyrite it is neces­ sary to crush to an extremely fine size. By crushing the coal to ¼ x O some additional pyrite is freed, and washing will change the total sulfur content, reducing it to 2.97. Crushing to 60 x O mesh enables reduction of the pyritic sulfur content to a little over half of what was contained in the original coal, but coal of this size cannot be shipped by conventional means to existing power plants and the problems of handling and storing it at the power plant would be insurmount­ able. Overclea1ning May Increase Sulfur Content Organic Some studies were also conducted at 1.3 specific gravity. Although a substantial further reduction on the 60 mesh x O size can be achieved, only 58 percent of the coal is recovered, and the organic sulfur content of the coal is actually increased. The reason for this is when coal is cleaned at a low gravity, the low organic 60 Fig. 3. Studies of Mid-Western Coals Sulfur Analyses Pyrite Organic Total Size 3.11 5.36 2.25 Raw Cleaned at 1.6 Sp. Gr. 3.84 2.25 1.59 2xo 3.84 2.25 1.59 fx0 3.11 2.25 0.81 60Mx0 Cleaned at 1.3 Sp. Gr. 2.81 2.63 0.18 60Mx0 sulfur materials are concentrated in the refuse and the high organic sulfur constituents are concentrated in the clean coal. This anomaly of actually increasing the organic sulfur content by overcleaning is apparent in all coals tested, although to a greater degree in some than in others. Midwestern coals have also been studied, and the results are shown in figure 3. Again, when cleaning at 1.6 specific gravity, the 2 x O size can be reduced in pyritic sulfur from 3.11 percent to 1.59. The crushing of the coal to ¼ x O does not free enough additional pyrite to enable further reduction in the pyritic sulfur content of the clean coal. But when the coal is crushed to 60 mesh x 0, the reduction is significant and a coal containing about one-quarter of the original pyrite can be produced. However, inasmuch as this coal con­ tains a high proportion of organic sulfur, the total sulfur content still exceeds 3.11 even when cleaned at 60 mesh. Cleaning at 1.3 specific gravity enables addi­ tional removal of the pyrite, but the clean coal re­ covery is of the order of 35 percent. The organic con­ tent of this clean coal, for reasons previously explained, shows a marked increase so that the overall reduction in total sulfur between cleaning at 1.6 specific gravity and 1.3 specific gravity is not sign ificant. Gas Processing Could Be Alternate Approach The alternative approach to control of sulfur dioxide emission from fossil-fuel-burning plants is to the appli­ cation of a process for recovering the sulfur dioxide from the flue gases after burning but prior to emission from the stack. Such gas processing can have efficiencies from a three percent sulfur coal from 3000 ppm at stack top to the order of 300 ppm. A corresponding reduction in ground-level concentrations would, of course, result, and if such processing means could be applied, the emissions would be well below any levels now being considered by public health authorities. No simple process exists, although several research developments within the past few years show promise. The difficulty of developing a technically feasible and economically practical process can readily be appre­ ciated when one realizes that for every ton of coal burned in a utility-type plant, 400,000 cu. ft of gases are discharged to the stack. Even with a high sulfur coal the amount of sulfur dioxide in these gases is less than 0.5 percent. The plant to process this volume of gas to remove such a minute trace of sulfur dioxide will be large and costly to install and operate. MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL Substantial research progress has been made in the direction of development of practical and economic processes for recovering S02 from flue gases. The research has passed the laboratory stage, but in order to provide solutions to the problems remaining and to develop such processes to the point where the overall economics are feasible, additional research is necessary, especially in the pilot and prototype plant stages. Three Processes Look Attractive The U.S. Bureau of Mines, utilizing available labora­ tory information, has developed some probable cost figures for three promising processes. These include the Reinluft Process developed in Germany, the Alkalized Alumina Process developed by the Bureau, and the Catalytic Gas-phase Process which has been worked on by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. and a group of manufacturers headed by Pennsylvania Elec­ tric Co. Figure 4 shows a summary of the cost data developed by the Bureau. These three processes are the most attractive of many which have been studied over the past 10 to 15 years, both in the United States and abroad. Their attractive­ ness is enhanced by virtue of the fact that all produce a potentially salable by-product, either sulfur or sulfuric acid. Examination of figure 4 indicates the great effect which the type of plant has on process costs. A sig­ nificant difference appears between a plant operating with a 90 percent operating factor, versus one with a 50 percent operating factor. The fact that costs range from $0. 