WINNIPEG A RCHITECTURE F O U N DAT I ON A R C H I T E C T U R E + L A N D S C A P E TO U R O F Central Park Marieke Gruwel A R C H I T E C T U R E + L A N D S C A P E TO U R O F Central Park The Winnipeg Architecture Foundation is a PRODUCED WITH SUPPORT FROM nonprofit, registered charitable organisation dedicated to advancing the awareness and appreciation of Winnipeg’s built environment through public education. Marieke Gruwel For information about Winnipeg buildings, Winnipeg is located within Treaty No. 1 Territory, landscapes and architects, please visit the traditional lands of the Anishinabe (Ojibway), winnipegarchitecture.ca. Ininew (Cree), Oji-Cree, Dene, and Dakota, and is the Birthplace of the Métis Nation and Heart of © Winnipeg Architecture Foundation Inc, 2019. isbn: 978-1-988321-01-1 editors: Susan McLennan & Susan Algie layout & design: Burdocks Design Studio cover illustration: Burdocks Design Studio the Métis Nation Homeland. Winnipeg Architecture Foundation Table of Contents The History of Central Park 1 Tour Stops 5 Biographies 51 Bibliography 59 The History of Central Park The year 1893 was exciting in Winnipeg. The newly formed Public Parks Board bought property to create Winnipeg’s first four parks. When the land was purchased, the City did not refer to the areas as parks; instead, they called them “ornamented squares or breathing centres.” One of these ornamented squares was Central Park, which Postcards depicting Central Park from the Prairie Postcard Collection. Images courtesy of Peel’s Prairie Provinces, a digital initiative of the University of Alberta Libraries. was purchased from the Hudson’s Bay Company for $20,000. Central Park gained popularity quickly, and by the early 1900s the park had a tennis court, a bandshell, and large gardens. It became a popular spot to get away from city life. In fact, Central Park was so well liked in its early years that the city had a difficult time maintaining it. As the number of people living in the area decreased through the 1970s on, so 1 park closed off a section of Qu’Appelle Street, which allowed for the park to be expanded to Ellice Avenue. The master plan, based on a vision of then mayor Bill Norrie, was to link Central Park to the Legislature grounds. The development of North Portage, and the construction of Portage Place Mall between 1985 and 1987, meant that these further Edmonton Street looking West, postcard from the Prairie Postcard Collection. Image courtesy of Peel’s Prairie Provinces, a digital initiative of the University of Alberta Libraries. extensions to the park were never realised. In 2008, the City of Winnipeg launched a major revitalisation of the park. Designed did the popularity of Central Park. Less use led to by Scatliff+Miller+Murray and completed in safety concerns and even fewer people. 2012, the project added a wading pool and spray park, an artificial turf, four-season slides, and In 1985 the City of Winnipeg’s Department of an interactive sand and water play area with a Environment Planning hired the landscape play structure. architecture firm David Wagner Associates Inc. to design an extension to Central Park. The purpose of this project was to create a neighbourhood identity for a community that was undergoing revitalisation and change. The expansion of the 2 3 ET ET RE RE ST ST ET RE ST ST ST RE GM DE UE AI EN DA AV ET AR N LE EL E D AM E EL RE EN ST AV UE NA ND RG UE LD STR E E LLIC EN AV Waddell Fountain 2 Benard House 3 Knox United Church 4 Hoover and Town House 5 MacDonald Building 6 diy Field 7 Central Park 8 Warwick Apartments 9 Ambassador Apartments 10 Calvary Temple 11 Regency Towers 12 Central Park Pavilion 13 Central Park Wading Pool and Aquatic Play Pad NA 6 ET TRE E S 5 1 DO R AV EET 4 STR 8 HA 7 9 ON E 10 RLT EET AV LLE E NU LA CA STR ET TRE N S DY TO NE ER LD MB ET AD CU DO 1 12 ON KEN EDM 13 3 PPE RE CE AN FR TR 11 2 ’A QU ET S IE RT GE NO Tour Stops 5 EET 1. Waddell Fountain 400 Cumberland Avenue, 1903 architect:  John Manuel The Waddell Fountain, built in 1914, is Central Park’s most well-known structure. Architect John Manuel based his design on an 1844 Gothic Revival monument in Edinburgh dedicated to Romantic poet Sir Walter Scott. The Waddell fountain is an example of Gothic Revival architecture. The stone fountain sits on a granite base and has a concrete basement, where the water pump is located. If you look at it from different angles, you will see that the fountain is identically arranged on all sides, with arch and floral motifs, pinnacles, and four lions’ heads that supply the water. You will also see the name, Waddell Fountain, carved twice on the structure. Waddell Fountain, n.d. Image courtesy of Henry Kalen fonds, University of Manitoba Archives and Special Collections. 