Cedar Hills Regional Landfill Wildlife Management King County Wildlife Plan Management Report 2019 Prepared by Justin Dayton Introduction Cedar Hills Regional Landfill is a municipal landfill near Maple Valley, WA. It is operated by the King County Solid Waste Division and encompasses 920 acres (1.44 sq. mi; 3.7 km2) of space near State Route 169. The landfill opened in 1963 and is the county’s only active waste facility. It serves an estimated 1.4 million people in King County, excluding the cities of Seattle and Milton. Cedar Hills was originally anticipated to be full by 2012, but recent estimates have pushed the date to 2028, with further expansion planned. The landfill continues to receive 2,500 short tons (2,300,000 kg) of trash per day. It has a population of bald eagles and other birds that frequent the area and deposit trash in surrounding neighborhoods. Within one-half mile of the Cedar Hills Regional Landfill is a composting facility, Cedar Grove Composting. Cedar Grove Composting is a private compost facility that is a substantial attracted to avian wildlife. The short distance between Cedar Hills Landfill and Cedar Grove Composting makes managing the wildlife on only one of the two locations challenging. Harassment that occurs at one location will teach the wildlife to flee to the safe location of the other, in this case Cedar Grove Composting. Concurrent management of both Cedar Hills Landfill and Cedar Grove Composting will minimize the attraction of the locations as an alternative feeding source, thereby reducing damage to neighboring properties. History of Wildlife Management at Cedar Hills Regional Landfill Wildlife management of Cedar Hills Regional Landfill began in 2002. The principal damages are disease threats to human health/safety. Gulls congregate in large flocks and attempt to feed and loaf at the landfill. Prior to adequate controls being implemented (i.e., contracting an IWDM program with USDA WS in 2002), there were groups of 10,000-15,000 gulls using the landfill on a daily basis, October through February/March. The duration for which each group or bird remained was unknown, but it is clear that new groups routinely arrived and prior groups departed after learning the landfill was not a safe environment. Uncontrolled flocks of gulls scatter landfill waste throughout the greater community. Landfills have lost lawsuits involving residential and commercial neighbors due to this activity and the disease threat it conveys. Landfill employees have been defecated on. Other damages are/were corrosion from the enormous amounts of fecal material deposited on machinery, equipment, buildings, and personal vehicles, nesting materials clogging gutters and drains, and the daily costs encountered from cleaning those items. As landfill waste decomposes, it creates methane and other gases. These gases are plumbed throughout the entire landfill to a specifically built discharge facility. Along this plumbing are hundreds of valves, sensors, nipple plugs, and fittings. Common ravens have keyed in on the nipple plugs and frequently perch on the plumbing to remove the plugs. The nipple plugs cover small valves that allow landfill personnel to test gas on a routine basis. We and Wildlife Services have absolutely no idea why they are attracted to these fittings. Sometimes they fly off with them. Sometimes they 2 appear to consume them. Sometimes they just pull them off and drop them. Replacement costs are minimal ($72/year), but ravens pecking at and removing these fittings could result in damage to the valves or gas leaks, which could have a catastrophic outcome. Crows and starlings are damaging agents that also serve to attract/decoy gulls and ravens into the area. Purpose This document proposes several general recommendations to establish of a successful wildlife management plan for Cedar Hills Regional Landfill. It also outlines current wildlife management and mitigation efforts. General Recommendations The following recommendations support continuing current harassment mitigation and purpose new deterrents.  Wildlife Deterrence o Minimize size of active site o Increase continued operations of covering exposed dump sites o Create “no wildlife feeding” policy o Encourage adjacent landowners to minimize wildlife activity on their properties  Habitat Management o Convert acreage to exclusionary vegetation (e.g., past dumping sites) o Exclusion and removal of current roosting and nesting if feasible o Monitor the wildlife mitigation treatments  Conduct Wildlife Survey o Create a non-biased annual survey to determine which species are present and are using the site as a supplemental feeding and nesting location. o Conducting an annual survey will determine species which are consistently using the site and those using the site for a short time during spring and fall migrations.  