75 per ton of coal to $2.65 illustrates that for the small plant such processes at the current state of development are not yet feasible. The significance of the sale of a producible by­ product is evident in figure 5. Here we have taken the same data presented in figure 4 and instead of allowing a credit for the sale of the by-product, a reasonable disposal cost has been added. Depending upon the operating factor and the process used, the cost per ton of coal varies between $2.08 and $4.31. Fig. 4. SO2 Recovery From Flue Gases Process Costs-$/ton Coal-With Credits @ 90% Factor @ 50% Factor Reinluft 1.44 2.65 Alkalized Alumina 1.64 1.00 Catalytic 0.75 2.04 Work is continuing on processes of this type, and apparently one of the large chemical companies is currently planning, in cooperation with a large utility, to build a large-scale test unit utilizing the gas-phase oxidation process. They feel that they have developed sufficient improvements to make the net cost a bit more encouraging than the cost estimates presented here. Starting at the first of this year, BCR expanded its research efforts directed at finding a reasonable solu­ tion to the sulfur problem. This work is being concen­ trated in two areas: Further research on the removal of pyritic sulfur from coal, and the use of additives to the flue gases which could absorb or otherwise capture the S02; solid particulate matter produced would be collected by the existing electrostatic precipitators. Use of Additives to Fuel May Provide Answer In light of the earlier mention of the difficulties of substantially reducing the sulfur content of coals by additional cleaning, it might be somewhat surprising that this line of effort is being pursued. However, there are some coals which, while they have a high total sulfur content, do have a reasonable organic sulfur content, and the pyritic material is so associated with the coal that substantial removal can be achieved. One such coal has an organic sulfur content of only 0.55 percent out of the total sulfur content of 3.88 percent ( see figure 6) . In addition, washability studies show that when crushed to 60 mesh or finer, this pyritic sulfur content can be greatly reduced. Efforts to enable sulfur reduction of· coals·· of this type is not directed at accomplishing it at a preparation plant, but rather, making the removal of pyrite at the power plant inasmuch as the coal must be crushed before com­ bustion. It is believed that economical processes which can be installed between the pulverizer at the power plant and the boiler itself can be developed, and this effort is being pursued. Initial research with additives, either adding ma­ terials such as dolomite or limestone to the coal before Fig. 5. S02 Recovery From Flue Gases Process Costs-$/ton Coal-Without Credits and with Disposal Costs @ 90% Factor @ 50% Factor Reinluft 3.10 4.31 2.08 2.68 Alkalized Alumina 3.57 Catalytic 2.28 Fig. 6. Analysis of Pennsylvania Coal Sulfur Analysis Total Pyrite Organic 3.88 0.55 3.33 Cleaned at 1.6 Specific Gravity 2x0 1.60 0.55 1.05 fx. 0 0.95 0.55 1.50 0.35 60Mx0 0.55 0.90 Size Raw l\lJGlJST 1966 fll Size Raw 2x0 txo 60Mx0 60Mx0 Fig. 2. Studies of Eastern Coals Sulfur Analyses Total Organic Pyrite 4.10 1.70 2.40 Cleaned at 1.6 Sp. Gr. 1.70 3.12 1.42 2.97 1.70 1.27 2.52 1.70 0.82 Cleaned at 1.3 Sp. Gr. 2.00 1.74 0 .26 the total sulfur in the coal. This organic sulfur is a part of the coal molecule itself and cannot be separated from the coal except by disintegration of the mole­ cule; therefore, its removal prior to combustion is impossible. The pyritic portion of the total sulfur content of bituminous coals occurs as pyrite, a mineral associated with the coal but not chemically bound to it. Because there is no chemical bond, it is theoretically possible to separate the pyritic forms of sulfur from the coal. However, in many, if not in most bituminous coals, this pyritic sulfur occurs as a finely disseminated parti­ culate substance; and in order to release it, it is neces­ sary to crush the coal to an extremely fine size. The need for this crushing and the limitations on cl¢'aning at a preparation plant are illustrated in figures 2 and 3. Figure 2 shows the results of studies made on a typical Eastern coal supplied in large quantities to utility plants. The raw coal, as mined, contains 4.10 percent total sulfur, of which about 58 percent is in the pyritic form. Cleaning of the raw, 2 x O coal at 1.6 specific gravity will reduce the pyritic sulfur content from 2.40 to 1.42 percent, the organic sulfur will remain unchanged, and the total sulfur will be reduced from 4.10 to 3.12 percent. Cleaning such as this is, as coal producers well know, a common prac­ tice at many preparation plants. As was pointed out earlier, pyrite for the most part is contained in coal as a finely disseminated material, and in order to effect appreciable removal of the pyrite it is neces­ sary to crush to an extremely fine size. By crushing the coal to ¼ x O some additional pyrite is freed, and washing will change the total sulfur content, reducing it to 2.97. Crushing to 60 x O mesh enables reduction of the pyritic sulfur content to a little over half of what was contained in the original coal, but coal of this size cannot be shipped by conventional means to existing power plants and the problems of handling and storing it at the power plant would be insurmount­ able. Overclea1ning May Increase Sulfur Content Organic Some studies were also conducted at 1.3 specific gravity. Although a substantial further reduction on the 60 mesh x O size can be achieved, only 58 percent of the coal is recovered, and the organic sulfur content of the coal is actually increased. The reason for this is when coal is cleaned at a low gravity, the low organic 60 Fig. 3. Studies of Mid-Western Coals Sulfur Analyses Pyrite Organic Total Size 3.11 5.36 2.25 Raw Cleaned at 1.6 Sp. Gr. 3.84 2.25 1.59 2xo 3.84 2.25 1.59 fx0 3.11 2.25 0.81 60Mx0 Cleaned at 1.3 Sp. Gr. 2.81 2.63 0.18 60Mx0 sulfur materials are concentrated in the refuse and the high organic sulfur constituents are concentrated in the clean coal. This anomaly of actually increasing the organic sulfur content by overcleaning is apparent in all coals tested, although to a greater degree in some than in others. Midwestern coals have also been studied, and the results are shown in figure 3. Again, when cleaning at 1.6 