7 The history of this Winnipeg landmark is quite the repairs were completed. New pieces of limestone the story. The fountain was constructed in memory were carved to replace pieces of the original fountain of Emily Margaret Waddell, who lived in Winnipeg that were damaged or had gone missing. The with her husband Thomas Waddell. In 1909, Emily fountain is once again a functional and beautiful died after an operation in Rochester, Minnesota. landmark in the park. Emily had written a will in 1904, but it was not found until 1911, two years after her death. In it, Emily stated that if Thomas were ever to remarry, he would have to donate $10,000 to the City of Winnipeg to build a fountain in Central Park. When the will was discovered, Thomas was intending to remarry, but was stuck because he did not have the money to donate to the City. By 1914, he managed to collect enough money and chose John Manuel’s design for the fountain. After many years of neglect, the fountain was in desperate need of rehabilitation. In 2010, the City of Winnipeg hired Cohlmeyer Architects and Alpha Masonry to restore it. The fountain was dismantled into pieces and moved to an offsite location where 8 9 2. Benard House 454 Edmonton Street, 1903 architect:  Joseph Greenfield At the beginning of the twentieth century, Central Park had become one of Winnipeg’s most exclusive neighbourhoods. The Benard House at 454 Edmonton Street is a great example of the early residential development in the area. The two-and-a-half storey home is located on the corner of Edmonton Street and Cumberland Avenue, on the north-western tip of what had been the Hudson’s Bay Reserve. The brick home sits on a limestone rubble foundation and faces two directions. The use of various shapes, materials, and colours results in the dwelling’s asymmetrical composition. The home was designed by Joseph Greenfield and built by contractors Malcom Brothers in Bernard House, c. 1903. Image courtesy of City of Winnipeg, Historical Buildings Committee Report 11 Benard House, 2019. Image by Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. Benard House, 2019. Image by Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. partnership with S.B. Ritchie in 1903. Greenfield at the end of the nineteenth century. The style had trained and worked in England and Toronto had become popular as a result of the publication before arriving in Winnipeg in 1885. It was only of building design books, including George shortly after he designed this home that he became Palliser’s Modern Building’s Patter Book. the Manitoba superintendent for Public Works for the Dominion government. The Benard House had originally been built for Walter R. Fish, a travelling salesman, and Edith The Benard House is an example of the Queen Fish. However, it was sold to Hermisdas and Louisa Anne Revival Style, a style that dominated much Benard, who had been in the hotel business, shortly of the residential architecture in North America after its construction. The home now houses offices. 12 13 3. Knox United Church 400 Edmonton Street, 1914–18 architect:  John H.G. Russell Knox United Church, originally a Presbyterian church, was built between 1914 and 1918. It was designed by the prominent architect John H.G. Russell, the architect responsible for the design of both Augustine (1903–04) and Westminster (1911–12) United churches. Knox is the largest United church in Manitoba and is a wonderful example of Late Gothic Revival architecture. Made of reinforced concrete, steel, and stone, the church was designed to accommodate a range of needs, incorporating a gymnasium, chapel, and meeting space. The exterior of the church features walls of rusticated Manitoba Tyndall limestone, providing contrast to the smooth stone door and window openings. The arrangement and design of the Knox United Church, postcards from the Prairie Postcard Collection. Image courtesy of Peel’s Prairie Provinces, a digital initiative of the University of Alberta Libraries. 