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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION

JOHN DOE, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.

Case No. 16-13137

RICHARD SNYDER, et al.,
Defendants.
/
OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTIONS, GRANTING
INJUNCTIVE RELIEF, AND DIRECTING DEFENDANTS TO PROVIDE NOTICE OF
THIS ORDER TO SORA REGISTRANTS
Plaintiffs bring constitutional challenges to Michigan’s Sex Offender Registration
Act (“SORA”) on behalf of a certified class comprised of multiple subclasses. Pending
before the court are two motions filed by Plaintiffs. In their first motion, Plaintiffs seek
declaratory and injunctive relief on behalf of the subclasses which challenge alleged
violations of the ex post facto clause. In their second motion, Plaintiffs seek summary
judgment and injunctive relief on behalf of all class members on their remaining
constitutional challenges. Both motions have been fully briefed, and the court held oral
argument on February 5, 2020. For the reasons explained below, the court will grant
both motions and will enter permanent injunctive relief enjoining Defendants and their
agents from enforcing certain provisions of SORA against the primary class and
enjoining Defendants and their agents from enforcing the entirety of SORA against
registrants whose offenses occurred prior to the enactment of the 2011 amendments to
SORA (i.e. members of the ex post facto subclasses).

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II. BACKGROUND
A. Procedural History
i. Does I
Although this case was filed in 2016, the constitutional challenges to SORA
brought in the instant action were first pursued by five John Doe plaintiffs four years
earlier. Does v. Snyder, No. 12-11194 (E.D. Mich. 2012) (“Does I”). In the Does I case,
the court summarized the legislative history of SORA and issued a series of opinions
resolving the parties’ various dispositive motions. The court’s pertinent rulings in the
Does I case are summarized below:
(1) SORA is a regulatory statute, not criminal statute, and the retroactive
application of the 2011 amendments to SORA does not violate the ex post facto clause.
Does I, No. 12-11194 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 18, 2013) (ECF No. 27, PageID.683);
(2) SORA’s retroactive application of lifetime reporting requirements does not
violate the due process clause. Does I, No. 12-11194 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 31, 2015) (ECF
No. 103, PageID.5939);
(3) the following sections of SORA are unconstitutionally vague in violation of the
due process clause, Does I, No. 12-11194 (ECF No. 103, PageID.5890–5900):
(a) the prohibition on working within a student safety zone, Mich. Comp.
Laws. §§ 28.733–734;
(b) the prohibition on loitering within a student safety zone, Mich. Comp.
Laws. §§ 28.733– 734;
(c) the prohibition on residing within a student safety zone, Mich. Comp.
Laws. §§ 28.733, 28.735;
(d) the requirement to report “[a]ll telephone numbers . . . routinely used
by the individual,” Mich. Comp. Laws.§ 28.727(1)(h);
(e) the requirement to report “[a]ll electronic mail addresses and instant
message addresses . . . routinely used by the individual,” Mich. Comp.
Laws. § 28.727(1)(l); and
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(f) the requirement to report “[t]he license plate number, registration
number, and description of any motor vehicle, aircraft, or vessel . . .
regularly operated by the individual,” Mich. Comp. Laws. § 28.727(1)(j);
(4) SORA violates the due process clause by imposing strict liability for
violations, and the statute must be read as imputing a knowledge requirement. Does I,
No. 12-11194 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 31, 2015) (ECF No. 103, PageID.5907–09);
(5) the following sections of SORA violate the First Amendment, Does I, No. 1211194 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 31, 2015) (ECF No. 103, PageID.5927–29; ECF No. 118,
PageID.6029):
(a) the requirement “to report in person and notify the registering authority
. . . immediately after . . . [t]he individual . . . establishes any electronic
mail or instant message address, or any other designations used in
internet communications or postings,” Mich. Comp. Laws. § 28.725(1)(f);
(b) the requirement to report “[a]ll telephone numbers . . . routinely used
by the individual,” Mich. Comp. Laws. § 28.727(1)(h);
(c) the requirement to report “[a]ll electronic mail addresses and instant
message addresses . . . routinely used by the individual,” Mich. Comp.
Laws. § 28.727(1)(l);
(d) the retroactive incorporation of the lifetime registration’s requirement to
report “[a]ll electronic mail addresses and instant message addresses
assigned to the individual . . . and all login names or other identifiers used
by the individual when using any electronic mail address or instant
messaging system,” Mich. Comp. Laws. § 28.727(1)(i).
Both Plaintiffs and Defendants appealed the court’s rulings. Does #1-5 v. Snyder,
834 F.3d 696 (6th Cir. 2016). The Sixth Circuit’s decision focused on only Plaintiffs’ ex
post facto claim. The Circuit held that SORA imposes punishment and that the
retroactive application of SORA’s 2006 and 2011 amendments is unconstitutional. Id. at
706. This decision effectively vacated the above-listed first and second rulings of this
court but arguably relegated to dicta the remainder of this court’s rulings. Importantly,
and as explained in more depth below, the Sixth Circuit did not find that only certain
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portions of the 2006 and 2011 amendments were unconstitutional; the court broadly
invalidated the amendments and held that “[t]he retroactive application of SORA’s 2006
and 2011 amendments to Plaintiffs is unconstitutional, and it must therefore cease.”
Does #1-5, 834 F.3d at 706. 1 The Sixth Circuit remanded Does I for the entry of
judgment consistent with its decision, and the Supreme Court denied Defendants’
petition for certiorari. Snyder v. John Does #1-5, 138 S. Ct. 55 (2017).
On remand, this court entered a stipulated final judgment that declared the
“retroactive application of Michigan’s Sex Offenders Registration Act’s (SORA) 2006
and 2011 amendments violates the Ex Post Facto Clause of the U.S. Constitution.”
Does I, No. 12-11194 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 26, 2018) (ECF No. 153, PageID.6514.) The
court also enjoined Defendants from enforcing the 2006 and 2011 amendments against
the plaintiffs. (Id.)
B. Does II
Days after the Sixth Circuit’s decision in Does I, six John Doe Plaintiffs filed a
class action complaint before this court challenging the constitutionality of SORA. John
Doe et al. v. Snyder, No. 16-13137 (E.D. Mich.) (“Does II”). The claims in Does II are, at
their core, the same constitutional challenges raised by the individual plaintiffs in Does I.
The Does II second amended complaint contains four claims:
(1) a due process challenge based on vagueness to the following
provisions SORA:
(a) the prohibition on working within a student safety zone, Mich.
Comp. Laws. §§ 28.733–734;