specific gravity, the 2 x O size can be reduced in pyritic sulfur from 3.11 percent to 1.59. The crushing of the coal to ¼ x O does not free enough additional pyrite to enable further reduction in the pyritic sulfur content of the clean coal. But when the coal is crushed to 60 mesh x 0, the reduction is significant and a coal containing about one-quarter of the original pyrite can be produced. However, inasmuch as this coal con­ tains a high proportion of organic sulfur, the total sulfur content still exceeds 3.11 even when cleaned at 60 mesh. Cleaning at 1.3 specific gravity enables addi­ tional removal of the pyrite, but the clean coal re­ covery is of the order of 35 percent. The organic con­ tent of this clean coal, for reasons previously explained, shows a marked increase so that the overall reduction in total sulfur between cleaning at 1.6 specific gravity and 1.3 specific gravity is not sign ificant. Gas Processing Could Be Alternate Approach The alternative approach to control of sulfur dioxide emission from fossil-fuel-burning plants is to the appli­ cation of a process for recovering the sulfur dioxide from the flue gases after burning but prior to emission from the stack. Such gas processing can have efficiencies from a three percent sulfur coal from 3000 ppm at stack top to the order of 300 ppm. A corresponding reduction in ground-level concentrations would, of course, result, and if such processing means could be applied, the emissions would be well below any levels now being considered by public health authorities. No simple process exists, although several research developments within the past few years show promise. The difficulty of developing a technically feasible and economically practical process can readily be appre­ ciated when one realizes that for every ton of coal burned in a utility-type plant, 400,000 cu. ft of gases are discharged to the stack. Even with a high sulfur coal the amount of sulfur dioxide in these gases is less than 0.5 percent. The plant to process this volume of gas to remove such a minute trace of sulfur dioxide will be large and costly to install and operate. MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL Substantial research progress has been made in the direction of development of practical and economic processes for recovering S02 from flue gases. The research has passed the laboratory stage, but in order to provide solutions to the problems remaining and to develop such processes to the point where the overall economics are feasible, additional research is necessary, especially in the pilot and prototype plant stages. Three Processes Look Attractive The U.S. Bureau of Mines, utilizing available labora­ tory information, has developed some probable cost figures for three promising processes. These include the Reinluft Process developed in Germany, the Alkalized Alumina Process developed by the Bureau, and the Catalytic Gas-phase Process which has been worked on by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. and a group of manufacturers headed by Pennsylvania Elec­ tric Co. Figure 4 shows a summary of the cost data developed by the Bureau. These three processes are the most attractive of many which have been studied over the past 10 to 15 years, both in the United States and abroad. Their attractive­ ness is enhanced by virtue of the fact that all produce a potentially salable by-product, either sulfur or sulfuric acid. Examination of figure 4 indicates the great effect which the type of plant has on process costs. A sig­ nificant difference appears between a plant operating with a 90 percent operating factor, versus one with a 50 percent operating factor. The fact that costs range from $0. 75 per ton of coal to $2.65 illustrates that for the small plant such processes at the current state of development are not yet feasible. The significance of the sale of a producible by­ product is evident in figure 5. Here we have taken the same data presented in figure 4 and instead of allowing a credit for the sale of the by-product, a reasonable disposal cost has been added. Depending upon the operating factor and the process used, the cost per ton of coal varies between $2.08 and $4.31. Fig. 4. SO2 Recovery From Flue Gases Process Costs-$/ton Coal-With Credits @ 90% Factor @ 50% Factor Reinluft 1.44 2.65 Alkalized Alumina 1.64 1.00 Catalytic 0.75 2.04 Work is continuing on processes of this type, and apparently one of the large chemical companies is currently planning, in cooperation with a large utility, to build a large-scale test unit utilizing the gas-phase oxidation process. They feel that they have developed sufficient improvements to make the net cost a bit more encouraging than the cost estimates presented here. Starting at the first of this year, BCR expanded its research efforts directed at finding a reasonable solu­ tion to the sulfur problem. This work is being concen­ trated in two areas: Further research on the removal of pyritic sulfur from coal, and the use of additives to the flue gases which could absorb or otherwise capture the S02; solid particulate matter produced would be collected by the existing electrostatic precipitators. Use of Additives to Fuel May Provide Answer In light of the earlier mention of the difficulties of substantially reducing the sulfur content of coals by additional cleaning, it might be somewhat surprising that this line of effort is being pursued. However, there are some coals which, while they have a high total sulfur content, do have a reasonable organic sulfur content, and the pyritic material is so associated with the coal that substantial removal can be achieved. One such coal has an organic sulfur content of only 0.55 percent out of the total sulfur content of 3.88 percent ( see figure 6) . In addition, washability studies