Harassment Technics and Wildlife Management o Completed exclusion work o Recommendations for future exclusion and harassment  Pyrotechnics o Harassment and deterrence of birds from damage site or other location 3 o Permits required in unincorporated King County o Storage and explosives usage o Manufacture and type of pyrotechnics used at Cedar Hills Regional Landfill Wildlife Deterrence by Minimizing Attractant Cedar Hills Regional Landfill installed site-specific tipper stations to reduce the overall daily active face where refuse is available to birds. The refuse is covered with layers of dirt and fabric barriers at the end of each day. Adjustable overhead grid systems were used in attempt to discourage birds from flying into the active refuse area. Birds easily defeated these grids by flying low to the ground or landing and walking into the area. The grids negatively impacted the ability to conduct control measures in a timely fashion. These were removed at the request of previous wildlife contactors. The landfill has varied grass height and installed HDPE liner material in places to discourage loafing. Landfill personnel do their best to control litter from spreading. Landfill personnel cut the grass to deter birds and keep the risk of fire hazards down in the summer months. Truck drivers are required to clean their vehicles prior to departing Cedar Hills Regional Landfill which reduces the spread of refuse that could attract birds. However, this is one of the largest landfills in the state, so it will always be a significant attractant. The landfill purchased and installed dedicated tipping stations. These increase the rate of refuse removal from each container and restrict it to a smaller area than when semi-trucks were allowed to back into the general area and dump their contents. The landfill frequently instructs personnel to conduct trash sweeps in the surrounding areas. Wildlife Food Preferences Seen at Cedar Hills Regional Landfill Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Eagles use Cedar Hills Regional Landfill for multiple reasons which are not just an easy food source as people tend to believe. Bald eagle uses the site for resting during inclement weather due to the slightly warmer conditions than surrounding areas due to decomposing refuse and the surrounding conifer trees and is relatively free of human activity. In the Pacific Northwest the dietary preferences for bald eagle are spawning trout and salmon. These preferences make up most of the bird’s diet. Locally, eagles may rely largely on carrion, especially in winter, and they will scavenge carcasses up to the size of whales, though it seems that carcasses of ungulates and large fish are preferred. Cedar Hills Regional Landfill bald eagle will feed on only meatbased products if the opportunity arises. They also have been known to prey on susceptible birds also at the landfill. Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens) 4 Glaucous-winged gulls’ dietary preferences make up approximately 80% of the gull population found at Cedar Hills Regional Landfill. Glaucous-winged gull diet is very similar to the other species found at Cedar Hills Regional Landfill. Glaucous-winged gulls are omnivores and have a wide range of food preferences. Items most often ingested include fish and other marine creatures, small birds, eggs, small mammals, and invertebrates. Glaucous-winged gulls are also opportunistic feeders. They will consume any foods that are found if the opportunity arises. Therefore, they can often be seen scavenging for food in fast food parking lots. American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) The American crow is omnivorous. It will feed on invertebrates of all types, carrion, scraps of human food, seeds, eggs and nestlings, stranded fish on the shore and various grains. American crows are active hunters and will prey on mice, frogs, and other small animals. In winter and autumn, the diet of American crows is more dependent on nuts and acorns. Like the other birds’ crows scavenge at Cedar Hills Regional Landfill. The preferred diet of crows is corn, wheat and insects. Crows that are found at Cedar Hills Regional Landfill use the site to find any viable source of food. European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) The diets of the European Starlings (EUST) are usually dominated by fruits and insects. Starlings are omnivores that also have a wide range of foods consumed. Food preferences vary depending on the time of year. In late spring and summer starlings consume fruit, causing considerable