The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development OFFICE OF COMMUNITY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress PART 1: POINT-IN-TIME ESTIMATES OF HOMELESSNESS JANUARY 2020 Acknowledgements AUTHORS: Meghan Henry, Rian Watt, Anna Mahathey, Jillian Ouellette, and Aubrey Sitler, Abt Associates PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Dr. Jill Khadduri, Abt Associates, and Dr. Dennis Culhane, Professor of Social Policy, University of Pennsylvania DATA COLLECTION MANAGERS: Azim Shivji and Rian Watt, Abt Associates DATA COLLECTORS AND REVIEWERS: Thomas Baker, Danielle Bartolanzo, Korrin Bishop, Kyla Brown, Matthew Harmon, Marissa Hashizume, Thuan Huynh, Rachel Jollie, Emily Kyte, Annie Leiter, Anna Mahathey, Tori Morris, Jillian Ouellette, Whitney Patterson, Cara Sierks, Aubrey Sitler, Rian Watt, and Will Yetvin, Abt Associates PROGRAMMERS/ANALYSTS: Azim Shivji, Rian Watt, and Danielle Bartolanzo, Abt Associates, and Jon-Paul Oliva, GIS and Data Quality Consultant REVIEWERS: Brooke Spellman, Abt Associates Karen DeBlasio, William Snow, and Harper Sutherland, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: David Dupree, Malcolm Jones, and Puneet Kaur, Abt Associates Contents Message from the Secretary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Key Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Progress on Preventing and Ending Homelessness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 About this Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 SECTION 1 Homelessness in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 National Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 State Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Estimates by CoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SECTION 2 Homeless Individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 National Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 State Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Estimates by CoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 SECTION 3 Homeless Families with Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 National Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 State Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Estimates by CoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 SECTION 4 Unaccompanied Homeless Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 National Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 State Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Estimates by CoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 SECTION 5 Homeless Veterans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 National Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 State Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Estimates by CoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 SECTION 6 Chronically Homeless Individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 National Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 State Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Estimates by CoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 SECTION 7 National Inventory of Beds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Message from the Secretary I am pleased to submit to Congress the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) Part 1, which provides national estimates of homelessness in the United States. This report furthers our understanding of homelessness in our country by looking at the number of people experiencing homelessness at a point-in-time nationally, by state and Continuum of Care, and providing information about their characteristics. HUD has released the AHAR each year since 2007 to give both national- and local-level information needed to track progress toward ending homelessness in the United States. This year’s report shows that there was a small increase in the one-night estimates of people experiencing homelessness across the nation between 2018 and 2019 (3%), which reflects a 16 percent increase in California, and offsets a marked decrease across many other states. Compared to January 2007, 12 percent fewer people experienced homelessness nationwide in January 2019. In terms of absolute numbers, California has more than half of all unsheltered homeless people in the country (53% or 108,432), with nearly nine times as many unsheltered homeless as the state with the next highest number, Florida (6% or 12,476), despite California’s population being only twice that of Florida. The states with the highest rates of homelessness per 10,000 people were New York (46), Hawaii (45), California (38), Oregon (38), and Washington (29), each significantly higher than the national average of 17 persons per 10,000. The District of Columbia had a homelessness rate of 94 people per 10,000. and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), including through the HUD-VA Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) program, which has received additional funding each year since the program began in FY 2008. Compared to 2009, 40 percent fewer veterans experienced homelessness nationwide during 2019, which means 36,282 fewer veterans were without a home. The report shows a two percent decline in veteran homelessness between 2018 and 2019 alone. Since the Housing First paradigm became the dominant model embraced by federal and state policy makers, family and veteran homelessness have declined. However, over the past five years unsheltered homelessness among individuals has risen. At the same time there has been a decline in emergency beds for individuals, with a decline in transitional housing of 27,946 beds, which was partially offset by an increase in emergency shelter of 24,177 beds. HUD continues to support Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH) as a solution to ending homelessness, yet reality has shown that the development of project-based PSH is costly and lengthy, and more emergency beds are needed to meet the immediate needs of vulnerable homeless people who are left unsheltered. This report demonstrates continued progress towards ending homelessness, but also a need to recalibrate policy to make future efforts more effective and aligned with the unique needs of different communities. With partnerships among the federal government, states, localities, the faith community, and the private sector, together we can join in leading all individuals and families to the right type and level of support to move out of homelessness and into a better life. We look forward to continuing this work until the job is done. Dr. Benjamin S. Carson, Sr. Many people think that states have high homelessness due to warm weather. Yet, all but one of the five states with the lowest rates of homelessness per 10,000 are located in warm climates; Mississippi (4), Louisiana (6), Alabama (7), Virginia (7), and North Dakota (7) have the nation’s lowest homelessness rates. Progress in fighting homelessness has been particularly successful for veteran populations, a testament to the impactful partnership between HUD ii Secretary U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Key Findings On a single night in 2019, roughly 568,000 people were experiencing homelessness in the United States. Nearly two-thirds (63%) were staying in sheltered locations—emergency shelters or transitional housing programs—and more than one-third (37%) were in unsheltered locations such as on the street, in abandoned buildings, or in other places not suitable for human habitation. While homelessness in most states declined between 2018 and 2019, homelessness in California increased by 16 percent, or 21,306 people. The large increase in California is reflected in a nationwide increase of 3 percent, or 14,885 people experiencing homelessness, between 2018 and 2019. After slight increases between 2016-2017 and 20172018, homelessness increased by 3 percent between 2018 and 2019, driven primarily by increases in West Coast states. These increases outpaced continued declines in much of the rest of the country. The 20182019 increase reflects modest declines (0.5%) in the number of people staying in sheltered locations offset by a substantially larger increase (9%) in the number of people staying in unsheltered locations. An increase in the number of individuals experiencing homelessness, specifically unsheltered individuals, drove the national increase in all people experiencing homelessness. The number of unsheltered individuals in California rose 21 percent between 2018 and 2019, an increase of more than 18,000 people. More than half of all unsheltered homeless people were in Continuums of Care (CoCs) that encompass the nation’s 50 largest cities (53%). About one in five (21 percent) was in a CoC with a largely suburban population (21%). Another one in five (20%) was in a largely rural area, and the remaining six percent were in other urban areas not among the nation’s 50 largest cities. The number of people experiencing homelessness in families with children continued to decline, by five percent between 2018 and 2019 and by 27 percent between 2007 and 2019. In 2019, less than 172,000 people in families with children were experiencing homelessness, and most people experiencing homelessness in families with children were staying in sheltered locations (91%). A large part of the decline in family homelessness since 2007 has occurred among people staying in unsheltered locations. The number of veterans experiencing homelessness declined by two percent between 2018 and 2019 and has dropped by almost 50 percent since 2009. Decreases in veteran homelessness occurred for veterans staying in both sheltered and unsheltered locations. On a single night in 2019, about 35,000 people were experiencing homelessness as unaccompanied youth—that is, people under the age of 25 experiencing homelessness on their own. This represents a 4 percent decrease, or 1,323 people, from 2018 to 2019. Most unaccompanied youth (89%) were between the ages of 18 and 24. Just under half of unaccompanied youth were unsheltered (50%), a much higher rate than for all people experiencing homelessness (37%) and about the same rate as for people experiencing homelessness as individuals. The number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness increased by 9 percent between 2018 and 2019 but is 20 percent lower than it was in 2007. The recent increase was driven by a considerable increase in the number of sheltered individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness (15%). Nationally, the number of unsheltered chronically homeless individuals rose by five percent between 2018 and 2019. African Americans have remained considerably overrepresented among the homeless population compared to the U.S. population. African Americans accounted for 40 percent of all people experiencing homelessness in 2019 and 52 percent of people experiencing homelessness as members of families with children, despite being 13 percent of the U.S. population. In contrast, 48 percent of all people experiencing homelessness were white compared with 77 percent of the U.S. population. People identifying as Hispanic or Latino (who can be of any race) are about 22 percent of the homeless population but only 18 percent of the population overall. 1 Definition of Terms Please note: Key terms are used for AHAR reporting purposes and accurately reflect the data used in this report. Definitions of these terms may differ in some ways from the definitions found in the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act and in HUD regulations. Chronically Homeless Individual refers to an individual with a disability who has been continuously homeless for one year or more or has experienced at least four episodes of homelessness in the last three years where the combined length of time homeless on those occasions is at least 12 months. Chronically Homeless People in Families refers to people in families in which the head of household has a disability and has either been continuously homeless for one year or more or has experienced at least four episodes of homelessness in the last three years where the combined length of time homeless on those occasions is at least 12 months. Continuums of Care (CoC) are local planning bodies responsible for coordinating the full range of homelessness services in a geographic area, which may cover a city, county, metropolitan area, or an entire state. Emergency Shelter is a facility with the primary purpose of providing temporary shelter for homeless people. Homeless describes a person who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence. Housing Inventory Count (HIC) is produced by each CoC and provides an annual inventory of beds that assist people in the CoC who are experiencing homelessness or leaving homelessness. Individual refers to a person who is not part of a family with children during an episode of homelessness. Individuals may be homeless as single adults, unaccompanied youth, or in multiple-adult or multiple-child households. Other Permanent Housing is housing with or without services that is specifically for formerly homeless people but that does not require people to have a disability. Parenting Youth are people under age 25 who are the parents or legal guardians of one or more children (under age 18) who are present with or sleeping in the same place as that youth parent, 2 where there is no person over age 24 in the household. Parenting Youth Household is a household with at least one parenting youth and the child or children for whom the parenting youth is the parent or legal guardian. People in Families with Children are people who are homeless as part of a household that has at least one adult (age 18 and older) and one child (under age 18). Point-in-Time Counts are unduplicated onenight estimates of both sheltered and unsheltered homeless populations. The one-night counts are conducted by CoCs nationwide and occur during the last week in January of each year. Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH) is a housing model designed to provide housing assistance (project- and tenant-based) and supportive services on a long-term basis to formerly homeless people. HUD’s Continuum of Care program, authorized by the McKinney-Vento Act, funds PSH and requires that the client have a disability for eligibility. Rapid Rehousing is a housing model designed to provide temporary housing assistance to people experiencing homelessness, moving them quickly out of homelessness and into permanent housing. Safe Havens provide temporary shelter and services to hard-to-serve individuals. Sheltered Homelessness refers to people who are staying in emergency shelters, transitional housing programs, or safe havens. Transitional Housing Programs provide people experiencing homelessness a place to stay combined with supportive services for up to 24 months. Unaccompanied Homeless Youth (under 18) are people in households with only children who are not part of a family with children or accompanied by their parent or guardian during their episode of homelessness, and who are under the age of 18. Unaccompanied Homeless Youth (18-24) are people in households without children who are not part of a family with children or accompanied by their parent or guardian during their episode of homelessness, and who are between the ages of 18 and 24. Veteran refers to any person who served on active duty in the armed forces of the United States. This includes Reserves and National Guard members who were called up to active duty. Unsheltered Homelessness refers to people whose primary nighttime location is a public or private place not designated for, or ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for people (for example, the streets, vehicles, or parks). 3 Progress on Preventing and Ending Homelessness The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and other federal agencies collaborate with state and local partners to prevent and end homelessness across the country. This coordinated effort to end homelessness continues to be a key to making progress to prevent and end homelessness. GOAL Prevent and end chronic homelessness • The number of individuals experiencing chronic homelessness declined by 20 percent, or nearly 24,000 people, between 2007 and 2019. • Over 96,000 individuals experiencing homelessness on a single night in January 2019 had chronic patterns of homelessness. Two-thirds of individuals experiencing chronic homelessness were staying outdoors, in abandoned buildings, or other locations not suitable for human habitation rather than staying in shelters, reflecting the high degree of vulnerability of this population. • In 2019, there were 144,000 more permanent supportive housing (PSH) beds dedicated to people with chronic patterns of homelessness than there were in 2007 (a 380% increase). GOAL Prevent and end homelessness among Veterans • Between 2009 and 2019, the number of veterans experiencing homelessness was cut nearly in half (50%), a decline of 36,000 people. • Just over 37,000 veterans were experiencing homelessness on a single night in January 2019, of whom 61 percent were staying in emergency shelters or transitional housing programs. 4 GOAL Prevent and end homelessness for families, youth, and children • In January 2019, just under 172,000 people in 54,000 families with children experienced homelessness, about 63,000 fewer people than in 2007, a 27 percent decline. • Just over 17,000 people were experiencing homelessness in families with children in which the head of household was under the age of 25. • About 35,000 people under the age of 25 were unaccompanied youth—that is, homeless on their own rather than as part of a family. Only 11 percent were children under the age of 18. GOAL Set a path to ending all types of homelessness • In January 2019, almost 568,000 people were homeless on a single night, with nearly twothirds (63%) found in emergency shelters or transitional housing programs. • Homelessness has declined by more than 79,000 people since 2007, a 12 percent reduction. Recent increases in national homelessness were driven by increases in individuals staying in unsheltered locations. About This Report The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) releases the Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress (AHAR) in two parts. Part 1 provides Point-in-Time (PIT) estimates, offering a snapshot of homelessness—both sheltered and unsheltered—on a single night. The one-night counts are conducted during the last 10 days of January each year. The PIT counts also provide an estimate of the number of people experiencing homelessness within particular homeless populations such as individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness and veterans experiencing homelessness. To understand our nation’s capacity to serve people who are currently or formerly experiencing homelessness, this report also provides counts of beds in emergency shelters, transitional housing programs, safe havens, rapid rehousing programs, permanent supportive housing programs, and other permanent housing. In 2019, the PIT estimates of people experiencing homelessness in sheltered and unsheltered locations, as well as the number of beds available to serve them, were reported by 397 Continuums of Care (CoC) nationwide. These 397 CoCs covered virtually the entire United States. To better understand how homelessness differs by geography, the AHAR study team categorized CoCs into four groups: 1. Major city CoCs 2. Other largely urban CoCs into three distinct categories: urban (mapping to the three NCES “City” locales), suburban (mapping to the three NCES “Suburban” locales, as well as the “Town – Fringe” locale), and rural (mapping to the three NCES “Rural” locales, as well as the “Town – Distant” and “Town – Remote” locales).2 Using the percentage of each CoC’s total population3 living in urban, suburban, and rural areas, based on the NCES geographic data, CoCs were classified into categories according to its largest percentage among the three. In other words, a CoC where a plurality of its population lives in rural areas would be classified as a “largely rural CoC.” That would not imply, however, that all people experiencing homelessness in the largely rural CoC were counted in rural areas. CoCs span large territories (even an entire state in some cases) and may comprise a mixture of urban, suburban, and rural areas. Because PIT estimates are reported for an entire CoC, each person experiencing homelessness in the CoC cannot be classified as staying in an urban, suburban, or rural area. Rather, all people experiencing homelessness in the CoC are classified as staying in a CoC that is largely urban, suburban, or rural.4 HUD has methodological standards for conducting the PIT counts, and CoCs use a variety of approved methods to produce the counts. The guide for PIT methodologies can be found here: https://www. hudexchange.info/resource/4036/point-in-timecount-methodology-guide. HUD reviews the data for accuracy and quality prior to creating the estimates for this report. 3. Largely suburban CoCs 4. Largely rural CoCs First, CoCs representing the 50 most populous cities in the United States were assigned to the major city CoC category. Next, the study team used geographic data published by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)1 to determine the urbanicity of the remaining CoCs. NCES defines 12 geographic locales, which were collapsed 1 The study team used NCES data from the 2017–2018 school year (the most recent data available when the CoC categories were developed). 6 2 Definitions for each of the 12 NCES locales are available in the Locale Boundaries User’s Manual: https://nces.ed.gov/ programs/edge/docs/EDGE_NCES_LOCALE_FILEDOC.pdf 3 The study team used population counts from the Census Bureau’s 2010 block-level data. Census blocks are the smallest geographic unit for which the Census reports population counts, and they are the ideal unit for this CoC analysis. Blocklevel population data are only available in the decennial census reports. 