show that when crushed to 60 mesh or finer, this pyritic sulfur content can be greatly reduced. Efforts to enable sulfur reduction of· coals·· of this type is not directed at accomplishing it at a preparation plant, but rather, making the removal of pyrite at the power plant inasmuch as the coal must be crushed before com­ bustion. It is believed that economical processes which can be installed between the pulverizer at the power plant and the boiler itself can be developed, and this effort is being pursued. Initial research with additives, either adding ma­ terials such as dolomite or limestone to the coal before Fig. 5. S02 Recovery From Flue Gases Process Costs-$/ton Coal-Without Credits and with Disposal Costs @ 90% Factor @ 50% Factor Reinluft 3.10 4.31 2.08 2.68 Alkalized Alumina 3.57 Catalytic 2.28 Fig. 6. Analysis of Pennsylvania Coal Sulfur Analysis Total Pyrite Organic 3.88 0.55 3.33 Cleaned at 1.6 Specific Gravity 2x0 1.60 0.55 1.05 fx. 0 0.95 0.55 1.50 0.35 60Mx0 0.55 0.90 Size Raw l\lJGlJST 1966 fll combustion or injecting them into the gas stream after combustion, appears encouraging. It is at least theoret­ ically possible to effect chemical and physical reactions which will remove the sulfur oxides, but whether this can be done on a reasonably economical basis still must be ascertained. Air pollution, especially that resulting from the sulfur in bituminous coals, is a hurdle the coal industry must overcome within the next few years if it is going to FIG.Z MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EMISSION OF PART ICULATE MATTER PER STACK FROM INDIRECT HEATING, FUEL BU RNING INSTALLATIONS achieve the growth potential made possible by the ex­ panding electric utility industry. The coal industry is aware of its obligations to protect the health of the gen­ eral public. In the public interest, it has in the past and will continue in the future to search for ways to im­ prove its product and the means for using that product. We are hopeful that the Utopian objectives for the fu­ ture relating to "clear air," laudable as these objectives are, will be tempered to. fit the realities of the present. --�=------------�--+-->-++-+-i---,_.---.i�--+-----..,...� - --- -+----- -+"'-----+--l-- --�,---+ --- -+----11,0 l-0.8 i:=.:--.--+-o....... 0,4 0.3 O.Z5 O.Z �+-+__,.___,>'--l!<-aH-al<--iH �>l-e--e--e--<>-el-e-e-e-1 0.15 By JAMES R. JONES Combustion Engineer Peabody Coal Co. DISCUSSION: -'NO fuel combustion units larger than 50 million Btu per hour input may be constructed after January 1, 1971, which will or are likely to emit more than 0.5 to 1.0 lb of SO2 per million Btu per hour input." This means no units larger than 40,000 lb of steam per hour which burn more than 0.25 to 0.5 per­ cent sulfur coal may be built! "During the months of December 1967 and January 1968 no person shall burn or permit the burning of any coal containing more,dhan 1.4 percent sulfur ( dry basis) in any fuel-burning installation having a capacity of less than 2000 million Btu per hour." The above quotes are intended to startle. They are from proposed regulations being urged by health offi­ cials and air pollution control agencies. There is, per­ haps, no better way to emphasize the necessary research which the preceding article discusses. There is a prac­ tical necessity and urgency to the work Bituminous Coal Research, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Monsanto Co., Metropolitan Edison, and others are doing. National Coal Association began its air pollution control activities many years ago. Following passage of the Clean Air Act of 1963, Mid-West Coal Producers Institute, Inc., for its marketing territory, formulated its own Technical Advisory Committee to supplement the work of NCA. That committee has expanded as specific activities developed, until the organization today is as shown in figure 1. There is a definite pattern. in air pollution work: a strong• tendency to copy other ordinances-but in many cases to lower the allowable emission limits a little more than the preceding ordinance. The U.S. Public Health Service and state and local control agencies know more about the ambient air quality than ever before, and in many cases have a better knowledge about emissions from a specific source than that source itself. The Interstate Air Pollution Study at St. Louis has so far released seven of its eight sections. The seven documents measure well over 3½ in. in thickness and just to read the material is a tremendous job. All Emissions Under Scrutiny. The coal industry is not alone in receiving the brunt of restrictive limita­ tions. Process emissions of all kinds are under scrutiny­ odors, gases vapors, particulates, etc. At present, how­ ever, primary concern involves two specific areas of FIG.I MID-WEST COAL PRODUCERS I NSTITUTE, INC. T R A NSPORTATION P OLICY COMMITTEE TECHNICA L A DVISORY COMMITTEE ON AIR POLLUTION CONTROL (TACAPC) CHICAGO SUB-COMMITTEE ST.LOUIS SUB·COMMITTE E KANSAS CITY SUB-COMMITTEE ECHNICAL SUB-COMMITTEE NAS HVILLE SUB-COMMITTEE fflNlNG CONGll,ESS JOURNAL 100 500 1000 s,ooo 10,000 TOTAL HEAT INPUT-MILLION OF BTU PER HOUR investigation: particulate matter and SO:1> We are beginning to be concerned with-and blamed for-the emission of benzo-a-pyrene as mentioned in the previous article. One of these days nitrous oxides will come under closer scrutiny. Let's look at particulates first. The emission of fly ash is primarily a problem of coal consumers and their burning and collecting equipment. But the coal pro­ ducer has a stake in this problem through preparation. The size consist of the coal shipped, and the amount of fines therein, have a direct bearing on the results obtained. Also, of equal importance is continuous uni­ formity of quality and sizing. A good deal of the technology necessary