damage in orchards and on small fruit and vegetable farms. In late summer their diets switch to seeds and grains. Livestock feed makes up a large portion of the EUST winter diet. At Cedar Hills Regional Landfill starlings supplement much of these foods searching out for any viable food edible. Common Raven (Corvus corax) Common Ravens are omnivores, but most of their diet is meat. At times they eat arthropods, seeds, and grain, but they are more carnivorous than crows. They scavenge for carrion and garbage and prey on rodents and on the eggs and nestlings of other birds. Ravens scavenge at Cedar Hills Regional Landfill in areas where they consume meat-based food waste particularly those containing fat. 5 Eagle Poisoning Information Barbiturate and Rodenticide Poisoning Barbiturate and rodenticide poisoning are common in mortality of large raptors such as eagles and turkey vultures due to their scavenging nature. Barbiturate secondary poisoning cases are more acute, and death is likely to occur faster than that of a rodenticide, (for example, if many eagles are feeding on a dead horse euthanized by barbiturates there would be many dead eagles near the carcass of the horse). I believe barbiturate exposure is less likely to occur because of the strict disposal requirements of those using the controlled drug in euthanasia, (typically, veterinarians and animal control officers). Early in the year I contacted the manager of Seattle Animal control (which covers animals for many cities around Seattle) to determine their disposal practices of euthanized pets. They confirmed that they use a private company to incinerate euthanized animals. Therefore, the likelihood that an animal euthanized with barbiturates is greatly reduced. Rodenticides such as mice and rat poison are a more likely secondary poisoning issue due to the uncontrolled availability of the drug and no disposal requirements in King County. There are several products directed at vertebrate pests, particularly rodents. Rodenticides include strychnine and zinc phosphide that is systemic poisons for rodents, and mammals (these are rodenticides are typically used by Pesticide Control Operators). Anticoagulant baits include coumarins that kill animals after ingesting only a single dose. Indandiones (e.g., diphacinone) usually require several doses to cause death. These chemicals interfere with the synthesis of vitamin K required for posttranslational processing of clotting factors and hemostasis. They increase the permeability of capillaries, allowing blood to extravagate into the body cavity, (bleed to death internally). After death occurs, if found they end up in the trash on their way to Cedar Hills Regional Landfill. Industrial Chemical Poisoning Although very unlikely, industrial chemical poisoning must be looked at as a potential secondary poisoning agent because it is possible these make it into the landfill. The industrial chemicals are also volatiles, household products including paints, paint strippers, wood preservatives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents, air fresheners, stored fuels, automotive products, hobby supplies, dry-cleaned clothing. These may be in contact to a potential food source the eagles consume at the active site. Industrial chemicals were not regulated until the late 1970S. At that time nearly 62,000 chemicals were put on the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Substance Inventory in the United States without requiring any information on their environmental or human health effects. Improper disposal practices should be reported to minimize this hazard. 6 Lead Poisoning Lead poisoning can occur from eagles eating fish or waterfowl that have consumed fishing gear such as sinkers or waterfowl that have consumed lead-based shot used in waterfowl hunting. Although it is illegal in Washington State to use lead for waterfowl hunting, it unfortunately occurs due to lead being a cheaper, heavier, and more accurate load then copper or steel. Wildlife control on Cedar Hills Regional Landfill has a strict policy of non-toxic shot. This is listed in CFR 20.21 (j) of Standard Conditions of our Migratory Bird Permit form USFWS. Lead poisoning tends to take several days or weeks. Some eagles ingest the lead-filled remains of several animals before succumbing to the poison. If an eagle shows symptoms of inability to stand, convulsions, head tremors, difficulty breathing it is likely due to gastrointestinal distress of lead poisoning. Lead paralyzes the gut, so they can't digest food, and dehydration occurs. Any raptor or waterfowl showing signs of this condition should be reported as soon as possible to management. Injuries or death can occur in eagles for various reasons especially during late February and early March due to breeding practices. This is likely why USFWS is hesitant about doing necropsies on birds until there is a good indication of cause of death. Without these necropsies we can’t exclude secondary poisoning. 