1

See infra Part IV.A.1.
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(b) the prohibition on loitering within a student safety zone, Mich.
Comp. Laws. §§ 28.733–734;
(c) the prohibition on residing within a student safety zone, Mich.
Comp. Laws. §§ 28.733, 28.735;
(d) the requirement to report “[a]ll telephone numbers . . . routinely
used by the individual, Mich. Comp. Laws. § 28.727(1)(h);
(e) the requirement to report “[a]ll electronic mail addresses and
instant message addresses . . . routinely used by the individual,”
Mich. Comp. Laws. § 28.727(1)(l); and
(f) the requirement to report “[t]he license plate number, registration
number, and description of any motor vehicle, aircraft, or vessel . . .
regularly operated by the individual,” Mich. Comp. Laws. §
28.727(1)(j).
(2) a due process challenge based on SORA’s imposition of a strict liability
scheme for violations of the act;
(3) a First Amendment challenge based on:
(a) the requirement “to report in person and notify the registering
authority . . . immediately after . . . [t]he individual . . . establishes
any electronic mail or instant message address, or any other
designations used in internet communications or postings,” Mich.
Comp. Laws. § 28.725(1)(f); and
(b) the retroactive incorporation of the lifetime registration’s
requirement to report “[a]ll electronic mail addresses and instant
message addresses assigned to the individual . . . and all login
names or other identifiers used by the individual when using any
electronic mail address or instant messaging system,” Mich. Comp.
Laws. § 28.727(1)(i); and
(4) an ex post facto challenge based on Defendants’ continued
enforcement of the 2006 and 2011 amendments.
(ECF No. 34, PageID.384–87.)
In September 2018, the court entered a stipulated order certifying the class under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(2). (ECF No. 46.) The certified class is comprised
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of a primary class and two subclasses. Plaintiffs define the primary class as all people
who are or will be subject to registration under SORA. The primary class seeks relief on
Count I (vagueness); Count II (strict liability) and Count III (First Amendment). (EFC No.
46, PageID.693.) The subclasses seek relief on Count IV (ex post facto) and are
defined as follows:
(1) The “pre-2006 ex post facto subclass” is defined as members of the
primary class who committed their offense or offenses requiring
registration before January 1, 2006, and who have committed no
registrable offense since.
(2) The “2006-2011 ex post facto subclass” is defined as members of the
primary class who committed their offense or offenses requiring
registration on or after January 1, 2006, but before April 12, 2011, and
who have committed no registrable offense since.
(Id.)
In July 2018, Plaintiffs moved for partial summary judgment on the ex post facto
claim on behalf of the subclasses. Plaintiffs requested declaratory and injunctive relief
but deferred for later briefing the question of whether SORA’s amendments are
severable. (ECF No. 40.) While this motion was pending, the parties agreed to focus
their resources on legislative reform, rather than litigating severability. At the joint
request of the parties, the court repeatedly adjusted the briefing schedule to aid in the
parties’ attempts to engage in legislative negotiations. (ECF Nos. 41, 44, 45, 47, 51,
54.)
In May 2019, the court entered a stipulated order granting declaratory relief for
Plaintiffs, holding that the 2006 and 2011 amendments were unconstitutional as applied
to the ex post facto subclasses. (ECF No. 55.) The court deferred ruling on the issues of
injunctive relief and the severability of the 2006 and 2011 amendments for 90 days “[i]n
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order to avoid interfering with the Michigan legislature’s efforts to address the Does I
decisions and their findings of constitutional deficiencies with SORA.” (ECF No. 55,
PageID.783.) Information presented by Plaintiffs’ counsel at oral argument indicates that
while the briefing schedule was stayed, the parties engaged in several apparently
substantial discussions with “stakeholders” and legislative staff, which resulted in draft
legislation. Counsel reported that the parties were hopeful that discussions would
continue and culminate in the passage of new legislation, but for reasons unknown to
the court, those discussions ended with no replacement legislation in place.
Consequently, Plaintiffs exercised their option of seeking relief in returning to court, and
the court issued a revised briefing schedule. (ECF No. 60.)
In September 2019, Plaintiffs filed a refreshed motion for partial summary
judgment addressing the severability of the amendments to SORA and injunctive relief
for their ex post fact claim. (ECF No. 62.) Several months passed, and Plaintiffs filed a
motion for partial summary judgment on behalf of the primary class related to their
remaining constitutional claims (vagueness, First Amendment, strict liability). Both
motions have now been fully briefed, were argued before this court, and will be
addressed in this opinion.

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B. Related Michigan Supreme Court Case
Defendants’ briefs point to and rely upon an appeal in a criminal case now before
the Michigan Supreme Court, People v. Betts, No. 14-8981 (Mich.). 2 Betts involves a
criminal defendant who challenges his conviction for failing to register under SORA.
Defendant/Appellant Betts was convicted in 1994 for the crime subjecting him to SORA
registration. 3 The Michigan Supreme Court granted leave to appeal and issued a
briefing order directing the parties to address the following issues:
(1) whether the requirements of the Sex Offenders Registration Act
(SORA), MCL 28.721 et seq., taken as a whole, amount to “punishment”
for purposes of the Ex Post Facto Clauses of the Michigan and United
States Constitutions;
(2) if SORA, as a whole, constitutes punishment, whether it became
punitive only upon the enactment of a certain provision or group of
provisions added after the initial version of SORA was enacted;
(3) if SORA only became punitive after a particular enactment, whether a
resulting ex post facto violation would be remedied by applying the version
of SORA in effect before it transformed into a punishment or whether a
different remedy applies;
(4) if one or more discrete provisions of SORA, or groups of provisions,
are found to be ex post facto punishments, whether the remaining