4 The median percentage of the population living in urban areas among major city CoCs was 70 percent. The median urban percentage among other CoCs classified as largely urban was 58 percent. The median suburban percentage among CoCs classified as largely suburban was 65 percent, and the median rural percentage among CoCs classified as largely rural was 71 percent. Estimates of Homelessness IN THE UNITED STATES 1 National Estimates Homelessness in the United States Data source: PIT 2007–2019 EXHIBIT 1.1: PIT Estimates of People Experiencing Homelessness By Sheltered Status, 2007–2019 647,258 630,227 639,784 623,788 590,364 637,077 564,708 621,553 567,715 550,996 576,450 549,928 403,308 391,401 392,316 403,543 386,361 255,857 394,698 391,440 373,571 195,666 2008 233,534 2009 358,363 231,398 2010 2011 2012 All Homeless People 2013 211,293 190,129 173,268 175,399 2007 356,422 231,472 226,919 253,423 360,867 401,051 390,155 552,830 194,467 176,357 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Unsheltered People Sheltered People On a Single Night in January 2019 • 567,715 people – about 17 of every 10,000 people in the United States – were experiencing homelessness across the United States. • Just under two-thirds (63%) of people experiencing homelessness were staying in sheltered locations, and just over one-third (37%) were found in unsheltered locations. • More than two thirds of people experiencing homelessness were in households with only adults (70% or 396,045 people). About one in three (30% or 171,670) people experienced homelessness as part of a family with at least one adult and one child under 18 years of age. Less than one percent (4,101 people) were in households composed of one or more children without an adult present. 8 EXHIBIT 1.2: Homelessness By Household Type and Sheltered Status, 2019 People in Families, Sheltered Individuals, Sheltered 28% 35% 63% Sheltered People in Families, Unsheltered 3% 35% Individuals, Unsheltered 37% Unsheltered The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 1.3: Change in Number of People Experiencing Homelessness 2007–2019 Change 2018–2019 Total Sheltered Unsheltered Change 2010–2019 Change 2007–2019 # % # % # % 14,885 2.7% -69,362 -10.9% -79,543 -12.3% -1,941 -0.5% -47,121 -11.7% -34,979 -8.9% 16,826 8.7% -22,241 -9.5% -44,564 -17.4% EXHIBIT 1.4: Change in Homelessness By Age and Sheltered Status, 2018–2019 All Homeless People Sheltered People Unsheltered People # % # % # % Total 14,885 2.7% -1,941 -0.5% 16,826 8.7% Under 18 -4,523 -4.1% -3,933 -3.9% -590 -5.6% 18 to 24 -2,690 -5.6% -1,314 -4.4% -1,376 -7.6% Over 24 22,098 5.6% 3,306 1.5% 18,792 11.3% Changes over Time • The number of people experiencing homelessness nationwide increased by nearly three percent between 2018 and 2019, or 14,885 more people. • The unsheltered homeless population rose by nine percent or 16,826 people. The number of individuals over 24 staying in unsheltered locations increased by 11 percent or 18,792 more people. • Between 2007 and 2019, the number of people experiencing homelessness on a single night in January decreased by 79,543 people or 12 percent. • Unsheltered homelessness declined by 17 percent (44,564 fewer people) over the longer period, even though unsheltered homelessness has increased over each of the last four years. • Sheltered homelessness decreased by 34,979 people (9%) between 2007 and 2019 and declined each year since 2014. Demographic Characteristics of All People Experiencing Homelessness • The demographic characteristics of people experiencing homelessness vary considerably by household type and shelter status. Detailed characteristics are shown separately for individuals in Section 2 or this report and for families with children in Section 3. Of people experiencing homelessness on a single night in 2019 across all household types, 19 percent were children under the age of 18 (or 107,069 children), eight percent were young adults aged 18 to 24 (45,629 young adults), and nearly three-quarters were adults aged 25 or older (415,017 people). • Both children in families and children homeless on their own usually were sheltered. Of the 107,069 children who were experiencing homelessness, fewer than one in ten was unsheltered (9% or 9,916 children). • Adults aged 25 or older were almost nine of every ten people experiencing unsheltered homelessness, 87 percent of the total number of unsheltered people. 9 1 National Estimates Homelessness in the United States • Nearly two-thirds of people experiencing homelessness were men or boys (61% or 343,187 men and boys), 39 percent were women or girls (219,911 women and girls), and less than one percent were transgender (3,255 people) or gender non-conforming (1,362 people). These gender characteristics reflect the high percentage of men among the homeless individual population. • Almost half of the people experiencing homelessness were white (48% or 270,607 people), and white people made up just over half of the unsheltered population (57% or 119,487). • Four of every ten people experiencing homelessness were black or African American (40% or 225,735 people). About a quarter of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness were black or African American (27% or 56,381). Data source: PIT 2007–2019 • Over a fifth of all people experiencing homelessness were Hispanic or Latino (22%). The proportion is similar for people staying in sheltered and unsheltered locations (22% and 23%). Changes in Demographic Characteristics of All People Experiencing Homelessness • While the United States saw a decrease of less than one percent in sheltered homelessness overall, the number of sheltered adult individuals aged 25 or older increased by two percent (3,306 people) between 2018 and 2019. This is the fifth year in a row that sheltered homelessness has declined. • Unsheltered homelessness declined among children and young adults (aged 18 to 24) but EXHIBIT 1.5: Demographic Characteristics of People Experiencing Homelessness 2019 Characteristic All Homeless People Sheltered People Unsheltered People # % # % # % 567,715 100% 356,422 100% 211,293 100% Under 18 107,069 18.9% 97,153 27.3% 9,916 4.7% 18 to 24 45,629 8.0% 28,840 8.1% 16,789 7.9% Over 24 415,017 73.1% 230,429 64.7% 184,588 87.4% Total homeless Age Gender Female 219,911 38.7% 157,211 44.1% 62,700 29.7% Male 343,187 60.5% 197,678 55.5% 145,509 68.9% Transgender 3,255 0.6% 1,236 0.3% 2,019 1.0% Gender Non-Conforming 1,362 0.2% 297 0.1% 1,065 0.5% Ethnicity Non-Hispanic/Latino 443,100 78.0% 279,940 78.5% 163,160 77.2% Hispanic/Latino 124,615 22.0% 76,482 21.5% 48,133 22.8% Race White 270,607 47.7% 151,120 42.4% 119,487 56.6% African American 225,735 39.8% 169,354 47.5% 56,381 26.7% 7,228 1.3% 3,743 1.1% 3,485 1.6% 17,966 3.2% 7,980 2.2% 9,986 4.7% Pacific Islander 9,311 1.6% 4,025 1.1% 5,286 2.5% Multiple Races 36,868 6.5% 20,200 5.7% 16,668 7.9% Asian Native American 10 The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 increased by 11 percent (18,792 people) for people 25 or older. • Unsheltered homelessness rose by 12 percent among women and girls (6,513 more women and girls), outpacing a seven percent increase among men. Increases were observed for the small numbers of people identifying as transgender (43% or 606 more people) and as gender non-conforming (10% or 98 more people). • Between 2018 and 2019, the percentage of people experiencing homelessness who were white remained flat overall. However, there was a four percent drop in sheltered homelessness among white people (5,553 fewer people), offset by a five percent increase (5,592 more white people) in unsheltered homelessness. • Unsheltered homelessness increased across all racial groups, with largest absolute increases observed among people who were either white (increase of 5,592 or 5%) or African American (increase of 5,288 people or 10%), followed by a 2,200 person increase in the number of unsheltered Native Americans (an increase of 28%). 11 1 State Estimates Homelessness in the United States Data source: PIT 2007–2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 1.6: Estimates of People Experiencing Homelessness By State, 2019 WA 21,577 OR 15,876 NV 7,169 MT 1,357 ID 2,315 UT 2,798 CA 151,278 AZ 10,007 WY 548 CO 9,619 NM 3,241 ME, 2,106 VT, 1,089 ND 557 MN 7,977 SD 995 NE 2,365 KS 2,381 OK 3,944 TX 25,848 AK 1,907 WI 4,538 MI 8,575 PA OH 13,199 IL 10,119 IN 10,345 5,471 WV VA MO KY 1,397 5,783 4,079 6,179 NC,9,314 TN,7,467 AR SC 2,717 4,172 MS AL GA 1,184 3,261 10,443 LA 2,941 IA 2,315 NH,1,396 MA, 18,471 RI, 1,055 CT, 3,033 NJ, 8,862 DE, 921 MD, 6,561 DC, 6,521 NY 92,091 Number of People Experiencing Homelessness per 10,000 People Less than 10 10–24 25–49 50+ FL 28,328 HI 6,412 On a Single Night in January 2019 • Nearly half of all people experiencing homelessness in the country were in three states: California (27% or 151,278 people); New York (16% or 92,091 people); and Florida (5% or 28,328 people). • California and New York had the largest numbers of people experiencing homelessness and the highest rates of homelessness, at 38 and 46 people per 10,000. Hawaii and Oregon also had very high rates, with 45 and 38 people experiencing homelessness per 10,000. As large states, Florida and Texas contributed large numbers of homeless people to the national estimates, they had rates of homelessness lower than the national average of 17 people per 10,000 (14 per 10,000 for Florida and 9 per 10,000 for Texas). • More than half of all unsheltered people in the country were in California (53% or 108,432). Florida had the next largest number of people experiencing homelessness in unsheltered locations, with six percent of the U.S. total 12 (12,476 people). • California also had the highest percentage of all people experiencing homelessness staying in unsheltered locations (72%). In four other states, more than half of all people experiencing homelessness were found in unsheltered locations: Oregon (64%), Hawaii (57%), Nevada (53%), and Arkansas (52%). • Five states—North Dakota, New York, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nebraska— sheltered at least 95 percent of people experiencing homelessness. Changes over Time • While the number of people experiencing homelessness nationally increased, 29 states and the District of Columbia experienced declines in homelessness between 2018 and 2019. The largest absolute decreases were in Florida (2,702 fewer people) and Massachusetts (1,597 fewer people). The largest percentage decreases were in Connecticut (24%) and Maine (16%). The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 1.7: States with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of People Experiencing Homelessness who were Unsheltered 2019 Highest Rates CALIFORNIA OREGON HAWAII NEVADA ARKANSAS 71.7% 63.9% 56.8% 53.1% 52.1% 151,278 Homeless 108,432 Unsheltered 15,876 Homeless 10,142 Unsheltered 6,412 Homeless 3,640 Unsheltered 7,169 Homeless 3,807 Unsheltered 2,717 Homeless 1,415 Unsheltered NORTH DAKOTA NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS MAINE NEBRASKA 2.2% 4.4% 4.5% 4.5% 4.7% 557 Homeless 12 Unsheltered 92,091 Homeless 4,047 Unsheltered 18,471 Homeless 829 Unsheltered 2,106 Homeless 95 Unsheltered 2,365 Homeless 110 Unsheltered Lowest Rates EXHIBIT 1.8: Largest Changes in Homelessness by State By State, 2007–2019 2018–2019 2007–2019 Largest Increases CALIFORNIA 21,306 / 16.4% NEW YORK 29,490 / 47.1% 12,292 / 8.8% OREGON 1,400 / 9.7% CALIFORNIA GEORGIA 944 / 9.9% MASSACHUSETTS 3,344 / 22.1% MINNESOTA 734 / 10.1% DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 1,201 / 22.6% NEW MEXICO 690 / 27.0% MINNESOTA 654 / 8.9% Largest Decreases a FLORIDA -2,702 / -8.7% FLORIDA -19,741 / -41.1% MASSACHUSETTS -1,597 / -8.0% TEXAS -13,940 / -35.0% COLORADO -1,238 / -11.4% GEORGIA -9,196 / -46.8% CONNECTICUT -943 / -23.7% NEW JERSEY -8,452 / -48.8% WASHINGTON -727 / -3.3% ILLINOIS -5,288 / -34.1% Due to methodological changes, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Michigan, and Wyoming were excluded from the list of largest changes from 2007-2019. 13 1 State Estimates Homelessness in the United States • The number of people experiencing homelessness increased in 21 states between 2018 and 2019. The largest absolute increases were in California (21,306 more people) and Oregon (1,400 more people). The largest percentage increases were in New Mexico (27%), and California (16%). • The number of people experiencing homelessness declined in 37 states between 2007 and 2019. The largest absolute decreases were in Florida (19,741 fewer people) and Texas (13,940 fewer people). The largest percentage decreases were in Kentucky (49%) and New Jersey (49%). • Between 2007 and 2019, the number of people experiencing homelessness increased in 13 states, plus the District of Columbia. The largest absolute increases were in New York (29,490 more people) and California (12,292 more people). New York also had the largest percentage increase (47%), followed by Idaho (32%) and the District of Columbia (23%). 14 1 Estimates by CoC Homelessness in the United States Data source: PIT 2007–2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 1.9: Percent of People Experiencing Continuums of Care (CoC) were Divided into Four Geographic Categories Homelessness 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) cover the CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases (Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX), two large cities were located in the same CoC. Total Homelessness 52.1 6.7 23.6 17.6 Sheltered Homelessness 51.5 7.1 24.9 16.5 Unsheltered Homelessness 53.1 21.3 19.6 2. Other Largely Urban CoCs (n=60) are CoCs in which the population predominantly resides in an urbanized area within a principal city within the CoC (but excludes the nation’s largest cities). 3. Largely Suburban CoCs (n=170) are CoCs in which the population predominantly resides in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. 4. Largely Rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population predominantly resides in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural territories. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For information on how they were applied to CoCs, see the About this Report section of this report. In 2019, 42,471 people were unsheltered in the Los Angeles CoC, an increase of 13%, or 4,900 people, since 2018. 16 By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2019` 100% 0% 6.0 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs On a Single Night in January 2019 • Half of all people experiencing homelessness (52%) were in one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. One in four people experiencing homelessness (24%) was in a predominantly suburban CoC, 18 percent were in largely rural CoCs, and the remainder (7%) were in largely urban CoCs that do not contain one of the 50 largest cities. • Nearly one-quarter of all people experiencing homelessness in the United States (24%) did so in either New York City (78,604 people) or Los Angeles (56,257 people). A majority of New York City’s homeless population were people in families with children, while a large majority of people experiencing homelessness in Los Angeles were individuals (or people in households without children). • Major cities also accounted for the largest national share of unsheltered homelessness (53%), but largely rural CoCs had the largest percentage of people experiencing homelessness in unsheltered locations (41%) followed by major city CoCs (37%). • In four major city CoCs, more than 75 percent of people experiencing homelessness were unsheltered. All four were in California: Fresno The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 1.10: All People Sheltered vs. Unsheltered by CoC Category 2019 100% 0% 62.6 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs 37.4 32.7 67.3 33.3 66.7 Largely Rural CoCs 59.1 Sheltered 40.9 Unsheltered Changes over Time EXHIBIT 1.11: Percentage of People Experiencing Homelessness by Household Type and CoC Category 2019 100% 0% 30.0% 23.5% 32.5% 30.1% 30.1% 70.0% 76.5% 67.5% 69.9% 69.9% Largely Rural CoCs Total (Not Including Territories) Major City CoCs Other Largely Largely Suburban Urban CoCs CoCs Individuals (83%), San Jose (82%), Oakland (79%), and Los Angeles (76%). • Two largely rural CoCs reported unsheltered rates above 90 percent: Lake County, located in Northwest California (94%) and the CoC comprised of Alpine, Inyo, and Mono Counties CA, which is on the border of California and Nevada (92%). The largely suburban CoC on the east coast of Florida that includes Ft. Pierce also had an unsheltered rate of about 90 percent. People in Families with Children • Urban areas, those both with and without a major city, drove the recent national increase in people experiencing homelessness. The number of people experiencing homelessness in major cities increased by five percent (or 13,778 people) between 2018 and 2019, and by seven percent (or 2,332 people) in other largely urban CoCs. Homelessness declined, though modestly, in largely suburban CoCs (by 1 percent) and remained relatively unchanged in largely rural CoCs. • While unsheltered homelessness increased in all CoC categories between 2018 and 2019, largely urban CoCs and major city CoCs experienced the largest increases. Largely urban CoCs that do not contain one of the nation’s 50 largest cities saw the largest percentage change in unsheltered homelessness, with a 24 percent increase EXHIBIT 1.12: Change in Homelessness by Sheltered Status and CoC Category 2018–2019 All People Sheltered Unsheltered Numeric Change Percent Change Numeric Change Percent Change Numeric Change Percent Change Total 14,920 2.7% -1,791 -0.5% 16,711 8.8% Major City CoCs 13,778 4.9% 2,911 1.6% 10,867 11.0% Other Largely Urban CoCs 2,332 6.6% -62 -0.2% 2,394 24.0% Largely Suburban CoCs -1,420 -1.1% -3,799 -4.1% 2,379 5.7% 230 0.2% -841 -1.4% 1,071 2.7% Largely Rural CoCs 17 1 Estimates by CoC Homelessness in the United States Data source: PIT 2007–2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 1.13: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of People Experiencing Homelessness in each CoC Category 2019 Total People Experiencing Homelessness CoC Name Major City CoCs Total People Experiencing Homelessness CoC Name Other Largely Urban CoCs New York City, NY 78,604 Stockton/San Joaquin County, CA 2,631 Los Angeles City & County, CA 56,257 Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 2,165 Seattle/King County, WA 11,199 Oxnard, San Buenaventura/Ventura County, CA 1,669 San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 9,706 Saint Paul/Ramsey County, MN 1,579 San Diego City and County, CA 8,102 Bakersfield/Kern County, CA 1,330 Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County, CA 6,860 Texas Balance of State 8,072 Honolulu City and County, HI 4,417 Oregon Balance of State 7,103 Nassau, Suffolk Counties, NY 3,843 Washington Balance of State 5,509 Santa Rosa, Petaluma/Sonoma County, CA 2,951 Georgia Balance of State 4,183 Riverside City & County, CA 2,811 Indiana Balance of State 3,904 (2,394 people). Unsheltered homelessness increased by 11 percent (or 10,867 people) in CoCs with major cities, by six percent (or 2,379 people) in largely suburban CoCs, and by three percent (or 1,071 people) in largely rural CoCs. • Sheltered homeless decreased in all CoC categories except those with major cities, where sheltered homelessness increased by two percent (2,911 people). 18 The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 1.14: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of People Experiencing Homelessness who were Unsheltered in each CoC Category 2019 Total homeless people CoC Name Percent of all homeless people who were unsheltered Total homeless people CoC Name Major City CoCs Percent of all homeless people who were unsheltered Other Largely Urban CoCs Fresno City & County/Madera County, CA 2,508 82.5% Vallejo/Solano County, CA San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 9,706 81.6% Oakland, Berkeley/Alameda County, CA 8,022 Los Angeles City & County, CA Sacramento City & County, CA 1,151 81.0% Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 2,165 75.4% 78.7% Oxnard, San Buenaventura/ Ventura County, CA 1,669 75.4% 56,257 75.5% Visalia/Kings, Tulare Counties, CA 1,064 72.8% 5,561 70.1% Fayetteville/Cumberland County, NC 329 68.7% 408 93.6% 214 92.1% Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Fort Pierce/St. Lucie, Indian River, Martin Counties, FL 1,499 89.7% Lake County, CA Imperial County, CA 1,413 86.7% San Luis Obispo County, CA 1,483 79.0% Jackson/West Tennessee 959 88.7% 2,167 Hendry, Hardee, Highlands 78.4% Counties, FL 398 87.9% 1,702 82.4% Watsonville/Santa Cruz City & County, CA El Dorado County, CA 613 Alpine, Inyo, Mono Counties, CA 78.3% Humboldt County, CA 19 2 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Individuals in the United States Data source: PIT 2007–2019 EXHIBIT 2.1: PIT Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness By Sheltered Status, 2007–2019 647,258 630,227 623,788 590,364 637,077 639,784 564,708 621,553 567,715 550,996 576,450 549,928 412,700 392,131 404,525 213,073 204,855 199,627 199,670 2007 2008 396,045 387,613 395,140 368,174 382,156 215,995 212,218 205,834 199,159 176,136 182,922 181,779 182,997 2009 2010 2011 All Homeless People 203,127 165,047 2012 Total Individuals • 396,045 people experienced homelessness as individuals—that is, in households without children. Individuals were 70 percent of the total homeless population. • Half of all people who experienced homelessness as individuals were staying in sheltered locations, 50 percent or 199,531 people. • Of every 10,000 individuals in the United States, 24 were experiencing homelessness on a single night in 2019. 