to prevent the emission of fly ash is known; therefore it becomes a matter of economics. The greater the collection effi­ ciency required, the greater the cost due to larger fans, higher draft loss, more supporting structure, more space required, etc. The curves shown in figure 2 are typical of those in existence or being proposed. The old ASME standard ( 1949) was 0.85 lb of dust per 1000 lb of steam. This is equivalent to 1.0 lb per million Btu input in today's terminology (top curve shown). In 1962 ASME pro­ posed a more restrictive limitation employing the prin­ ciple of less allowable emission as the size of the steam generating �nit increased. This was never adopted; in­ . stead, it was referred to an Emission Standards Com­ mittee whose report is anticipated in ,the near future. In the meantime, however, various ordinances have been adopted (as illustrated) and even more stringent figures than these shown are now being proposed. Better Collection Will Up Costs. What does this mean to the coal industry? On midwestern coals burned in a pulverized fuel unit, this means a collec­ tion efficiency of 98 to 99 percent. On industrial sized units fired by a spreader stoker, it means 96 to 97 per­ cent efficiency; for chain or traveling grates or underAUGUST 1966 feed stokers, 85 to 90 percent. Pulverizers and spread­ ers will require an electro-static precipitator, which costs 2½ to three times the price of a mechanical col­ lector. To go from 98 to 99 percent collection efficiency will more than double the cost of the collecting device. Coal's competition with oil and gas is particularly in­ tense in the industrial segment of the market. When added collectors are required it places the initial invest­ ment even higher for coal equipment than for the gas or oil package unit. Operating costs will also increase :with the higher. draft loss and greater power require­ ments. Many plant's will be faced with the necessity of discontinuing fly-ash reinjection from the collector in order to meet the new standard, with a resulting de­ crease in boiler efficiency; however, they might, hap­ pily, also find a decrease in maintenance costs due to less slag, erosion of collectors, etc. Mine Operators Not Immune. The mine operator is not immune to these developing regulations. For ex­ ample, his coal mine dryer is a source of an "air contaminant" as defined in most laws. He is going to have to learn more about the quantities of dust being emitted. The San Francisco Bay Area process weight emission standards are being quite widely adopted. Every mine operator is urged to study his own situation now before he is forced to take action either by a regulatory agency or as the result of a lawsuit. So far as gases or vapors are concerned, SO2 is the principal one with which we are currently concerned. In the first place there is insufficient knowledge about the effects on humans at low levels for prolonged periods of time. The Electric Research Council and the coal industry are supporting research in this area at Hazelton Laboratories, but results will be a long time off as it is a five-year program. Mr. Garvey has quoted the President's Science Advisory Committee report about the lack of evidence of effect on health. For every such statement, those who believe that there is a health 63 combustion or injecting them into the gas stream after combustion, appears encouraging. It is at least theoret­ ically possible to effect chemical and physical reactions which will remove the sulfur oxides, but whether this can be done on a reasonably economical basis still must be ascertained. Air pollution, especially that resulting from the sulfur in bituminous coals, is a hurdle the coal industry must overcome within the next few years if it is going to FIG.Z MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EMISSION OF PART ICULATE MATTER PER STACK FROM INDIRECT HEATING, FUEL BU RNING INSTALLATIONS achieve the growth potential made possible by the ex­ panding electric utility industry. The coal industry is aware of its obligations to protect the health of the gen­ eral public. In the public interest, it has in the past and will continue in the future to search for ways to im­ prove its product and the means for using that product. We are hopeful that the Utopian objectives for the fu­ ture relating to "clear air," laudable as these objectives are, will be tempered to. fit the realities of the present. --�=------------�--+-->-++-+-i---,_.---.i�--+-----..,...� - --- -+----- -+"'-----+--l-- --�,---+ --- -+----11,0 l-0.8 i:=.:--.--+-o....... 0,4 0.3 O.Z5 O.Z �+-+__,.___,>'--l!<-aH-al<--iH �>l-e--e--e--<>-el-e-e-e-1 0.15 By JAMES R. JONES Combustion Engineer Peabody Coal Co. DISCUSSION: -'NO fuel combustion units larger than 50 million Btu per hour input may be constructed after January 1, 1971, which will or are likely to emit more than 0.5 to 1.0 lb of SO2 per million Btu per hour input." This means no units larger than 40,000 lb of steam per hour which burn more than 0.25 to 0.5 per­ cent sulfur coal may be built! "During the months of December 1967 and January 1968 no person shall burn or permit the burning of any coal containing more,dhan 1.4 percent sulfur ( dry basis) in any fuel-burning installation having a capacity of less than 2000 million Btu per hour." The above quotes are intended to startle. They are from proposed regulations being urged by health offi­ cials and air pollution control agencies. There is, per­ haps, no better way to emphasize the necessary research which the preceding article discusses. There is a prac­ tical necessity and urgency to the work Bituminous Coal Research, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Monsanto Co., Metropolitan Edison, and others are doing. National Coal Association began its air pollution