2

Although Plaintiffs’ initial brief also mentioned a possible, related case pending
before the Sixth Circuit, Lewis v. Whitmer, No. 18-1912 (6th Cir.) (ECF No. 62,
PageID.816), Plaintiffs did not discuss it during oral argument. The Lewis case carries
no precedential weight in the instant matter because the Sixth Circuit’s docket shows
that the case was recently remanded to district court at the joint request of the parties.
See Lewis v. Whitmer, No. 18-1912, Joint Mot. for Limited Remand (6th Cir. Jan. 27,
2020) (ECF No. 35); Order for Joint Mot. to Remand (6th Cir. Jan. 28, 2020) (ECF No.
36.)
3 The court obtained the date of the defendant’s offense from the publicly
available registration database. Michigan Public Sex Offender Registry, Mich. State
Police,http://www.icrimewatch.net/offenderdetails.php?OfndrID=1996102&AgencyID=55
242, (last visited Jan. 24, 2020).
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provisions can be given effect retroactively without applying the ex post
facto provisions;
(5) what consequences would arise if the remaining provisions could not
be given retroactive effect; and
(6) whether the answers to these questions require the reversal of the
defendant’s conviction pursuant to MCL 28.729 for failure to register under
SORA.
(ECF No. 66-2, PageID.979–80.)
III. STANDARD
Plaintiffs move for declaratory and injunctive relief on behalf of the ex post facto
subclasses on their ex post facto claim and move for partial summary judgment on
behalf of the primary class on their remaining constitutional claims.
Summary judgment is appropriate when there exists no dispute of material fact
and the moving party demonstrates entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(a). In evaluating a motion for summary judgment, the court considers all
evidence, and all reasonable inferences flowing therefrom, in the light most favorable to
the nonmoving party. Moran v. Al Basit LLC, 788 F.3d 201, 204 (6th Cir. 2015). The
court may not make credibility determinations or weigh the evidence presented in
support or opposition to a motion for summary judgment; only the finder of fact can
make such determinations. Laster v. City of Kalamazoo, 746 F.3d 714, 726 (6th Cir.
2014).
The movant has the initial burden of showing—pointing out—the absence of a
genuine dispute as to any material fact; i.e., “an absence of evidence to support the
nonmoving party’s case.” See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 325 (1986).
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The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to set forth enough admissible evidence
to raise a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Laster, 746 F.3d at 726 (citing Celotex
Corp., 477 U.S. at 324). A genuine issue exists “if the evidence is such that a
reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S.
at 248; Williams v. AT&T Mobility Servs. LLC, 847 F.3d 384, 391 (6th Cir. 2017). Not all
factual disputes are material. A fact is “material” for purposes of summary judgment
when proof of that fact would establish or refute an essential element of the claim “and
would affect the application of the governing law to the rights of the parties.” Rachells v.
Cingular Wireless Employee Servs., LLC, 732 F.3d 652, 660 (6th Cir. 2013).
IV. DISCUSSION
The court begins by addressing the claim pursued by the ex post facto
subclasses and then turns to the remaining claims brought on behalf of the primary
class. Finally, the court will address the issue of Defendants’ obligation to provide notice
of this decision to class members, law enforcement, and prosecutors.
A. Ex Post Facto Claim (Count IV)
Plaintiffs argue that the Sixth Circuit broadly held in Does I that the 2006 and
2011 amendments to SORA violate the ex post facto clause and cannot be applied, in
whole, to members of the ex post facto subclasses. Plaintiffs ask this court to find that
the 2006 and 2011 amendments to SORA are not severable and to permanently enjoin
Defendants from enforcing SORA against members of the ex post facto subclasses.
Defendants do not dispute that members of the ex post facto subclasses are entitled to
injunctive relief but argue that this court should certify the issue of the severability,
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passing it to the Michigan Supreme Court for final determination. Defendants contend
that certification is necessary to avoid the possibility of inconsistent judgments because
the Michigan Supreme Court will soon address in the Betts case “the very questions
posed by the Plaintiffs in their motion.” (ECF No. 66, PageID.951.) In the alternative,
Defendants argue that the 2011 amendments are severable from SORA because in
Does I, the Sixth Circuit declared unconstitutional only portions of the amendments.
1. Scope of Does I Decision
The court begins by clarifying the scope of the Sixth Circuit’s holding in Does I.
Defendants argue that the Sixth Circuit declared unconstitutional only certain portions of
the amendments of SORA, specifically those portions of the amendments which sweep
more broadly than SORA’s federal analog, the Sex Offender Registration and
Notification Act (“SORNA”). Defendants’ position, implying as it does that the Sixth
Circuit tailored its ruling to coincide with SORNA, relies heavily on the supposed intent
of the Michigan legislature to bring SORA into compliance with SORNA in passing the
2011 amendments. A large problem with Defendants’ argument, however, is that the
Sixth Circuit does not so much as mention SORNA in its opinion.
The Sixth Circuit’s expansive ruling in Does I declared that “[t]he retroactive
application of SORA’s 2006 and 2011 amendments to Plaintiffs is unconstitutional, and

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it must therefore cease.” Does I, 834 F.3d at 706. 4 Defendants contend that the Sixth
Circuit’s finding of unconstitutionality should be limited to SORA’s exclusion zones, inperson reporting requirements, and maintenance of a public registration website
because these provisions of SORA extend beyond the requirements of SORNA. (ECF
No. 66, PageID.965–67.) But the court is confident that the Sixth Circuit would have at
least mentioned SORNA and referenced specific provisions of the act if it had meant to
limit its holding in the manner described by Defendants. Instead, it addressed the
aggregate impact of the 2006 and 2011 amendments, making no distinction between
particular provisions. In fact, the court specifically declined to address the plaintiffs’
remaining constitutional challenges to SORA because “none of the contested provisions
may now be applied to the plaintiffs in this lawsuit, and anything [the court] would say on
those other matters would be dicta.” Does I, 834 F.3d, at 706.
On remand, this court entered judgment consistent with Sixth Circuit’s ruling,
declaring that the “retroactive application of the Michigan’s Sex Offenders Registration
Act’s (SORA) 2006 and 2011 amendments violates the Ex Post Facto Clause of the
U.S. Constitution.” Does I, No. 12-11194 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 26, 2018) (ECF No. 153,
PageID.6514.) This court cannot now impose additional limits to the Sixth Circuit’s
decision and must read Does I as broadly—and quite clearly—invalidating all portions of