15 windows and doors are distinctively Gothic. The interior of the church also contains several elements of Gothic Revival, including the arched detailing in the staircases and the details in the woodwork and pews. If you look to the top of the tower, you may notice something is missing. Early on a Friday morning in 2010, Knox United Church was struck by lightning. Hoover and Town House, n.d. Image courtesy of City of Winnipeg, Historical Buildings Committee Report. The lightning caused the spire, a large piece of Tyndall limestone at the top of the tower, to fall down. This piece of stone fell onto the steps of the church (causing damage) and then rolled onto the 4. Hoover and Town House 368–370 Edmonton Street, 1901 street, just missing vehicles parked there. If you look across Edmonton Street, you’ll see a piece of architect:  Johann Schwab the stone placed in the park. The stone was turned into a memorial, acting as a testament to the link The Hoover and Town House is one of the between Knox United Church and Central Park. remaining turn-of-the-century homes that had originally lined Central Park. Over the years, many of the homes lining Central Park were torn down or heavily altered. Luckily, the exterior of this duplex 16 17 Hoover and Town House, c.1903. Image courtesy of City of Winnipeg, Historical Buildings Committee Report. remains relatively true to how it appeared when it was constructed in 1901; however, there have been MacDonald Building, 2019. Image by Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. major alterations to the interior. Business partners Martin Hoover and Alfred Town chose a relatively unknown architect, German-born Johann Schwab, to design their duplex. Constructed in 1901 for $8,000, the building is designed in the Queen Anne Style. It rests on an 18-inch stone foundation anchored on stone footings. Defining qualities of the Queen Anne Style include the steeply pitched roof of irregular shape, the elaborate porch, and the variety of textures and masses. Of particular note is the wooden “gingerbread” decoration and the “fish-scale” shingles in the gables. 18 5. MacDonald Building 344 Edmonton Street, 1958 architects:  Smith Carter Searle and Associates (now Architecture49) The MacDonald building was constructed for the federal government’s new regional office of the Unemployment Insurance Company. It is a late example of the federal government’s postwar expansion of social and civil services. 19 frame that carries masonry walls on a concrete block. For aesthetic purposes, the architects covered the exterior of the building with cream brick and Tyndall limestone. Vertical fins are a particular feature of this building, as well as the use of stone spandrels (located between the windows) instead of the more common curtain wall structure of many federal government buildings of this period. MacDonald Building, 2019. Image by Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. It is not certain if the building was named for Prime Minister John A. Macdonald or his son Sir Hugh John Macdonald, former premier Smith Carter Searle (now Architecture49), a notable of the province. The building still houses Winnipeg architectural firm, designed the building government offices. in 1958. The firm has been responsible for many of Winnipeg’s most prominent modern-era buildings The architects designed the modest four-storey office block with functionality in mind—they were more concerned with how the building worked than with how it looked. The structure is of a simple steel 20 21 The posts make up a piece of public art created by the Canadian visual artist Germaine Koh. Called diy Field, the project was developed through the Winnipeg Arts Council’s Public Art program. What makes public art different from other forms of art is that it is art created solely for public spaces. That being said, it is not just a piece of art that is placed somewhere in public. Public diy Field, 2011. Image by Leif Norman. art is designed and created with location in mind, aiming to respond to and enhance the environment 6. DIY Field it inhabits. Inspired by the concept of play, Koh’s Central Park at the corner of Ellice and Edmonton, 2011 large-scale installation was designed specifically with Central Park in mind. The steel light posts are artist:  Germaine Koh reminiscent of sports equipment one might find in a park, including pylons and goal posts. diy Field is an interactive grid of 38 pedestrian-scale light posts on a sloped piece of land at the southern Each of these posts contains energy-efficient rgb edge of Central Park. In keeping with the themes of (red, green, blue) led lights that are covered with a play developed throughout the park, each post was frosted acrylic tube. There are three buttons on each designed so that visitors could interact or play with post and each of these buttons can turn a different them, changing light and colour as they wished. colour of the led light on and off. When you turn on 22 23 more than one light, the colours from the different lights mix and you get a new colour. Each post can make eight colours: red, green, blue, yellow, cyan, magenta, white, and no light. Through the manipulation of the artwork, the Central Park Site Plan. Image courtesy of Scatliff+Miller+Murray. viewer, or rather participant, is invited to change the mood and atmosphere of the surrounding area. The installation speaks to the larger vision of public spaces that are shaped with citizens in mind. 7. Central Park Landscape Design Central Park, 2012 l andscape architects:  Scatliff+Miller+Murray Even though Central Park has existed for more than a century, it has gone through many changes. In 2008, the City approved a $5.6-million revitalisation of the park. Central Park, as you see it today, was completed in 2012 and was designed by the landscape architecture firm Scatliff+Miller+Murray. 