control activities many years ago. Following passage of the Clean Air Act of 1963, Mid-West Coal Producers Institute, Inc., for its marketing territory, formulated its own Technical Advisory Committee to supplement the work of NCA. That committee has expanded as specific activities developed, until the organization today is as shown in figure 1. There is a definite pattern. in air pollution work: a strong• tendency to copy other ordinances-but in many cases to lower the allowable emission limits a little more than the preceding ordinance. The U.S. Public Health Service and state and local control agencies know more about the ambient air quality than ever before, and in many cases have a better knowledge about emissions from a specific source than that source itself. The Interstate Air Pollution Study at St. Louis has so far released seven of its eight sections. The seven documents measure well over 3½ in. in thickness and just to read the material is a tremendous job. All Emissions Under Scrutiny. The coal industry is not alone in receiving the brunt of restrictive limita­ tions. Process emissions of all kinds are under scrutiny­ odors, gases vapors, particulates, etc. At present, how­ ever, primary concern involves two specific areas of FIG.I MID-WEST COAL PRODUCERS I NSTITUTE, INC. T R A NSPORTATION P OLICY COMMITTEE TECHNICA L A DVISORY COMMITTEE ON AIR POLLUTION CONTROL (TACAPC) CHICAGO SUB-COMMITTEE ST.LOUIS SUB·COMMITTE E KANSAS CITY SUB-COMMITTEE ECHNICAL SUB-COMMITTEE NAS HVILLE SUB-COMMITTEE fflNlNG CONGll,ESS JOURNAL 100 500 1000 s,ooo 10,000 TOTAL HEAT INPUT-MILLION OF BTU PER HOUR investigation: particulate matter and SO:1> We are beginning to be concerned with-and blamed for-the emission of benzo-a-pyrene as mentioned in the previous article. One of these days nitrous oxides will come under closer scrutiny. Let's look at particulates first. The emission of fly ash is primarily a problem of coal consumers and their burning and collecting equipment. But the coal pro­ ducer has a stake in this problem through preparation. The size consist of the coal shipped, and the amount of fines therein, have a direct bearing on the results obtained. Also, of equal importance is continuous uni­ formity of quality and sizing. A good deal of the technology necessary to prevent the emission of fly ash is known; therefore it becomes a matter of economics. The greater the collection effi­ ciency required, the greater the cost due to larger fans, higher draft loss, more supporting structure, more space required, etc. The curves shown in figure 2 are typical of those in existence or being proposed. The old ASME standard ( 1949) was 0.85 lb of dust per 1000 lb of steam. This is equivalent to 1.0 lb per million Btu input in today's terminology (top curve shown). In 1962 ASME pro­ posed a more restrictive limitation employing the prin­ ciple of less allowable emission as the size of the steam generating �nit increased. This was never adopted; in­ . stead, it was referred to an Emission Standards Com­ mittee whose report is anticipated in ,the near future. In the meantime, however, various ordinances have been adopted (as illustrated) and even more stringent figures than these shown are now being proposed. Better Collection Will Up Costs. What does this mean to the coal industry? On midwestern coals burned in a pulverized fuel unit, this means a collec­ tion efficiency of 98 to 99 percent. On industrial sized units fired by a spreader stoker, it means 96 to 97 per­ cent efficiency; for chain or traveling grates or underAUGUST 1966 feed stokers, 85 to 90 percent. Pulverizers and spread­ ers will require an electro-static precipitator, which costs 2½ to three times the price of a mechanical col­ lector. To go from 98 to 99 percent collection efficiency will more than double the cost of the collecting device. Coal's competition with oil and gas is particularly in­ tense in the industrial segment of the market. When added collectors are required it places the initial invest­ ment even higher for coal equipment than for the gas or oil package unit. Operating costs will also increase :with the higher. draft loss and greater power require­ ments. Many plant's will be faced with the necessity of discontinuing fly-ash reinjection from the collector in order to meet the new standard, with a resulting de­ crease in boiler efficiency; however, they might, hap­ pily, also find a decrease in maintenance costs due to less slag, erosion of collectors, etc. Mine Operators Not Immune. The mine operator is not immune to these developing regulations. For ex­ ample, his coal mine dryer is a source of an "air contaminant" as defined in most laws. He is going to have to learn more about the quantities of dust being emitted. The San Francisco Bay Area process weight emission standards are being quite widely adopted. Every mine operator is urged to study his own situation now before he is forced to take action either by a regulatory agency or as the result of a lawsuit. So far as gases or vapors are concerned, SO2 is the principal one with which we are currently concerned. In the first place there is insufficient knowledge about the effects on humans at low levels for prolonged periods of time. The Electric Research Council and the coal industry are supporting research in this area at Hazelton Laboratories, but results will be a long time off as it is a five-year program. Mr. Garvey has quoted the President's Science Advisory Committee report about the lack of evidence of effect on health. For every such statement, those who believe that there is a health 63 f:IG. 3 SULFUR CONTENT OF COAL PRODUCED I AT MID-WEST MINES IN ILLI OIS, IN IANA & WESTERN KENTUCKY--.