To: From: Date: Rep. Kathy Castor, Chair, House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis Rep. Frank Pallone, Chair, House Energy and Commerce Committee Rep. Raúl Grijalva, Chair, House Natural Resources Committee Rep. Collin Peterson, Chair, House Agriculture Committee Sen. Lisa Murkowski, Chair, Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Sen. John Barrasso, Chair, Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Scientists concerned about climate and biodiversity impact of logging 8 May 2020 Dear Members of Congress, As forest and climate change scientists and experts, we are writing to urge you to oppose legislative proposals that would promote logging and wood consumption, ostensibly as a natural climate change solution, based on claims that these represent an effective carbon storage approach, or claims that biomass logging, and incinerating trees for energy, represents renewable, carbon-neutral energy. We find no scientific evidence to support increased logging to store more carbon in wood products, such as dimensional lumber or cross-laminated timber (CLT) for tall buildings, as a natural climate solution. The growing consensus of scientific findings is that, to effectively mitigate the worst impacts of climate change, we must not only move beyond fossil fuel consumption but must also substantially increase protection of our native forests in order to absorb more CO2 from the atmosphere and store more, not less, carbon in our forests (Depro et al. 2008, Harris et al. 2016, Woodwell 2016, Erb et al. 2018, IPCC 2018, Law et al. 2018, Harmon 2019, Moomaw et al. 2019). Furthermore, the scientific evidence does not support the burning of wood in place of fossil fuels as a climate solution. Current science finds that burning trees for energy produces even more CO2 than burning coal, for equal electricity produced (Sterman et al. 2018), and the considerable accumulated carbon debt from the delay in growing a replacement forest is not made up by planting trees or wood substitution (noted below). We need to increase growing forests to more rapidly close the gap between emissions and removal of CO2 by forests, while we simultaneously lower emissions from our energy, industrial and agricultural sectors. In your deliberations on this serious climate change issue, we encourage you to consider the following: § The logging and wood products industries suggest that most of the carbon in trees that are logged and removed from forests will simply be stored in CLT and other wood products for buildings instead of being stored in forest ecosystems. However, this is clearly incorrect. Up to 40% of the harvested material does not become forest products and is burned or decomposes quickly, and a majority of manufacturing waste is burned for heat. One study found that 65% of the carbon from Oregon forests logged over the past 115 years remains in the atmosphere, and just 19% is stored in long-lived products. The remainder is in landfills (Hudiburg et al. 2019). § Logging in U.S. forests emits 617 million tons of CO2 annually (Harris et al. 2016). Further, logging involves transportation of trucks and machinery across long distances between the forest and the mill. For every ton of carbon emitted from logging, an additional 17.2% (106 million tons of CO2) is emitted from fossil fuel consumption to support transportation, extraction, and processing of wood (Ingerson 2007). In fact, the annual CO2 emissions from logging in U.S. forests are comparable to yearly U.S. emissions from the residential and commercial sectors combined (https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and- sinks). The cumulative climate change impact of logging in the U.S. is even higher, since logging causes substantial reductions in carbon sequestration and storage potential in forests due to soil compaction and nutrient removal, and these combined impacts can often reduce forest carbon storage potential by 30% or more (e.g., Elliott et al. 1996, Walmsley et al. 2009). § The wood products industry claims that substituting wood for concrete and steel reduces the overall carbon footprint of buildings. However, this claim has been refuted by more recent analyses that reveal forest industries have been using unrealistic and erroneous assumptions in their models, overestimating the long-term mitigation benefits of substitution by 2 to 100-fold (Law et al. 2018, Harmon 2019). The climate impact of wood is even worse if the reduced forest carbon sequestration and storage caused by nutrient loss and soil compaction from logging is included, as discussed above. In countless public communications, and at numerous Congressional hearings, industry representatives have advocated for increased logging in the context of reducing wildland fire and related emissions. While small-tree thinning can reduce fire intensity when coupled with burning of slash debris (e.g., Perry et al. 2004, Strom and Fulé 2007) under very limited conditions, recent evidence shows intensive forest management characterized by young trees and homogenized fuels burn at higher severity (Zald & Dunn 2018). Further, the extremely low probability (less than1%, Schoennagel et al. 2017) of thinned sites encountering a