24 25 The revitalized park features a four-season slide/ toboggan facility, right next to the public art piece diy Field. There is an interactive sand and water play area and an open area of artificial turf that can be used as a place to play sports. In the summer, you often see folks playing soccer and in the winter the space is turned into a skating rink for ice sports. There is also a wading pool and spray park near the Waddell Fountain, which has become a popular Exterior, Warwick Apartments, 1984. Image courtesy of Winnipeg Free Press Archives. destination for families living in the area. When the aquatic play pad was constructed, it was Winnipeg’s largest splash park. Since its reopening in 2012, Central Park has become a vibrant urban park. Its success is directly linked to the landscape architects’ commitment to consulting the community and asking them what they wanted from their park. Central Park has been celebrated by community members for doing exactly what they hoped the revitalization of the park would do: create a space for people to come together. 26 8. Warwick Apartments 366 Qu'Appelle Avenue, 1909 architect:  William Wallace Blair renovations:  Marshall Haid Architects, 1986 The elegant Warwick Apartments, with its innovative interior courtyard and vertical runs of bay windows, is one of a handful of surviving 27 Exterior, Warwick Apartments, 1986. Image courtesy of Winnipeg Free Press Archives. luxury blocks that represent the apex of early twentieth century apartment block design in Winnipeg. Designed by architect William Wallace Blair, Warwick Apartments has been referred to as the apartment block that changed the way Winnipeggers lived. Coming out of a worldwide depression and a housing shortage in 1908, there was demand for a new, yet still elegant, way of living. Apartment Interior Courtyard, Warwick Apartments, 1987. Image courtesy of Winnipeg Free Press Archives. 28 Penner Properties Western Ltd., and Marshall Haid Associates Ltd., worked on a $3-million renovation of the Warwick in 1986. Their renovations included rehabilitating all of the suites and replacing the windows. After the renovations, the Warwick Exterior, Warwick Apartments, n.d. Image courtesy of Winnipeg Building Index. reopened as a housing co-operative. blocks already existed in Winnipeg, but they were small walk-ups and were known for being unclean and overcrowded. They did not get much natural light and had air circulation problems. Blair set out to solve these issues and designed an apartment block with the aim of appealing to middle-class citizens. He designed the Warwick’s original 66 suites around a rectangular interior courtyard. The design included windows on all four sides and balconies to provide good ventilation. The result was comfortable, well-lit suites that soon became home for young professionals—the exact clientele it was built for. 30 31 9. Ambassador Apartments 379 Hargrave Street, 1909 architect:  John Woodman Standing at the corner of Qu’Appelle and Hargrave: The Ambassador Apartments is a five-storey apartment block constructed of reinforced concrete and buff brick. Originally called the Breadalbane, the building was designed by local architect John Woodman and was a project of J. M. McArthur and James Fisher. Like the Warwick, the Ambassador Apartments was meant to be an upscale apartment block and was designed to provide proper air ventilation and to allow for more natural light to enter the building. Exterior at the corner of Hargrave Street and Cumberland Avenue, Ambassador Apartments, 1976. Image courtesy of Winnipeg Tribune Fonds, University of Manitoba Archives and Special Collections. 