7 Cedar Hills Land?ll 5 Point Wildlife Survey Standard Operating Guidelines for Wildlife Biologists Materials Needed: . Vehicle with a light bar . Rain gear for adverse weather conditions . Re?ective vest to wear when outside of the vehicle . Stop watch for recording three minute surveys . Binoculars to use during the survey . Handheld computer or datasheets Survev Procedures for Each Point: When Surveying Cedar Hills 920 Acre Land?ll facility. Step out of your vehicle and set your stop watch timer for three minutes. Start your timer and do a 360 degree viewing for all wildlife, including the nonhazardous species. After the first minute use your binoculars to note any movements or anything that appears to be wildlife within a quarter mile from the survey point (~450 yards). Take precautions not double cotmt animals. Two minutes into the survey, visually inspect the area for any new movements that were not seen in the ?rst two minutes. After the third and ?nal minute has lapsed, record all wildlife identi?ed on a hand-held PDA or ?eld journal. Note that only wildlife seen in this three minute time period will be recorded. Any wildlife sightings, sign observed while moving between survey points should be entered as incidental sightings. Wildlife control should be conducted as needed. Digital Recording Device To eliminate double counts in times of high activity a digital device such as a freeze frame camera may be used to increase accuracy of counts. Accurately cotmting the number of birds in ?ocks can be dif?cult - it's a skill that takes practice. The tendency of most observers is to underestimate the number of birds in a ?ock and usually, the larger the ?ock, the less accurate (and low biased) the estimates are. Freeze frame cameras can be useful in counting large numbers ofbirds such as starling ?ocks. The unit count as seen below is a survey technique done without the use of a digital recording device. Digital recording devices are to be used only to survey and count wildlife other uses are prohibited. Total 55 birds TIMING One pre?noon and one afternoon surveys each week. Noon refers to local apparent noon. In as much as possible the hours of 1100-1300 should be avoided since there is a tendency to oversample this time period. The surveys can generally be done in less than 4 hours. Surveys should be done regardless of weather conditions except for extremely poor visibility conditions (heavy rains and dense fog) when birds typically do not Periods following heavy rains when birds typically feed is one of the exceptions when surveys should be conducted as long as they can be done in the AM or PM periods. Special Areas of Interest for Each Point: (Arranged in a coimter clockwise fashion) INSIDE FENCELINE Po int 1 (Lower Access Road) During your survey be sure to focus your attention on the gravel near the road as well as the open asphalt and structures birds are attracted to. This includes structures such as the cat shack and loa?ng areas to the east. Point 2 (NW Access Road) During Survey be sure to visually inspect conifers and evergreens to the West that are common loafing locations for bald eagles, an1erican crows, and europe an starlings. Point 3 (New Asphalt Truck Entrance) Point 3 is a good location to view birds using the active site, as well as viewing loa?ng birds in the lower sections where the active site will be moved too. This point is also good for viewing birds taking advantage of the air currents coming off the Southern retaining wall. Point 2, 3 and 5 are all good areas to view the conifers from for perching birds. Point 4 (Northeast Corner of Section 8) Northeast corner of section 8 is essential point to survey because of the diverse landscape of Cedar Hills. This point is statically located to survey birds that are not able to be viewed in point 3. Point 5 (Upper Center Viewpoint of Section 8) The Upper viewpoint is strategically located to view birds using the lower areas and more importantly viewing bids ?ying to and from The Cedar Grove facility. The elevation of this point makes it a perfect location to survey wildlife fom1 the lower section 8 and the wastewater treatment ponds. Cedar Hills 5-Point Survey Google Earth 35.211 3 21.1le3 ft 10 11 Data Sample Sheet 12 13 Cedar Hills 5-Point Avian Survey Data Sheet (Example of 3-min Surveys) I 2-Jun-1 9 2-Jun-1 9 2-Jun-1 9 2?Jun-1 9 2-Jun?1 9 2-JlJn-1 9 2-Jun-1 9 2?Jun-1 9 2-Jun-19? 