2013 366,585 358,422 360,189 On a Single Night in January 2019 20 552,830 372,417 355,212 209,148 205,616 198,008 151,041 152,806 157,204 2014 2015 2016 Sheltered Individuals 193,144 194,340 173,441 178,077 2017 2018 199,531 196,514 2019 Unsheltered Individuals Changes in Individual Homelessness over Time • Between 2018 and 2019, individuals experiencing homelessness increased by six percent (23,628 more people). • The number of unsheltered individuals increased by more than 10 percent (18,437 people) between 2018 and 2019. This is the fifth consecutive year the number of unsheltered individuals has increased and the largest one-year increase since 2007. • The number of sheltered individuals also increased between 2018 and 2019, but only by 3 percent (5,191 people). • Over a longer time period, 2007 to 2019, individual homelessness declined by four percent (16,655 fewer people). This overall The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 2.2: Change in Numbers of Homeless Individuals By Sheltered Status, 2007–2019 Change 2018–2019 Total Homeless Individuals Sheltered Individuals Unsheltered Individuals Change 2010–2019 Change 2007–2019 # % # % # % 23,628 6.3% 905 0.2% -16,655 -4.0% 5,191 2.7% -12,687 -6.0% -13,542 -6.4% 18,437 10.4% 13,592 7.4% -3,113 -1.6% EXHIBIT 2.3: Change in Numbers of Homeless Individuals By Age and Sheltered Status, 2018-2019 Total Change Sheltered Change Unsheltered Change # % # % # % Under 18 -190 -4.4% -187 -8.6% -3 -0.1% 18 to 24 -952 -2.8% -38 -0.2% -914 -5.5% Over 24 24,770 7.4% 5,416 3.1% 19,354 12.1% EXHIBIT 2.4: Demographic Characteristics of Homeless Individuals 2019 Characteristic Total homeless All Homeless Individuals Sheltered Individuals Unsheltered Individuals # % # % # % 396,045 100.0% 199,531 100.0% 196,514 100.0% Age Under 18 4,101 1.0% 1,996 1.0% 2,105 1.1% 18 to 24 33,180 8.4% 17,428 8.7% 15,752 8.0% Over 24 358,764 90.6% 180,107 90.3% 178,657 90.9% Female 115,635 29.2% 60,847 30.5% 54,788 27.9% Male 275,907 69.7% 137,228 68.8% 138,679 70.6% Gender Transgender 3,188 0.8% 1,187 0.6% 2,001 1.0% Gender Non-Conforming 1,315 0.3% 269 0.1% 1,046 0.5% 320,514 80.9% 169,187 84.8% 151,327 77.0% 75,531 19.1% 30,344 15.2% 45,187 23.0% Ethnicity Non-Hispanic/Latino Hispanic/Latino Race White 210,324 53.1% 98,194 49.2% 112,130 57.1% African American 136,391 34.4% 83,073 41.6% 53,318 27.1% 5,431 1.4% 2,366 1.2% 3,065 1.6% 14,298 3.6% 5,024 2.5% 9,274 4.7% Asian Native American Pacific Islander 5,120 1.3% 1,671 0.8% 3,449 1.8% Multiple Races 24,481 6.2% 9,203 4.6% 15,278 7.8% 21 2 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Individuals in the United States decline mainly reflects a six percent decline over time in the sheltered population. The drop in the unsheltered population since 2007 has been more modest (2% or 3,113 people). • Most individuals experiencing homelessness in 2019 (76%) did not have chronic patterns of homelessness, meaning that they had not experienced homelessness for extended periods of time. However, a larger share of individuals counted in unsheltered locations, 31 percent, had chronic patterns of homelessness (and are discussed in detail in Section 6). Demographic Characteristics of Individual Homelessness • The typical person experiencing homelessness as an individual in 2019 was 25 years of age or older (91%), a man (70%), and was white (53%). • Very few people experiencing homelessness as individuals were children under the age of 18, just one percent or 4,101 people. • Just under three in ten individuals were women (29%), and one percent of individuals were transgender or gender non-conforming. Women were somewhat less likely than men to be found in unsheltered locations. • The percentage of people experiencing homelessness as individuals who were white (53%) was much higher than the percentage of people experiencing homelessness in families with children (35%) who were white. White individuals accounted for a higher percentage of unsheltered individuals (57%) than of sheltered individuals (49%). • African Americans accounted for 34 percent of all homeless individuals and 27 percent of unsheltered individuals. By comparison, African Americans accounted for 52 percent of people experiencing homelessness in families with children, and 21 percent of unsheltered people in families. 22 Data source: PIT 2007–2019 • Just over 19 percent of all individuals experiencing homelessness were Hispanic or Latino. A much higher percentage of the unsheltered individual population was Hispanic or Latino (23%) than the sheltered population (15%). In contrast, among people experiencing homelessness in families with children, Hispanics were a higher percentage of the sheltered than the unsheltered population (29% vs. 20%). Changes in Demographics over Time • People experiencing homelessness as individuals can be children 18 and under, transition-aged youth (18-24), or adults 25 and older. The increase in the number of individuals experiencing homelessness was driven entirely by an increase of nearly 25,000 individuals ages 25 and older, a seven percent increase in a single year. Unsheltered individuals accounted for 19,354 of this rise. • Increases in individual homelessness between 2018 and 2019 were experienced by people of all gender identities and racial and ethnic groups. Eight percent more women experienced homelessness as individuals in 2019 than in 2018 (8,764 more women), as did five percent more men (13,882 more men). Driving these overall changes were a 15 percent increase in unsheltered women and an eight percent increase in unsheltered men. The number of transgender individuals increased by 30 percent (742 people) and was driven by an increase in unsheltered individuals (619 people). • Homelessness increased among Hispanic or Latino individuals at a roughly equivalent rate to non-Hispanic individuals (7% increase compared to 6%). The number of unsheltered Hispanic or Latino individuals also increased at a roughly equivalent rate (11% compared to 10% for non-Hispanic unsheltered individuals). The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 • Homelessness among African American individuals increased by six percent overall and by 12 percent among the unsheltered population. The number of white individuals experiencing homelessness also increased, by four percent overall and eight percent for unsheltered white individuals. While the numbers were far smaller, Native Americans experienced a 21 percent rise in individual homelessness and a 28 percent rise in unsheltered individual homelessness. 23 2 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Individuals in the United States Data source: PIT 2007–2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 2.5: Estimates of Homeless Individuals By State, 2019 WA 15,985 OR 12,354 NV 6,614 ID 1,516 UT 1,921 CA 128,777 AZ 7,538 ME, 1,232 VT, 681 ND 377 MT 947 WY 437 CO 7,263 NM 2,464 MN 4,586 SD 725 NE 1,715 KS 1,742 OK 3,063 TX 19,611 AK 1,384 WI 2,545 MI 5,212 NY 42,113 PA 8,426 OH IL 6,513 IN 7,041 3,783 WV VA KY 1,149 3,666 MO 3,073 4,173 NC, 6,867 TN, 5,637 AR SC 2,303 3,318 AL 2,519 GA MS 7,913 963 LA 2,416 IA 1,574 NH, 812 MA, 6,259 RI, 730 CT, 2,100 NJ, 5,895 DE, 565 MD, 4,652 DC, 3,875 Number of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness per 10,000 Individuals Less than 10 10–24 25–49 50+ FL 21,265 HI 4,420 On a Single Night in January 2019 • California accounted for one-third (33%) of all people experiencing homelessness as individuals in the United States and more than half (53%) of all unsheltered individuals. • Nearly half of all the nation’s homeless individuals were in three states: California (33% or 128,777 people), New York (11% or 42,113 people), and Florida (5% or 21,265 people). The typical Individual experiencing homelessness in 2019 was 25 years of age or older (91%), a man (70%), and white (53%). 24 • California and Hawaii had the highest rates of homelessness among all individuals, with 68 and 63 of every 10,000 individuals experiencing homelessness. These rates are more than 2.5 times the national rate of individual homelessness (24 of every 10,000 individuals). • In three states, at least two-thirds of individuals experiencing homelessness were staying in unsheltered locations: California (80%), Hawaii (72%), and Oregon (66%). • In contrast, more than 90 percent of people experiencing homelessness as individuals were sheltered in five states: New York, Rhode Island, Maine, Nebraska and North Dakota. Changes over Time • Between 2018 and 2019, the number of individuals experiencing homelessness increased in 24 states and the District of Columbia. The largest absolute increase was The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 2.6: States with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of Homeless Individuals who were Unsheltered 2019 Highest Rates CALIFORNIA HAWAII OREGON ARIZONA ARKANSAS 80.3% 72.1% 66.1% 58.9% 57.8% 128,777 Homeless 103,454 Unsheltered 4,420 Homeless 3,186 Unsheltered 12,354 Homeless 8,160 Unsheltered 7,538 Homeless 4,439 Unsheltered 2,303 Homeless 1,331 Unsheltered NORTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA MAINE RHODE ISLAND NEW YORK 0.8% 6.2% 7.5% 9.2% 9.6% 377 Homeless 3 Unsheltered 1,715 Homeless 107 Unsheltered 1,232 Homeless 92 Unsheltered 730 Homeless 67 Unsheltered 42,113 Homeless 4,039 Unsheltered Lowest Rates EXHIBIT 2.7: Largest Changes in Homeless Individuals By State, 2007–2019 2018–2019 2007–2019 Largest Increases CALIFORNIA 19,769 / 18.1% NEW YORK 2,286 / 5.7% OREGON 1,215 / 10.9% GEORGIA MINNESOTA CALIFORNIA 17,825 / 16.1% NEW YORK 14,057 / 50.1% WASHINGTON 2,696 / 20.3% 970 / 14.0% OREGON 2,483 / 25.2% 593 / 14.9% MINNESOTA 1,317 / 40.3% Largest Decreases a MASSACHUSETTS -552 / -8.1% FLORIDA -11,775 / -35.6% TENNESSEE -502 / -8.2% TEXAS -6,695 / -25.5% NEVADA -444 / -6.3% GEORGIA -4,608 / -36.8% WASHINGTON -439 / -2.7% NEW JERSEY -3,077 / -34.3% COLORADO -344 / -4.5% TENNESSEE -2,825 / -33.4% Because of methodological changes, Michigan was excluded from the list of largest decreases from 2007-2019. 25 2 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Individuals in the United States in California (19,769 people), followed by New York (2,286 people) and Oregon (1,215 people). The states with the largest percentage increases were New Mexico (26%) and Kansas (21%). • The number of homeless individuals declined between 2018 and 2019 in 26 states. The largest absolute declines occurred in Massachusetts (552 fewer people) and Tennessee (502 fewer people). The largest percentage declines were in Delaware (20%) and North Dakota (19%). • Between 2007 and 2019, the number of individuals experiencing homelessness increased in 24 states and the District of Columbia. The largest absolute increases were in California (17,825 more people or 16%) and New York (14,057 more people or 50%). • During the same time period, 26 states experienced a decline in the number of homeless individuals. The largest declines were reported in Florida (11,775 fewer people or 36%) and Texas (6,695 fewer people or 26%). 26 2 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Homeless Individuals in the United States Continuums of Care (CoC) were divided into four geographic categories 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest U.S. cities are located in the same CoC. 2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=60) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an urbanized area within the CoC’s principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. 3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=170) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. 4. Largely rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural areas. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For detailed information on how they were applied to CoCs, see the About the Report section of this report. EXHIBIT 2.8: Percent of Homeless Individuals By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2019 100% 0% All Individuals Experiencing Homelessness 52.2 Sheltered Individuals 49.6 Unsheltered Individuals 55.0 22.8 17.6 24.7 17.2 6.1 20.8 18.0 7.4 8.5 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs 28 Data source: PIT 2007–2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 2.9: Sheltered vs. Unsheltered Individuals By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2019 100% 0% 48.1 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs 58.8 Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs 51.9 41.2 45.1 54.9 49.5 Sheltered 50.5 Unsheltered On a Single Night in January 2019 • More than half (52%) of all people experiencing homelessness as individuals did so in major city CoCs (205,162 people). Of individuals experiencing homelessness in major cities, more than half were unsheltered (52% or 106,550 people). • The major city CoCs with the largest numbers of unsheltered homeless individuals were: Los Angeles, CA (40,844), San Jose, CA (7,679), Oakland, CA (6,285), Seattle, WA (5,165), and San Francisco, CA (5,154). • Major city CoCs accounted for 55 percent of the national total of unsheltered individuals and 50 percent of the national total of sheltered individuals. In contrast, other largely urban CoCs (those that do not contain one of the nation’s largest cities) accounted for a higher share of the sheltered population (9%) than the unsheltered population (6%) and had the highest percentage of homeless individuals in shelters of the CoC categories (59%). • In four major city CoCs, more than 80 percent of homeless individuals were unsheltered. All four were in California: Fresno (91%), San Jose (87%) Los Angeles (85%), and Oakland (84%). • Largely suburban CoCs accounted for 23 percent of all homeless individuals in the country. These communities had a higher share of the national total of sheltered individuals (25%) than of the national total of unsheltered individuals (21%). The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 2.10: Demographic Characteristics of Homeless Individuals by CoC Category 2019 Major City CoCs (n=48) Total Other Largely Urban CoCs (n=60) Largely Suburban CoCs (n=170) Largely Rural CoCs (n=114) 205,162 28,889 89,456 69,202 0.7% 0.8% 1.0% 2.1% Age Under 18 18 to 24 8.4% 7.7% 8.3% 9.0% Over 24 90.9% 91.5% 90.7% 88.9% Female 28.1% 27.6% 29.2% 33.5% Male Gender 70.1% 72.0% 70.3% 66.0% Transgender 1.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% Gender Nonconforming 0.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% Ethnicity Non-Hispanic/Latino 76.4% 87.1% 84.6% 89.5% Hispanic/Latino 23.6% 12.9% 15.4% 10.5% White 42.3% 60.4% 60.3% 73.9% Black 44.7% 29.1% 28.3% 14.9% Asian 1.6% 1.1% 1.3% 0.6% Native American 3.8% 3.6% 2.2% 5.2% Pacific Islander 1.2% 0.9% 1.5% 0.8% Multiple Races 6.4% 4.9% 6.4% 4.6% Race • Two largely suburban CoCs also reported rates of unsheltered individuals greater than 90 percent: Fort Pierce, FL (93%) and Imperial County on the southern border of California (91%). • Five largely rural CoCs reported unsheltered rates above 90 percent, with Hendry, Hardee, and Highlands Counties, which abut Lake Okeechobee in Florida, reporting all individuals experiencing homelessness staying in unsheltered locations. Other CoCs with rates over 90 percent are: the CoC comprised of Colusa, Glenn, and Trinity Counties in California’s central valley (98%), Lake County in Northwest California (97%), the CoC on the California-Nevada border comprised of Alpine, Inyo, and Mono Counties (96%), and the CoC that includes Yosemite National Park and is made up of Amador, Calaveras, Mariposa, and Tuolumne counties (92%). Demographic Differences by CoC Category • Individuals experiencing homelessness in largely rural areas were slightly younger than those in other types of CoCs (11% were under 25 compared with 9% in all other categories). • Individuals experiencing homelessness in largely rural CoCs were more likely to be women (34%) than those in major city (28%), other urban (28%), or suburban (29%) CoCs. 29 2 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Homeless Individuals in the United States Data source: PIT 2007–2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 2.11: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of Homeless Individuals by CoC Category 2019 Homeless Individuals CoC Name Major City CoCs Homeless Individuals CoC Name Other Largely Urban CoCs Los Angeles City & County, CA 47,810 Stockton/San Joaquin County, CA 2,102 New York City 35,427 Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 1,908 San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 8,785 Oxnard, San Buenaventura/Ventura County, CA 1,472 Seattle/King County, WA 8,748 Bakersfield/Kern County, CA 1,118 Oakland, Berkeley/Alameda County, CA 7,498 Reno, Sparks/Washoe County, NV 1,101 Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County, CA 5,310 Texas Balance of State 6,180 Honolulu City and County, HI 3,096 Oregon Balance of State 4,728 Santa Rosa, Petaluma/Sonoma County, CA 2,672 Washington Balance of State 3,834 Riverside City & County, CA 2,522 Georgia Balance of State 2,960 Ft Lauderdale/Broward County, FL 2,341 Indiana Balance of State 2,628 • Nearly three in four of people experiencing homelessness as individuals in largely rural areas were white compared with 42 percent in major city CoCs. Conversely, African Americans account for 45 percent of individuals experiencing homelessness in major cities compared with only 15 percent in rural areas. • In major city CoCs, nearly one quarter of individuals experiencing homelessness were Hispanic or Latino (24%), a higher proportion than were reported in other largely urban (13%), largely suburban (15%), and largely rural (11%) CoCs. Between 2018 and 2019, the number of individuals experiencing homelessness increased in all CoC types. 30 Changes over Time by CoC Category • While individual homelessness increased across all CoC categories and shelter statuses, the largest absolute increase was in major cities, 15,670 more people counted in 2019 than in 2018 (an increase of 8%). Other largely urban areas experienced the largest percentage increase (10% or 2,616 people). • For both major cities and other largely urban CoCs, increases in the unsheltered population accounted for most of the overall increase. Major city CoCs reported 10,710 more unsheltered individuals in 2019 than in 2018 (an 11% rise). Other largely urban CoCs reported 2,456 more unsheltered individuals (a 26% rise). • Largely suburban and largely rural CoCs also experienced overall increases that were driven by increases in the unsheltered population. Largely suburban CoCs had nine percent more unsheltered individuals in 2019 than in 2018, and largely rural CoCs had eight percent The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 2.12: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of Homeless Individuals who were Unsheltered By CoC Category, 2019 Percent who were unsheltered Homeless Individuals CoC Name Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Fresno City & County/Madera County, CA 2,267 90.6% San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 8,785 87.4% Vallejo/Solano County, CA Los Angeles City & County, CA 47,810 Oakland, Berkeley/Alameda County, CA 7,498 83.8% Glendale, CA Sacramento City & County, CA 4,429 75.3% 85.4% Fayetteville/Cumberland County, NC Imperial County, CA Pasco County, FL 222 94.6% 1,072 86.2% 1,472 84.2% 162 81.5% 1,908 80.4% Oxnard, San Buenaventura/ Ventura County, CA Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR Largely Suburban CoCs Fort Pierce/St. Lucie, Indian River, Martin Counties, FL Percent who were unsheltered Homeless Individuals CoC Name Largely Rural CoCs Hendry, Hardee, Highlands 93.1% Counties, FL 754 1,120 91.4% 685 Colusa, Glenn, Trinity Counties CA 89.2% Lake County, CA 242 100.0% 136 97.8% 345 97.1% San Bernardino City & County, CA 2,119 86.5% Alpine, Inyo, Mono Counties, CA 198 95.5% San Luis Obispo County, CA 1,261 86.3% Amador, Calaveras, Mariposa, Tuolumne Counties, CA 663 91.6% EXHIBIT 2.13: Change in Individual Homelessness By Sheltered Status and CoC Category, 2018–2019 All Homeless Individuals Sheltered Homeless Individuals Unsheltered Homeless Individuals Numeric Change Percent Change Numeric Change Percent Change Numeric Change Percent Change Total (not including territories) 24,194 6.6% 5,284 2.7% 18,910 10.8% Major City CoCs 15,670 8.3% 4,960 5.3% 10,710 11.2% Other Largely Urban CoCs 2,616 10.0% 160 1.0% 2,456 26.0% Largely Suburban CoCs 3,269 3.8% 68 0.1% 3,201 8.6% Largely Rural CoCs 2,639 4.0% 96 0.3% 2,543 7.8% more individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness. • The number of individuals experiencing homelessness nationally declined by four percent between 2007 and 2019, but the number of individuals experiencing homelessness in one of the nation’s 50 largest cities was five percent higher in 2019 than it was in 2007. Again, these increases largely reflected increases in unsheltered homelessness in major cities, an increase of 31 3 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Families in thewith United Children States Data source: PIT 2007–2019 EXHIBIT 3.1: PIT Estimates of Homeless People in Families with Children By Sheltered Status, 2007–2019 234,558 235,259 238,096 241,937 236,175 239,397 222,190 216,261 206,286 194,716 178,328 78,535 56,230 181,506 75,750 53,753 187,313 78,514 50,783 191,325 79,442 50,612 186,482 77,184 49,693 190,996 191,571 77,155 70,957 2008 2009 Total People in Families 2010 67,613 185,824 175,563 180,413 167,723 164,023 171,670 156,891 64,197 61,265 57,886 56,342 53,692 24,358 20,462 19,153 16,688 16,390 14,779 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 48,401 30,619 2007 191,903 184,411 2011 2012 2013 Sheltered People in Families eight percent or 7,641 people since 2007. • While the number of individuals experiencing homelessness increased nationally, 47 percent of communities experienced decreases or no change in the number of homeless individuals between 2018 and 2019, including 20 major city CoCs. Unsheltered People in Families Family Households at least one adult and one child under the age of 18. People homeless as part of a family were 30 percent of the total homeless population. • Of every 10,000 people in households with children in the United States, 11 were experiencing homelessness. • As of 2019, most people experiencing homelessness in families with children were sheltered, 156,891 people or more than nine On a Single Night in January 2019 • 171,670 people were homeless in families with EXHIBIT 3.2: Change in Number of Homeless People in Families with Children By Sheltered Status, 2007-2019 Change 2018-2019 Number Percent Change 2010-2019 Change 2007-2019 Number Percent Number Percent People in families -8,743 -4.8% -70,267 -29.0% -62,888 -26.8% Sheltered -7,132 -4.3% -34,434 -18.0% -21,437 -12.0% Unsheltered -1,611 -9.8% -35,833 -70.8% -41,451 -73.7% Family households -2,650 -4.7% -25,750 -32.4% -24,843 -31.6% 32 The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 3.3: Demographic Characteristics of Homeless People in Families with Children 2019 Characteristic All Homeless People in Families People in families Sheltered People in Families Unsheltered People in Families # % # % # % 171,670 100% 156,891 100% 14,779 100% 102,968 60.0% 95,157 60.7% 7,811 52.9% Age Under 18 18 – 24 12,449 7.3% 11,412 7.3% 1,037 7.0% Over 24 56,253 32.8% 50,322 32.1% 5,931 40.1% 104,276 60.7% 96,364 61.4% 7,912 53.5% 67,280 39.2% 60,450 38.5% 6,830 46.2% Transgender 67 0.0% 49 0.0% 18 0.1% Gender Non-conforming 47 0.0% 28 0.0% 19 0.1% 122,586 71.4% 110,753 70.6% 11,833 80.1% 49,084 28.6% 46,138 29.4% 2,946 19.9% Gender Female Male Ethnicity Non-Hispanic/Latino Hispanic/Latino Race White 60,283 35.1% 52,926 33.7% 7,357 49.8% Black or African American 89,344 52.0% 86,281 55.0% 3,063 20.7% 2.8% Asian 1,797 1.0% 1,377 0.9% 420 Native American 3,668 2.1% 2,956 1.9% 712 4.8% Pacific Islander 4,191 2.4% 2,354 1.5% 1,837 12.4% Multiple Races 12,387 7.2% 10,997 7.0% 1,390 9.4% EXHIBIT 3.4: Number of People in Parenting Youth Households 2019 Parents in Households Parenting Youth (Under 18) Children in Households Total People in Households 59 75 134 Parenting Youth Age (18 to 24) 7,505 9,704 17,209 Total Parenting Youth 7,564 9,779 17,343 in 10. Only 14,779 people in families with children were counted in unsheltered locations nationwide. • With an average family size of 3.2 people, just under 54,000 family households experienced homelessness on a single night in 2019. Changes in Family Homelessness over Time • The number of people in families with children who experienced homelessness on a single night declined by five percent (or 8,743 people) between 2018 and 2019. The number of family households experiencing homelessness also declined by five percent (2,650 fewer households). • Between 2007 and 2019, the number of people in families who experienced homelessness declined by 27 percent (62,888 fewer people), and the number of family households that experienced homelessness dropped by 32 percent (24,843 fewer households). 