33 water had pooled in the open basement and had softened the base, which resulted in the supports sinking. At a critical moment, the wet and heavy concrete collapsed on the men. Two of the four men had to be dug out and rushed to hospital. The apartment had to be rebuilt, and the construction went more smoothly the second time around. Winnipeg had what has been called a “love affair” Ambassador Apartments, 2019 Image by Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. with apartment blocks in the early twentieth century. In 1911, there were approximately 100 apartment buildings in the city, 10 times more than other The construction of the Ambassador Apartments Canadian cities, including Montreal and Toronto. began in 1909 but was hindered due to heavy summer rain. In fact, the rain caused a serious Standing at the corner of Hargrave and Cumberland: accident on the construction site. The foundation walls had been completed and concrete had From this angle, the building looks very different. been poured over a beam-in-board framework. The curved corner that you see has what is referred It was thought that the temporary supports were to as a ‘flatiron’ appearance—a unique triangular insufficient, and four men were sent to install shape that resembles a flatiron. The apartment additional support posts. Due to the heavy rains, block was designed this way due to the shape 34 35 Ambassador Apartments, 2019 Image by Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. of the irregular lot, but also to maximise profit. The most common and well-known example of this kind of building is the Fuller Building, also known as the Flatiron Building, in New York.  The Fuller building was constructed in 1902 and is considered the prototype for this style of building. While this design was quite popular in North America during the early twentieth century, few flatiron buildings survive. First Baptist Church c. 1910, postcard from the Prairie Postcard Collection. Image courtesy of Peel’s Prairie Provinces, a digital initiative of the University of Alberta Libraries. 10. Calvary Temple, formerly the First Baptist Church 400 Hargrave Street, 1893 architects:  Messrs. Langley and Burke addition:  J H G Russell, 1904 The first iteration of the Calvary Temple, then called the First Baptist Church, was designed by Toronto architects Messrs. Langley and Burke. 36 37 Calvary Temple, 2019. Image by Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. The church opened its basement in 1893 to serve the congregation, but the structure would not be completed until the next year. The congregation grew significantly over the next decade, and the church required an addition to accommodate the Calvary Temple, 2019. Image by Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. new members. Architect J H G Russell was hired to design this two-storey addition on the left side of the Pentecostals added a Sunday School in 1955 to the building along Cumberland Avenue. It expanded the east side of the Church and a Christian Education church’s capacity to accommodate 1,500 people. Centre to the west side in 1960. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the First In 1985, the beautiful brick church was demolished, Baptist Church’s downtown location suffered as except for the tower, which is a municipally members began to move to the suburbs. The First designated historic site. A new building was Baptists sold the building to the Pentecostals, and constructed to replace the demolished church and the church was renamed the Calvary Temple. The acts as a Christian education centre. 38 39 11. Regency Towers 411 Cumberland Avenue, 1964 architect:  John MacDonald In the mid-1960s, the trend in many large Canadian cities was to “return from suburbia.” In other words, some folks were choosing to move back into the city centre. Land prices and taxes in the suburbs were increasing, and transportation from one’s home to one’s workplace was considered a significant problem. Essentially, people wanted to live closer to work and did not want the added chore of keeping up a home. However, downtown land was expensive, which resulted in contractors building high to make profit. One of these buildings was Regency Towers, a $5-million project. At the time of its construction in 1964, Regency Towers, also known as Central Park Towers, was Advert in The Winnipeg Tribune, 1967. Image courtesy of The Winnipeg Tribune. Winnipeg’s tallest structure. The 21-storey building 41 Regency Towers under construction, c. 1964. Image courtesy of Winnipeg Building Index. was even called Canada’s largest apartment, Aerial photograph of Central Park, 1964. Image courtesy of The Winnipeg Tribune. containing the highest number of units of any Canadian apartment block: a total of 407 Regency Towers, 1964. Image courtesy of The Winnipeg Tribune. bachelor, one-bedroom, and two-bedroom suites. Regency Towers also contained a grocery store, a dry‑cleaning depot, a swimming pool, and a party room. The apartment became home to single people, newly‑weds, and retired couples with grown families. 42 43 A woman looks out her apartment window, Regency Towers, 1964. Image courtesy of The Winnipeg Tribune. The towers opened to mostly positive reviews, being touted as “impressive” in The Winnipeg Tribune. Three years after its opening, the towers were still receiving praise in the local news. An article from The Winnipeg Tribune stated: “Three years ago, Regency Towers was a first in apartment construction in downtown Winnipeg. Today, it retains its leadership as an outstanding Regency Towers under construction, 1964. Image courtesy of The Winnipeg Tribune. downtown residence unit.” 45 Central Park Pavilion, 2010. Image by Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. 12. Central Park Pavilion 400 Cumberland Avenue, 2010 architect:  David Penner Architect Designed by Winnipeg architect David Penner as part of the redevelopment of the park, the Central Park Pavilion serves Central Park’s Wading Pool and Aquatic Play Pad. The structure houses washrooms, lockers, and a mechanical room. The simple and small contemporary building responds well to its environment. Unlike many maintenance buildings, the pavilion is Central Park Pavilion, 2010. Image by Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. an educational element and complements the aquatic area well, keeping the park open and visible. The structure is made of site-cast concrete with a white‑framed curtain wall system.   Inside the water park, there is a piece of concrete panel held up by a series of playfully positioned white posts. This structure has a waterfall at one end, allowing people to run through and engage with the pavilion in a unique way. It also marks a playful transition between the water park and the building, similar to how diy Field marks a playful entrance into Central Park. largely transparent. The transparency provides 47 13. Central Park Wading Pool and Aquatic Play Pad 400 Cumberland Avenue, 2010 l andscape architects: Scatliff+Miller+Murray The Central Park Wading Pool and Aquatic Play Pad was part of the larger redevelopment of Central Park, Central Park Splash Pad and Pavilion, with the Regency Towers in the background. Image courtesy of Scatliff+Miller+Murray. designed by Scatliff+Miller+Murray. The intent was to provide a range of fun, recreational activities for a growing inner-city population. The play pad is wheelchair accessible. Water comes from the ground and on high through water cannons and concrete islands. A wonderful garden of bright, larger-thanlife daisies spray cooling water on a hot day. 49 Central Park Splash Pad. Image courtesy of Scatliff+Miller+Murray. Biographies People William Wallace Blair (1852–1916) William Wallace Blair was born in Ireland in 1852. He studied at the Academical Institute of Belfast and went on to work in England before immigrating to Hamilton, Ontario in 1876. Shortly thereafter he moved his practice to Toronto, eventually returning to Ireland in 1884. In 1890, Blair moved to Chicago, Illinois where he worked for 15 years before moving to Winnipeg. Blair practised in Winnipeg between 1905 and 1914, becoming one of the city’s most prominent architects of the early twentieth century. 51 Joseph Greenfield the recipient of the 2010 viva Award. She was (1845–1910) formerly an Assistant Curator at the National Joseph Greenfield was born in England in 1845. He trained and worked in both England and Toronto, Ontario before relocating to Winnipeg. He partnered briefly with Edward McCoskrie after his arrival, but Gallery of Canada. John Manuel (1879–1933) ultimately established his own practice in the city. John Manuel was born in Hawick, Scotland in He left his private practice in 1905 to become the 1879. He studied architecture at the Heriot Watt local Manitoba superintendent for Public Works College in Edinburgh and worked as an assistant for the Dominion government. to architect Hippolyte J. Blanc and at the offices of Matear & Simon. After working briefly in London, Germain Koh England, Manuel immigrated to Winnipeg in 1912. (b. 1967) It is likely that Manuel came to Winnipeg because Germaine Koh is a Canadian visual artist based in Vancouver, British Columbia. Koh’s work, which has been exhibited internationally, is concerned with everyday actions, objects, and places. Koh Frank Simon, of Matear & Simon, had won the international competition for the design of the Manitoba Legislative Building. Manuel worked as the local supervising architect on the project. was a finalist for the 2004 Sobey Art Award and 52 53 John H. G. Russell Winnipeg in 1898. Schwab designed residential and (1863–1946) commercial buildings