-­ YEAR - 1964 I 80 TABLE I. SULFUR CONTENT* OF COAL PRODUCED AT MID-WEST MINES IN ILLINOIS, INDIANA & WESTERN KENTUCKY YEAR-1964 %SULPHUR � 60 1------+-----1------1-----1------+- o � � 40 1------l------'-------+-----'-----i o.a 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.4 2.0 3,2 3.6 4.0 PERCENT ·sulFUR effect can find similar opinions to support their posi­ tion. Many statements in the program of educating the public are carefully worded to indicate positiye proof of health damage, but qualified by saying there is "increasing evidence," and "tendency to indicate," or some other correlation. Information relative to the sulfur content of mid­ western coals is presented in tables I and II and in fig­ ure 3. Referring back to the opening of this discussion, one can readily see the problem that faces the indus­ try with such restrictive regulations. Just multiply the physical problem of making such a presentation of facts before the numerous state and local agencies which are in the process of adopting new ordinances or regulations! Thus, it is most important to face up to the matter of raw vs. washed coal. Each time we and a customer talk of utilizing uncleaned coal, we place ourselves at the opposite end of the table from control agencies. Situation is Urgent. To summarize: 1. There is a matter of urgency being placed on this subject of air pollution control. We are in favor of cleaning up our air. Everyone can point to examples in his own community where some­ thing should be done. Our aim, however, is to have control that does not precede the technical knowledge for compliance. We are, in effect1 "buying time." But we must use that time productively to find answers to the many unsolved problems. Removal of sulfur from the coal and S02 from the flue gases are just two of these. 2. We have gone far beyond the days of the smoke inspector who concerned himself only with the color of the effiuent from the stack and the fly­ ash which fell in the neighborhood creating a M nuisance. Perhaps much progress is being made in finding solutions to the problem, but are the city councils, health officials, citizens' committees, etc., equally convinced and willing to wait? 3. What can an individual with a personal stake in the future of the coal industry do? -Find out how much dust you are emitting from your preparation plant. Does it meet modern-day standards? If not, correct the situation before public indignation forces you into something far more stringent. -Maintain your coal preparation and quality at the highest standards possible. Size consist and uniformity are of particular importance. Poor coal and an active air pollution control program mean loss of a customer. -Be a "one-man" public relations emissary for the coal industry. Tell your neighbors, friends, and the general public how important coal is to their every-day existence. Also tell them about the all-out cooperative efforts of the coal industry to reduce air pollution. 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.0 TONS OF COAL CUMULATIVE TONNAGE 486,000 2,876,000 404,000 928,000 1,665,000 2,085,000 582,000 4,417,000 1,385,000 7,751,000 312,000 3,661,000 5,878,000 6,131,000 12,238,000 11,751,000 4,401,000 4,143,000 4,685,000 797,000 2,885,000 3,086,000 310,000 8,968,000 486,000 3,362,000 3,766,000 4,694,000 6,359,000 8,444,000 9,026,000 13,443,000 14,828,000 22,579,000 22,891,000 26,552,000 32,430,000 38,561,000 50,799,000 62,550,000 66,951,000 71,094,000 75,779,000 76,576,000 79,461,000 82,547,000 82,857,000 91,825,000 CUMULATIVE % 0.5 3.7 4.1 5.1 6.9 9.2 9.8 14.7 16.2 24.6 24.9 28.9 35.4 42.1 55.3 68.1 73.0 77.5 82.6 83.4 86.6 89.9 90.3 100.0 Is it high blood pressure■ * As Received 1.0-1.5 6,359,000 BY RANGE OF SULFUR % (Tons of Coal) 1.6--2.0 2.1-2.5 2.6--3.0 3.1-3.5 2,085,000 14,135,000 28,220,000 25,777,000 3.6-4.0 15,249,000 Source: Mid-West Coal Producers Institute, Inc. TABLE II. TYPICAL FORMS OF SULFUR IN ILLINOIS, INDIANA, AND WESTERN KENTUCKY COALS (CLEANED COALS) As Received Basis Total Sulfate Organic Sulfur Pyritic District Seam ILLINOIS Northern Illinois Southern Illinois Fulton County Fulton County Central Illinois Belleville Southern Illinois Southern-Low Sulfur Northern Illinois .76 1.41 1.17 .93 1.59 1.23 .77 .45 1.28 .18 .o7 .15 .13 .09 .06 .01 .04 .17 1.14 1.12 1.72 1.69 1.98 2.03 1.77 0.61 2.19 2.08 2.60 3.04 2.75 3.66 3.32 2.54 1.10 3.64 1.78 1.02 1.40 .41 .58 .02 .07 .12 .03 .03 1.99 1.72 1.17 .52 .67 3.79 2.81 2.69 .96 1.28 1.87 1.27 1.18 1.29 1.22 .07 .08 .07 .08 .08 0.79 1.76 1.77 1.62 1.10 2.73 3.11 3.02 2.99 2.40 INDIANA Brazil Clinton #3 Terre Haute Area Southern Indiana #6 Terre Haute Area #7 Brazil Block Terre Haute Area (Raw Coal) #5 James R. Jones has been a combustion engineer with Peabody Coal Co. and predecessor companies for the past 20 years. Before entering the coal industry, he was a design engineer with Goodyear Aircraft Corp. Jones is chairman of the Techniaal Advisory Committee on Air Pollution Controls. of the Mid-West Coal Producers Institute and a member of a number of air pollution control organiza­ tions. MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL WESTERN KENTUCKY #6 #9 # 11 # 12 # 14 AUGUST 1966 Madisonville Area Madisonville Area Madisonville Area Madisonville Area Madisonville Area ') ONLY A DOCTOR CAN TELL. Thanks to medical re­ search, your doctor now can control most cases of high blood pressure· . and reduce the danger of damage tc heart, brain and kidneys. With more research, he may some day be able to prevent high blood pressure and other car­ diovascular diseases. You help speed this day with your Heart Fund dollars. en Your HEART FUND fights them ALL HEART ATTACK STROKE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE @ RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE 65 f:IG. 3 SULFUR CONTENT OF COAL PRODUCED I AT MID-WEST MINES IN ILLI OIS, IN IANA & WESTERN KENTUCKY--.