33 3 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Families in thewith United Children States • The overall decline in family homelessness between 2007 and 2019 reflects a substantial decrease in families experiencing homelessness in unsheltered locations. Between 2007 and 2019, unsheltered family homelessness dropped 74 percent (41,451 fewer people). The number of people in families with children staying in shelters declined by a smaller amount, 12 percent (21,437 people). Demographic Characteristics of Family Homelessness • Children under the age of 18 were 60 percent of people experiencing homelessness in families in 2019. Of the 40 percent who were adults, most were 25 years of age or older, comprising 33 percent of the total. Seven percent of all people in families with children were young adults between 18 and 24 years of age. • People in the 18 to 24 year old age group may be the parent of the family, or they may be young adults in a household that has both another adult and at least one child under 18. Parenting youth accounted for 60 percent of all people between the ages of 18 and 24 in families with children. Together, parenting youth and their children account for just over 10 percent of all children in families experiencing homelessness.5 • Family members found in unsheltered locations were less likely to be children than those found in shelter. Of people in families found in unsheltered locations, 53 percent were under 18 years of age, compared to 61 percent of those found in shelter. • About six in 10 people in families were female (women and girls under 18), four in 10 were male, and very small numbers were transgender or gender non-conforming. Women and girls made up a smaller percentage of people in families found in unsheltered 5 The very small number (59) of parenting teens are considered “child only” households and are included in the totals for people experiencing homelessness as individuals rather than members of families. 34 Data source: PIT 2007–2019 locations—54 percent compared to 61 percent of those in shelter. • African Americans accounted for 52 percent of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness and 55 percent of all sheltered families. African Americans accounted for only 21 percent of unsheltered people in families. In contrast, while people who were white made up 34 percent of sheltered families, they comprised 50 percent of unsheltered people in families with children. Two percent of people in families experiencing homelessness were Native American, about the same as the share of the total U.S. population that is Native American. • Nearly three in 10 people in families with children experiencing homelessness were Hispanic/Latino (29%), considerably higher than the proportion of Hispanic/Latino individuals experiencing homelessness (19%). Almost all Hispanic/Latino families experiencing homelessness, 94 percent, were sheltered. Changes in Demographics of Family Homelessness over Time • Homelessness decreased for all age groups between 2018 and 2019. The percentage drop was largest for people ages 18 to 24 in families with children, a decline of 12 percent (1,738 people), while the drop in the absolute number was greatest for children, with 4,333 fewer children experiencing homelessness in 2019 than in 2018. • Homelessness declined between 2018 and 2019 for people in families who were either male (men and boys) or female (women and girls). The small numbers of people in families experiencing homelessness who were transgender or gender non-conforming rose for sheltered homelessness and dropped for unsheltered homelessness, but the numbers are too small to discern a definite pattern as yet. The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 • Homelessness decreased between 2018 and 2019 for both white and African American families, though a greater decline was observed among white families. There were 8,239 fewer white people in families experiencing homelessness overall (or 12%), 5,975 fewer people in sheltered locations (10%), and 2,264 fewer unsheltered white people in families with children (a 24% drop). African Americans in families with children experiencing homelessness declined by 1,724 people overall (2%), by 1,464 in sheltered locations (2%), and the number of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness in black families declined by 260 people (8%). • Family homelessness increased for other racial groups. Asians account for only one percent of the total population of people in families who experience homelessness, but the number increased by four percent in one year. The pattern was similar for the two percent of homeless family members who were Native Americans and the two percent who were Pacific Islanders, with two percent and seven percent increases between 2018 and 2019. • The number of Hispanic/Latino people in families experiencing homelessness decreased overall by six percent (2,969 people), and this includes a five percent decrease in sheltered homelessness and a 22 percent decrease in unsheltered homelessness. • Only six percent of homeless people in families with children in 2019 were in households with chronic patterns of homelessness, 9,442 people. Between 2018 and 2019 the number of people in chronically homeless families with children increased 14 percent, reflecting a 27 percent increase in sheltered chronic family homelessness. While people in families with chronic patterns of homelessness are particularly likely to be unsheltered (22% in 2019), unsheltered chronic family homelessness dropped between 2018 and 2019 (by 17%). 35 3 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Families in thewith United Children States Data source: PIT 2007–2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 3.5: Estimates of Family Homelessness By State, 2019 WA 5,592 OR 3,522 NV 555 ND 180 MT 410 ID 799 WY 111 UT 877 CA 22,501 AZ 2,469 ME, 874 VT, 408 CO 2,356 NM 777 MN 3,391 SD 270 KS 639 OK 881 MI 3,363 NH, 584 MA, 12,212 RI, 325 CT, 933 NJ, 2,967 DE, 356 MD, 1,909 DC, 2,646 NY 49,978 PA 4,773 OH IL 3,686 IN 3,304 1,688 WV VA KY 248 2,117 MO 2,006 1,006 NC, 2,447 TN, 1,830 AR SC 414 854 AL GA MS 742 2,530 221 LA 525 IA 741 NE 650 TX 6,237 AK 523 WI 1,993 FL 7,063 Number of People in Families Experiencing Homelessness per 10,000 People in Families Less than 10 10–24 25–49 50+ HI 1,992 On a Single Night in 2019 • Three in ten (30%) people in families who experience homelessness in the U.S. do so in New York (49,978 people). All but 8 of those people stayed in sheltered locations. • Half of the nation’s homeless people in families with children were in three states: New York, California (13% or 22,501 people), and Massachusetts (7% or 12,212 people). • New York and Massachusetts also had very high rates of homelessness among families. In 2019, 54 out of every 10,000 people in New York families and 41 out of every 10,000 people in Massachusetts families experienced homelessness. The rate of homelessness among people in families was lower in California, 11 of every 10,000 people in families with children experiencing homelessness. • Nearly two-thirds of unsheltered people in families with children (64%) were in California, Oregon, and Florida. 36 • Oregon had the highest rate of people experiencing homelessness in families with children staying in unsheltered locations (56% or 1,982 people). Changes over Time • Homelessness declined for people in families with children in 34 states and the District of Columbia between 2018 and 2019. The largest absolute decreases were in Florida (2,524 fewer people or 26%), New York (2,092 fewer people or 4%), and Massachusetts (1,045 fewer people or 8%). • Homelessness among people in families with children increased in 16 states between 2018 and 2019. The largest absolute increases were in California (1,537 more people in families with children or 7%), Michigan (221 people or 7%), and Indiana (206 people or 14%). The largest percentage increases were in North Dakota (140% or 105 more people) and Nevada (29% or 175 more people). The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 3.6: States with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of People in Families with Children who were Unsheltered By State, 2019 Highest Rates OREGON IDAHO SOUTH CAROLINA TENNESSEE HAWAII 56.3% 37.5% 32.1% 26.2% 22.8% 3,522 Homeless 1,982 Unsheltered 799 Homeless 300 Unsheltered 854 Homeless 274 Unsheltered 1,830 Homeless 480 Unsheltered 1,992 Homeless 454 Unsheltered NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS UTAH MAINE 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 2,646 Homeless 0 Unsheltered 49,978 Homeless 8 Unsheltered 12,212 Homeless 9 Unsheltered 877 Homeless 3 Unsheltered 874 Homeless 3 Unsheltered Lowest Rates DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA EXHIBIT 3.7: Largest Changes in Homeless People in Families By State, 2007–2019 2018–2019 2007–2019 Largest Increases 1,537 / 7.3% NEW YORK MICHIGAN 221 / 7.0% MASSACHUSETTS 5,377 / 78.7% INDIANA 206 / 13.9% DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 1,043 / 65.1% OREGON 185 / IDAHO NEW MEXICO 175 / 29.1% CALIFORNIA 5.5% DELAWARE 15,433 / 44.7% 152 / 23.5% 11 / 3.2% Largest Decreases a FLORIDA -2,524 / -26.3% FLORIDA -7,966 / -53.0% NEW YORK -2,092 / -4.0% TEXAS -7,245 / -53.7% MASSACHUSETTS -1,045 / -7.9% CALIFORNIA -5,533 / -19.7% COLORADO -894 / -27.5% NEW JERSEY -5,375 / -64.4% CONNECTICUT -763 / -45.0% GEORGIA -4,588 / -64.5% Because of methodological changes, Michigan was excluded from the list of largest decreases from 2007-2019. 37 3 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Families in thewith United Children States • Between 2007 and 2019, the number of people experiencing homelessness in families with children declined in 46 states. The largest absolute decreases were experienced in Florida (7,966 fewer people or 53%) and Texas (7,245 fewer people or 54%). Three states – Louisiana, Kentucky, and Nevada – all had reductions in the number of people experiencing of homelessness in families with children by more than 70 percent. • Between 2007 and 2019, the number of people experiencing homelessness in families with children increased in four states and the District of Columbia. New York experienced the largest absolute increase, with 15,433 more people in families experiencing homelessness, a 45 percent rise. Massachusetts had the largest percentage increase, with 79 percent more people in families with children experiencing homelessness (or 5,377 more people). 38 3 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Homeless Families in thewith United Children States EXHIBIT 3.8: Percent of Homeless People in Families with Children By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2019 100% 0% Homeless People in Families with Children Sheltered People in Families with Children Unsheltered People in Families with Children 51.8 54.0 24.3 3.5 25.4 5.2 5.4 17.6 25.1 29.0 15.5 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs People in Families with Children By CoC Category, 2019 100% 96.5 Other Largely Urban CoCs 94.9 Largely Suburban CoCs 91.4 Largely Rural CoCs 81.5 Sheltered 3.5 5.1 8.6 18.5 Unsheltered On a Single Night in January 2019 • More than half (52%) of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness in the United States did so in CoCs covering one of the nation’s 50 largest cities, the same percentage as for people experiencing homelessness as individuals. • One-quarter of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness in the country did so in New York City (43,177 people). • The percentage of people in families who were unsheltered in major cities, four percent, was lower than the percentage unsheltered 40 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest U.S. cities are located in the same CoC. 3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=170) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. EXHIBIT 3.9: Sheltered vs. Unsheltered Major City CoCs Continuums of Care (CoC) were divided into four geographic categories 2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=60) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an urbanized area within the CoC’s principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. 43.1 0% Data source: PIT 2007–2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories 4. Largely rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural areas. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For detailed information on how they were applied to CoCs, see the About the Report section of this report. in the nation as a whole (9%) and in the other categories of CoCs. • Of major city CoCs, only Sacramento reported that more than 50 percent of people in families were unsheltered. • CoCs covering other largely urban areas account for five percent of all family homelessness, and people in families were only slightly less likely to be sheltered there than they were in major cities. • CoCs that are largely suburban had a quarter (25%) of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness, slightly higher The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 3.10: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of People Experiencing Family Homelessness By CoC Category, 2019 People in Families with Children CoC Name Major City CoCs New York City People in Families with Children CoC Name Other Largely Urban CoCs 43,177 Saint Paul/Ramsey County, MN 577 Los Angeles City & County, CA 8,447 Stockton/San Joaquin County, CA 529 Boston, MA 3,850 Grand Rapids, Wyoming/Kent County, MI 324 District of Columbia 2,646 Anchorage, AK 312 Seattle/King County, WA 2,451 Spokane City & County, WA 302 Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Nassau, Suffolk Counties, NY 2,672 Oregon Balance of State 2,375 Springfield/Hampden County, MA 2,070 Texas Balance of State 1,892 Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County, CA 1,550 Washington Balance of State 1,675 Massachusetts Balance of State 1,413 Wisconsin Balance of State 1,457 Honolulu City and County, HI 1,321 Ohio Balance of State 1,377 than their share of individuals experiencing homelessness (23%). • In the largely suburban CoC that includes Ft. Pierce, FL, 86 percent of people in families experiencing homelessness were staying in unsheltered locations, the highest of that category. Two largely suburban CoCs in California also had high rates of unsheltered family homelessness: Imperial County (69%) and Santa Cruz (53%). • CoCs that were largely rural accounted for 18 percent of homeless people in families with children, similar to their share of homeless individuals. However, 43 percent of all unsheltered people in families were in largely rural CoCs. CoCs that were largely rural also had the highest rate of unsheltered homelessness among people in families with children, with 19 percent staying outdoors. • Several largely rural CoCs had high very rates of unsheltered families. The highest rate was reported by Jackson/West Tennessee, where more than 9 in 10 people in families with children were unsheltered (91%). Changes over Time by CoC Category • Family homelessness declined in all CoC categories between 2018 and 2019, with the largest percentage decrease in largely suburban CoCs (10% or 4,689 fewer people in families with children). In major cities, family homelessness dropped by 1,892 people or two percent. • Sheltered homelessness decreased for families with children in all CoC categories between 2018 and 2019. The largest drop was in largely suburban CoCs, which had 3,867 fewer people in families staying in shelters in 2019 than in 2018. • Unsheltered family homelessness also decreased for most CoC categories but stayed about the same (increasing by 157 people) in major cities. 41 3 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Homeless Families in thewith United Children States Data source: PIT 2007–2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 3.11: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of People Experiencing Family Homelessness who were Unsheltered By CoC Category, 2019 Homeless People Percent who were in Families with unsheltered Children CoC Name Homeless People Percent who were in Families with unsheltered Children CoC Name Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Sacramento City & County, CA 1,132 50.1% Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 257 38.5% San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 921 26.4% Visalia/Kings, Tulare Counties, CA 135 25.2% Long Beach, CA 194 23.7% Bakersfield/Kern County, CA 212 16.5% 107 15.0% 160 13.8% Los Angeles City & County, CA 8,447 19.3% Fayetteville/Cumberland County, NC San Diego City and County, CA 1,419 15.4% Little Rock/Central Arkansas Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Fort Pierce/St. Lucie, Indian River, Martin Counties, FL 745 86.3% Jackson/West Tennessee 445 90.6% Imperial County, CA 293 68.6% Central Oregon 243 77.8% Watsonville/Santa Cruz City & County, CA 419 53.2% Northwest North Carolina 200 73.5% Yuba City & County/Sutter County, CA 176 44.9% 156 69.2% Vancouver/Clark County, WA 452 44.5% Oregon Balance of State 2,375 67.8% Demographic Characteristics by CoC Category • The gender and age characteristics of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness do not vary much by CoC category. • However, race and ethnicity do vary geographically. In major cities, 23 percent of people in families experiencing homelessness were white, compared with 63 percent in largely rural CoCs. Conversely, two-thirds (68%) of people experiencing homelessness in families in major cities were African American, compared with 21 percent in largely rural CoCs. 42 Hendry, Hardee, Highlands Counties, FL • More than one-third (35%) of people in families with children experiencing homelessness in major cities were Hispanic/Latino, the highest rate among the CoC categories. In largely suburban CoCs, 27 percent of people in families were Hispanic/Latino. Largely rural CoCs had the lowest rate of Hispanic/Latino people experiencing family homelessness (17%), followed closely by other urban CoCs (18%). The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 3.12: Change in Family Homelessness By Sheltered Status and CoC Category, 2018-2019 All People in Families with Children Sheltered People in Families with Children Unsheltered People in Families with Children # % # % # % Total -9,274 -5.2% -7,075 -4.3% -1,472 -21.1% Major City CoCs -1,892 -2.1% -2,049 -2.4% 157 5.3% -284 -3.1% -222 -2.6% -62 -12.0% Largely Suburban CoCs -4,689 -9.8% -3,867 -8.9% -822 -18.1% Largely Rural CoCs -2,409 -7.5% -937 -3.7% -1,472 -21.1% Other Largely Urban CoCs EXHIBIT 3.13: Demographic Characteristics of Homeless People in Families with Children By CoC Category, 2019 Major City CoCs (n=48) Other Largely Urban CoCs (n=60) Largely Suburban CoCs (n=170) 87,720 8,885 43,065 29,805 Under 18 59.5% 63.0% 60.9% 60.3% 18 to 24 8.2% 6.3% 6.5% 5.7% Over 24 32.4% 30.7% 32.7% 34.1% Female 60.8% 62.4% 60.9% 60.5% Male 39.1% 37.5% 39.0% 39.4% Transgender 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% Gender