2?Jun-1 9 2-J un?1 9 2-J un-1 9 2-Jun-19 2-Jun-1 9 2-Jun?1 9 2?Jun-1 9 2-Jun-1 9 A 8:13 8:13 8:14 8:15 8:26 8:26 8:29 8:54 8:55 8:56 8:58 9:19 9:19 9:20 9:48 9:50 9:51 1 Bald eagle BAEA 1 American Crow= AMCR 1 Common 1 European sterling: EUST 2 Killdeer=KlLL 2 Bald eagle BAEA 2 European sterling: EUST 4 ELK 4 American Crow= AMCR 4 European sterling: EUST 4 Common 5 Baid eagle BAEA 5 American Crow= AMCR 5 Brewer's Biackbird=BRBL 5 European sterling= EUST 3 European sterling: EUST 3 American Crow= AMCR Quick Species Abbreviations Glacous-winged GWGU American Crow= AMCR Bald eagle BAEA European sterling: EUST 18 Active Site=AS 23 MP: mitigation pond 9 GR: grass long or short 46 Active 2 Gravel=GR 8 ooniier trees 23 conifer trees 8 grass long or short 22 Active Site=AS 111 Ac?ve Site=AS 5 Active Siie=AS 13 Pond Liner 28 Active Slte=AS 5 Grevel=GR 16 Active Site=AS 5 Sterling Trap 13 Gravel=GR loafing lF= ioafing PC Feeding PC FL=fiy local PC If: Ioa?ng PC ioaf?rng PC Fl=?y local PC Feeding PC Feeding PC FL=fly local PC Feeding PC loefing PC local PC ioefing PC local PC Perched Structure=PS PC. local PC ?m PC Attractant codes Behavior Codes Weather Codes grass long or short local MB: mobbing Partly cloudy=PC Active site ?y passing feeding Cloudy=CL mitigation pond loa?ng copulating Sunny: SU conifer trees HK=halking insects DS: dispersing Overcast: 0V Remarks PYRO 23 DISPERSE 1 LETHAL TAKE 45 Showing Nesting PYRO 23 DISPERSE 1 Lethal take 21 disperse Pyro 105 disperse 1 Lelhai Take 14 disperse Harassment Technics and Wildlife Management Harassment from Stationary Compactors and Tippers We are currently in the process of control and harassment of wildlife on stationary equipment when not in use. If harassment and lethal reinforcement is done on a regular basis, it will become a threat to the wildlife and decrease damage to the equipment and the landfill. Avian wildlife can quickly recognize dangers; they will recognize that this repeated harassment creates the operational equipment as a source of threat. Tipper/ Compactor Harassment locations 14 Exclusion at Cat Shack Locations The cat shack has had work done to eliminate a roosting/ loafing area for wildlife such as the European Starling (EUST). The netting is very effective when it completely excludes the attractant, which in this case is I-beams and conduit EUST use for shelter. The EUST had two entrance and exit locations that were previously not netted. The two entrance/exit locations were netted in April 2019 and are properly excluding roosting locations for EUST. 15 Truck Wash Roosting and Loafing Exclusions The three-bay truck under wash and pressure wash stations are an attractant for EUST as a nightly roosting and loafing location. Since this location is indeed a location where EUST fecal matter can be easily cleaned up with the pressure washers it may have gone without concern in the past. I recommend removing the attractiveness and use of this location with netting and bird spike exclusion. This exclusion may help in reducing the number of EUST that roost and potentially nest in the vicinity of the truck wash. European Starling roosting loafing location 16 Retaining Wall Nesting Exclusions The back-retaining walls behind the Cedar Hills Regional Landfill offices were nesting locations for EUST. In April 2019 we filled the retaining wall gaps with insulation wrap which has excluded this nesting location. To find a suitable nesting location EUST typically use an entrance that is 1-5/8" or larger in diameter. The spaces between the retaining walls fit the criteria for a nesting location. It is not uncommon for these birds to use cavities for nesting locations and have been known to displace birds such as woodpeckers from their nesting sites. European Starling Nesting Locations 17 Construction of a European Starling Decoy Trap A starling decoy trap is a modification of an Australian Crow trap. Cedar Hills Regional Landfill is currently using this trap to help reduce the number of EUST causing damage at the site. There are no permits required from the state to use this type of trap because the intended specie is invasive to Washington and the United States. This trap has been modified with attachment straps so it can be moved around to different locations to suit landfills needs. These traps have proven successful as I have been catching approximately 100 juvenile EUST weekly over the last month. Effectiveness and management of EUST decoy trap: 1. EUST traps are effective as decoy traps. This means that the birds are not necessarily attracted to the food source as they are the birds that are currently trapped inside. The target birds currently at the facility already have a large food source so to attract them with decoy birds is essential. EUST are gregarious by nature, by seeing other birds feeding inside the trap they will be attracted to the trap. 2. The decoy trap will be supplied with food and water to keep the decoy birds alive and with minimal stress. The trap will also have a sheltered area to keep the birds protected from wind and rain while also creating an artificial roosting area at night. 3. Decoy traps such as this one is very effective for catching juvenile EUST that have just fledged and are looking for an easy food source. By targeting juvenile birds this can reduce the overall population that uses the landfill as a food source. Creation of a Silhouette to Deter Birds from the Active Site The recommendation and creation of a silhouette (of a person) to deter birds from the active site when I am not present was completed in March 2019. During the last several months I have made it a point to be actively harassing birds in the lower area below the active site. During this harassment, gulls have found that my presence is a threat; in turn the gulls typically gain altitude and fly circling up to 1,000 feet to determine the threat or turn and go towards the Cedar Grove Compost facility. The placement of a decoy silhouette may work for a short time to deter these birds. If the silhouette sits there for too long birds will determine that it is no longer a threat, and that it is part of the landscape. To make this silhouette effective, I will have to be moved frequently and reinforce with harassment and lethal control. 18 Creation of Pollinator Habitat/ Seed Mix The creation of a pollinator habitat/seed mix is a recommendation I followed up on for Stevn Larry. When I worked with Boeing and the Port of Seattle, they would use portions of their properties to set up ecological restoration work. This may be an option for Cedar Hills Landfill in certain areas of the 920 acres. The group that I previously worked with is called Common Acre. I am under the impression that they do the work at minimal cost to enhance pollinator habitat. Common Acres goal is to breed disease-resistant honeybees and surveying local bee populations on the areas they work. The organization works with other parties to develop a custom native pollinator seed mix that improves pollinator habitat. Creating a positive ecological habitat for pollinators may prove to be useful in unused areas of Cedar Hills Regional Landfill. 19 Pyrotechnics Use to Harass Deter Birds The use of pyrotechnics to harass birds away from damage sites is a very effective management technique. Pyrotechnics are noise-making devices that are shot out of a pistol launcher or 12-gauge shotgun. No Federal or State of Washington wildlife permit is required to harass most wildlife species if the migratory wildlife species is not nesting. However, any individual or company that purchases or otherwise acquires explosive pest control devices, such as pyrotechnics, may need to possess a Federal explosives license or permit. Individuals in need of obtaining a Federal explosives license or permit may find information and application forms at http://www.atf.gov/explosives/how-to/explosive-pestcontrol-device-requirements.html. The individual using the pyrotechnic must comply with ATF user and storage regulations. You must also comply with all Federal, State and local laws regarding the possession and use of a firearm. General Guidelines for Pyrotechnic Use 1. Begin their use as soon as birds arrive. 2. Collect pyrotechnic debris (wads, casings, duds, caps, etc.) from the environment. 3. Integrate use of pyrotechnics with other methods such as habitat management. 4. Fire in such a manner to cause the birds to fly away from the damage site. Basic Firearm Safety Rules 1. Treat every firearm as though it were loaded. 2. Always keep the muzzle pointed in a safe direction. 3. Keep the firearm unloaded and the safety engaged until you are ready to fire. Do not touch the trigger until you are ready to shoot. 4. Use the correct ammunition. 5. Be sure of your target and what is beyond it. Never point the firearm at something you do not want to shoot. 6. Wear eye and ear protection when shooting. 7. Never run, jump, or climb with a loaded firearm. 8. Know how the firearm operates, do not alter or modify the firearm, and clean and service it regularly. 9. Ensure that the barrel and action are clear of obstructions. 10. Never use alcohol or other drugs before or during use of a firearm. Basic Pyrotechnic Safety Rules 20 1. Wear eye and ear protection. 2. Check the barrel after each round. Clean the barrel as needed. 3. Store in a locked, temperature and humidity-controlled safe or cabinet separate from live ammunition. 