-­ YEAR - 1964 I 80 TABLE I. SULFUR CONTENT* OF COAL PRODUCED AT MID-WEST MINES IN ILLINOIS, INDIANA & WESTERN KENTUCKY YEAR-1964 %SULPHUR � 60 1------+-----1------1-----1------+- o � � 40 1------l------'-------+-----'-----i o.a 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.4 2.0 3,2 3.6 4.0 PERCENT ·sulFUR effect can find similar opinions to support their posi­ tion. Many statements in the program of educating the public are carefully worded to indicate positiye proof of health damage, but qualified by saying there is "increasing evidence," and "tendency to indicate," or some other correlation. Information relative to the sulfur content of mid­ western coals is presented in tables I and II and in fig­ ure 3. Referring back to the opening of this discussion, one can readily see the problem that faces the indus­ try with such restrictive regulations. Just multiply the physical problem of making such a presentation of facts before the numerous state and local agencies which are in the process of adopting new ordinances or regulations! Thus, it is most important to face up to the matter of raw vs. washed coal. Each time we and a customer talk of utilizing uncleaned coal, we place ourselves at the opposite end of the table from control agencies. Situation is Urgent. To summarize: 1. There is a matter of urgency being placed on this subject of air pollution control. We are in favor of cleaning up our air. Everyone can point to examples in his own community where some­ thing should be done. Our aim, however, is to have control that does not precede the technical knowledge for compliance. We are, in effect1 "buying time." But we must use that time productively to find answers to the many unsolved problems. Removal of sulfur from the coal and S02 from the flue gases are just two of these. 2. We have gone far beyond the days of the smoke inspector who concerned himself only with the color of the effiuent from the stack and the fly­ ash which fell in the neighborhood creating a M nuisance. Perhaps much progress is being made in finding solutions to the problem, but are the city councils, health officials, citizens' committees, etc., equally convinced and willing to wait? 3. What can an individual with a personal stake in the future of the coal industry do? -Find out how much dust you are emitting from your preparation plant. Does it meet modern-day standards? If not, correct the situation before public indignation forces you into something far more stringent. -Maintain your coal preparation and quality at the highest standards possible. Size consist and uniformity are of particular importance. Poor coal and an active air pollution control program mean loss of a customer. -Be a "one-man" public relations emissary for the coal industry. Tell your neighbors, friends, and the general public how important coal is to their every-day existence. Also tell them about the all-out cooperative efforts of the coal industry to reduce air pollution. 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.0 TONS OF COAL CUMULATIVE TONNAGE 486,000 2,876,000 404,000 928,000 1,665,000 2,085,000 582,000 4,417,000 1,385,000 7,751,000 312,000 3,661,000 5,878,000 6,131,000 12,238,000 11,751,000 4,401,000 4,143,000 4,685,000 797,000 2,885,000 3,086,000 310,000 8,968,000 486,000 3,362,000 3,766,000 4,694,000 6,359,000 8,444,000 9,026,000 13,443,000 14,828,000 22,579,000 22,891,000 26,552,000 32,430,000 38,561,000 50,799,000 62,550,000 66,951,000 71,094,000 75,779,000 76,576,000 79,461,000 82,547,000 82,857,000 91,825,000 CUMULATIVE % 0.5 3.7 4.1 5.1 6.9 9.2 9.8 14.7 16.2 24.6 24.9 28.9 35.4 42.1 55.3 68.1 73.0 77.5 82.6 83.4 86.6 89.9 90.3 100.0 Is it high blood pressure■ * As Received 1.0-1.5 6,359,000 BY RANGE OF SULFUR % (Tons of Coal) 1.6--2.0 2.1-2.5 2.6--3.0 3.1-3.5 2,085,000 14,135,000 28,220,000 25,777,000 3.6-4.0 15,249,000 Source: Mid-West Coal Producers Institute, Inc. TABLE II. TYPICAL FORMS OF SULFUR IN ILLINOIS, INDIANA, AND WESTERN KENTUCKY COALS (CLEANED COALS) As Received Basis Total Sulfate Organic Sulfur Pyritic District Seam ILLINOIS Northern Illinois Southern Illinois Fulton County Fulton County Central Illinois Belleville Southern Illinois Southern-Low Sulfur Northern Illinois .76 1.41 1.17 .93 1.59 1.23 .77 .45 1.28 .18 .o7 .15 .13 .09 .06 .01 .04 .17 1.14 1.12 1.72 1.69 1.98 2.03 1.77 0.61 2.19 2.08 2.60 3.04 2.75 3.66 3.32 2.54 1.10 3.64 1.78 1.02 1.40 .41 .58 .02 .07 .12 .03 .03 1.99 1.72 1.17 .52 .67 3.79 2.81 2.69 .96 1.28 1.87 1.27 1.18 1.29 1.22 .07 .08 .07 .08 .08 0.79 1.76 1.77 1.62 1.10 2.73 3.11 3.02 2.99 2.40 INDIANA Brazil Clinton #3 Terre Haute Area Southern Indiana #6 Terre Haute Area #7 Brazil Block Terre Haute Area (Raw Coal) #5 James R. Jones has been a combustion engineer with Peabody Coal Co. and predecessor companies for the past 20 years. Before entering the coal industry, he was a design engineer with Goodyear Aircraft Corp. Jones is chairman of the Techniaal Advisory Committee on Air Pollution Controls. of the Mid-West Coal Producers Institute and a member of a number of air pollution control organiza­ tions. MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL WESTERN KENTUCKY #6 #9 # 11 # 12 # 14 AUGUST 1966 Madisonville Area Madisonville Area Madisonville Area Madisonville Area Madisonville Area ') ONLY A DOCTOR CAN TELL. Thanks to medical re­ search, your doctor now can control most cases of high blood pressure· . and reduce the danger of damage tc heart, brain and kidneys. With more research, he may some day be able to prevent high blood pressure and other car­ diovascular diseases. You help speed this day with your Heart Fund dollars. en Your HEART FUND fights them ALL HEART ATTACK STROKE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE @ RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE 65