Nonconforming 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% Non-Hispanic/Latino 65.2% 82.2% 72.9% 83.1% Hispanic/Latino 34.8% 17.8% 27.1% 16.9% Number of People Largely Rural CoCs (n=114) Age Gender Ethnicity Race White 22.7% 37.2% 42.3% 62.8% Black 68.2% 48.5% 43.8% 21.1% Asian 0.9% 0.9% 1.0% 0.6% Native American 1.3% 3.0% 1.4% 5.5% Pacific Islander 1.0% 1.3% 2.7% 1.4% Multiple Races 5.8% 9.0% 8.8% 8.6% 43 4 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Unaccompanied in the Homeless United Youth States Data source: PIT 2017-2019 HUD’s Point-in-Time (PIT) count data collection includes information on the number of young adults and children who are experiencing homelessness “unaccompanied”—that is, without a parent or guardian present. In addition to not experiencing homelessness with a parent, unaccompanied youth are not themselves parents homeless together with one or more children. Thus, unaccompanied youth are a subset of the population that experiences homelessness as individuals. On a Single Night in January 2019 • 35,038 unaccompanied youth under the age of 25 were reported to be experiencing homelessness in the United States. These unaccompanied youth were just over six percent of the total population of people EXHIBIT 4.1: PIT Estimates of Unaccompanied Homeless Youth experiencing homelessness and just under nine percent of all people experiencing homelessness as individuals. • Another 7,564 youth under the age of 25 were experiencing homelessness on the same night, but they were “parenting youth” and experiencing homelessness together with at least one child under the age of 18. (More detail on parenting youth is in Section 3 of this report, Homeless Families with Children.) • Most unaccompanied homeless youth identified in January 2019 (89%) were between the ages of 18 and 24 (31,062 people). The remaining 11 percent (3,976 people) were children (under the age of 18) experiencing homelessness on their own. • Unaccompanied homeless youth were more likely to be unsheltered (50%) than all people experiencing homelessness (37%) and about as likely to be unsheltered as all people experiencing homelessness as individuals (50%). By Age and Sheltered Status, 2019 Total Sheltered Unsheltered Unaccompanied Unaccompanied Unaccompanied Homeless Youth Youth Youth # Total Homeless Youth (under 25) Homeless Youth (under 18) Homeless Youth (18-24) % # 35,038 100.0% % # 17,708 100.0% 17,330 3,976 11.3% 1,874 10.6% 2,102 31,062 88.7% 15,834 89.4% 15,228 EXHIBIT 4.2: Sheltered and Unsheltered Unaccompanied Homeless Youth By Sheltered Status, 2019 100% 0% All People Experiencing Homelessness 62.8 Homeless Individuals 50.4 Unaccompanied Youth (under 25) 50.5 Sheltered 44 Unsheltered 37.2 49.6 49.5 Demographic Characteristics of Unaccompanied Youth • The characteristics of unaccompanied homeless youth differ from those of 100.0% the overall population of individuals 12.1% experiencing homelessness. In general, unaccompanied homeless youth 87.9% were less likely to be white and more likely to be female than all homeless individuals. • Just under 40 percent of unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness were women or girls (38%). By contrast, only 29 percent of all individuals experiencing homelessness were women or girls. • Youth identifying as transgender or who did not identify as male, female, or transgender accounted for three percent of the unaccompanied youth population, compared with less than one percent of the individual homeless population. % The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 • Unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness were slightly more likely to be African American (36%) than all individuals experiencing homelessness (34%). For both all individuals and unaccompanied youth, African Americans accounted for a slightly larger share of the sheltered population (45%, in the case of unaccompanied youth) than the unsheltered population (27%, in both populations). • Twenty-four percent of unaccompanied homeless youth were Hispanic or Latino, compared with only 19 percent of all homeless individuals. • Multiracial youth accounted for 10 percent of all unaccompanied homeless youth (compared with 6% of all homeless individuals). • Compared with all homeless individuals (including people over the age of 24), unaccompanied youth were more likely to have racial identities other than white or African American (16% versus 13%). Changes between 2017 and 2019 HUD and its federal partners selected the PIT counts from January 2017 as the baseline measure of homelessness among unaccompanied youth. While 347 communities conducted unsheltered counts in 2018, doing so was not required. Therefore, this 2019 report is the first to examine year-to-year trends in unaccompanied homeless youth. • Data on this population are new and potentially still stabilizing, as communities gain experience with reporting. Even so, the number of unaccompanied youth reported by communities has declined over the two years, EXHIBIT 4.3: Demographic Characteristics of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness 2019 Sheltered Unaccompanied Youth All Unaccompanied Youth Total Unsheltered Unaccompanied Youth # % # % # % 35,038 100% 17,708 100% 17,330 100% Age Under 18 3,976 11.3% 1,874 10.6% 2,102 12.1% 18 to 24 31,062 88.7% 15,834 89.4% 15,228 87.9% Female 13,228 37.8% 7,338 41.7% 5,840 33.7% Male 20,719 59.1% 9,891 55.9% 10,828 62.5% Gender Transgender 727 2.1% 313 1.8% 414 2.4% Gender non-conforming 364 1.0% 116 0.7% 248 1.4% 26,771 76.4% 14,150 79.9% 12,621 72.8% 8,267 23.6% 3,558 20.1% 4,709 27.2% White 16,912 48.3% 7,728 43.6% 9,184 53.0% African American 12,505 35.7% 7,902 44.6% 4,603 26.6% 460 1.3% 170 1.0% 290 1.7% 1,278 3.6% 478 2.7% 800 4.6% Pacific Islander 436 1.2% 141 0.8% 295 1.7% Multiple Races 3,447 9.8% 1,289 7.3% 2,158 12.5% Ethnicity Non-Hispanic/Latino Hispanic/Latino Race Asian Native American 45 4 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Unaccompanied in the Homeless United Youth States Data source: PIT 2019; Excludes PR and U.S. territories by four percent (1,323 people) between 2018 and 2019, and by nine percent (3,265 people) between 2017 and 2019. • The reported declines were driven by declines in the number of unsheltered unaccompanied youth. Between 2018 and 2019, 1,020 fewer unaccompanied youth were counted in unsheltered locations, a six percent decline. Between 2017 and 2019, there was a 12 percent decline in unsheltered unaccompanied youth (2,431 fewer people). EXHIBIT 4.4: Change in Numbers of Unaccompanied Youth 2017–2019 Change 2018–2019 Total Unaccompanied Youth Sheltered Unaccompanied Youth Unsheltered Unaccompanied Youth 46 Change 2017–2019 # % # % -1,323 -3.6% -3,265 -8.5% -303 -1.7% -834 -4.5% -1,020 -5.6% -2,431 -12.3% 4 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Unaccompanied in the Homeless United Youth States Data source: PIT 2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 4.5: Estimates of Unaccompanied Homeless Youth By State, 2019 WA 1,911 OR 1,590 NV 1,285 ND 72 MT 82 ID 188 UT 163 CA 11,993 AZ 587 ME, 125 VT, 105 WY 81 CO 545 NM 216 MN 685 SD 66 IA 146 NE 151 KS 122 OK 322 TX 1,355 AK 176 WI 200 MI 489 IL 609 MO 477 AR 336 LA 188 NY 2,978 OH 643 IN 258 KY 211 PA 737 WV VA 89 258 NC, 417 TN, 366 MS 56 AL 320 NH, 84 MA, 480 RI, 26 CT, 196 NJ, 496 DE, 42 MD, 290 DC, 271 GA 596 SC 216 FL 1,450 Number of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness per 10,000 Unaccompanied Youth Less than 10 10–24 25–49 50+ HI 222 On a Single Night in January 2019 • California reported the largest numbers of homeless unaccompanied youth (11,993 people), accounting for just over one-third of all unaccompanied youth. Other states with large numbers of homeless unaccompanied youth were New York (2,978), Washington (1,911), Oregon (1,590), and Florida (1,450). • California accounted for 55 percent of all unsheltered homeless unaccompanied youth (9,465 people). Oregon (1,152), Washington (1,087), and Nevada (1,012) also had large numbers of unsheltered unaccompanied youth, accounting for between six and seven percent of the national total. • Nevada had the highest rate of youth homelessness, with 90 of every 10,000 youth staying on their own (i.e., not living with a parent or guardian or with their own children) experiencing homelessness. Oregon and 48 California also had very high rates, with 64 and 53 people per 10,000 unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness. • California, Nevada, and Oregon also reported the highest percentages of unaccompanied youth who were found in unsheltered rather than sheltered locations, 79 percent for California and Nevada and 73 percent for Oregon. • In North Dakota, none of the 72 unaccompanied youth were staying in unsheltered locations, and in the District of Columbia, only three percent (or 7 of 271 unaccompanied youth) were staying outside. The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 4.6: States with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of Unaccompanied Youth who were Unsheltered By State, 2019 Highest Rates CALIFORNIA NEVADA OREGON ALABAMA HAWAII 78.9% 78.8% 72.5% 68.1% 67.1% 11,993 Homeless 9,465 Unsheltered 1,285 Homeless 1,012 Unsheltered 1,590 Homeless 1,152 Unsheltered 320 Homeless 218 Unsheltered 222 Homeless 149 Unsheltered NORTH DAKOTA DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA MICHIGAN NEW YORK WISCONSIN 0.0% 2.6% 5.7% 6.5% 6.5% 72 Homeless 0 Unsheltered 271 Homeless 7 Unsheltered 489 Homeless 28 Unsheltered 2,978 Homeless 193 Unsheltered 200 Homeless 13 Unsheltered Lowest Rates EXHIBIT 4.7: Largest Changes in Unaccompanied Homeless Youth By State, 2018–2019 Largest Increases OREGON 281 / 21.5% ALABAMA 162 / 102.5% GEORGIA 102 / 20.6% ARKANSAS 96 / 40.0% IDAHO 73 / 63.5% FLORIDA -442 / -23.4% CALIFORNIA -403 / -3.3% WASHINGTON -273 / -12.5% NEVADA -119 / -8.5% TENNESSEE -119 / -24.5% Largest Decreases 49 4 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Unaccompanied in the Homeless United Youth States EXHIBIT 4.8: Percentage of Unaccompanied Homeless Youth By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2019 100% 0% All Unaccompanied Homeless Youth 49.6 6.8 Sheltered Unaccompanied Youth Unsheltered Unaccompanied Youth 22.7 20.8 8.2 24.5 21.3 53.4 5.4 20.9 20.3 46.0 Major City CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs EXHIBIT 4.9: Sheltered vs Unsheltered Unaccompanied Homeless Youth By CoC Category, 2019 100% 0% 46.8 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs 53.2 60.6 39.4 Largely Suburban CoCs 54.6 45.4 Largely Rural CoCs 51.8 48.2 Sheltered Unsheltered On a Single Night in January 2019 • About half (50%) of all unaccompanied youth were counted in the nation’s major cities. Los Angeles and New York City had the largest numbers of unaccompanied youth in the country, reporting 2,884 people and 2,263 people under the age of 25 and homeless on their own. • Major cities had the highest percentage of unaccompanied youth found staying in unsheltered locations (53%), followed by largely rural CoCs (48%) and largely suburban CoCs (45%). Other largely urban CoCs (those that do not include one of the nation’s largest cities) had the lowest percentage of unaccompanied youth found in unsheltered locations (39%). 50 Data source: PIT 2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories Continuums of Care (CoC) were divided into four geographic categories 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest U.S. cities are located in the same CoC. 2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=60) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an urbanized area within the CoC’s principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. 3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=170) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. 4. Largely rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural areas. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For detailed information on how they were applied to CoCs, see the About the Report section of this report. • Of major city CoCs, the highest percentages of unaccompanied youth staying in unsheltered locations were in San Jose, CA (95%), Las Vegas, NV (83%), and San Francisco, CA (82%). • The five largely suburban CoCs with the highest rates of unsheltered unaccompanied youth all reported unsheltered rates of over 90 percent, and all were in California. • The largely rural CoCs with the highest rates of unaccompanied youth staying in unsheltered locations were the CoC in northwest Alabama that includes Florence (95%) and the Arkansas Balance of State CoC (90%). The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 • Unaccompanied youth found in predominantly rural CoCs were much more likely to be white (73%) than unaccompanied youth in major city CoCs (35%), other largely urban CoCs (55%), or largely suburban CoCs (53%). • In all categories of CoCs, nearly all unaccompanied homeless youth were between the ages of 18 and 24. Largely rural CoCs had the highest percentage of unaccompanied homeless youth under the age of 18 (20%), and major city CoCs had the lowest percentage (8%). Changes over Time by Coc Category • Between 2018 and 2019, the number of unaccompanied homeless youth counted in largely rural and other largely urban CoCs increased (by 2% and 6%). However, these CoC categories together account for only about a quarter of all unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness, these increases were small in absolute terms (137 and 138 people). • The number of unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness declined by seven percent (1,220 people) in major cities and four percent (332 people) in largely suburban CoCs. These CoC categories account for nearly three-quarters of all unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness and drove the overall national decrease between 2018 and 2019. • Largely rural CoCs were the only CoC category that saw the number of unaccompanied children (youth under the age of 18) increase between 2018 and 2019 (by 403 people, or 39%). Major city CoCs, other largely urban CoCs, and EXHIBIT 4.10: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of Unaccompanied Homeless Youth By CoC Category, 2019 Unaccompanied Homeless Youth CoC Name Unaccompanied Homeless Youth CoC Name Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Los Angeles City & County, CA 2,884 Vallejo/Solano County, CA New York City 2,263 San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 1,868 Fayetteville/Northwest Arkansas 118 Las Vegas/Clark County, NV 1,184 Stockton/San Joaquin County, CA 113 San Francisco, CA 1,145 Anchorage CoC, AK 106 Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR Largely Suburban CoCs 209 145 Largely Rural CoCs Santa Rosa, Petaluma/Sonoma County, CA 657 Oregon Balance of State Watsonville/Santa Cruz City & County, CA 608 Texas Balance of State 476 Riverside City & County, CA 285 Washington Balance of State 432 Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County, CA 235 Salinas/Monterey, San Benito Counties, CA 325 Honolulu City and County, HI 181 Georgia Balance of State 1,002 227 Note: Excludes CoCs with fewer than 100 people in families with children experiencing homelessness. 51 4 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Unaccompanied in the Homeless United Youth States Data source: PIT 2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 4.11: CoCs with the Highest Rates of Unaccompanied Homeless Youth who were Unsheltered By CoC Category, 2019 Unaccompanied Homeless Youth CoC Name Percent who were unsheltered Major City CoCs Unaccompanied Homeless Youth CoC Name Percent who were unsheltered Other Largely Urban CoCs San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 1,868 95.0% Vallejo/Solano County, CA Las Vegas/Clark County, NV 1,184 82.7% San Francisco, CA 1,145 Oakland, Berkeley/Alameda County, CA Fresno City & County/Madera County, CA 209 83.7% Stockton/San Joaquin County, CA 113 77.9% 82.4% Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 145 74.5% 731 80.4% Saint Paul/Ramsey County, MN 104 31.7% 112 75.0% Fayetteville/Northwest Arkansas 118 28.8% Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Watsonville/Santa Cruz City & County, CA 608 97.0% Florence/Northwest Alabama 156 94.9% San Luis Obispo County, CA 174 96.6% Arkansas Balance of State 146 89.7% Marin County, CA 107 Salinas/Monterey, San Benito 94.4% Counties, CA 325 88.3% Santa Rosa, Petaluma/ Sonoma County, CA 657 93.8% Oregon Balance of State 1,002 82.3% El Dorado County, CA 114 92.1% Georgia Balance of State 227 69.6% largely suburban CoCs all experienced declines in this already small population. • The number of unsheltered unaccompanied youth increased in largely rural areas by 11 percent (or 342 people) and in other largely urban areas (by 16% or 126 people), but declined in major city CoCs and largely suburban areas. 52 The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 4.12: Demographic Characteristics of Unaccompanied Homeless Youth By CoC Category, 2019 Major City CoCs (n=48) Total Other Largely Urban CoCs (n=60) Largely Suburban CoCs (n=170) 2,387 7,947 17,354 Largely Rural CoCs (n=114) 7,279 Age Under 18 8.3% 8.8% 10.9% 19.9% 18 to 24 91.7% 91.2% 89.1% 80.1% Female 36.6% 35.4% 38.0% 41.2% Male Gender 58.6% 62.7% 60.7% 57.3% Transgender 3.2% 1.5% 0.9% 0.9% Gender NonConforming 1.6% 0.4% 0.4% 0.6% Non-Hispanic/Latino 71.1% 83.8% 78.9% 84.3% Hispanic/Latino 28.9% 16.2% 21.1% 15.7% White 35.1% 55.0% 52.5% 73.0% Black 46.4% 29.4% 33.0% 15.2% Asian 1.9% 0.9% 1.0% 0.5% Native American 4.0% 4.2% 2.2% 4.3% Pacific Islander 1.3% 1.1% 1.8% 0.5% Multiple Races 11.4% 9.4% 9.5% 6.5% Ethnicity Race EXHIBIT 4.13: Change in Unaccompanied Homeless Youth By Sheltered Status and CoC Category, 2018–2019 Unaccompanied Homeless Youth # Sheltered Unaccompanied Youth % # % Unsheltered Unaccompanied Youth # % Total -1,277 -3.5% -301 -1.7% -976 -5.3% Major Cities -1,220 -6.6% 151 1.9% -1,371 -12.9% Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs 138 6.1% 12 0.8% 126 15.5% -332 -4.0% -259 -5.6% -73 -2.0% 137 1.9% -205 -5.2% 342 10.8% 53 5 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Veterans in the United States Data source: PIT 2009–2019 EXHIBIT 5.1: PIT Estimates of Homeless Veterans By Sheltered Status, 2009–2019 73,367 74,087 65,455 60,579 55,619 49,689 43,409 43,437 40,033 39,471 35,143 29,958 34,909 32,119 26,404 2011 2012 17,570 2013 Homeless Veterans 2014 16,220 2015 Sheltered Veterans On a Single Night in January 2019 • 37,085 veterans were experiencing homelessness in the U.S., eight percent of all homeless adults. • Of every 10,000 veterans in the United States, 17 experienced homelessness on a single night in 2019. • Nearly all veterans were experiencing homelessness as individuals (98% or 36,280 people). Of those individuals, 24 percent had chronic patterns of homelessness. • More than six in 10 veterans experiencing homelessness were staying in sheltered locations (61% or 22,740 veterans). This is considerably higher than the share of all individuals experiencing sheltered homelessness who were sheltered, which is only 50 percent. 