fire where thinning has occurred limits the effectiveness of such activities to forested areas near homes. Troublingly, to make thinning operations economically attractive to logging companies, commercial logging of larger, more fire-resistant trees often occurs across large areas. Importantly, mechanical thinning results in a substantial net loss of forest carbon storage, and a net increase in carbon emissions that can substantially exceed those of wildfire emissions (Hudiburg et al. 2013, Campbell et al. 2012). Reduced forest protections and increased logging tend to make wildland fires burn more intensely (Bradley et al. 2016). This can also occur with commercial thinning, where mature trees are removed (Cruz et al. 2008, Cruz et al. 2014). As an example, logging in U.S. forests emits 10 times more carbon than fire and native insects combined (Harris et al. 2016). And, unlike logging, fire cycles nutrients and helps increase new forest growth. We are hopeful that a new and more scientifically sound direction will be considered by Members that emphasizes increased forest protections, and a shift away from consumption of wood products and forest biomass energy, to help mitigate the climate crisis. We believe having a dialogue now would be productive, and we could help members of your Committees to be more effective in achieving the conservation and climate change goals that we share. We look forward to hearing from you and are available to provide additional scientific sources and serve as a resource for your Committees as you consider policy proposals on the climate crisis. Sincerely, Lead Signatories * Affiliations listed for identification purposes only William R. Moomaw, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor The Fletcher School and Co-director Global Development and Environment Institute Tufts University Medford, MA, USA Chad T. Hanson, Ph.D. Forest Ecologist Earth Island Institute Berkeley, CA, USA Paul R. Ehrlich, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus of Biology Stanford University President, Center for Conservation Biology Palo Alto, CA William Ripple, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor of Ecology Oregon State University Corvallis, OR Dominick A. DellaSala, Ph.D. Chief Scientist Geos Institute Ashland, OR, USA Beverly Law, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Global Change Bio. and Terrestrial Systems Science Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society Oregon State University Corvallis, OR George M. Woodwell, Ph.D. Founder Woods Hole Research Center Falmouth, MA Mark E. Harmon, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society Oregon State University Corvallis, OR James E. Hansen, Ph.D. Director, Program in Climate Science, Awareness and Solutions Earth Institute, Columbia University New York, NY Tara Hudiburg, Ph.D., Associate Professor Dept. of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences University of Idaho Moscow, ID William H. Schlesinger, Ph.D. James B. Duke Professor of Biogeochemistry Dean (Em.) the School of the Env., Duke Univ. President (Em.), the Cary Inst. of Eco. Studies Millbrook, NY Scott Goetz, Ph.D. Professor, Carbon Cycle Science Northern Arizona University Science Lead, NASA Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment Flagstaff, AZ Peter H. Raven, Ph.D. President Emeritus, Missouri Botanical Garden George Engelmann Professor of Botany Emeritus, Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO Michael Dorsey, Ph.D., M.F.S., M.A. M.F.S., Yale University, School of Forestry M.A., The Johns Hopkins Univ., Anthropology Ph.D., University of Michigan, School for Environment and Sustainability Thomas Lovejoy, Ph.D. Professor, Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Fairfax City, VA Senior Fellow, United Nations Foundation Reed Noss, Ph.D. President and Chief Scientist Florida Institute for Conservation Science Chuluota, Florida Anne H. Ehrlich, Ph.D. Center for Conservation Biology Stanford University Palo Alto, CA Philip B. Duffy, Ph.D. President and Executive Director Woods Hole Research Center Falmouth, MA Richard A. Birdsey, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, Woods Hole Research Center Falmouth, MA Volunteer, U.S. Forest Service Wayne S. Walker, Ph.D. Carbon Program Director Woods Hole Research Center Falmouth, MA Richard A. Houghton, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, George M. Woodwell Chair for Global Ecology at Woods Hole Research Center Falmouth, MA Susan M. Natali, Ph.D. Arctic Program Director Woods Hole Research Center Falmouth, MA Jennifer Francis, Ph.D. Senior Scientist Woods Hole Research Center Falmouth, MA Susan A. Masino, Ph.D. Vernon Roosa Professor of Applied Science Trinity College Charles Bullard Fellow (2018-2019) Hartford, CT Mary S. Booth, Ph.D., Director Partnership for Policy Integrity Pelham, MA Juliette N. Rooney-Varga, Ph.D. Director, Climate Change Initiative Assoc. Prof., Environmental Science University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA Barry R. Noon, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO Scott Denning, Ph.D. Monfort Professor of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO John Sterman, Ph.D. Professor and Director MIT Systems Dynamics Group Sloan School of Management Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA Lori S. Siegel, Ph.D. P.E., Senior Modeler Climate Interactive Upper Valley, NH Margaret (Meg) Lowman, Ph.D. Director, TREE Foundation National Geographic Explorer Adjunct Professor, Arizona State University Research Professor, Universiti Sains Malaysia William L. Baker, Ph.D. Program in Ecology/Department of Geography University of Wyoming Laramie, WY Derek E. Lee, Ph.D. Associate Research Professor Penn State University University Park, PA Monica Bond, Ph.D. Principal Scientist Wild Nature Institute Concord, NH John Talberth, Ph.D. President and Senior Economist Center for Sustainable Economy Portland, OR Ernie Niemi President Natural Resource Economics Eugene, OR Eric Chivian, M.D. Founder and Former Director, Center for Health and the Global Environment Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Dennis C. Odion, Ph.D. (posthumous) Vegetation Ecologist Earth Research Institute University of California, Santa Barbara Additional Signers Nektaria Adaktilou-Landenberger, Ph.D. Science & Management Specialist, WVLT, and Service Assistant Professor West Virginia Univ. / West Virginia Land Trust Morgantown, West Virginia William Anderson, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Grice Marine Biological laboratory Charleston, South Carolina Warren Aney, M.S. Senior Wildlife Ecologist Oregon Chapter The Wildlife Society Portland, Oregon Gregory H. Aplet, Ph.D. Senior Science Director The Wilderness Society Denver, Colorado A. Z. Andis Arietta, M.S. Ph.D. Candidate Yale University New Haven, Connecticut William Armbruster, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Peter Bahls, M.S. Executive Director/Conservation Biologist Northwest Watershed Institute Port Townsend, Washington Jesse Barber, Ph.D. Associate Professor Boise State University Boise, Idaho Constance Dustin Becker, Ph.D. Co-Director Life Net Nature Willcox, Arizona Craig Benkman, Ph.D. Professor University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming Leslie Bishop, Ph.D. Emerita Professor of Biology Earlham College Nashville, Indiana Scott Black, M.S. Executive Director Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Portland, Oregon Brian Bodenbender, Ph.D. Professor of Geological and Env.Science Hope College Holland, Michigan Elizabeth Borer, Ph.D. Professor University of Minnesota Saint Paul, Minnesota John Bowman, Ph.D. Professor Monash University Melbourne, Australia Buma Buma, Ph.D. Assistant Professor University of Colorado, Denver Denver, Colorado Philip Cafaro, Ph.D. Professor of Environmental Ethics Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Ken Carloni, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Umpqua Community College Roseburg, Oregon Kai Chan, Ph.D. Professor University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Donald Charles, Ph.D. Senior Scientist Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel Univ. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Tonja Chi, M.S. Campbell, California Joseph Cook, Ph.D. Regents Prof. of Biology, Curator of Mammals University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico Patrick Crist, Ph.D. Principal PlanIt Forward Broomfield, Colorado Sam Davis, Ph.D. Conservation Scientist Dogwood Alliance Asheville, North Carolina John M. DeCicco, Ph.D. Research Professor University of Michigan Energy Institute Ann Arbor, Michigan Alan Dickman, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon Craig Downer, Ph.D. Wildlife Ecologist Andean Tapir Fund Minden, Nevada Tom Dudley, Ph.D. Research Biologist University of California Santa Barbara, California Mary Edwards, Ph.D. Professor University of Southampton Southampton, United Kingdom Jerry Estberg, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus University of San Diego Port Angeles, Washington Jonathan Evans, Ph.D. Professor of Biology University of the South Sewanee, Tennessee Daniel Fisher, Ph.D. Professor University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Johannes Foufopoulos, Ph.D. Associate Professor University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Janet Franklin, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor University of California Riverside, California Jerry Freilich, Ph.D. Chief of Research Olympic National Park (retired) Bend, Oregon Lee Frelich, Ph.D. Director, Center for Forest Ecology University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota Christopher Frissell, Ph.D. Principal Scientist Frissell & Raven Hydrobiological and Landscape Sci. Polson, Montana Evan Frost, M.S. Terrestrial Ecologist Wildwood Consulting LLC Ashland, Oregon Dana Furgerson, M.S. Retired teacher Eugene, Oregon Carol Garrett, Ph.D. Retired, Conservation Ecologist The Nature Conservancy Yreka, California Daniel Gavin, Ph.D. Professor University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon Janet Gehring, Ph.D. Associate Professor Bradley University Peoria, Illinois Robert Good, D.V.M., M.S. Epidemiologist USDA Wellsville, Kansas Elizabeth Horvath, M.S. Associate Professor, Biology Westmont College Santa Barbara, California Steven Green, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida Malcolm Hunter, Ph.D. Professor University of Maine Orono, Maine Gregory F. Grether, Ph.D. Professor University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Mark Hunter, Ph.D. Earl E. Werner Distinguished Univ. Professor Henry A. Gleason Collegiate Professor University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Simon Gunner, M.S. Botanist Olofson Environmental, Inc. Berkeley, California Marc Imlay, Ph.D. Natural Places Chair, Sierra Club Bryans Road, Maryland James G. Hallett, Ph.D. Chair, Society for Ecological Restoration Washington, District of Columbia Alice Imlay, Ph.D. Natural Places Chair, Sierra Club Bryans Road, Maryland Debora Hammond, Ph.D. Professor Emerita, Environmental Studies Sonoma State University Cotati, California Anne Jacopetti, M.A. Retired Educator/Teacher 350Sonoma Steering Committee Santa Rosa, California John Harte, Ph.D. Professor of Ecosystem Sciences UC Berkeley Berkeley, California Karl Jarvis, Ph.D. Lecturer Southern Utah University Cedar City, Utah Susanna Hecht, Ph.D. Professor University of California Los Angeles, California Mitchell Johns, Ph.D. Professor of Crop and Soild Science California State University Chico, California Betsy Herbert, Ph.D. Environmental scientist & freelance writer Betsyherbert.com Corvallis, Oregon Jacob Kann, Ph.D. Aquatic Ecologist Aquatic Ecosystem Sciences LLC Ashland, Oregon Karen Holl, Ph.D. Professor of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz, California James Karr, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus University of Washington Sequim, Washington Richard T. Holmes, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor of Biology Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire Maya Khosla, M.S. Wildlife Biologist Rohnert Park, CA Bruce Kirchoff, Ph.D. Professor University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro, North Carolina Rick Landenberger, Ph.D. Science & Management Specialist & Asst.Prof. West Virginia Univ. / West Virginia Land Trust Morgantown, West Virginia Marc Lapin, Ph.D. Assoc. Lab Prof. & College Lands Ecologist Middlebury College Middlebury, Vermont Prggy Lemaux, Ph.D. Faculty UC Berkeley Berkeley, California Alan Levine, Director Coast Action Group Santa Rosa, California Gene E. Likens, Ph.D. President and Dist. Senior Scientist, Emeritus Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook, New York Jay Lininger, M.S. Principal Scientist Pyrolysis LLC Talent, Oregon Frank Logiudice, M.S. Senior Instructor University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Chris Maser, M.S. Social-environmental Sustainability Corvallis, Oregon Carl McDaniel, Ph.D. Professor Emeritas (Rensselaer) Visiting Professor Oberlin Rensselaer and Oberlin College Oberlin, Ohio John McLaughlin, Ph.D. Associate Professor Western Washington University Bellingham, Washington Fergus Mclean, B.S. Retired forester Sierra Club Dexter, Oregon Gary Meffe, Ph.D. Conservation Biologist, retired University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Douglas Meikle, Ph.D. Processor of Biology Miami University Oxford, Ohio Vicky Meretsky, Ph.D. Prof., O'Neill School of Public & Env. Affairs Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana Amy Moas, Ph.D. Greenpeace USA Oakland, California Terri Moon, M.S. Rohnert Park, California John Morse, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina Ellen Moyer, Ph.D., P.E. Principal Greenvironment, LLC Montgomery, Massachusetts Rob Mrowka, M.S. Senior Scientist Retired Machias, New York John Mull, Ph.D. Professor of Zoology Weber State University Ogden, Utah Pete Murphy, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor Emeritus Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan Dennis Murphy, Ph.D. Emeritus Rearch Professor University of Nevada Reno, Nevada Barbara Peckarsky, Ph.D. Honorary Fellow and Adjunct Professor University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, Wisconsin K. Greg Murray, Ph.D. T. Elliot Weier Professor of Plant Science Hope College Holland, Michigan Michael Pelizzari, Ph.D. Astrophysicist, retired Xero Carbon Milpitas, California James Murray, Ph.D. Retired Ecological Geneticist University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia Esther Peters, Ph.D. Associate Prof., Env. Science and Policy George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia Phil Myers, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Stuart Pimm, Ph.D. Doris Duke Chair of Conservation Duke University Durham, North Carolina Knute Nadelhoffer, Ph.D. Professor, Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Director, UM Biological Statio University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Roger A Powell, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Applied Ecology North Carolina State Univ. Raleigh, North Carolina Charles R. Neal, B.S. Ecologist USDA (retired) Cody, Wyoming Robert Norman, Ph.D. Lebanon, New Hampshire Richard Nyhof, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Calvin University Grand Rapids, Michigan Gordon Orians, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Univxersity of Washington Seattle, Washington Gustav Paulay, Ph.D. Curator & Professor