as well as places of worship. John H. G. Russell was born in Toronto, Ontario and educated at the Toronto Model School. After graduation he worked as a draughtsman, John Woodman (1860–1944) eventually moving to Winnipeg in 1882. He set John Woodman was born in Oshawa, Ontario in 1860 up his own architectural practice in 1985, which and arrived in Winnipeg in 1880. Woodman worked went on to design some of Winnipeg’s most as Chief Engineer of the Western Division of the prominent buildings. Canadian Pacific Railway until he established his Russell served as the Vice-President (1906) and President (1910) of the Manitoba Association of Architects. Johann Schwab (1864–1931) own architectural practice in Winnipeg in 1901. He went on to design some of Winnipeg’s most notable early twentieth century structures, including the Paris Building (259 Portage Avenue), the Lindsay Building (228 Notre Dame Avenue), and the Eaton’s Building (320 Portage Avenue, demolished). Johann Schwab was an Austrian-born architect who practised in Winnipeg during the first decade of the twentieth century. Little is known about Schwab’s early education and career prior to his arrival in 54 55 Firms Miller and Derek Murray. The firm operates offices out of Winnipeg (head office), Calgary, and Regina. David Penner Architect Architecture49 David Penner Architect is a Winnipeg-based formerly Smith Carter Searle and Associates consulting firm. Led by architect David Penner, the firm has designed an array of cultural, commercial, institutional, and residential projects. Penner graduated with a Master of Architecture in 1985 and trained at the offices of Stechesen Katz Architects, Calnitsky Heshka Associates, James and Rollier, and Smith Carter Partners. In late 1947, three recent University of Manitoba graduates—Ernest J. Smith, Dennis H. Carter, and Walter L. Katelnikoff—partnered to establish an architecture firm which went on to be one of the central players in the development and definition of design in Winnipeg during the twentieth century. In 2012, Smith Carter was acquired by Scatliff+Miller+Murray The landscape architecture firm Scatliff+Murrary+Miller began as a partnership between Michael Scatliff and Ken Rech—both Montreal‑based engineering and professional consulting firm Genivar Inc. In 2014, the company, with a group of other architecture firms, forged a new firm under the name of Architecture49. graduates of the University of Manitoba—and was incorporated in 1989. The firm changed its name in 2000, reflecting the addition of new partners Deron 56 57 Bibliography A R C H I V ES + R ES O U R C ES Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada, 1800–1950 http://dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org Canada's Historic Places Henry Kalen fonds, University of Manitoba Archives and Special Collections Peel's Prairie Provinces, University of Alberta Libraries Reports for the City of Winnipeg Historical Buildings Committee, City of Winnipeg Vertical Files, Winnipeg Architecture Foundation 58 59 B O O KS N E W S PA P E R S Butterfield, David and Maureen Butterfield. If Walls Cassidy, Christian. “How the Warwick changed Could Talk: Manitoba’s Best Buildings Explored and Winnipeg.” Winnipeg Free Press, June 24, 2012 Explained. Winnipeg: Great Plains Publications, 2001 Macdonald, Catherine. A City at Leisure: An Illustrated History of Parks and Recreation Services in Winnipeg. Winnipeg: City of Winnipeg, Parks and Recreation Department, 1995 “Central Park Towers projects now free to go.” The Winnipeg Tribune, April 4, 1968 “Church tower partially collapses in Winnipeg.” cbc News, May 28, 2010 Cochrane, Steven Leyden. “Light therapy.” Uptown, December 15, 2011 McManus, John.” Gospel according to Barber.” Winnipeg Free Press, November 17, 1985 “New art in Central Park invites Winnipeggers to play with lights.” cbc Manitoba, November 14, 2011 Newman, Roger. “City getting Canada’s biggest block.” Winnipeg Free Press, February 19, 1963 Newman, Roger. “Rising skyline bucks a trend.” Winnipeg Free Press, November 2, 1963 60 61 “New park apartment block impressive.” The Winnipeg Tribune, August 28, 1964 “Park development reaches to sky.” The Winnipeg Tribune, March 25, 1964 “Return for suburbia.” The Winnipeg Tribune, June 16, 1967 Robertson, Heather. “City’s cliff dwellers find living high brings problems.” The Winnipeg Tribune, November 20, 1964 “Skyscrapers playing sculptor’s role in shaping city.” The Winnipeg Tribune, November 28, 1968 Suderman, Brenda. “100 years of Calvary Temple.” Winnipeg Free Press, May 13, 2007 Turner, Randy. “Mystery of the Knox Church bells chimes on.” Winnipeg Free Press, April 14, 2012 62