54 37,878 37,085 23,312 22,740 15,330 14,566 14,345 2017 2018 2019 24,690 25,436 20,710 2010 40,020 32,119 30,650 25,422 2009 47,725 13,067 2016 Unsheltered Veterans • A very small share of veterans experiencing homelessness, 805 people or two percent, were in 778 family households with children. A few veterans were in households without children but with more than one adult. Overall, 40,601 people were in households that included a veteran. Changes in Veteran Homelessness over Time • Between 2018 and 2019, the number of veterans experiencing homelessness declined by two percent (793 fewer people). The decline was shared across those staying in shelter (572 fewer veterans) and those found in unsheltered places (221 fewer veterans). • The one-year drop in veteran homelessness between 2018 and 2019 continued a steady decline, with 36,282 fewer veterans The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 experiencing homelessness in 2019 than in 2009, a drop of nearly 50 percent. • Fewer veterans were found in both sheltered and unsheltered locations in 2019 than in 2009. Between 2009 and 2019, sheltered veteran homelessness dropped by almost half (48% or 20,669 fewer veterans) and unsheltered veteran homelessness dropped by more than half (52% or 15,613 fewer veterans). • The share of adults experiencing homelessness who were veterans also continued a steady decline. In 2019, veterans represented eight percent of adults experiencing homelessness, down from nine percent in 2018 and 12 percent in 2013 – the first year data were collected on the age of people experiencing homelessness at a point-in-time. • • • Demographic Characteristics • Nine of every ten veterans experiencing homelessness in 2019 were men (90% or 33,492 veterans). While the majority of women veterans who experienced homelessness were in sheltered locations (55%), the share of men found in sheltered locations was higher, 62 percent. This contrasts with homelessness among all individuals, where women were • less likely than men to be found in unsheltered locations. Women veterans experiencing homelessness were much more likely to be in a household with a child under 18 years of age (10%) than their male counterparts (1%). A higher percentage of veterans experiencing homelessness were white (57%) than of all people experiencing homelessness (48%) or individuals experiencing homelessness (53%). African Americans comprised one-third of veterans experiencing homelessness (33%) and a quarter of veterans experiencing unsheltered homelessness (25%). African Americans were considerably overrepresented compared to their share of all U.S. veterans (12%). While a majority of veterans experiencing homelessness were white, they were underrepresented compared to their share of all U.S. veterans (82%). The number of veterans experiencing homelessness who were Hispanic/Latino was considerably smaller than the percentage of Hispanic/Latinos among all people experiencing homelessness as individuals (11% vs. 19%), although higher than the share of all U.S. veterans who were Hispanic/Latino (7%). EXHIBIT 5.2: Proportion of Adults Experiencing Homelessness who were Veterans By Sheltered Status, 2019 Sheltered Status # of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness # of Adults Experiencing Homelessness 37,085 22,740 14,345 460,646 259,269 201,377 Total Sheltered Unsheltered % of Adults Experiencing Homelessness who were Veterans 8.1% 8.8% 7.1% EXHIBIT 5.3: Change in Numbers of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness By Sheltered Status, 2009–2019 Change 2018 to 2019 # Change 2010 to 2019 % Change 2009 to 2019 # % # % Total Veterans -793 -2.1% -37,002 -49.9% -36,282 -49.5% Sheltered Unsheltered -572 -221 -2.5% -1.5% -20,697 -16,305 -47.6% -53.2% -20,669 -15,613 -47.6% -52.1% 55 5 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Veterans in the United States Data source: PIT 2009-2019 • Hispanic or Latino veterans experiencing homelessness were twice as likely to be in unsheltered locations as in sheltered locations (17% vs. 8%). Changes in Demographics over Time • The decline in the number of veterans experiencing homelessness between 2018 and 2019 largely reflected a decline in veterans experiencing homelessness who were white men and not Hispanic/Latino. • The number of veterans experiencing homelessness who were white declined by four percent overall between 2018 and 2019, and by six percent for unsheltered veterans. During the same time period, the number of African American veterans experiencing homelessness remained about the same overall, but the number of unsheltered African American veterans increased by four percent. • The number of Hispanic or Latino veterans experiencing homelessness rose between 2018 and 2019, by five percent, while the number of non-Hispanic veterans declined by three percent. • The number of veterans experiencing homelessness who were men declined by three percent, while the number who were women rose by two percent. EXHIBIT 5.4: Demographic Characteristics of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness 2019 Characteristic Total Veterans All Veterans # Sheltered Veterans % 37,085 # 100% Unsheltered Veterans % 22,740 # 100% % 14,345 100% Gender Female 3,292 8.9% 1,798 7.9% 1,494 10.4% 33,492 90.3% 20,892 91.9% 12,600 87.8% 220 0.6% 44 0.2% 176 1.2% 81 0.2% 6 0.0% 75 0.5% 32,848 88.6% 20,894 91.9% 11,954 83.3% 4,237 11.4% 1,846 8.1% 2,391 16.7% Race White 20,990 56.6% 12,628 55.5% 8,362 58.3% Black or African American 12,215 32.9% 8,580 37.7% 3,635 25.3% Male Transgender Gender Non-conforming Ethnicity Non-Hispanic/Latino Hispanic/Latino Asian Native American 359 1.0% 182 0.8% 177 1.2% 1,235 3.3% 448 2.0% 787 5.5% Pacific Islander 357 1.0% 141 0.6% 216 1.5% Multiple Races 1,929 5.2% 761 3.3% 1,168 8.1% 56 W652 $150v5.Va): .ur. 1.."an .. .. .3 . I 5 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Veterans in the United States Data source: PIT 2009-2019 EXHIBIT 5.5: Estimates of Homeless Veterans By State, 2019 WA 1,585 OR 1,438 NV 674 ND 49 MT 205 ID 201 WY 51 UT 211 CA 10,980 AZ 910 ME,116 VT,87 MN 297 SD 66 IA 149 NE 175 CO 1,068 NM 257 KS 189 OK 280 TX 1,806 AK 111 WI 359 MI 599 IL 690 IN 572 LA 360 OH 676 KY 447 MO 488 AR 238 NY 1,270 TN,679 MS 72 AL 292 PA 857 WV VA 137 447 NH,113 MA, 917 RI, 92 CT, 195 NJ, 551 DE, 65 MD, 490 DC, 297 NC, 907 SC 462 GA 801 Number of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness per 10,000 Veterans Less than 10 10–24 25–49 50+ FL 2,472 HI 505 On a Single Night in January 2019 • California accounted for just under 30 percent of all veterans experiencing homelessness in the United States (30% or 10,980 veterans) and more than half of all unsheltered veterans (7,719 veterans or 54%). • More than half of veterans experiencing homelessness in unsheltered locations were in California (54%). Florida (6%) and Oregon (6%) accounted for the next highest shares of unsheltered veterans. • In four states, more than half of all veterans experiencing homelessness were unsheltered: California (70%), Hawaii (58%), Oregon (58%), and New Mexico (54%). • California, Oregon, and Hawaii also had the highest rates of homelessness among all veterans, far exceeding the national rate of 17 out of 10,000 veterans. California had the highest rate (61 out of every 10,000 veterans experiencing homelessness), followed by Oregon and Hawaii (45 and 39 out of 10,000 58 veterans). • In 16 states, more than 90 percent of homeless veterans were staying in sheltered locations. In North Dakota, no homeless veterans were unsheltered. Other states with very small percentages of homeless veterans who were unsheltered were New York (2%) and Rhode Island (3%). • Montana and Louisiana had the highest percentages of all homeless adults who were veterans (19% and 14%). Changes over Time • Veteran homelessness decreased in 34 states and the District of Columbia between 2018 and 2019. The largest absolute decreases were in Texas (129 fewer veterans), Pennsylvania (125 veterans), and Illinois (114 veterans). The largest percentage decrease was in South Dakota (40%), followed by Mississippi (29%) and Iowa (24%). 5 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Homeless Veterans in the United States Data source: PIT 2009-2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 5.6: States with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of Homeless Veterans who were Unsheltered 2019 Highest Rates CALIFORNIA HAWAII OREGON NEW MEXICO WASHINGTON 70.3% 58.4% 57.5% 53.7% 48.4% 10,980 Homeless 7,719 Unsheltered 505 Homeless 295 Unsheltered 1,438 Homeless 827 Unsheltered 257 Homeless 138 Unsheltered 1,585 Homeless 767 Unsheltered NORTH DAKOTA NEW YORK RHODE ISLAND MASSACHUSETTS MICHIGAN 0.0% 1.8% 3.3% 3.6% 4.2% 49 Homeless 0 Unsheltered 1,270 Homeless 23 Unsheltered 92 Homeless 3 Unsheltered 917 Homeless 33 Unsheltered 599 Homeless 25 Unsheltered Lowest Rates • The number of veterans experiencing homelessness increased in 16 states between 2018 and 2019. The largest absolute increases were in California (144 more veterans) and Georgia (96). The largest percentage increase was in North Dakota, from 9 veterans experiencing homelessness in 2018 to 49 in 2019. The next largest percentage increase was in Kentucky (21%). • The number of veterans experiencing homelessness decreased in 46 states plus the District of Columbia, with the largest absolute decreases in California (6,993 fewer veterans), Florida (4,663), and New York (4,609). States with large percentage decreases were: Louisiana (82%), Mississippi (79%), New York (78%), and Alabama (73%). • Since 2009, the number of veterans experiencing homelessness has increased in only four states: Oregon (161), Utah (45), Vermont (26), and Hawaii (6). Arkansas, which was among this group of states with increases over the longer period in 2018, is now among the states with decreases. 60 The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 5.7: Largest Changes in Homeless Veterans By State, 2018-2019 and 2009-2019 2018–2019 2009–2019 Largest Increases CALIFORNIA 144 / 1.3% OREGON 161 / 12.6% GEORGIA 96 / 13.6% UTAH 45 / KENTUCKY 78 / 21.1% VERMONT 26 / 42.2% OREGON 75 / HAWAII SOUTH CAROLINA 47 / 11.3% 5.5% 6 / 27.1% 1.3% Largest Decreases TEXAS -129 / -6.7% CALIFORNIA -6,993 / -38.9% PENNSYLVANIA -125 / -12.7% FLORIDA -4,663 / -65.4% ILLINOIS -114 / -14.2% NEW YORK -4,609 / -78.4% -3,685 / -67.1% MICHIGAN -94 / -13.6% TEXAS MARYLAND -84 / -14.6% GEORGIA -1,959 / -71.0% Note: Figures from 2009-2019 exclude North Dakota, Colorado, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Michigan. All figures exclude Puerto Rico and the U.S. territories. 61 5 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Homeless Veterans in the United States EXHIBIT 5.8: Percent of Homeless Veterans By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2019 100% 0% Veterans Experiencing Homelessness 48.7 Sheltered Veterans 45.0 Unsheltered Veterans 8.2 9.3 54.6 6.5 26.1 17.0 28.9 16.8 21.7 17.1 Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Veterans in each CoC Category 2019 100% Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs 43.2 56.8 69.4 30.6 32.0 68.0 61.1 Sheltered 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest U.S. cities are located in the same CoC. 3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=170) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. EXHIBIT 5.9: Sheltered vs. Unsheltered Major City CoCs Continuums of Care (CoC) were divided into four geographic categories 2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=60) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an urbanized area within the CoC’s principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. Major City CoCs 0% Data source: PIT 2009-2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories 38.9 Unsheltered 4. Largely rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural areas. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For detailed information on how they were applied to CoCs, see the About the Report section of this report. On a Single Night in January 2019 • Major city CoCs accounted for nearly half of the homeless veterans nationwide (49%), a slightly smaller share than all individuals experiencing homelessness (52%). CoCs that were largely suburban accounted for just over one-quarter (26%) of homeless veterans, slightly higher than the 23 percent share of all individuals. • Los Angeles, CA had the largest number of unsheltered homeless veterans with 2,775 unsheltered veterans, followed by Oakland, CA (545 unsheltered veterans), San Francisco, CA (491 unsheltered veterans), Sacramento, CA (488 unsheltered veterans) and Seattle, WA (465 unsheltered veterans). 62 • About 17 percent of homeless veterans were counted in largely rural CoCs, and eight percent were counted in other largely urban CoCs, similar to the percentage of all individuals experiencing homelessness. • The percentage of veterans experiencing homelessness who were unsheltered in the nation’s 50 largest cities (55%) was somewhat higher than the percentage of all individuals who were unsheltered in major cities (52%). • All five major city CoCs with the highest percentages of homeless veterans staying in unsheltered locations were in California, and all had unsheltered rates of over 70 percent. The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 San Francisco had the highest percentage unsheltered, 81 percent. • In five largely suburban CoCs more than twothirds of veterans experiencing homelessness did so in unsheltered locations: San Luis Obispo, CA (97%), Santa Cruz, CA (85%), San Bernardino, CA (85%), Santa Barbara, CA (79%), and West Palm Beach, FL (69%). • Among largely rural CoCs. Hawaii Balance of The number of veterans experiencing homelessness declined by 50 percent since 2009. EXHIBIT 5.10: Demographic Characteristics of Veterans By CoC Category, 2019 Major City CoCs (n=48) Other Largely Urban CoCs (n=60) Largely Suburban CoCs (n=170) 18,002 3,035 9,654 6,264 9.5% 7.2% 8.3% 8.7% 89.1% 92.7% 91.4% 90.9% Transgender 1.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% Gender NonConforming 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Non-Hispanic/ Latino 85.6% 92.5% 90.4% 93.6% Hispanic/Latino 14.4% 7.5% 9.6% 6.4% Total Largely Rural CoCs (n=114) Gender Female Male Ethnicity Race White 48.0% 59.2% 61.2% 73.5% African American 40.6% 32.9% 29.8% 15.9% Asian American 1.1% 0.7% 1.1% 0.5% Native American/ American Indian 3.9% 1.9% 2.0% 4.6% Pacific Islander 0.8% 0.9% 1.2% 0.8% Multiple Races 5.6% 4.5% 4.7% 4.7% 63 5 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Homeless Veterans in the United States Data source: PIT 2009-2019 State and Georgia Balance of State, had the highest percentages of homeless veterans who were unsheltered (79% and 78%). Changes over Time by CoC Category • Across all CoC categories, the number of veterans experiencing homelessness dropped by two percent between 2018 and 2019. The largest decline in veterans experiencing homelessness (in both number and percent occurred in CoCs that were largely suburban (5% or a decrease of 517 individuals). Most of this suburban decline was among sheltered veterans. • The number of unsheltered veterans rose slightly in both major city CoCs and other largely urban CoCs (by 57 people in major cities and 153 people in other largely urban CoCs). EXHIBIT 5.11: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness By CoC Category, 2019 Homeless Veterans CoC Name Homeless Veterans CoC Name Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Los Angeles City & County, CA 3,538 Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 197 San Diego City and County, CA 1,068 Stockton/San Joaquin County, CA 153 Seattle/King County, WA 830 Vallejo/Solano County, CA 147 Oakland, Berkeley/Alameda County, CA 692 St. Louis City, MO 141 New York City 684 Little Rock/Central Arkansas 135 Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Honolulu City and County, HI 384 Oregon Balance of State 458 St. Petersburg, Clearwater, Largo/Pinellas County, FL 316 Washington Balance of State 433 Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County, CA 311 Texas Balance of State 324 Asheville/Buncombe County, NC 256 Indiana Balance of State 303 Ft Lauderdale/Broward County, FL 219 Georgia Balance of State 265 64 The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 5.12: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of Homeless Veterans who were Unsheltered By CoC Category, 2019 Percent who were Unsheltered Homeless Veterans CoC Name Percent who were Unsheltered Homeless Veterans CoC Name Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs San Francisco, CA 608 80.8% Vallejo/Solano County, CA Oakland, Berkeley/Alameda County, CA 692 78.8% Los Angeles City & County, CA 3,538 78.4% Sacramento City & County, CA 667 73.2% Bakersfield/Kern County, CA Fresno City & County/Madera County, CA 235 70.6% 147 80.3% Oxnard, San Buenaventura/ Ventura County, CA 106 75.5% Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 197 73.6% 121 56.2% 153 46.4% Stockton/San Joaquin County, CA Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs San Luis Obispo County, CA 144 96.5% Hawaii Balance of State 121 79.3% Watsonville/Santa Cruz City & County, CA 151 84.8% Georgia Balance of State 265 78.1% San Bernardino City & County, CA 207 84.5% New Mexico Balance of State 110 74.5% Santa Maria/Santa Barbara County, CA 114 78.9% Oregon Balance of State 458 69.0% West Palm Beach/Palm Beach County, FL 119 68.9% 187 62.6% Salinas/Monterey, San Benito Counties, CA EXHIBIT 5.13: Change in Veteran Homelessness By Sheltered Status and CoC Category, 2018–2019 All Homeless Veterans Total (excluding U.S. territories) Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Sheltered Homeless Veterans Unsheltered Homeless Veterans % # % -803 -2.1% -566 -2.4% -237 -1.6% -40 -0.2% -97 -0.9% 57 0.7% 24 0.8% -129 -5.8% 153 19.7% Largely Suburban CoCs -517 -5.1% -358 -5.2% -159 -4.9% Largely Rural CoCs -270 -4.1% 18 0.5% -288 -10.6% 65 6 1 National NationalEstimates Estimates Homelessness Chronically Homeless in the United Individuals States Data source: PIT 2007–2019 EXHIBIT 6.1: PIT Estimates of Chronically Homeless Individuals By Sheltered Status, 2007–2019 119,813 120,115 107,212 103,522 96,141 106,062 96,268 86,289 78,045 86,705 83,170 88,640 83,989 74,697 77,486 64,551 61,620 63,621 62,733 56,871 45,592 41,768 45,418 57,886 52,890 52,786 38,971 60,941 60,076 54,815 35,200 43,329 29,418 32,647 28,355 26,629 31,203 30,754 24,596 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Chronically Homeless Individuals 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals On a Single Night in January 2019 • 96,141 people experiencing homelessness as individuals in January 2019 were reported to have chronic patterns of homelessness, nearly one-quarter of all homeless individuals. • Individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness are much more likely to be unsheltered than all individuals (63% compared with 50%). 2017 2018 2019 Unsheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals Changes over Time • The number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness increased for the third consecutive year. The increase between 2018 and 2019 was 7,501 people or nine percent. • This most recent increase was larger for individuals in sheltered locations (15% or 4,446 EXHIBIT 6.2: Change in Numbers of Chronically Homeless Individuals By Sheltered Status, 2007–2019 Change 2018–2019 Change 2010–2019 Change 2007–2019 # % # % # % Total Chronically Homeless Individuals 7,501 8.5% -9,921 -9.4% -23,672 -19.8% Sheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals 4,446 14.5% -8,129 -18.8% -6,568 -15.7% Unsheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals 3,055 5.3% -1,792 -2.9% -17,104 -21.9% 66 The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 people) than for those in unsheltered locations (5% or 3,055 people). • The 2018 to 2019 percentage increase was greater for individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness than for all individuals experiencing homelessness (9% vs. 6%). • From 2007 to 2019, the number of individuals experiencing chronic homelessness declined by 20 percent (or 23,672 fewer people). • The 2007 to 2019 decline in chronic homelessness was somewhat larger for the unsheltered population (22% or 17,104 fewer people) than for those found in shelter (16% or 6,568 fewer people). • Among all people experiencing homelessness as individuals, the share with chronic patterns of homelessness declined from 29 percent in 2007 to 24 percent in 2019. 67 6 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Chronically Homeless in the United Individuals States Data source: PIT 2007-2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 6.3: Estimates of Chronically Homeless Individuals By State, 2019 WA 4,446 OR 4,609 NV 679 ND 73 MT 194 ID 356 WY 64 UT 493 CA 39,275 AZ 1,766 ME, 211 VT, 163 CO 2,106 NM 1,283 MN 1,444 SD 81 IA 301 NE 422 KS 337 OK 882 TX 3,338 AK 231 WI 426 MI 839 IL 1,533 IN 314 MO 912 AR 676 NY 5,965 OH 807 KY 479 TN, 1,020 MS 216 LA 431 AL 350 PA 1,775 WV VA 152 817 NH, 188 MA, 1,392 RI, 176 CT, 202 NJ, 1,311 DE, 119 MD, 1,164 DC,1,374 NC,1,173 SC 897 GA 1,081 Number of Chronically Homeless Individuals per 10,000 Individuals Less than 5 5-9 10-19 20+ FL 5,181 HI 1,592 On a Single Night in January 2019 Changes over Time • Four of every 10 individuals identified as having chronic patterns of homelessness in the United States were in California (39,275 people). California accounted for about the same share of the nation’s unsheltered chronically homeless individuals (41%). • Two-thirds of all chronically homeless individuals found in unsheltered locations were in three states: California (54%), Florida (6%), and Oregon (6%). • In six states, more than two-thirds of chronically homeless individuals were staying in unsheltered locations: Hawaii (86%), California (84%), Oregon (80%), Mississippi (72%), Florida (70%), and Arkansas (67%). • More than half of all individuals experiencing homelessness in New Mexico had chronic patterns of homelessness (52%). More than one in every three individuals experiencing homelessness in Oregon (37%) was chronically homeless, followed by Hawaii (36%) and the District of Columbia (36%). • Between 2018 and 2019, 15 states and the District of Columbia experienced a decrease in the number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness. The largest absolute decrease occurred in Washington, where 1,329 fewer people were chronically homeless in 2019 than in 2018. Tennessee (536) and Colorado (465) also had large absolute declines in chronically homeless individuals between 2018 and 2019. The largest percentage decreases were in Tennessee (34%) and Connecticut (32%). • Thirty-five states experienced an increase in the number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness between 2018 and 2019. California, which had a large one-year decrease between 2017 and 2018, had the largest increase by far, between 2018 and 2019, 6,607 more chronically homeless individuals. The next largest increases occurred in Florida, with 638 more individuals with a pattern of chronic homelessness in 2019 than in 2018 and 68 The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 6.4: States with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of Chronically Homeless Individuals who were Unsheltered 2019 Highest Rates HAWAII CALIFORNIA OREGON FLORIDA MISSISSIPPI 85.8% 83.5% 79.7% 71.9% 70.4% 1,592 Homeless 1,366 Unsheltered 39,275 Homeless 32,792 Unsheltered 4,609 Homeless 3,672 Unsheltered 5,181 Homeless 3,725 Unsheltered 216 Homeless 152 Unsheltered NORTH DAKOTA RHODE ISLAND NEBRASKA MAINE INDIANA 0.0% 6.3% 9.7% 15.6% 15.9% 73 Homeless 0 Unsheltered 176 Homeless 11 Unsheltered 422 Homeless 41 Unsheltered 211 Homeless 33 Unsheltered 314 Homeless 50 Unsheltered Lowest Rates EXHIBIT 6.5: Largest Changes in Chronically Homeless Individuals By State, 2007–2019 2018–2019 2007–2019 Largest Increases CALIFORNIA 6,607 / 20.2% WASHINGTON 1,843 / 70.8% 1,780 / 62.9% FLORIDA 638 / 14.0% OREGON OREGON 596 / HAWAII 814 / 104.6% MINNESOTA 474 / 48.9% NEW MEXICO 572 / 80.5% NEW MEXICO 469 / SOUTH CAROLINA 324 / 56.5% 14.9% 57.6% Largest Decreases WASHINGTON -1,329 / -23.0% TEXAS -4,593 / -57.9% -2,282 / -30.6% TENNESSEE -536 / -34.4% FLORIDA COLORADO -465 / -18.1% TENNESSEE -1,747 / -63.1% DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA -212 / -13.4% OHIO -1,501 / -65.0% ALABAMA -122 / -25.8% GEORGIA -1,403 / -56.5% 69 6 1 National State Estimates Estimates Homelessness Chronically Homeless in the United Individuals States in Oregon (596 more individuals). Utah had the largest percentage increase (65%), followed by New Mexico (58%). • Between 2007 and 2019, 35 states and the District of Columbia recorded decreases in chronic homelessness among individuals. Texas experienced the largest decline in the number of chronically homeless individuals, with 4,593 fewer chronically homeless individuals counted in 2019 than in 2007. Florida had the next absolute largest decline, with 2,282 fewer chronically homeless individuals. West Virginia and Connecticut had the largest percentage declines (87% and 80%) over this longer period. • Of the 15 states that experienced increases in the number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness between 2007 and 2019, the largest absolute increase occurred in Washington, with 1,843 more chronically homeless individuals in 2019 than in 2007. Other states with large absolute increases were Oregon (1,780 more chronically homeless individuals) and Hawaii (814). In five states, the number of chronically homeless individuals has more than doubled over the longer period: Hawaii (105% more individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness), Kansas (112%), Maine (118%), and Montana (134%). In Idaho, the number nearly tripled, increasing by 261 individuals or 275 percent. 