University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Timothy Pearce, Ph.D. Biologist Carnegie Museum of Natural History Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Thomas Power, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Univ. of Montana Missoula, Montana James Quinn, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey John Ratti, Ph.D. Professor and Research Scientist, Retired University of Idaho New Meadows, Idaho Barbara Reynolds, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus UNCA Asheville, North Carolina Fred M. Rhoades, Ph.D. Research Associate, Biology Department Western Washington University Bellingham, Washington Dina Roberts, Ph.D., Professor CIEE Global Institute Vancouver, Washington Terry Root, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Stanford University Stanford, California Tania Schoennagel, Ph.D. Research Scientist University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Daniel Rosenberg, Ph.D. Oregon Wildlife Institute Corvallis, Oregon Kathy Schwager, M.S. Ecologist Yaphank, New York Edwin Royce, Ph.D., Research Scientist (Retired) Department of Plant Sciences University of California at Davis Davis, California Dave Seaborg, M.S. President World Rainforest Fund Walnut Creek, California Matthew Rubino, M.S. Research Scholar North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina Mark Shapley, Ph.D. Research Associate National Lacustrine Core Facility Minneapolis, Minnesota Will Russell, Ph.D. Professor San Jose State University San Jose, California Steve Sheffield, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Bowie State University Bowie, Maryland Robin Salter, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Oberlin College Oberlin, Ohio Diana Six, Ph.D. Professor, Forest Entomology and Ecology University of Montana Missoula, Montana Melissa Savage, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Emeritus University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, New Mexico Ann Sloat, Ph.D. University of Hawaii Oahu, Hawaii Carol Savonen, M.S. Assistant Professor Emeritus Oregon State University Philomath, Oregon Paul Schaeffer, Ph.D. Associate Professor Miami University Oxford, Ohio Rae Schnapp, Ph.D. Conservation Director Indiana Forest Alliance Indianapolis, Indiana John Schoen, Ph.D. Wildlife Ecologist Anchorage, Alaska Winston Smith, Ph.D. Principal Research Scientist Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Juneau, Alaska Copley Smoak, M.S. Volunteer Conservancy of SW Florida Naples, Florida Stefan Sommer, Ph.D. Director of Education MPCER, Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, Arizona Michael Soule, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Universitiy of California Paonia, Colorado Wayne Spencer, Ph.D. Chief Scientist Conservation Biology Institute San Diego, California Anna Tyler, Ph.D. Research Scientist The Jackson Laboratory Bar Harbor, Maine Trygve Steen, Ph.D. Professor, Env. Science and Management Portland State University Portland, Oregon Rick Van de Poll, Ph.D. Principal Ecosystem Management Consultants Center Sandwich, New Hampshire Richard Steiner, M.S. Conservation Biologist Oasis Earth Anchorage, Alaska John Vickery, M.S. Natural Areas Specialist Denver, Colorado James Strittholt, Ph.D. President Conservation Biology Institute Corvallis, Oregon Michael Swift, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Emeritus St. Olaf College Northfield, Minnesota Alexandra Syphard, Ph.D. Chief scientist, Sage Insurance Conservation Biology Institute San Diego State University San Diego, California John Terborgh, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Duke University Durham, North Carolina Stephen Tettelbach, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus of Biology Long Island University Brookville, New York Pepper Trail, Ph.D. Ornithologist Ashland, Oregon Vicki Tripoli, Ph.D. Retired Moorpark, California Walter Tschinkel, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida David Wake, Ph.D. Prof. of the Grad. School in Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley, California Don Waller, Ph.D. J.T. Curtis Professor of Botany, retired Univ. of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, Wisconsin David Whitacre, Ph.D. Instructor, Biology and Statistics Treasure Valley Math and Science Center Boise, Idaho Norris Williams, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus Florida Museum of Natural History Gainesville, Florida Shaye Wolf, Ph.D. Climate Science Director Center for Biological Diversity Oakland, California David Wood, Ph.D. Professor of the Grasuate School UC Berkeley Berkeley, California George Wuerthner, M.S. Researcher/writer Public Lands Media Bend, Oregon References Bradley, C.M. C.T. Hanson, and D.A. DellaSala. 2016. Does increased forest protection correspond to higher fire severity in frequent-fire forests of the western USA? Ecosphere 7: article e01492. Campbell, J.L., M.E. Harmon, and S.R. Mitchell. 2012. Can fuel-reduction treatments really increase forest carbon storage in the western US by reducing future fire emissions? Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 10: 83-90.
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