4. Do not fire into the wind. 5. Do not fire towards buildings or people, or over a dry field. 6. Do not discharge pyrotechnics from within a vehicle. 7. Duds and damaged pyrotechnics should be completely soaked in water before they are discarded. 8. Carry operating instructions with the pyrotechnic pistol. 9. Carry a fire extinguisher for use in case of a fire. 10. Clean the pistol/shotgun often, as per manufacturer recommendation. Loading and Firing the Single Shot Pistol Launcher 1. Pull the pistol launcher’s hammer back to the cocked position. 2. Place the .22 caliber cap in the angled chamber and secure it in place with the small spring clip. 3. To prevent an accidental discharge, pull the hammer back to the cocked position, and place your thumb between the cap and the hammer. 4. Insert the pyrotechnic device into the muzzle of the pistol with the hollow end (screamer) or the fuse and (banger) in the pistol. Check that the pyrotechnic fits loosely into the muzzle end. If you must apply force to insert the pyrotechnic, remove it and clean the muzzle. Otherwise, the pyrotechnic may become lodged and explode in the muzzle. 5. Hold the pistol away from the body at a 45-degree angle, and fire in the direction of the birds. Screamers and bangers travel 30-60 yards. 21 Unincorporated King County Pyrotechnics and Firearm use Laws Unincorporated King County Geographic Information System (GIS) no shooting RCW 12.68 map is difficult to follow therefore I checked with the King County Sheriff’s office to determine if there are any additional permits required to discharge firearms or pyrotechnics to deter birds from Cedar Hills Regional Landfill. The King County Sheriff’s office informed me that the landfill area is not affected by RCW 12.68. The Sheriff’s office recommended that if firearms or pyrotechnics are used near residential neighborhoods contacting the Sheriff’s office communication department would be beneficial. 22 Map of King County RCW Code 12.68 ?No ShootingAreas - ?nes Tribal Lands mer?hgtm Boundary- 23 Manufactures and types of Pyrotechnics to be used at Cedar Hills Landfill Reed Joseph - 15mm Bird Banger EXP Scare cartridge (EX2016100417, 0431, 1.4G) - 15mm Bird Banger Scare cartridge (EX2016100417, UN0431, 1.4G) - 18.6mm CAPA Bird Scare cartridge (EX2015040813. UN0432, 1.4S) - 15mm Bird Bangers, A Scare Cartridge (2012030702, 0431, 1.4G) - 15mm Screamer Sirens (EX2003110151, UN043 l, 1.4G) Sutton Ag -15mm Bird Banger Cartridge Pyrotechnic Article (EX2013090552, UN0431, 1.4G) -15 mm Bird Whistler Cartridge (EX2012020122, 0432, 1.4S) Stone-co -12- gauge Screamer cartridge (EX2017070291, UN0431, 1.4G) -12- gauge Whistler cartridge (EX20170702 91, 0431, 1.4G) -12- gauge Shell Cracker cartridge (EX2011090585, 0431 or UN047l, 1.4G) Western Display -15mm Zink-Feurwerk Screamer Siren cartridge (EX8806076, UN0431, 1.4G) Standard Fuse Corporation -12-gauge Bear Alert (BA-12) cartridges (EX2013090761, UN0431, 1.4G) Suppliers Becker-Underwood- P.O. Box 667 Ames, IA 50010 1-800-232-5907 ReJex-iT ® (MA repellent) www.beckerunderwood.com Bird Barrier-74 Henry Street Secaucus, NJ 07094 1-800-503-5444 **Balloons, reflective tape, perimeter fencing, gridding systems, twine, netting, sound system, dead bird decoys, pyrotechnics, propane cannons, lasers www.birdbarrier.com Bird-X, Inc.-300 North Elizabeth St. Chicago, IL 60607 1-800-860-0473 **Balloons, reflective holographic tape, distress call sound system, Goose Chase ™ (MA repellent) www.bird-x.com Margo Supplies, Ltd.- P.O. Box 5400 High River, Alberta, Canada T1V 1M5 1-403-652-1932 **Balloons, reflective tape, traps, distress call sound systems, pyrotechnics, bird lasers, propane cannons 24 www.margosupplies.com Nixalite of America, Inc.-1025 16th Ave. East Moline, Il 61244 1-888624-1189 **Balloons, reflective tape, netting systems, ReJex-iT ® (MA repellent) www.nixalite.com Reed-Joseph International Co- P.O. Box 894 Greenville, MS 38702-0894 1-800-647-5554 **Balloons, reflective tape, pyrotechnics, propane cannons www.reedjoseph.com SEA Technology, Inc.-Louisville Branch P.O. Box 195 382 E. Oak St. Lebanon Jct., KY 40150 1-888-7322246 **Bird lasers www.aviandissuader.com Sutton Agricultural Enterprises, Inc.-746 Vertin Ave. Salinas, CA 93901 1-866-280-6229 **Balloons, reflective tape, pyrotechnics, propane cannons, netting systems, distress call sound systems www.suttonag.com Wildlife Control Supplies- P.O. Box 538 East Granby, CT 06026 1-877-684-7262 **Balloons, reflective tape, pyrotechnics, propane cannons, repellents, effigies www.wildlifecontrolsupplies.com Wildlife Control Technology, Inc.-2501 N. Sunnyside Ave. Fresno, CA 93727 1-800-235-0262 **Balloons, reflective tape, pyrotechnics, propane cannons www.wildlife-control.com 25