70 Data source: PIT 2007-2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories 6 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Chronically Homeless in the United Individuals States EXHIBIT 6.6: Individuals with Chronic Continuums of Care (CoC) were divided into four geographic categories Patterns of Homelessness By CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2019 100% 0% Total Chronically Homeless 53.8 7.6 Sheltered Chronically Homeless 23.4 15.2 9.4 22.8 14.0 53.8 6.6 23.7 15.9 53.7 Unsheltered Chronically Homeless Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness By CoC Category, 2019 100% 0% 36.8 Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs 63.2 45.4 54.6 64.1 35.9 34.0 Sheltered 66.0 Unsheltered On a Single Night in January 2019 • More than half (54%) of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness were counted in CoCs that include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. This percentage did not vary by whether the individual was staying in a sheltered or an unsheltered location in January 2019. However, chronic individual homelessness is more concentrated in major city CoCs than individual homelessness in general. While a similar percentage of all unsheltered individuals was in major city CoCs, just under 50 percent of sheltered individuals were in major cities. 72 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest U.S. cities are located in the same CoC. 2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=60) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an urbanized area within the CoC’s principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. 3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=170) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. EXHIBIT 6.7: Sheltered vs. Unsheltered Major City CoCs Data source: PIT 2007-2019, Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories 4. Largely rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural areas. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For detailed information on how they were applied to CoCs, see the About the Report section of this report. • Largely suburban CoCs accounted for nearly one-quarter (23%) of all chronically homeless individuals, and 15 percent of all chronically homeless individuals were found in largely rural areas. • Los Angeles had the largest number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness in the country (14,906 people or 16% of the national total). New York City had the second largest number of chronically homeless individuals, 5,193 people. • While largely rural CoCs accounted for a smaller share of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness than all individuals The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 6.8: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of Chronically Homeless Individuals By CoC Category, 2019 Chronically Homeless Individuals CoC Name Major City CoCs Los Angeles City & County, CA Chronically Homeless Individuals CoC Name Other Largely Urban CoCs 14,906 Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, OR 783 New York City 5,193 Stockton/San Joaquin County, CA 704 San Francisco, CA 2,855 Saint Paul/Ramsey County, MN 376 San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA 2,353 Oxnard, San Buenaventura/Ventura County, CA 318 Oakland, Berkeley/Alameda County, CA 2,103 Visalia/Kings, Tulare Counties, CA 304 Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County, CA 2,471 Oregon Balance of State 1,471 Honolulu City and County, HI 1,042 Washington Balance of State 1,299 Ft Lauderdale/Broward County, FL 856 New Mexico Balance of State 719 Riverside City & County, CA 786 Colorado Balance of State 665 San Bernardino City & County, CA 723 Salinas/Monterey, San Benito Counties, CA 614 experiencing homelessness (15% vs. 18%), individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness were more likely to be unsheltered there. Largely rural CoCs had the largest percentage of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness found in unsheltered locations (66%), followed by largely suburban CoCs (64%) and major city CoCs (63%). • In the largely suburban CoC of Imperial County, CA (east of San Diego County), all chronically homeless individuals were staying in unsheltered locations. • The largely rural CoC composed of Hendry, Hardee, and Highland counties in central Florida reported that 100 percent of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness were unsheltered. Lake County, CA, north of San Francisco in California’s wine country, reported that 99 percent of chronically homeless individuals were staying outdoors. • Of major city CoCs, Fresno, CA had the highest unsheltered rate, with 97 percent of chronically homeless individuals found in unsheltered locations. Los Angeles, CA; Long Beach, CA; San Jose, CA; and Tampa, FL all had unsheltered rates greater than 80 percent. • CoCs composed of largely urban areas that were not one of the nation’s 50 largest cities sheltered the highest percentage of chronically homeless individuals, 45 percent. Changes over Time by CoC Category • Largely suburban areas experienced the largest increase in individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness between 2018 and 2019 (3,465 more people or 18%). Most of this increase (2,649 more people) was among unsheltered chronically homeless individuals. • Major city CoCs had the second largest absolute increase (3,227 more individuals or 7%). In contrast to suburban CoCs, this increase was driven by rises in the sheltered chronically homeless population, which 73 6 1 National Estimates Estimates by CoC Homelessness Chronically Homeless in the United Individuals States Data source: PIT 2007-2019; Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories EXHIBIT 6.9: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of Chronically Homeless Individuals who were Unsheltered By CoC Category, 2019 Percent who were Unsheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals CoC Name Major City CoCs Fresno City & County/Madera County, CA Los Angeles City & County, CA Long Beach, CA San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA Tampa/Hillsborough County, FL Other Largely Urban CoCs 692 96.7% Fayetteville/Cumberland County, NC 122 98.4% 14,906 91.1% Visalia/Kings, Tulare Counties, CA 304 96.7% 624 88.1% Oxnard, San Buenaventura/ Ventura County, CA 318 95.9% 2,353 86.5% Stockton/San Joaquin County CoC, CA 704 84.8% 260 80.4% Eugene, Springfield/Lane County CoC, OR 783 84.0% 179 100.0% 221 98.6% 227 96.0% 550 93.3% 247 92.7% Suburban CoCs Rural Hendry, Hardee, Highlands Counties, FL Imperial County, CA 399 El Dorado County, CA 111 94.6% Lake County, CA San Bernardino City & County, CA 723 93.9% Palm Bay, Melbourne/Brevard County, FL 195 92.8% Hawaii Balance of State Riverside City & County, CA 786 92.5% 100.0% increased by 2,890 people (18%). • The number of unsheltered chronically homeless individuals in major cities increased each year between 2014 and 2018, declined between 2017 and 2018, but rose again between 2018 and 2019. During the same time period, the number of non-chronically homeless individuals staying in unsheltered locations The increases in chronically homeless individuals between 2018 and 2019 were driven by increases in major cities and largely suburban areas. 74 Percent who were Unsheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals CoC Name Amador, Calaveras, Mariposa, Tuolumne Counties, CA Gainesville/Alachua, Putnam Counties, FL rose without any interruption in the trend. • Between 2018 and 2019, the number of chronically homeless individuals staying in unsheltered locations increased in each CoC category except for largely rural CoCs, where the numbers remained flat. The number of sheltered individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness increased in each CoC category. The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 6.10: Individuals with and without Chronic Patterns of Homelessness in Major City CoCs 2007–2019 90000 81,468 79,488 80000 81,182 80,066 75,823 74,191 84,482 83,394 83,502 77,701 78,050 79,771 74,145 70000 59,373 77,529 63,772 61,406 59,581 60000 48,675 50,037 49,099 50000 39,536 51,907 48,378 45,585 46,577 43,260 38,658 35,402 40000 28,598 29,162 30,102 32,068 29,343 25,748 30000 17,796 19,634 20,184 20,097 20000 27,439 32,405 28,100 23,791 18,841 17,346 13,475 11,784 13,747 12,992 2014 2015 11,934 13,585 15,951 10000 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2016 2017 2018 2019 Chronically Homeless Individuals, Sheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals, Unsheltered Non-Chronically Homeless Individuals, Sheltered Non-Chronically Homeless Individuals, Unsheltered EXHIBIT 6.11: Change in Numbers of Chronically Homeless Individuals By Sheltered Status and CoC Category, 2018–2019 All Chronically Homeless Individuals # Sheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals % Unsheltered Chronically Homeless Individuals # % # % Total 8,069 9.2% 4,470 14.6% 3,599 6.4% Major City CoCs 3,227 6.7% 2,890 18.1% 337 1.1% Other Largely Urban CoCs 1,040 16.7% 425 14.7% 615 18.3% Largely Suburban CoCs 3,465 18.4% 816 11.3% 2,649 22.7% 337 2.4% 339 7.4% -2 0.0% Largely Rural CoCs 75 1 7 Inventory of Beds National Estimates in the United States Homelessness in the United States Data source: HIC 2007–2019 EXHIBIT 7.1: Project Types for Homeless and Formerly Homeless People SHELTER FOR HOMELESS PEOPLE Emergency Shelter (ES): provides temporary or nightly shelter beds to people experiencing homelessness Transitional Housing (TH): provides homeless people with up to 24 months of shelter and supportive services Safe Haven (SH): provides temporary shelter and services to hard-to-serve individuals Types of Programs in the National Inventory Communities across the country submit data each year on their residential programs for people experiencing homelessness and their programs that help people leave homelessness. The two basic types of programs are those that provide shelter and temporary accommodations (emergency shelter, transitional housing, and safe havens), and those that provide permanent housing (rapid rehousing, permanent supportive housing, and other permanent housing). 1. Shelter is intended to serve people currently experiencing homelessness and is comprised of two main types of programs, emergency shelters (ES) and transitional housing programs (TH). Conceptually, ES is shorter-term and provides less intensive services than TH.6 Shelter also includes a small number of programs for hard-to-serve individuals called safe havens (SH). 6 Some transitional housing programs provide housing in which the individual or family may be able to stay after the transitional period with intensive services ends (sometimes called “transition-in-place”), and some emergency shelters have intensive services. Communities decide how to categorize their programs when reporting data to HUD. 76 PERMANENT HOUSING FOR FORMERLY HOMELESS PEOPLE Rapid Rehousing (RRH): provides short-term rental assistance and stabilizing services to formerly homeless people Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH): provides long-term housing with supportive services for formerly homeless people with disabilities, and often those with chronic patterns of homelessness Other Permanent Housing (OPH): provides housing with or without services that is specifically for formerly homeless people but that does not require people to have a disability EXHIBIT 7.2: Distribution of Bed Inventory By Type, 2019 Rapid Rehousing Transitional Housing 42.5% Beds for People Experiencing Homelessness Permanent Supportive Housing 12.4% 10.5% 40.5% 57.3% Permanent Housing Beds 32.0% 4.4% Other Permanent Housing Emergency Shelter Note: The small share of Safe Haven beds (0.2%) is not included in this exhibit. 2. Permanent housing is intended to serve people who were homeless at the time they were admitted to a program. Once they enter the program, they are in housing that is permanent in the sense that they have a lease (or similar agreement) and may be able to stay in the same housing unit long-term. This category includes rapid rehousing (RRH), a short-term subsidy in which the individual or family may be able to remain after the subsidy ends; permanent supportive housing (PSH), The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 7.3: Inventory of Beds for Homeless and Formerly Homeless People 2007–2019 353,800 340,906 361,386 369,293 318,673 300,282 236,798 211,451 211,222 211,205 205,062 188,636 195,724 219,381 221,610 214,425 207,589 267,106 274,786 225,840 229,206 200,623 201,879 284,298 238,708 277,537 249,497 286,203 291,837 264,440 264,629 197,192 185,332 173,224 159,784 144,749 101,029 120,249 2007 2008 2009 2010 Emergency Shelter 2011 2012 2013 2014 Transitional Housing housing with supportive services for formerly homeless people with disabilities; and other permanent housing (OPH), which also is intended for people leaving homelessness but is not restricted to people with disabilities. The National Inventory as of January 2019 • A total of 911,657 beds were dedicated to serving homeless or formerly homeless people in communities across the nation as of early 2019. • Of the 389,549 beds dedicated to sheltering people currently experiencing homelessness, 75 percent were emergency shelters, and 25 percent were in transitional housing programs. Less than one percent (0.6%) of shelter beds 2015 2016 2017 2018 95,446 2019 Permanent Supportive Housing were provided through safe havens. • Of the 522,108 permanent housing beds, 71 percent were in permanent supportive housing, 22 percent were in rapid re-housing programs, and eight percent were in other permanent housing. • For the third consecutive year, more beds were dedicated to permanent housing (57% of the total number of beds reported) than to emergency shelters, safe havens, and transitional housing programs (43%). 77 1 7 Inventory of Beds National Estimates in the United States Homelessness in the United States Data source: HIC 2007–2019 EXHIBIT 7.4: Change in National Inventory of Beds for Homeless Shelter and Permanent Housing Projects 2007-2019 Change 2018-2019 Change 2007-2019 # Total Beds % # % 14,764 1.6% 300,365 49.1% Emergency Shelter 5,634 2.0% 80,386 38.0% Transitional Housing -5,583 -5.5% -115,759 -54.8% 180,657 95.8% Safe Haven -124 -5.2% 3,866 3.5% Permanent Supportive Housing 7,907 2.2% Other Permanent Housing 3,064 8.3% Rapid Rehousing Changes to the National Inventory, 2007-2019 Recent Changes to the National Inventory • Between 2007 and 2019, the number of permanent supportive housing beds increased by 180,657 beds (or 96 percent). • During the same period, the total number of emergency shelter and transitional housing beds decreased by eight percent. All of the decrease was in transitional housing (115,759 fewer beds or 55%). The number of beds in emergency shelter rose by 38 percent between 2007 and 2019 (80,386 more beds). • In 2013, communities began reporting data on rapid rehousing programs. Since that time, there are nearly five times as many rapid rehousing beds, or 93,114 beds. • The increase in emergency shelter beds between 2007 and 2019 included an increase of 5,634 beds in the most recent year, 2018 to 2019. Transitional housing continued to shrink by about the same number of beds, 5,583 fewer beds in 2019 than in 2018. • While the increase in RRH since 2014 has been considerable, the most recent increase was more modest with 3,866 more beds in 2019 than in 2018, a four percent rise. • Permanent supportive housing programs also continued to increase, by 7,907 beds between 2018 and 2019. Other permanent housing also continued to increase, by 3,064 beds in the most recent year. EXHIBIT 7.5: Inventory of Beds By Household Type, 2019 Beds for Adult-Only Households Beds for People in Families Beds for Child-Only Households Total Year-Round Beds # % # % # % # % Emergency Shelter 147,350 50.5% 141,686 48.5% 2,801 1.0% 291,837 100.0% Transitional Housing 49,660 52.0% 45,163 47.3% 623 0.7% 95,446 100.0% 2,266 100.0% 0 0.0% 2,266 100.0% Safe Haven Rapid Rehousing Permanent Supportive Housing Other Permanent Housing Total Beds 78 30,229 26.8% 82,652 73.2% 80 0.1% 112,961 100.0% 243,528 65.9% 125,676 34.0% 89 0.0% 369,293 100.0% 16,131 40.5% 23,682 59.4% 41 0.1% 39,854 100.0% 489,164 53.7% 418,859 45.9% 3,634 0.4% 911,657 100.0% The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 EXHIBIT 7.6: Inventory of Beds Dedicated to Specific Populations 2019 Bed Type Beds Dedicated to People with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness Total Beds # Beds Dedicated to Youth* # % # % Emergency Shelter 291,837 4,309 1.5% 6,501 2.2% Transitional Housing 95,446 12,918 13.5% 8,922 9.3% Safe Haven % Beds Dedicated to Veterans 2,266 1,108 48.9% 24 1.1% Rapid Rehousing 112,961 12,576 11.1% 3,667 3.2% Permanent Supportive Housing 369,293 102,210 27.7% 4,008 1.1% 1,455 3.7% 588 1.5% 134,576 14.8% 23,710 2.6% Other Permanent Housing Total Beds 181,505 49.1% 39,854 911,657 181,505 • The number of beds dedicated to chronically homeless people increased by 13,002 (8%) between 2018 and 2019. Beds Serving Individuals and Families in 2019 Just as this report has separate sections on families (households with at least one adult and one child under 18) and on individuals (homeless people who are not part of a family), communities report on their program inventory in those categories.7 • Emergency shelter beds were about evenly split in 2019 between those targeted to families (49%) and those targeted to individuals (51%), as were beds in transitional housing programs (52% for individuals, and 47% for families, less than 1% for child-only households). • In recent years, rapid re-housing, which was originally designed as an intervention for families experiencing homelessness, has increasingly been used by communities to provide permanent housing to individuals as 19.9% well. In 2019, about three-quarters (73%) of rapid re-housing beds were targeted to people in families, and about a quarter (27%) were for individuals. • Permanent supportive housing was originally conceived as an intervention for individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness. However, about a third of PSH beds (34%) are targeted to families. The percentage of other permanent housing—that is, without a restriction to people with disabilities—reported by communities to be for families is even higher, 59 percent. 7 Communities report separately on beds for adult-only households and beds for child-only households—that is, beds for people under 18 without an adult present. Child only beds are 1% of ES beds and 0.4% of beds across all program types. Here we have included child-only beds in the totals for individuals. 79 1 7 Inventory of Beds National Estimates in the United States Homelessness in the United States Data source: HIC 2007–2019 EXHIBIT 7.7: Inventory of PSH Beds for Chronically Homeless People 2007-2019 168,503 149,005 2007–2019 380.1% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Beds Targeted to Veterans and Youth • Fifteen percent of all beds (134,576 beds in total) were dedicated to veterans experiencing homelessness and their family members. Three-quarters (76%) of such beds were in permanent supportive housing projects. Although the number of safe haven beds was small (2,266 beds in total) and entirely occupied by individuals, 49 percent of these beds were dedicated to veterans, and they represented one percent of the total number of beds dedicated to veteran beds nationwide. • The number of beds dedicated to veterans declined across all project types between 2018 and 2019 (except for safe havens). There were 4,690 fewer beds dedicated to veterans in 2019, a three percent decline. This is likely due to the considerable declines in the number of veterans experiencing homelessness identified. • In 2019, 23,710 beds were targeted to unaccompanied youth or to families where all members are under the age of 25. Of these beds, nearly two-thirds (65%) were for youth currently experiencing homelessness, with 38 percent (or 8,922) in transitional housing projects and 27 percent (or 6,501 beds) in emergency shelters. Beds targeted to youth represented only three percent of the total inventory of beds available for people experiencing homelessness. 2013 33.8% 37,615 17.2% 16,324 0.8% 784 15.5% 12,616 9.3% 6,973 9.9% 6,729 23.0% 12,708 9.2% 4,654 19.6% 8,304 11.9% 4,491 55,256 50,602 42,298 37,807 81,666 74,693 67,964 95,066 94,282 2014 2015 7.7% 13,002 13.1% 19,498 111,390 143,698 181,505 2016 2017 2018 2019 Beds Targeted to Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness • Permanent supportive housing programs may dedicate all or a subset of their beds to people with chronic patterns of homelessness, and (if funded by the federal government) must serve people with disabilities. In 2019, 49 percent of beds in PSH programs (181,505 of the total 369,293 beds) were targeted to people experiencing chronic homelessness. • The increase in PSH between 2007 and 2019 was made up in large part of an increase in PSH beds for people experiencing chronic homelessness. 