4

To the extent that this court’s opinion in Cain v. Michigan, et al., No. 19-cv10243 (E.D. Mich. June 5, 2019) suggests the opposite result, the court now clarifies its
position that the Sixth Circuit’s holding relates to the entirety of the 2006 and 2011
amendments. In Cain, the court’s primary rational for denying the plaintiff’s request for
preliminary injunction was that the plaintiff, as a member of the mandatory Does II class,
could not obtain individual injunctive relief while the class litigated its constitutional
claims.
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the 2006 and 2011 amendments as applied to the members of the ex post facto
subclasses. With this point of clarification in mind, the court turns to the issues of
certification and the severability of SORA’s amendments.
2. Certification to Michigan Supreme Court
The briefing on the issue of severability focuses on the 2011 amendments 5 to
SORA, which comprise roughly half of the statute. (ECF No. 62-2, PageID.841–62.) The
parties dispute whether the 2011 amendments are severable, meaning whether the
amendments are so intertwined with the statute that removing them renders
incomprehensible the entirety of SORA. Plaintiffs argue that the 2011 amendments are
not severable and that SORA must be declared null and void as applied to members of
the ex post facto subclasses. Defendants respond that the Michigan Supreme Court,
not this court, should determine the issue of the severability and urge this court to certify
the question. Defendants suggest that certification is appropriate because the Michigan
Supreme Court will soon rule on SORA’s severability in People v. Betts, No. 14-8981
(Mich.). In the alternative, Defendants argue that the amendments are severable.
Eastern District of Michigan Local Rule 83.40 provides the standard for certifying
an issue to a state court:
(a) Upon motion or after a hearing ordered by the Judge sua sponte, the
Judge may certify an issue for decision to the highest Court of the State
5

At the hearing, the parties agreed that the 2006 amendments were severable.
The court’s analysis— like the parties’ briefs—will focus on the severability of the 2011
amendments because if the 2011 amendments cannot be severed, SORA cannot apply
to any members of the ex post facto subclasses, including registrants whose crimes
subjecting them to registration were committed before the enactment of the 2006
amendments. See infra Part IV.A.3.
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whose law governs its disposition. An order of certification shall be
accompanied by written findings that:
(1) the issue certified is an unsettled issue of State law, and
(2) the issue certified will likely control the outcome of the federal
suit, and
(3) certification of the issue will not cause undue delay or prejudice.
Such order shall also include citation to precedent, statutory or court rule
authority authorizing the State Court involved to resolve certified
questions.
(b) In all such cases, the order of certification shall stay federal
proceedings for a fixed time which shall be subsequently enlarged only
upon a showing that such additional time is required to obtain a State
Court decision and is not the result of dilatory actions on the part of the
litigants.
(c) In cases certified to the Michigan Supreme Court, in addition to the
findings required by this Rule, the United States District Court shall
approve an agreed statement of facts which shall be subsequently
transmitted to the Michigan Supreme Court by the parties as an appendix
to briefs filed therein.
E.D. Mich. L.R. 83.40.
“Whether to utilize a state court’s certification procedure is a matter within
the discretion of the court and is ‘most appropriate when the question is new and
state law is unsettled.’” State Auto Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Hargis, 785 F.3d 189,
194 (6th Cir. 2015). Additionally, “the appropriate time for a party to seek
certification of a state-law issue is before, not after, the district court has resolved
the issue.” Id. Upon review of the parties’ briefs and arguments, the court cannot
make the necessary findings required by Rule 83.40 to certify the issue of
severability to the Michigan Supreme Court.
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First, the question of severability is not “an unsettled issue of state law.” E.D.
Mich. LR 83.40(a)(1). Although “[s]tate law governs the question of severability,”
Memphis Planned Parenthood, Inc. v. Sundquist, 175 F.3d 456, 466 (6th Cir. 1999), the
state of Michigan has clearly defined law on severability. See infra Part IV.A.3.
Michigan’s existing severability law presents this court with “a reasonably clear and
principled course . . . to follow.” Pennington v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 553 F.3d
447, 450 (6th Cir. 2009). And as Plaintiffs correctly observe, “[w]hile Michigan courts
have not precisely addressed severability of the 2011 SORA amendments, ‘[t]he state
court need not have addressed the exact question, so long as well-established
principles exist to govern a decision.’ State Auto Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Hargis, 785
F.3d 189, 194 (6th Cir. 2015).” (ECF No. 62, PageID. 827–28.)
To the extent Defendants argue that the severability of SORA’s 2011
amendments is a novel question of state law because the Michigan Supreme Court
granted leave to appeal in Betts, such argument misses the mark because the issues in
Betts are not identical to the remaining questions of law in this case. Before the Betts
court can reach the topic of severability, it must first address threshold issues of state
constitutional law which the Sixth Circuit has already answered at the federal level,
namely whether SORA amounts to punishment and can be applied retroactively. Does I,
834 F.3d at 705–06. The Michigan Supreme Court is not bound by the Sixth Circuit’s
rulings in Does I and may come to different conclusions based on Michigan’s
constitution. For example, as Plaintiffs observe, the Michigan Supreme Court may reach
a narrower decision than the Sixth Circuit and decide that SORA became punishment
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after the 1997 amendments. In that case, the court would then address whether the
1997 amendments are severable. The “novel” question of state law at issue in Betts—
whether SORA amounts to punishment—is no longer a relevant question to this court at
this stage in the case. Should the Michigan Supreme Court reach the issue of
severability in Betts, the court will simply apply Michigan’s clearly established
severability law. This court need not wait for that possibility to occur. This court is
capable of applying established Michigan severability law in this case. 6
Second, certification will not “control the outcome” of this case because the
severability of the 2011 amendments is but one facet of one of Plaintiffs’ four separate
claims. Even though Defendants do not present any new arguments on Plaintiffs’ non
ex post facto claims, a determination by the Michigan Supreme Court on severability will
not resolve the lingering questions of injunctive relief in this case.
Third, certification will cause additional, and undue, delay and prejudice to
Plaintiffs. Three and a half years have passed since the Does I ruling. Certification
would further draw out these proceedings for an indeterminate period of time while: (1)
the parties prepare the statement required by E.D. Mich. LR 83.40(c), (2) the parties

6

Should the Betts court reach the issue of the of severability of the 2011
amendments and that ruling runs somehow contrary to this court’s determination, this
court can modify its judgment to conform with Betts. See Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 60(b). When
the court raised with Defendants at the hearing the feasibility of amending the judgment
in this case to conform with a possible, adverse judgment from the Betts’ court,
Defendants asserted that amending the judgment would require the expenditure of
additional judicial resources. Near the eight-year mark in this combined litigation, the
court is not much daunted by the prospect of expending additional judicial resources . . .
as the court put it at argument, that horse has left the barn. In sum, Defendants offered
no legal justification for why amendment under Rule 60 would not be appropriate.
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brief and argue the issue of certification for the Michigan Supreme Court, (3) the
Michigan Supreme Court decides whether to accept the certified question, Mich. Ct. R.
7.308(A)(2), (4) the Michigan Supreme Court issues a merits opinion, and (5) the parties
return to this court and relitigate any remaining issues, particularly injunctive relief.
Given the clarity of Michigan law on severability, the age of this case, and the ongoing
violation of Plaintiffs’ rights, the additional delay inevitably brought on by the certification
process is unwarranted and inappropriate. See Valls v. Allstate Ins. Co., 919 F.3d 739,
744 (2d Cir. 2019) (declining certification partly due to the “inevitable burdens on the
parties relating to the cost and delay”); Florida ex rel. Shevin v. Exxon Corp., 526 F.2d
266, 275 (5th Cir. 1976) (explaining that in the context of certification, “delay that is not
absolutely necessary should be avoided,” especially when a case is already several
years old); Montgomery v. Gore Mutual Insurance Co., 2019 WL 5303749 (E.D. Mich.
2019) (Drain, J.) (denying certification, in part, to avoid further delay in the two-year-old
case). The court will decline to certify the question of the severability of SORA’s 2011
amendments and will turn to the merits of the parties’ severability arguments.
3. Severability of the 2011 Amendments
Michigan law governs the question of severability. Memphis Planned
Parenthood, Inc., 175 F.3d at 466. “The general rule favors severability.” Blank v. Dep’t
of Corr., 122, 611 N.W.2d 530, 539 (Mich. 2000). For a statute to be severable, “the
valid portion of the statute must be independent of the invalid sections, forming a
complete act within itself.” Pletz v. Sec’y of State, 336 N.W.2d 789, 808 (Mich. Ct. App.
1983). In determining the severability of a statute, the court should first consider
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whether “the Legislature expressed that the provisions at issue were not to be severed
from the remainder of the act.” Blank v. Dep’t of Corr., 122, 611 N.W.2d at 540. If not,
the court must then determine whether the “unconstitutional portions are so entangled
with the others that they cannot be removed without adversely affecting the operation of
the act.” Blank, 611 N.W.2d at 540.
The statutory text of SORA contains no severability clause. 7 However, the
Michigan Legislature has adopted a general severability clause applicable to all
statutes:
In the construction of the statutes of this state the following rules shall be
observed unless such construction would be inconsistent with the manifest
intent of the legislature, that is to say: If any portion of an act or the
application thereof to any person or circumstances shall be found to be
invalid by a court, such invalidity shall not affect the remaining portions or
applications of the act which can be given effect without the invalid portion
or application . . . , and to this end acts are declared to be severable.
Mich. Comp. Laws § 8.5. Under this framework, the court concludes that the 2011
amendments to SORA are not severable.
The highlighted version of SORA attached as an exhibit to Plaintiffs’ motion
shows that the 2011 amendments permeate nearly every section of the statute, most
problematically the definition section of the act related to the tier classification system.
(ECF No. 62-2, PageID.841–862.) It is fair to say that the 2011 amendments almost
entirely rewrote the statute. Removing the deeply ingrained 2011 amendments renders

7

Although Mich. Comp. Laws. § 28.728(8) provides that if the public availability
of SORA information is declared unconstitutional, the website must be revised
accordingly, such instructions do not amount to a severability clause for the statute as a
whole.
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the statute, as Plaintiffs’ aptly describe, a “nonsensical alphabet soup” of sentence
fragments. 8 (ECF No. 62, PageID.821.) The 2011 amendments “are not like a collection

8

Encountering the resulting fragmented product induces in the reader a reaction
of “Wait . . . what?” Take as one of many examples § 28.725 of SORA. That section is
meant to describe “Conditions requiring individual to report in person and provide notice
to registering authority; release of incarcerated individual; notice; compliance.” With the
2011 amendments excised it would read as follows:
(1) An individual required to be registered under this act shall and notify
the having jurisdiction where his or her residence or domicile is located
after:
(a) individual changes or vacates his or her residence domicile
(5) after either of the following occurs, the department of corrections shall
notify the local law enforcement agency or sheriff's department having
jurisdiction over the area to which the individual is transferred or the
department post of the transferred residence or domicile of an individual
required to be registered under this act:
(a) The individual is transferred to a community residential
program.
(b) The individual is transferred into a correctional facility of any
kind, including a correctional camp or work camp.
(6) An individual required to be registered under this act shall and notify
the before he or she changes his or her domicile or residence to another
state. The individual shall indicate the new state and, if known, the new
address. The department shall update the registration and compilation
databases and promptly notify the appropriate law enforcement agency
and any applicable sex or child offender registration authority in the new
state
(8) If the probation or parole of an individual required to be registered
under this act is transferred to another state or an individual required to
be registered under this act is transferred from a state correctional facility
to any correctional facility or probation or parole in another state, the
department of corrections shall promptly notify the department and the
appropriate law enforcement agency and any applicable sex or child
offender registration authority in the new state. The department shall
update the registration and compilation databases.
(9) An individual registered under this act shall comply with the
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of bricks, some of which may be taken away without disturbing the [provisions that
existed before], but rather are like the interwoven threads constituting the warp and
woof of a fabric, one set of which cannot be removed without fatal consequences to the
whole.” Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238, 315 (1936) (striking down the
Bituminous Coal Conservation Act). Without the 2011 amendments, SORA registrants
and law enforcement officials have no guidance for who must register, what events
must be reported, where registrants must report, how often registrants must report, or
when registrants become eligible for removal from the registry. Michigan law makes
clear that SORA cannot be enforced given such glaring omissions. See In re
Apportionment of State Legislature-1982, 321 N.W.2d 565, 582 (Mich. 1982) (holding
that in light of the illegality of Michigan’s weighted land area-population apportionment
formula, all apportionment rules must be struck down because the rules were
“inextricably related” to the formula).
Courts must avoid an approach to severability that “would require a significant
rewrite of the statutory language.” People v. Lockridge, 870 N.W.2d 502, 520 (Mich.
2015). Without the key definitions and provisions provided by the 2011 amendments,
SORA in its current form is incomprehensible to registrants and enforcement officials
alike. While the court may excavate and remove unconstitutional pieces of a statute, it

verification procedures and proof of residence procedures prescribed in
sections 4a and 5a.
(10) Except as provided in shall comply with this section for.
(11) Except as provided in shall comply with this section for.
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must hesitate gravely before trying to backfill the holes left behind with newly-crafted
statutory language. The burden of that manual labor falls, in almost every instance, to
the legislature. As the Constitution empowers the court to exercise “neither force nor will
but merely judgment”, The Federalist No. 78 (A. Hamilton) (capitalization altered), it
remains “the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.”
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 178 (1803). “There can be no liberty . . . if the power of
judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers.” The Federalist No.
47 (J. Madison).
Accordingly, because the 2011 amendments cannot be severed from the statute,
the court holds that SORA in toto cannot be applied to any members of the ex post facto
subclasses. 9
4. Revival of Earlier Version of SORA
Plaintiffs argue that the court cannot revive an earlier version of SORA because
any revived statute would be void for vagueness and contradict the intent of the
legislature. (ECF No. 62, PageID.822–27.) Defendants respond, in a footnote, that
Michigan law favors reviving previous versions of a statute when the existing statute has
been declared unconstitutional. (ECF No. 66, PageID.972.)

9

In light of this ruling, the severability of the 2006 amendments is now moot,
although the court notes that the parties agreed at the hearing that the 2006
amendments are severable. The court’s determination that the 2011 amendments are
not severable means that the entirety of SORA cannot apply to any persons whose
crime subjecting them to registration occurred before the enactment of the 2011
amendments.

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There exists some precedent to suggest that Michigan allows for earlier versions
of a statute to be revived when the current version of a statute is declared
unconstitutional. See Mcclellan v. Judge Of Recorder’s Court Of Detroit, 201 N.W. 209,
212 (Mich. 1924) (“We are therefore constrained to hold the law invalid, which leaves all
preceding laws upon that subject in force.”); Glancy v. City of Roseville, 577 N.W.2d
897, 903 (Mich. 1998) (Kelly, J. dissenting). At the same time, in the context of
legislative revival, Michigan has adopted an explicit, anti-revival approach. See Mich.
Comp. Laws. § 8.4 (“Whenever a statute, or any part thereof shall be repealed by a
subsequent statute, such statute, or any part thereof, so repealed, shall not be revived
by the repeal of such subsequent repealing statute.”). This apparent contradiction
between Michigan case law and statutory authority, along with the practical
considerations described below, compels the court to conclude that revival of an earlier
version of SORA is not appropriate.
The current version of SORA contains no revival clause, and the statute has
been extensively modified since its passage in 1994. See 1996 Mich. Pub. Acts 494;
1999 Mich. Pub. Acts 85; 2002 Mich. Pub. Acts 542; 2004 Mich. Pub. Acts 238, 239,
240; 2005 Mich. Pub. Acts 121, 127, 132; 2006 Mich. Pub. Acts 46; 2011 Mich. Pub.
Acts 17, 18; 2013 Mich. Pub. Acts 149. The dramatic revisions to SORA throughout the
years leaves the court at a loss to determine which version of SORA most appropriately
captures the legislative’s “manifest intent” supporting the current version of the statute.
The court’s revival inquiry is further complicated by the fact that SORA, in light of this
opinion, is unenforceable in whole as to members of the ex post facto subclasses but
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remains enforceable, under the terms of this opinion, as to all registrants whose
offenses requiring them to register occurred after the enactment of the 2011
amendments.
Thus, if SORA were to be revived, not only must the court decide which version
of SORA to revive, but the court must also decide which version of SORA should apply
to which group of registrants. Making these determinations invites pure speculation on
the part of the court and could result in a system in which different versions of SORA
apply to different classes of registrants, which would create an administrative nightmare
for law enforcement and registrants alike. For example, if the court were to revive an
earlier version of SORA, the court must decide which one of the five pre-2006 versions
of SORA would apply to members of the pre-2006 ex post facto subclass. Additionally,
the court would also need to decide which version of SORA should apply to members of
the pre-2011 subclass or whether each registrant should be forced to comply with the
version of SORA in effect at the time of his offense. Absent any indication of legislative
manifest intent regarding which revival configuration is preferred, the court may as well
spin the wheel and revive whichever version of SORA on which the marble lands.
Registrants, law enforcement, and the public, however, deserve a reasoned resolution.
Putting aside the guesswork inherent in reviving an earlier version of SORA, the
court concludes that revival is not appropriate for another reason. Revival would force
registrants to comply with an earlier version of the statute that is not easily locatable and
potentially in contradiction to the current, published, version of the law. Thus, to ensure
their compliance with the law, registrants must first locate earlier versions of SORA and
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then reconcile the applicable version with the current law—this is an arduous task, even
for individuals with legal research experience and access to online legal databases.
Expecting laypeople to engage in such “legal archeology”—as Plaintiffs’ counsel puts
it—would violate vagueness principles, specifically the fair notice requirement under
which laws must be “clearly expressed that the ordinary person can intelligently choose,
in advance, what course it is lawful for him to pursue.” Connally v. Gen. Constr. Co.,
269 U.S. 385, 393 (1926). Law enforcement too would be saddled with the burden of
locating and understanding outdated statutes and, depending on the configuration of the
revived version of SORA, be required to find each offenders’ offense date—which is
often buried deep in court documents—to determine which version of SORA to enforce
against a particular registrant. Such individualized enforcement is not a workable
solution.
“Courts may not speculate regarding legislative intent beyond the words
expressed in a statute. Hence, nothing may be read into a statute that is not within the
manifest intent of the Legislature as derived from the act itself.” Mich. Educ. Ass’n v.
Sec’y of State, 801 N.W.2d 35, 48 (Mich. 2011) (quoting Omne Fin, Inc v Shacks, Inc.,
596 NW2d 591 (Mich. 1999)). SORA has undergone numerous substantive changes
since its enactment. Neither party suggests, and the court simply cannot imagine, a way
for the court to make an informed and logical determination as to which iteration and
configuration of SORA most accurately captures the current manifest intent of the
Michigan legislature. The court will not engage in the kind of speculation required to
piece together a revived version of SORA.
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Unless and until decisive action is taken by the Michigan legislature, no
provisions of SORA may be enforced against members of the ex post facto subclasses.
B. Due Process and First Amendment Claims (Counts I, II, and III)
Plaintiffs move for partial summary judgment on behalf of the primary class on
Count I (Vagueness), Count II (Strict Liability), and Count III (First Amendment).
Plaintiffs ask the court to declare certain provisions of SORA unconstitutional,
consistent with this court’s rulings in Does I, and to enjoin Defendants from enforcing
the unconstitutional portions of SORA against all registrants. Defendants do not
substantially disagree with this course of action.
In their response, Defendants to do not present any new challenges to the court’s
rulings in Does I and admit that “nothing has occurred in the intervening time [since
Does I] that would compel the [c]ourt to reach a different result from those rulings here.”
(ECF 77, PageID.1654.) Defendants republish their arguments initially raised in Does I
for purposes of appeal but nevertheless agree with Plaintiffs that the portions of SORA
which this court declared unconstitutional in Does I can be severed and that SORA
remains enforceable, without the unconstitutional provisions, against all registrants
whose offenses subjecting them to registration occurred after the enactment of the 2011
amendments. (ECF No. 77, PageID.1660, 1667–1678.) The remainder of Defendants’
brief restates their earlier argument that the question of severability should be certified
to the Supreme Court of Michigan.
The Does I case involved constitutional challenges to SORA brought by four
individual plaintiffs whereas this case involves constitutional challenges pursued by a
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certified class. Because Does I was a separate case with different plaintiffs, this court’s
rulings in Does I are not binding determinations in this case. United States v. Moored,
38 F.3d 1419, 1421 (6th Cir. 1994) (“Under the doctrine of law of the case, findings
made at one point in the litigation become the law of the case for subsequent stages of
that same litigation.”) (emphasis added). Even though Does I is not binding precedent,
the parties present no new arguments suggesting that the court’s analysis in Does I
should not be extended to this case. Nor does the court see any reason to deviate from
its earlier determinations on the same questions of law presented in the instant motion.
Accordingly, the court reaffirms its rulings in Does I (familiarity with which is presumed)
and extends its analysis therein to the facts of this case. Consistent with the court’s
reasoning and findings in Does I, the following provisions for SORA will be declared
unconstitutional as to all registrants:
(a) Provisions Void for Vagueness:
(1) the prohibition on working within a student safety zone, Mich.
Comp. Laws. §§ 28.733–734;
(2) the prohibition on loitering within a student safety zone, Mich.
Comp. Laws. §§ 28.733–734;
(3) the prohibition on residing within a student safety zone, Mich.
Comp. Laws. §§ 28.733, 28.735;
(4) the requirement to report “[a]ll telephone numbers . . . routinely
used by the individual,” Mich. Comp. Laws. § 28.727(1)(h);
(5) the requirement to report “[t]he license plate number, registration
number, and description of any motor vehicle, aircraft, or vessel . . .
regularly operated by the individual,” Mich. Comp. Laws. § 28.727(1)(j).
(b) Provisions Void for Strict Liability:
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(1) under the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution, SORA
must be interpreted as incorporating a knowledge requirement.
(c) Provisions Void under the First Amendment:
(1) the requirement “to report in person and notify the registering
authority . . . immediately after . . . [t]he individual . . . establishes any
electronic mail or instant message address, or any other designations
used in internet communications or postings,” Mich. Comp. Laws. §
28.725(1)(f);
(2) the requirement to report “[a]ll telephone numbers . . . routinely
used by the individual,” Mich. Comp. Laws. § 28.727(1)(h);
(3) the requirement to report “[a]ll electronic mail addresses and
instant message addresses . . . routinely used by the individual, Mich.
Comp. Laws. § 28.727(1)(l);
(4) the retroactive incorporation of the lifetime registration’s
requirement to report “[a]ll electronic mail addresses and instant
message addresses assigned to the individual . . . and all login names
or other identifiers used by the individual when using any electronic
mail address or instant messaging system,” Mich. Comp. Laws. §
28.727(1)(i).
The court will enjoin Defendants from enforcing only the abovementioned
portions of SORA. The remainder of SORA will still apply to all registrants whose
offenses subjecting them to registration occurred after the enactment of the 2011
amendments.
C. Notice Requirement
Plaintiffs also request that this court order Defendants to provide notice of the
relief granted in this order to all SORA registrants, law enforcement officials, and
prosecuting attorneys. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure grant the court broad
discretion to ensure that class members receive proper notice. Fed. R. Civ. P.
23(c)(2)(A), (d)(1)(B). This court receives several calls a week from registrants inquiring
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about the status of SORA and of this case, and is therefore aware of the confusion
which presently exists regarding the legal status of SORA. The rulings in this order are
likely to add to the existing uncertainty among law enforcement and registrants if notice
is not provided. Thus, the court will order notice under the terms described below.
Plaintiffs assert that the Michigan State Police SOR Unit is best suited to issue
notices because it maintains the records for all registrants and has experience with
providing notice to registrants and law enforcement. (ECF No. 75, PageID.1150.) The
court is amendable to the proposition of having the Michigan State Police spearhead the
dissemination of notices but will direct the parties to confer and suggest to the court the
most appropriate form of notice and methods for providing notice. The court will direct
the parties to begin preparing notices to provide to registrants, law enforcement, and
prosecuting attorneys. As part of this process, the parties will work to update the MSP
Explanation of Duties form—which is provided to registrants each time they report—to
accurately reflect the legal status of SORA in light of this order. The court will decide
any issues that may arise as the parties craft the required notices, and approve a final
form.
V. CONCLUSION
For several years, registrants have been forced to comply with unconstitutional
provisions of SORA. The parties, and this court, expected that the Sixth Circuit’s ruling
would spur legislative action, and for some time, it appeared that the legislature was
poised to pass a new and comprehensive statute, obviating the need for this opinion.
Unfortunately, the legislature was not able to finalize a new registration statute. Faced
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with the continued violation of their rights, Plaintiffs returned to this court to remedy
Defendants’ ongoing violations. The court’s duty is to invalidate those portions of SORA
that violate the Constitution. In so doing, the court recognizes that its ruling will fracture
the existing structure of SORA. However, the court anticipates that its ruling will reignite
efforts to finalize a new, unified registration statute that can survive constitutional
review, as has the national model, SORNA.
But until such time as the legislature acts, SORA will be unenforceable against a
large portion of registrants and may be enforced only in part against the remaining
registrants.
For the reasons explained above, the court will grant Plaintiffs’ pending motions
and will enter permanent injunctive relief on behalf of the ex post facto subclasses and
the primary class. Upon the entry of final judgment in this case, Defendants will be
permanently enjoined from enforcing any provision of SORA against members of the ex
post facto subclasses and will be permanently enjoined from enforcing the provisions
described in Part III.B of this opinion against any registrant. The parties will immediately
begin efforts to formulate a joint, proposed form of judgment, which will become
effective 60 days after entry. The court will include this 60-day window until the
judgment becomes effective principally to allow time for the legislature to craft and enact
a new statute.
Additionally, the parties will promptly begin to prepare documents sufficient to
provide notice of this opinion, and its impact, to all registrants, all law enforcement
officials, and prosecuting attorneys responsible for enforcement of SORA. As part of this
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notification process, Defendants must update their Explanation of Duties form provided
to all registrants.
To be clear: SORA will not become unenforceable as of the date of this order.
Rather, the holdings in this opinion will become effective and enforceable only after the
entry of a final judgment, at the time specified in that final judgment. Accordingly,
IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ motion for declaratory and injunctive relief (ECF
No. 62) is GRANTED. Michigan’s SORA is DECLARED NULL AND VOID as applied to
members of the ex post facto subclasses (any registrant whose offense requiring them
to register, and who has not committed a subsequent offense, occurred prior to April 12,
2011). Defendants and their agents will be ENJOINED from enforcing ANY provision of
SORA against members of the ex post facto subclasses.
The holdings in this order will not become effective until the time described in the
Judgment, which will be entered later.
IT IS FURTHERED ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary
judgment (ECF No. 75) is GRANTED. Defendants and their agents will be ENJOINED
from enforcing the following provisions of SORA against any registrant:
(a) Provisions Void for Vagueness:
(1) the prohibition on working within a student safety zone, Mich.
Comp. Laws. §§ 28.733–734;
(2) the prohibition on loitering within a student safety zone, Mich.
Comp. Laws. §§ 28.733–734;
(3) the prohibition on residing within a student safety zone, Mich.
Comp. Laws. §§ 28.733, 28.735;
(4) the requirement to report “[a]ll telephone numbers . . . routinely
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used by the individual,” Mich. Comp. Laws.§ 28.727(1)(h);
(5)the requirement to report “[t]he license plate number, registration
number, and description of any motor vehicle, aircraft, or vessel . . .
regularly operated by the individual,” Mich. Comp. Laws.§ 28.727(1)(j).
(b) Provisions Void for Strict Liability:
(1) under the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution, SORA
must be interpreted as incorporating a knowledge requirement.
(c) Provisions Void under the First Amendment:
(1) the requirement “to report in person and notify the registering
authority . . . immediately after . . . [t]he individual . . . establishes any
electronic mail or instant message address, or any other designations
used in internet communications or postings,” Mich. Comp. Laws. §
28.725(1)(f);
(2) the requirement to report “[a]ll telephone numbers . . . routinely
used by the individual, Mich. Comp. Laws.§ 28.727(1)(h);
(3) the requirement to report “[a]ll electronic mail addresses and instant
message addresses . . . routinely used by the individual,” Mich. Comp.
Laws.§ 28.727(1)(l);
(4) the retroactive incorporation of the lifetime registration’s
requirement to report “[a]ll electronic mail addresses and instant
message addresses assigned to the individual . . . and all login names
or other identifiers used by the individual when using any electronic
mail address or instant messaging system,” Mich. Comp. Laws. §
28.727(1)(i).
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants PROVIDE NOTICE of this ruling to
all registrants, and all law enforcement officials and prosecuting attorneys tasked with
the enforcement of SORA. The parties will jointly formulate the form of such notices,
including formulating an updated Explanation of Duties form to provide to all registrants

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each time they report. The parties are DIRECTED to submit their proposed notice by
March 13, 2020. 10
FINALLY, IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiffs submit a joint, proposed form of
judgment encapsulating these rulings by March 13, 2020. This proposed judgment will
include a provision making this court’s rulings effective 60 days after the entry of the
judgment. 11
s/Robert H. Cleland
/
ROBERT H. CLELAND
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Dated: February 14, 2020

I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was mailed to counsel of record
on this date, February 14, 2020, by electronic and/or ordinary mail.
s/Lisa Wagner
Case Manager and Deputy Clerk
(810) 292-6522

/

S:\Cleland\Cleland\HEK\Civil\16-13137.DOES.dispositive.motions.HEK.2.RHC.2.docx

10

The court expects the parties to engage in good faith negotiations to arrive at a
stipulated form(s) of notice. The parties are granted flexibility in the form of such notice,
including whether different forms of notice should be provided to different classes of
registrants, law enforcement, and prosecutors.
11

The court may delay entry of the judgment upon the stipulated request of the

parties.
32