143,698 more PSH beds were available for people with chronic patterns of homelessness in 2019 than in 2007, a 380 percent increase. EXHIBIT 7.8: Distribution of Beds By Type and CoC Category, 2019* 100% 0% 34.7 8.6 9.8 Major City CoCs Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs 28.0 11.8 11.1 25.9 Largely Rural CoCs 11.1 36.1 ES TH 25.7 15.1 14.5 RRH 41.9 4.7 44.4 4.5 43.1 4.5 30.1 2.9 16.3 PSH OPH *Excludes SH, which accounts for between 0.1 and 0.3% of beds across the four CoC categories. 80 The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress: Part 1 Beds by CoC Category, 2019 Continuums of Care (CoC) were divided into four geographic categories 1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest U.S. cities are located in the same CoC. 2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=60) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an urbanized area within the CoC’s principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of the nation’s 50 largest cities. 3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=170) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of urbanized areas. dominant type of permanent housing for formerly homeless people across all types of CoCs in 2019. In major cities, 74 percent of all permanent beds were in PSH. • Predominately rural CoCs were the only geographic category in which a greater share of beds was in the shelter inventory (51%) than in permanent housing (49%). By contrast, 63 percent of beds reported in predominately suburban CoCs were in permanent housing. • Rapid re-housing beds are a relatively large share of permanent housing beds in largely rural CoCs, 33 percent, and RRH also comprises a relatively large share of the total inventory of residential programs for current and formerly homeless people, 16 percent compared to 12 percent across all geographic categories of CoCs. 4. Largely rural CoCs (n=114) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census-defined rural areas. Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For detailed information on how they were applied to CoCs, see the About the Report section of this report. • The distribution of beds varies only modestly across categories of CoCs. All types of communities had many more emergency shelter beds than transitional housing beds in 2019. The difference was greatest in major city CoCs, with 80 percent of beds for people experiencing homelessness in emergency shelter, and only 21 percent in transitional housing. • Permanent supportive housing was the 81 Appendix ALABAMA 6.7 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -5.0% change from 2018 -46.1% 63.5% n Unsheltered (1,191) n Sheltered (2,070) 25.8 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -5.4% 2.4% 14.3 % change from 2010 85.7% 14.3 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 1.4% -27.0% 54.7% n Unsheltered (4,532) n Sheltered (5,475) 82 1,384 individuals 176 unaccompanied homeless youth 111 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 7,538 individuals in families 2,469 people with children 45.3% change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2019 10,007 Estimates of Homelessness homeless 231 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 1,907 change from 2018 292 veterans in families 523 people with children n Unsheltered (273) n Sheltered (1,634) ARIZONA 320 unaccompanied homeless youth homeless 350 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 3,261 change from 2018 2,519 individuals in families 742 people with children 36.5% change from 2010 ALASKA Estimates of Homelessness 587 unaccompanied homeless youth 910 veterans homeless 1,766 chronically individuals Appendix ARKANSAS 9.0 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 0.2% change from 2018 -1.6% 47.9% n Unsheltered (1,415) n Sheltered (1,302) 38.3 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 16.4% change from 2018 22.5% change from 2010 28.3% 71.7% 17.2 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -11.4% -37.9% change from 2010 128,777 individuals in families 22,501 people with children 10,980 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 7,263 individuals in families 2,356 people with children 22.7% 77.3% n Unsheltered (2,188) n Sheltered (7,431) Total Homeless, 2019 9,619 Estimates of Homelessness homeless 39,275 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 151,278 change from 2018 238 veterans 11,993 unaccompanied homeless youth n Unsheltered (108,432) n Sheltered (42,846) COLORADO 336 unaccompanied homeless youth homeless 676 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 2,717 CALIFORNIA 2,303 individuals in families 414 people with children 52.1% change from 2010 Estimates of Homelessness 545 unaccompanied homeless youth 1,068 veterans homeless 2,106 chronically individuals 83 Appendix CONNECTICUT -23.7% 8.5 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness change from 2018 15.0% -29.7% change from 2010 85.0% n Unsheltered (456) n Sheltered (2,577) 2,100 individuals in families 933 people with children 196 unaccompanied homeless youth 195 veterans homeless 202 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 3,033 DELAWARE Estimates of Homelessness 9.6 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -14.9% 10.3 % change from 2018 -6.2% 89.7% change from 2010 n Unsheltered (95) n Sheltered (826) Estimates of Homelessness 565 individuals in families 356 people with children 42 unaccompanied homeless youth 65 veterans homeless 119 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 921 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 94.0 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -5.5% change from 2018 -0.3% change from 2010 9.3 % 90.7% n Unsheltered (608) n Sheltered (5,913) Total Homeless, 2019 6,521 84 Estimates of Homelessness 3,875 individuals in families 2,646 people with children 271 unaccompanied homeless youth 297 veterans homeless 1,374 chronically individuals Appendix FLORIDA 13.5 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -8.7% change from 2018 -50.8% 44.0% change from 2010 56.0% 10.0 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 9.9% -47.4% 62.8% n Unsheltered (3,880) n Sheltered (6,563) 44.9 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -1.8% change from 2018 9.9% 56.8% 43.2% 7,913 individuals 596 unaccompanied homeless youth 801 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 4,420 individuals in families 1,992 people with children 222 unaccompanied homeless youth n Unsheltered (3,640) n Sheltered (2,772) Total Homeless, 2019 6,412 Estimates of Homelessness homeless 1,081 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 10,443 change from 2010 2,472 veterans in families 2,530 people with children 37.2% change from 2010 HAWAII in families 7,063 people with children homeless 5,181 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 28,328 change from 2018 21,265 individuals 1,450 unaccompanied homeless youth n Unsheltered (12,476) n Sheltered (15,852) GEORGIA Estimates of Homelessness 505 veterans homeless 1,592 chronically individuals 85 Appendix IDAHO 13.5 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 15.1% change from 2018 57.5% change from 2010 n Unsheltered (985) n Sheltered (1,330) 8.0 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -4.2% change from 2018 -29.1% change from 2010 18.5% 81.5% n Unsheltered (1,889) n Sheltered (8,310) 8.2 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 4.1% change from 2018 -15.2% change from 2010 11.7 % 88.3% n Unsheltered (642) n Sheltered (4,829) Total Homeless, 2019 5,471 86 201 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 6,513 individuals in families 3,686 people with children 609 unaccompanied homeless youth 690 veterans homeless 1,533 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 10,199 INDIANA 188 unaccompanied homeless youth homeless 356 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 2,315 ILLINOIS 1,516 individuals in families 799 people with children 42.5% -1.3% Estimates of Homelessness Estimates of Homelessness 3,783 individuals in families 1,688 people with children 258 unaccompanied homeless youth 572 veterans homeless 314 chronically individuals Appendix IOWA 7.4 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -15.8% change from 2018 -23.2% change from 2010 8.1 % 91.9% n Unsheltered (188) n Sheltered (2,127) 8.2 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 7.4% change from 2018 17.6% change from 2010 19.9% 80.1% n Unsheltered (475) n Sheltered (1,906) 9.2 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 10.6% change from 2018 -38.4% change from 2010 19.1% 80.9% n Unsheltered (779) n Sheltered (3,300) Total Homeless, 2019 4,079 in families 741 people with children 146 unaccompanied homeless youth 149 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 1,742 individuals in families 639 people with children 122 unaccompanied homeless youth 189 veterans homeless 337 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 2,381 KENTUCKY 1,574 individuals homeless 301 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 2,315 KANSAS Estimates of Homelessness Estimates of Homelessness 3,073 individuals in families 1,006 people with children 211 unaccompanied homeless youth 447 veterans homeless 479 chronically individuals 87 Appendix LOUISIANA 6.3 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -3.9% change from 2018 -76.4% 66.9% n Unsheltered (974) n Sheltered (1,967) 15.8 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -16.3% -11.5% change from 2010 4.5 % 95.5% 10.8 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -8.2% -39.5% change from 2010 20.5% 79.5% n Unsheltered (1,348) n Sheltered (5,213) Total Homeless, 2019 6,561 88 Estimates of Homelessness 1,232 individuals 125 unaccompanied homeless youth 116 veterans homeless 211 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 2,106 change from 2018 360 veterans in families 874 people with children n Unsheltered (95) n Sheltered (2,011) MARYLAND 188 unaccompanied homeless youth homeless 431 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 2,941 change from 2018 2,416 individuals in families 525 people with children 33.1% change from 2010 MAINE Estimates of Homelessness Estimates of Homelessness 4,652 individuals in families 1,909 people with children 290 unaccompanied homeless youth 490 veterans homeless 1,164 chronically individuals Appendix MASSACHUSETTS -8.0% change from 2018 11.0% change from 2010 26.9 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 4.5 % 95.5% 8.6 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 7.7 % change from 2018 -34.3% 92.3% change from 2010 n Unsheltered (662) n Sheltered (7,913) 14.3 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 10.1% change from 2018 1.4% 20.7% 79.3% change from 2010 n Unsheltered (1,653) n Sheltered (6,324) Total Homeless, 2019 7,977 917 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 5,212 individuals in families 3,363 people with children 489 unaccompanied homeless youth 599 veterans homeless 839 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 8,575 MINNESOTA 480 unaccompanied homeless youth homeless 1,392 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 18,471 2.7% 6,259 individuals in families 12,212 people with children n Unsheltered (829) n Sheltered (17,642) MICHIGAN Estimates of Homelessness Estimates of Homelessness 4,586 individuals in families 3,391 people with children 685 unaccompanied homeless youth 297 veterans homeless 1,444 chronically individuals 89 Appendix MISSISSIPPI 4.0 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -12.4% change from 2018 -56.8% 41.0% 59.0% n Unsheltered (486) n Sheltered (698) 10.1 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 5.0% -23.9% change from 2010 15.8% 84.2% n Unsheltered (976) n Sheltered (5,203) 12.9 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -3.4% change from 2018 -16.0% 74.6% n Unsheltered (345) n Sheltered (1,012) 90 Estimates of Homelessness 4,173 individuals in families 2,006 people with children 477 unaccompanied homeless youth 488 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 947 individuals in families 410 people with children 25.4% change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2019 1,357 72 veterans homeless 912 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 6,179 MONTANA 56 unaccompanied homeless youth homeless 216 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 1,184 change from 2018 963 individuals in families 221 people with children change from 2010 MISSOURI Estimates of Homelessness 82 unaccompanied homeless youth 205 veterans homeless 194 chronically individuals Appendix NEBRASKA 12.3 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -2.3% 4.7 % change from 2018 -39.0% 1,715 individuals in families 650 people with children 95.3% change from 2010 Estimates of Homelessness n Unsheltered (110) n Sheltered (2,255) 151 unaccompanied homeless youth 175 veterans homeless 422 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 2,365 NEVADA 23.9 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -5.0% change from 2018 -36.0% 53.1% 46.9% change from 2010 Estimates of Homelessness 6,614 individuals in families 555 people with children 1,285 unaccompanied homeless youth n Unsheltered (3,807) n Sheltered (3,362) 674 veterans homeless 679 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 7,169 NEW HAMPSHIRE 10.4 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -3.7% 10.7 % change from 2018 -11.3% 89.3% change from 2010 n Unsheltered (149) n Sheltered (1,247) Total Homeless, 2019 1,396 Estimates of Homelessness 812 individuals in families 584 people with children 84 unaccompanied homeless youth 113 veterans homeless 188 chronically individuals 91 Appendix NEW JERSEY 9.8 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -5.7% change from 2018 16.7% -35.5% 83.3% change from 2010 n Unsheltered (1,482) n Sheltered (7,380) 15.5 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 27.0% change from 2018 -6.7% 61.2% n Unsheltered (1,259) n Sheltered (1,982) 46.4 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 0.2% 40.4% change from 2010 4.4 % 92 551 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 2,464 individuals 216 unaccompanied homeless youth 257 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 42,113 individuals in families 49,978 people with children 95.6% n Unsheltered (4,047) n Sheltered (88,044) Total Homeless, 2019 92,091 496 unaccompanied homeless youth homeless 1,283 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 3,241 change from 2018 in families 2,967 people with children in families 777 people with children 38.8% change from 2010 NEW YORK 5,895 individuals homeless 1,311 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 8,862 NEW MEXICO Estimates of Homelessness 2,978 unaccompanied homeless youth 1,270 veterans homeless 5,965 chronically individuals Appendix NORTH CAROLINA 9.1 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 0.5% change from 2018 24.4% -23.6% 75.6% change from 2010 n Unsheltered (2,268) n Sheltered (7,046) 7.4 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 2.8% change from 2018 -30.3% change from 2010 2.2 % 97.8% 8.9 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 0.9% -17.7% change from 2010 14.6% 85.4% n Unsheltered (1,507) n Sheltered (8,838) Total Homeless, 2019 10,345 417 unaccompanied homeless youth 907 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 377 individuals 72 unaccompanied homeless youth 49 veterans homeless 73 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 557 change from 2018 in families 2,447 people with children in families 180 people with children n Unsheltered (12) n Sheltered (545) OHIO 6,867 individuals homeless 1,173 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 9,314 NORTH DAKOTA Estimates of Homelessness Estimates of Homelessness 7,041 individuals in families 3,304 people with children 643 unaccompanied homeless youth 676 veterans homeless 807 chronically individuals 93 Appendix OKLAHOMA 10.0 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 1.9% change from 2018 -24.6% 68.6% n Unsheltered (1,237) n Sheltered (2,707) 38.3 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 9.7% change from 2018 -18.6% 36.1% 63.9% n Unsheltered (10,142) n Sheltered (5,734) 10.3 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -2.3% -9.1% change from 2010 12.3 % 87.7% n Unsheltered (1,630) n Sheltered (11,569) Total Homeless, 2019 13,199 94 Estimates of Homelessness 12,354 individuals in families 3,522 people with children 1,438 veterans homeless 4,609 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 15,876 change from 2018 280 veterans 1,590 unaccompanied homeless youth change from 2010 PENNSYLVANIA 322 unaccompanied homeless youth homeless 882 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 3,944 OREGON 3,063 individuals in families 881 people with children 31.4% change from 2010 Estimates of Homelessness Estimates of Homelessness 8,426 individuals in families 4,773 people with children 737 unaccompanied homeless youth 857 veterans homeless 1,775 chronically individuals Appendix RHODE ISLAND 10.0 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -4.2% 6.7 % change from 2018 -17.7% n Unsheltered (71) n Sheltered (984) SOUTH CAROLINA 8.3 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 6.1% change from 2018 41.2% change from 2010 58.8% 11.4 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -14.2% 36.1% change from 2010 3,318 individuals 216 unaccompanied homeless youth 462 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 725 individuals in families 270 people with children 23.5% 76.5% n Unsheltered (234) n Sheltered (761) Total Homeless, 2019 995 Estimates of Homelessness homeless 897 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 4,172 change from 2018 92 veterans in families 854 people with children n Unsheltered (1,717) n Sheltered (2,455) SOUTH DAKOTA 26 unaccompanied homeless youth homeless 176 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 1,055 -6.7% 730 individuals in families 325 people with children 93.3% change from 2010 Estimates of Homelessness 66 unaccompanied homeless youth 66 veterans homeless 81 chronically individuals 95 Appendix TENNESSEE 11.1 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -5.3% change from 2018 -27.3% 34.8% 65.2% n Unsheltered (2,598) n Sheltered (4,869) 9.1 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 2.1% -26.4% 43.4% 56.6% n Unsheltered (11,222) n Sheltered (14,626) 9.0 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 14.6 % change from 2018 -14.8% 85.4% change from 2010 n Unsheltered (408) n Sheltered (2,390) Total Homeless, 2019 2,798 96 Estimates of Homelessness 19,611 individuals 1,355 unaccompanied homeless youth 1,806 veterans homeless 3,338 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 25,848 -2.7% 679 veterans in families 6,237 people with children change from 2010 UTAH 366 unaccompanied homeless youth homeless 1,020 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 7,467 change from 2018 5,637 individuals in families 1,830 people with children change from 2010 TEXAS Estimates of Homelessness Estimates of Homelessness 1,921 individuals in families 877 people with children 163 unaccompanied homeless youth 211 veterans homeless 493 chronically individuals Appendix VERMONT 17.5 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -15.6% change from 2018 10.5 % -10.7% n Unsheltered (114) n Sheltered (975) 6.8 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -3.2% change from 2018 -36.3% change from 2010 14.9% 85.1% 29.1 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -3.3% -5.7% 3,666 individuals 258 unaccompanied homeless youth 447 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 15,985 individuals in families 5,592 people with children 44.3% 55.7% change from 2010 n Unsheltered (9,557) n Sheltered (12,020) Total Homeless, 2019 21,577 Estimates of Homelessness homeless 817 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 5,783 change from 2018 87 veterans in families 2,117 people with children n Unsheltered (859) n Sheltered (4,924) WASHINGTON 105 unaccompanied homeless youth homeless 163 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 1,089 VIRGINIA 681 individuals in families 408 people with children 89.5% change from 2010 Estimates of Homelessness 1,911 unaccompanied homeless youth 1,585 veterans homeless 4,446 chronically individuals 97 Appendix WEST VIRGINIA 7.7 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness 12.4% change from 2018 17.8% -38.3% 82.2% change from 2010 n Unsheltered (248) n Sheltered (1,149) 7.8 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -7.5% change from 2018 -28.3% 6.5 % n Unsheltered (295) n Sheltered (4,243) 9.5 in every 10,000 people were experiencing homelessness -14.2% -5.4% 22.8 % 77.2% n Unsheltered (125) n Sheltered (423) 98 137 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 2,545 individuals 200 unaccompanied homeless youth 359 veterans Estimates of Homelessness 437 individuals in families 111 people with children change from 2010 Total Homeless, 2019 548 89 unaccompanied homeless youth homeless 426 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 4,538 change from 2018 in families 248 people with children in families 1,993 people with children 93.5% change from 2010 WYOMING 1,149 individuals homeless 152 chronically individuals Total Homeless, 2019 1,397 WISCONSIN Estimates of Homelessness 81 unaccompanied homeless youth 51 veterans homeless 64 chronically individuals The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development OFFICE OF COMMUNITY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT