Peace Officer Basic Training Civil Disorders Unit 9 – Topic 1 Ohio Peace Officer Training Commission Education & Policy Section 1650 State Route 56, SW  P.O. Box 309  London, Ohio 43140 Phone: 800-346-7682  Fax: 866-393-1275 OPOTCEducationandPolicy@OhioAttorneyGeneral.gov Effective Date: July 1, 2019 Course Hours: Eight (8) Student Goal: The student will understand principles of, and options for, effective crowd control. O P O T C C U R R I C UL U M C O M M I T T E E Chief Clayton A. Harris, Cuyahoga Community College Police Department, OPOTC Commissioner and Interim Curriculum Committee Chairperson Dr. Emily J. Passias, PhD, Ohio Department of Education, OPOTC Commissioner S U B J E C T M AT T E R E X P E R T C O M M I T T E E Thomas Quinlan, Deputy Chief, Columbus Division of Police Steve Wilkinson, Lieutenant, Columbus Division of Police Curriculum Coordinator: John Reedy, Instructional Designer – Law Enforcement Training Officer, OPOTC Legal Reviewer: Justin Hykes, Esq., Deputy Director of Education and Policy, OPOTC OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 2 of 76 CONTENTS References ................................................................................................................................ 4 Additional Resources ................................................................................................................. 5 Course Materials ........................................................................................................................ 6 Note to Instructor ....................................................................................................................... 7 Preparation ................................................................................................................................ 8 Student Performance Objectives ................................................................................................ 9 Principles of Crowd Management .............................................................................................10 Crowd Control Formations ........................................................................................................28 Use of Chemical Agents & Specialty Munitions .........................................................................50 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................65 Handout #1 – ORC 2917.03 ......................................................................................................66 Handout #2 – Basic Concepts of Perimeter Crowd Control (SPO #3) .......................................67 Handout #3 – Example Dispersal Order ....................................................................................68 Handout #4 – Riot Formations ..................................................................................................69 Practice Exercise ......................................................................................................................71 OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 3 of 76 REFERENCES This lesson plan is based on the following sources. However, it is the responsibility of the instructor to use the most recent references. California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST). (2012). Post guidelines – crowd management, intervention, and control. Retrieved from http://lib.post.ca.gov/Publications/CrowdMgtGuidelines.pdf Center for Domestic Preparedness (CDP). (2008). Managing civil actions in threat incidents basic course [Lesson plan]. Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security, Center for Domestic Preparedness: Office of Grants and Training. Columbus Division of Police (CDP). (2016a). CDP bike rapid response – Quadracopter video. Columbus, OH: Columbus Division of Police. Columbus Division of Police (CDP). (2016b). Recruit riot training video. Columbus, OH: Columbus Division of Police. Columbus Division of Police (CDP). (2018). Emergency operations manual: Field force operations. Section 4.1. Columbus, OH: Columbus Division of Police. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2010). IS-15: Special events contingency planning. Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (U.S. May 15, 1989) Hoenig, S.L. (2011). Compendium of chemical warfare agents. New York, NY: Springer. Lawriter. (2019). Ohio laws and rules: Ohio revised code (R.C.). Retrieved from http://codes.ohio.gov North Carolina Justice Academy (NCJA). (2011). Basic law enforcement training: Unit 28J crowd management [Lesson plan]. Salemburg, NC: North Carolina Justice Academy. Police Executive Research Forum (PERF). (2011). Managing major events: Best practices from the field. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/22zPbHH United States Constitution. (n.d.). U.S. Const. amend. I. Retrieved from http://constitution.findlaw.com/amendments.html Williams-Keif, B. (2009). The Night Note: 8/6/09 Taser sets man on fire. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tasered-homeless-man-catches-on-fire/ OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 4 of 76 A D D I T I O N AL R E S O U R C E S Ohio Peace Officer Training Commission. (current version) Peace Officer Basic Training (POBT): Unit 2-2K Crimes Against the Administration of Safety & Justice [Lesson plan]. London, OH: Ohio Attorney General, Ohio Peace Officer Training Commission. Ohio Peace Officer Training Commission. (current version) Peace Officer Basic Training (POBT): Unit 8-4 Building Searches [Lesson plan]. London, OH: Ohio Attorney General, Ohio Peace Officer Training Commission. Videos referenced in the lesson plan are available at www.ohleg.org under the current peace officer basic training curriculum, Additional Resources folder for 9-1 Civil Disorders OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 5 of 76 C O U R S E M AT E R I A L S TEACHING AIDS X Erasable Board/Markers _____ X _____ AV Equipment _____ Easel/Notepads X _____ Lectern/Table X Practice Exercise _____ X Training area of sufficient size to accommodate formations _____ Other ___________________________________________________________ X Student Handouts _____ INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES X Lecture _____ X Group Discussion _____ X Demonstration _____ X Scenario-based Training _____ X Individual Exercise _____ X Hands-on Techniques _____ X Role Play _____ _____ Problem Solving _____ Other ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 6 of 76 NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR Instructors are expected to: • Bear in mind the legal, moral, professional and ethical implications of instructing in a commission-approved program. • Follow student-to-instructor ratios (if applicable) • Follow student-to-equipment ratios (if applicable) • Use any and all opportunities which may arise during instruction of the required material to point out to the students the legal, moral, professional and ethical responsibilities they will bear to their employers and communities while serving in an official capacity. • Understand that this information provided is the minimum standard. Instructors are expected to go above the minimum. • Incorporate as many principles of adult learning as possible to include Problem Based Learning (PBL), Student Centered Learning (SCL), active group discussions, scenario activities and other responsible adult learning techniques. Emphasis should be placed on the benefits of ethical behavior and the consequences of unethical behavior throughout. POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS Many lesson plans are accompanied by a very basic PowerPoint Presentation. These are most often a series of slides that include a title slide and the SPOs for the topic. This is intended to be a baseline presentation that instructors are expected to use as a starting point while preparing to teach the topic. Instructors may save the file locally and add slides in support of their teaching efforts. These may include instructor biographical information, expansion of the SPOs, information pertinent to the topic, illustrations, group exercises and other items that will enhance student learning. PRACTICAL EXERCISES The student will be required to demonstrate various psychomotor skills in order to successfully complete the skill requirements of this lesson plan. Any skills required to be demonstrated may also be tested on the written state certification examination (SCE). OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 7 of 76 P R E P AR AT I O N A. Introduction Intro – PPT #1 1. Instructor 2. Course B. The purpose of this topic is to present standard procedures for managing emergency operations in the field and will include, but not be limited to 1. Principles of crowd management 2. Basic crowd control formations and techniques 3. Use of chemical and specialty munitions C. SPOs List of SPOs PPT #2 – #3 OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 8 of 76 S T U D E N T P E R F O R M AN C E O B J E C T I V E S At the end of this topic, the student will be able to: 1. Explain the balance between First Amendment rights and the need to protect public safety and property. 2. Describe mob behavior. 3. Describe the basic concepts of perimeter crowd control. 4. State the common uses for a mobile field force. 5. Demonstrate a column formation. 6. Demonstrate a line formation. 7. Demonstrate a wedge formation. 8. Identify the color codes and each associated chemical agent that may be used by law enforcement agencies. 9. State the steps for administering first aid to an individual who has been exposed to the chemical agents OC or CS. OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 9 of 76 P R I N C I P L E S O F C R O W D M AN AG E M E N T A. The First Amendment 1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances U.S. Const. amend. I 2. Common activities include speeches, demonstrations, vigils, picketing, distribution of literature, and artistic forms of expression 3. Public gatherings, whether for lawful or unlawful purposes, may require the presence of law enforcement Small Group Exercise – Divide the class into two groups and ask each group if every observed violation of the law should be enforced with an arrest. Instruct one group to take the position that every law should be enforced, and the other group to take the opposite position. Instruct them to be prepared to argue their position. Give them a period of time to formulate their reasoning. Facilitate a large group discussion. Anticipated Answer: Answers will vary, but the instructor should lead the students to the point that there has to be a balance reached between common sense and the letter of the law (e.g., we do not write tickets for one mile over the speed limit even though it is a violation, most demonstrators could be arrested for littering but we do not do that either). Unnecessary violent confrontations should be avoided by using a risk/reward assessment mindset. B. BALANCING FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS AND THE NEED TO PROTECT PUBLIC SAFETY AND PROPERTY POST (2012) SPO #1 – PPT #4 1. The First Amendment does not protect against unlawful, violent, or destructive behavior 2. Law enforcement’s responsibility is to objectively discern when a lawful protest becomes unlawful 3. The goal is to protect lawful activity while identifying and isolating unlawful behavior POBT: Unit 2-2K Crimes Against the Administration of Safety & Justice OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 10 of 76 4. Peace officers must not be influenced by the content of the opinions, race, gender, sexual orientation, physical abilities, religion, or political affiliation of anyone exercising their constitutional rights SPO #1 – PPT #4 C. Ohio law 1. Inciting to Violence R.C. 2917.01 2. Aggravated Riot R.C. 2917.02 3. Riot R.C. 2917.03 4. Failure to Disperse R.C. 2917.04 5. Use of Force to Suppress Riot or in Protecting Persons or Property During Riot R.C. 2917.05 a. A law enforcement officer or fire fighter, engaged in suppressing riot or in protecting persons or property during riot … b. Is justified in using force, other than deadly force, when and to the extent he/she has probable cause to believe such force is necessary to disperse or apprehend rioters c. Is justified in using force, including deadly force, when and to the extent he/she has probable cause to believe such force is necessary to disperse or apprehend rioters whose conduct is creating a substantial risk of serious physical harm to persons D. Preparation and de-escalation In riot conditions, arrests will be at the direction of supervision Objectively reasonable FEMA (2010) 1. A special event can be defined as a non-routine activity within a community that brings together a large number of people for a common purpose a. Emphasis is placed on the total number of persons involved in the special event as well as the impact on a community’s ability to respond in the event of a large-scale emergency or disaster b. This includes the exceptional demands that the activity places on response services c. It requires additional planning, preparedness, and mitigation efforts of local emergency response and public safety agencies OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 11 of 76 2. Planning, preparation, and mitigation efforts a. Identify, in advance, problematic circumstances and situations that have contributed to the violence of past events by reaching out to other jurisdictions, researching your own agency events, and utilizing online resources (1) Understand the issue that drives the disturbance and tailor If it is not about the response you, don’t make it about you (2) Limit the weapons of opportunity in advance, if possible Limits a cause of (e.g., clearing all trash cans and potential projectiles from confrontation and the area) injuries (a) Participants could bring signs that contain sticks, as well as items easily hidden in a pocket. These items will most likely be heavy and cause the pocket to sag and swing when walking (b) Be on guard for these red flags and where they may be located in the crowd (3) Employ an organized, goal oriented implementation of a strategic plan (4) Command officers should see that the least aggressive appearance or posture is taken when possible and appropriate (5) Create space between the crowd and officers (e.g., bicycles, horses) (6) Once an arrest decision is made, effect the arrest in the shortest period of time b. Officers must be trained and practiced in all policies, procedures, and tools in place by their agency or the agency they are helping Those with unlawful goals expect police disorganization. Appearance can inflame and elicit a reaction Limits the opportunity for conflict to occur Limits the opportunity for interference 3. De-escalation a. Psychological bonding with the crowd can pay real dividends PERF (2011) (1) Maintain a protect and serve mindset indicating you are there to keep the public safe; that you are not there to make arrests, to limit civil rights, or deny freedom of speech OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 12 of 76 (2) It is very difficult for those not bent on unlawful behavior to fight with the police when officers have been professional and respectful to those encountered b. Effective and ongoing communication between law enforcement and event leaders often prevents and/or deescalates incidents (1) Meet with leaders of the event before the event to establish ground rules and understand the goals (2) Inform the leaders that they will be responsible for the behavior of the protestors, will be advised of any incidents, and, if practical, will be given the chance to solve the issue first before enforcement action is taken c. Professional behavior must be maintained, and any actions of an individual officer that is generated by anger cannot be permitted to influence a group response d. The agency’s strategic response plan carried out in concert with the law must be the only consideration for individual officer and group actions e. The role of the peace officer (1) Public and peace officer safety (2) Protecting demonstrator rights and safety (3) Protection of property (4) Fair and impartial enforcement of laws (5) Constitutional policing – performing all the above actions in an objectively reasonable way f. Protect the community from the crowd. Protect the rights of the peaceful demonstrator Overriding expectation Officer behavior (1) Do not show anger (2) Remain neutral and keep calm (3) Maintain a professional bearing (4) Maintain high ethical standards at all times OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 13 of 76 (5) Do not engage demonstrators in any conversation without supervisory direction except the giving of verbal commands Refrain from any contentious remarks or retorts (6) Refer any questions to your immediate supervisor (7) Expect taunting, and do not respond to it (8) Be patient and tactful when moving people; exercise restraint (9) Use only the minimum/reasonable amount of lawful force (10) Choose wisely when to act (e.g., acting alone could put the individual officer at risk and others who must rescue the officer) (a) Act upon the order of a supervisor (b) Act to intervene in a life threatening situation E. Crowds are divided into three major categories – i.e., physical, psychological, and mob NCJA (2011) 1. Physical crowd a. Characterized by close proximity, but have little or no organization, no unified purpose, and members usually come and go (e.g., mall, festival) b. Casual crowd that is assembled for a purpose but whose members are not dependent on each other to act 2. Psychological crowd a. Group of people who have a sustained common interest and respond emotionally to the same stimuli (e.g., ball game, political speech, accidents, disturbance) b. Types of psychological crowds (1) Sightseeing crowd (a) Have a single purpose for being at a certain place (b) Characterized as curiosity seekers, mostly cooperative, and sometimes anxious to help OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 14 of 76 (c) It is important to retain their cooperation while attempting to get them to disperse. Removing the focus of their curiosity will help disperse the crowd on their own (2) Expressive or agitated crowd (a) Members are involved in some kind of expressive behavior (e.g., block party, political rally) (b) Emotionally involved and can become easily agitated if approached improperly (c) They are generally focused on having a good time or expressing their point of view (d) If possible, as long as they are not violating the law, let the crowd release their energies by permitting them to express themselves (e) These crowds are willing to be led to lawlessness but hesitate to act because they lack the … i. Organization ii. Courage iii. Unity 3. Mob – hostile/aggressive crowd a. MOB BEHAVIOR is exhibited by … NCJA (2011) SPO #2 – PPT #5 (1) Persons under the stimulus of intense excitement and agitation … (2) Who lose their sense of reason, law and order, and respect for others b. Ohio law describes a mob as a collection of people assembled for an unlawful purpose and intending to do damage or injury to anyone, or pretending to exercise correctional power over other persons by violence and without authority of law R.C. 3761.01(A) c. These groups are most likely to violate the law OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 15 of 76 d. If an arrest is made in a mob, it is best to move the arrestee away from the group as soon as possible to help defuse its focus on the arrested person e. Types of mobs (1) Escape mob SPO #2 – PPT #6 (a) Highly emotionally charged crowd that is driven by fear (b) This fear creates unreasonable and frantic behavior that drives the crowd to seek individual safety (c) Difficult to control, so it is best to try to control their movement by routing them to areas where the potential for injury is lessened (d) Trying to block them in areas may increase the possibility of injury to the mob and the officers trying to contain them (2) Aggressive mob SPO #2 – PPT #7 (a) Will attack, riot, and terrorize others (b) Goal is the destruction of property and physical attacks on others (c) These acts seem to feed off of each other and increase in severity until the mob is stopped (3) Acquisitive (i.e., looting) mob SPO #2 – PPT #8 (a) Has the desire to acquire something for free; loot for things such as food or merchandise (b) May also try to take the officer hostage (4) Expressive mob SPO #2 – PPT #9 (a) Is expressing intense feelings or revelry (b) Usually follows some special event (e.g., rival football game) (c) Can be very destructive OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 16 of 76 F. Social and psychological influences 1. These factors are present in crowd confrontation and can affect the crowd as well as law enforcement 2. Knowledge of these influences may help control the crowds, counter riot tactics, help with crowd dispersal, and help police maintain or gain control Small Group Discussion – Divide the class into small groups and have them discuss the following questions: What are some factors that may influence participation in a civil disorder? What are some things police officers can do to counter these influences? Facilitate a large group discussion and anchor the discussion with the information below. 3. Influences NCJA (2011) a. Anonymity – people feel like they cannot be identified in a crowd and they may not suffer the consequences of their actions b. Universality – people feel like their attitudes and emotions are shared by everyone (e.g., “everyone is doing it”) c. Inability to withdraw – afraid to express views opposite of the majority d. Increased hostility – people feel they are being treated unfairly and use confrontation as an outlet for their anger e. Irrationality – fear and panic create hostile behavior that results in violence f. Emotional contagion – collective excitement that seems to be transmitted from one person to another g. Alcohol and/or drugs – those under the influence may have lowered inhibitions that may contribute to unlawful behavior 4. Tactics to counter these influences NCJA (2011) a. Disperse the crowd as soon as possible to reduce the influence they have on one another OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 17 of 76 (1) Verbalize the need for the crowd to disperse using diplomacy and tact (2) Seek cooperation when explaining what actions may be used to disperse (3) Allowing a reasonable amount of time for the crowd to disperse may help them avoid embarrassment, which may help avoid a confrontation b. Use photography and video to take away anonymity c. Advise them of possible violations of the law and the consequences d. Use selective arrests aimed against core instigators whose activities warrant the enforcement to reduce the feeling of universality e. Additional officers should be posted nearby but out of sight so they do not inflame the situation but are available if needed G. Types of civil disorders NCJA (2011) Small Group Discussion – Divide the class into small groups and have them discuss the following question: What are some types of civil disorders? Provide an example for each. Facilitate a large group discussion and anchor the discussion with the information below. 1. Mass demonstration – usually involves hundreds or thousands of people; may be nonviolent and within their rights, but because of sheer numbers, they can overwhelm law enforcement resources (e.g., protest march) 2. Civil disobedience a. Usually nonviolent but use tactics that put them in a place to be arrested by law enforcement (e.g., trespassing) b. This can place officers in an awkward position because it is nonviolent but is usually highly visible with extensive media coverage (e.g., student “sit-ins” on college campuses) 3. Labor disputes OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 18 of 76 a. Can be a complex issue when balancing the rights of labor protesters and the rights of the company to operate b. Officers must remain neutral c. Picket lines (1) Most unrest and violence relating to labor disputes happens around the picket lines (2) May involve threats, intimidation, and/or physical attacks (3) To help control activities, seek out the leader and allow him/her to control members; only intervene when there are violations of the law or imminent threat to public order 4. Riot – No person shall participate with four or more others in the course of disorderly conduct in violation of section 2917.11 of the Revised Code a. Conventional mob riot – climate of violence which is caused by actions of a spontaneously formed mob b. Riots by advocacy groups (e.g., motivated by race, religion, gender, sexual orientation) (1) Open confrontation between different groups (e.g., ethnic, religious, political, or even police and citizen groups) R.C.2917.03 Handout #1 Important for enforcement to understand the elements Police must be part of the solution (2) Once the stage is set, a single incident can spark the groups into violent confrontation (3) These situations are difficult to control and often require the use of special tactics involving chemical munitions and special impact munitions c. Organized/planned riot (1) Occurs when a mob is deliberately assembled and incited to riot (2) Uses key instigator(s) with plans to enhance the group’s reputation and hurt law enforcement’s reputation (e.g., may encourage a use of force incident) d. Spontaneous riot (1) An event may trigger a violent action from a group of assembled people OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 19 of 76 (2) A planned, legal event may spark into a spontaneous riot by a few instigators (3) Actions such as an arrest, closing a loud party, or clearing a busy street or crime scene may incite a group of people into violent confrontation with the police (4) Have a proper tactical approach when entering situations involving large groups whose behavior may escalate Question to Class – What types of violence and tactics might rioters use? Anticipated answers below. e. Riot characteristics (1) Types of violence (a) Verbal and written (e.g., signs, posters) abuse – officers should anticipate both and be prepared because the rioters’ goal is to get a negative reaction from the police (b) Attacks on officers and their equipment (c) Thrown objects (e.g., rocks, bottles) (d) Moving vehicles to block or impede traffic or access (e) Destruction of property and looting (f) Use of fire (e.g., Molotov cocktails, acid bombs of lye and bleach, dummy bombs, setting fire to furniture, trash cans/dumpsters, as a distraction) (g) Weapons (e.g., sling shots) and use of firearms (2) Tactics used by rioters (a) False calls to emergency responders to scatter resources (b) False calls for officer assistance to divert manpower (c) Interfering with law enforcement’s duties to force police to make arrests, and then claiming police brutality to create an emotional appeal to the crowd Why the core agitators must be removed quickly OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 20 of 76 (d) May take pictures and video of officers and try to get officers to react negatively (e) Use of radios or cell phones by the lead instigators to organize and control the mob (f) Use direct coordinated attacks on the police that are similar to police tactics (e.g., World Trade Organization protests in Seattle-1999) H. Crowd strategies and dispersal 1. Monitor a. Watching the crowd’s progress and development will help gauge their intent, which will, in turn, assist officers in determining the best response b. It is a good option for large non-violent demonstrations when more decisive action may cause the situation to escalate c. Includes passive observation and communication with the crowd leaders d. If the crowd is not out of control, officers should monitor all areas of the demonstration to identify the leaders and find what dispersal techniques may be used 2. Containment a. Consists of restraining a large number of individuals within the area, thereby containing any further aggressive activity b. Can be effective in college campus situations to prevent demonstrators from spreading off campus and to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering the campus c. Perimeter control is of special importance in limiting access to areas where a disturbance is occurring d. BASIC CONCEPTS OF PERIMETER CROWD CONTROL (1) Linear strategy – deploys police forces as a blocking force along a roadway or geographic barrier perpendicular to access routes into the impacted area NCJA (2011) SPO #3 – PPT #10 Handout #2 OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 21 of 76 SPO #3 – PPT #11 (2) Cordoning – surrounding a particular problem area by using linear strategy to seal off access on all sides SPO #3 – PPT #12 SPO #3 – PPT #13 (3) Sectoring – dividing the cordoned area into smaller sized units in which control can be re-established sector by sector once sufficient police resources are assembled to regain control PPT #3 – PPT #14 PPT #3 – PPT #15 OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 22 of 76 3. Blocking a. Physical denial of a crowd’s advance upon an area or facility that is the potential or actual target of rebellious activity b. Riot formations and barricades are the most effective techniques for this option c. Barricades, such as vehicles and traffic barrels, can be erected to block or channel the movement of crowds 4. Dispersion a. Consists of action taken to fragment a crowd; especially effective on small crowds and in congested urban areas b. Keep in mind that this technique may spread lawlessness rather than reduce it, so it is important to control the escape routes c. Includes dispersal warning, show of force, use of riot formations, and chemical/specialty munitions that are done upon the order of the ranking person (1) A dispersal order establishes the illegal nature of the crowd’s actions and shows the intent of the police to arrest perpetrators and/or use chemical/specialty munitions Handout #3 (2) The dispersal order may help reduce the size of the crowd prior to direct action from the crowd control unit POST (2012) (3) Must be given in a manner reasonably believed to be heard and understood by the intended audience Should be delivered in a language appropriate to the crowd (4) Give the protesters a way out (egress) and make it known to them, to avoid confrontations brought on by confusion d. Law enforcement actions must be based on the crowd’s actions only, not their speech (e.g., assembly may be lawful within a certain area, and though threats are made to move into and block the street, until the crowd actually moves to do it, and thereby put people in danger, action must wait until the crowd becomes unlawful) I. Emphasize Law enforcement crowd management responsibilities 1. Crowd management is generally associated with lawful events and crowd control with unlawful events/activities OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 23 of 76 2. Some jurisdictions help manage the impact of gatherings by having a permit system a. In a permit system, organizers must apply for a permit to hold meetings or conduct gatherings b. This allows the permit issuer (i.e., government) to set rules and guidelines for public gatherings. If these rules are violated, the gathering can be shut down The use of permits will vary between jurisdictions c. Promoters and organizers of such gatherings can also be held legally responsible for the group’s behavior (1) These individuals should be advised of this possibility in advance (2) In the case of universities, the possible withdrawal of funding (e.g., scholarships and grants) should be communicated 3. Crowd management of a planned event a. Observe spectators rather than the event b. Avoid unnecessary conversation c. Stay outside of the crowd d. Identify and watch crowd agitators 4. Crowd management of lawful demonstrations a. Protect rights guaranteed by the First Amendment and remain neutral (i.e., do not show approval or disapproval) b. Visible officers should be kept to a minimum and wear their normal uniform c. Good communication between law enforcement and the demonstration leaders often prevents trouble Questions to Class – Why do you think communication with demonstration leaders would be helpful? What trouble could it prevent? Anticipated answers below. OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 24 of 76 (1) Generally, leaders of lawful demonstrations want to avoid violent confrontations with law enforcement (2) Understanding the goal and purpose of the demonstration can help law enforcement craft an appropriate response (3) Sometimes meeting with organization leaders reveals they want arrests to take place and already have volunteers selected. This can be orchestrated without violence (4) Leaders may also help police identify crowd instigators during the demonstrations J. Law enforcement duties at a potentially violent demonstration or gathering Many times these are outside entities unknown to the protest leaders 1. When confronting a crowd, you should become familiar with the reason for the gathering of people, the crowd’s characteristics, and the area of the gathering 2. When safe to do so, use plain clothes officers to monitor the crowd from within the group to identify potential instigators 3. Crowd control of an unlawful disturbance or riot a. Dispersal, not mass arrest, is key when trying to stop a riotous crowd b. Diplomacy is preferred over a show of force, if possible c. It is important for officers not to overreact, but they must be prepared to act quickly in order to disperse the crowd as soon as possible Mass arrests require extensive resources and time away from the area to process d. When forming a dispersal squad, do so out of sight of the crowd, yet close enough to respond quickly if needed e. When attempting to break up a crowd, continue to spread them out so they do not regroup somewhere else K. Law enforcement duties at a nonviolent, passive protest Hold ground gained to prevent gathering behind 1. Tactics used when confronting passive protests is different than violent crowds 2. You must decide if the gathering is lawful or unlawful 3. Maintain open communication with the group OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 25 of 76 a. Identify the leadership b. Identify possible outside agitators c. Use informants 4. Passive protester tactics a. Blocking entrances – they may stand, sit, or lie in doorways and loading docks b. Locking arms – join arm to arm to make a human chain c. Singing and chanting – causes officers to have to yell when trying to communicate d. Name calling or accusing officers of taking sides in the protest e. Devices used (1) Metal chains with padlocks to secure themselves to environmental features or other persons Defeated by bolt cutters (2) Sleeping dragons are devices that cover the hands and arms of two individuals who are joined at the hands by handcuffs or other items. The purpose is to make it as difficult as possible to separate the participants. May have to saw into the device to get an access hole PPT #16 5. Officers must remain professional and not allow any actions or accusations to influence their own actions Refer to earlier section D.3.f. a. Follow de-escalation guidelines b. Most demonstrators are law abiding people but are vulnerable to manipulation by agitators c. If not managed properly, a peaceful demonstration can change into a violent mob d. Inappropriate police response can be responsible for this change OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 26 of 76 e. Professional agitators are trained to provoke officers into over-reacting f. Inform group leader(s) that the group has a right to peacefully demonstrate, but the public has a right to conduct normal business Emphasize 6. Counter protests a. At some protests, there is the possibility of having two groups protesting opposite sides of the same issue (e.g., pro-life vs. pro-choice groups) b. Be aware of the dynamic between the two groups and watch for people or situations that may incite or provoke either side c. If groups with opposing beliefs are demonstrating, they should be physically separated from each other to avoid confrontation d. The neutral zone between two opposing groups should be sufficiently wide to prevent them from throwing objects at each other L. Arrests 1. In a crowd control situation, it is imperative that officers do not act independently. All arrest action is directed by the supervisor 2. Arrest decisions a. Must be made by the field force leader or the arrest team sergeant b. Making arrest decisions alone may divert useful resources or weaken the field formation c. Only in the case of life threatening circumstances should officers make arrests at their own discretion Follow agency policy and procedure as to what is considered an emergency 3. Police must act to arrest violators of the law a. To restore order, and under supervisory direction, violators must be apprehended and taken off the street b. When arrests are made, separate the arrestee(s) from the crowd as quickly as possible so the arrest does not escalate the crowd’s behavior Arrest the active core as identified by supervision OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 27 of 76 C R O W D C O N T R O L F O R M AT I O N S A. Crowd control formations are used by field force units to perform the techniques described in the previous section (i.e., monitor, containment, blocking, and dispersion) and achieve the goals associated with each technique 1. Crowd control formations must be of such composition that a. The formation can be maintained b. A line is held in the face of threatened or direct mob action and physical contact 2. The guiding principle is that any action taken, whether it be offensive, defensive, or static, is always to be taken as a unit under the direction of a supervisor Questions to Class – If a unit is taking offensive action, what might it be doing? If a unit is taking defensive action, what might it be doing? If a unit is taking static action, what might it be doing? Anticipated answers below. a. Offensive – dispersing the crowd b. Defensive – using gas to counter the crowd throwing objects at them c. Static – observing the crowd 3. This is true regardless of the unit size 4. Individual members of the police units must never be permitted to operate separately, both for safety and efficiency 5. Appropriate use of an advancing, well trained, determined, and disciplined unit of officers may be enough of an intimidation factor to disperse a hostile crowd 6. Formations are designed for accurate control by commanders of law enforcement personnel specially trained in and equipped for dispersing unruly crowds or controlling an area 7. Mobile Field Force (MFF) concept OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 28 of 76 a. Has been adopted by many police departments to address civil disorder incidents b. The field force is flexible in its construction and can easily be adapted to smaller or larger groups of officers, depending on circumstances c. With proper training, the field force is a well-organized response to any crowd control problem d. It is designed to provide a rapid and organized response to events with officers arriving on the scene before riotous individuals are in control e. Rioters expect to catch law enforcement off guard; a quick response may stifle their actions because they rarely have a backup plan f. It is an organized response to present a show of force which reflects ability and readiness for enforcement action g. As a well-planned response, it is one that minimizes loss of life and property Small Group Discussion – Divide the class into small groups and have them discuss the following question: What would be some common uses for MFF? Facilitate a large group discussion on the answers. Anticipated answers below. h. COMMON USES FOR MOBILE FIELD FORCE (1) To control unruly crowds, whether hostile or passive CDP (2008) SPO #4 – PPT #17 (2) To seal off problem areas, regardless of size (3) To rescue citizens or officers from crowds (4) To clear an area of hostile individuals by use of proactive tactics (5) To apprehend multiple offenders, if required i. Keys to successful use of a field force (1) Pre-planning OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 29 of 76 (2) Training (3) Discipline (4) ID system for officers and command (e.g., colored duct tape) (5) Leadership B. Crowd control equipment 1. Protective Adhere to agency policy & procedure a. Gas masks b. Helmets with face shields c. Body armor d. Gloves e. Shin guards f. Boots g. Groin guard h. Shields 2. Weapons a. Impact weapons b. Chemical weapons c. Electrical weapons d. Special impact devices (e.g., direct impact rounds) (1) Beanbag (2) Wooden baton (3) Sponge e. Firearms (display of shotguns or rifles may inflame the situation, but should be available if needed) OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 30 of 76 f. Planned use of grenade or special impact guns should be communicated to all officers to prevent contagious gunfire 3. Vehicles a. Patrol cars b. Bicycles c. Special vehicles 4. Other equipment a. Barricade options (e.g., signs, tape, fencing) b. Distraction devices (1) Flash bangs (2) Aerial signaling rounds (3) Blast balls c. Horses C. Any use of force in a crowd control environment still falls within the objective reasonableness standard determined by answering three questions Graham v. Connor (1989) 1. What was the severity of the crime that the officer believed the suspect to have committed? 2. Did the suspect present an immediate threat to the safety of officers or the public? 3. Was the suspect actively resisting arrest or attempting to escape? 4. An officer may use only that force which is both reasonable and necessary to effect an arrest or detention Refer to your agency policy D. Composition of a field force unit 1. An important aspect of controlling crowds with a field force is the supervisor’s span of control (i.e., low ratios of supervisors to officers is most effective) Numbers given are not absolutes and can be adjusted for available resources OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 31 of 76 PPT #18 2. Field force team leader a. A supervisor serves as leader of the field force b. Leader’s staff is comprised of a supervisor and two officers who ride in the field force leader’s vehicle c. The leader’s staff supervisor (1) Serves as the executive officer (2) Serves as alternate field force leader (3) Maintains an activity log for the after action report d. The leader’s staff officers (1) Serve as aides (2) Are under the direct control of the leader (3) May be used as vehicle security in situations where vehicles are parked in hostile areas, as video officers, or as liaisons with other entities 3. Field force squad CDP (2008) a. The basic elements of the field force b. Led by a supervisor OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 32 of 76 c. Consists of seven police officers, one supervisor, and two to three marked vehicles 4. Field force platoon a. Composed of two or more squads b. A subdivision of a company Use seven as the base number, but that number can expand or contract contingent on the need and resources available 5. Field force company a. Personnel for a field force company (1) Field force leader (2) Seven supervisors (a) One to serve as the field force leader’s executive officer to maintain activity log and serve as the alternate field force leader (b) Six to serve as squad leaders (3) 46 officers (a) Seven per squad (b) Two to serve as squad leader’s aides (c) Two in arrest vehicle (4) Total personnel is 54 c. Arrest vehicles (1) A prisoner transport vehicle will be assigned to each field force (2) Vehicle should be occupied by two officers May encompass mutual aid agreements with other agencies Numbers can be scaled down based on need (3) Vehicle should be located to the rear of the field force E. Field force formations 1. Initial officer/small agency formations NCJA (2011) a. Small agencies often do not have the resources of larger agencies and any size agency may be caught off guard by a spontaneous crowd incident OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 33 of 76 b. Small formations (e.g., box, wedge, and line formations) are a good option for dealing with these situations in a tactically sound manner POBT: Unit 8-4 Building Searches c. The goals with all formations are to function as a team and stay together d. Small formations (1) Use basic contact/cover approach to begin building the formation (2) Initial officer is the contact officer and (a) Assumes command of the situation until a supervisor takes over (b) Responsible for communicating with the group and issuing orders to disperse (c) Makes arrest decisions when other options are exhausted (3) Second officer takes a cover position to the right or left of the contact officer and one step back (a) Responsible for watching the crowd for dangers (b) Cover and contact officer (4) Third officer takes up position opposite of the second officer (5) Fourth officer takes up a rear guard position to provide coverage behind the officers (a) This formation provides 360˚ coverage (b) Helps the officers work as a team rather than spread out among the crowd (6) Supervisor or fifth officer takes position in the center of the formation (a) If this person is a supervisor, he/she acts as the controlling member to protect the squad’s integrity OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 34 of 76 (b) This person may control an arrestee if an arrest is made (c) May deploy chemical or specialty munitions to get the crowd to disperse or help the formation withdraw safely (7) This formation allows officers to respond to a scene in one or two vehicles, and can easily be redeployed to where needed (8) These formations can also be used as small teams of a larger formation to perform officer rescues, make arrests, and/or function as dispersal teams using chemical and specialty impact munitions e. Additional arriving units (1) As more officers arrive, the field force leader will have to determine to what staging area they should respond (2) Too many officers on the scene may escalate the situation, so they should proceed to another area, if possible (3) The other units should form another small unit formation and … (a) Establish a safe withdrawal area if they move in and assist the first team with withdrawal (b) Coordinate the isolation of the area (c) Extract/cover withdrawal of the first team, if the crowd becomes hostile (d) Act as a dispersal team, if it becomes necessary to use force to break up the crowd (4) When at least two teams arrive, you may be able to transition to squad tactics/formations 2. Principles of squad formations a. With seven officers, some other formations become available b. As more people get involved, it becomes necessary to have universal commands, hand signals, and movement c. Oral commands OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 35 of 76 (1) Are given by the squad leader and should be direct and forceful because it may be difficult to communicate during a civil disorder (2) Oral commands begin with preparatory commands followed by commands of execution (a) Preparatory commands (e.g., “Line Formation, MOVE” - “Wedge formation, MOVE”) i. Alert the squad/platoon that a further command will be coming ii. Preparatory commands are followed by a short pause iii. Have the formation repeat the preparatory command back to the leader before the command of execution is given to ensure it is understood and relayed to the lowest level (b) Commands of execution – (e.g., “Move,” “Halt,” “March”) upon command, the squad/platoon will immediately respond by conducting the necessary movement directed in the preparatory command Loud commands are a psychological deterrent to the crowd d. Hand signals – used in conjunction with oral commands due to the loud nature of civil disorders e. Whistle/air horn – pre-determined signals are used to ensure clarity of commands in excessively loud environments and/or where gas masks are utilized f. Formation speeds (1) Half-step (a) Slow walk by moving your left foot forward and bringing your right foot forward so it is almost even with your left (b) The right foot never goes in front of the left (c) The half-step is used in combination with verbal commands and impact weapon techniques to encourage the crowd to move (2) March – normal walk OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 36 of 76 (3) Double-time – quick, shuffling run g. Line spacing (1) Spacing can vary based on the number of officers present, the number of protesters, and the threat the protesters are posing (2) Tight spacing (a) Requires a large number of officers or a small space to protect (b) Very effective in presenting an intimidating show of force and is difficult to breach (c) Officers are shoulder to shoulder with just enough room between officers so they don’t interfere with each other (d) Guide right (i.e., right foot forward, then left moves even – repeat) so the line stays intact and on the same pace (3) Tactical spacing (a) Allows for fewer officers to cover a larger area and can be used in all field force formations (b) Width of spacing can be one to several feet (c) May make it difficult to hold some positions without reinforcements or restructuring of the formation (d) The field force leader must decide how officers will respond (e.g., arrest teams, impact weapon strikes, chemical and specialty munitions) to attempts to breach the line based on the agency’s goal and the totality of the circumstances 3. Field force formation maneuvers Handout #4 OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 37 of 76 Physical Skills – The following material contains information on how to conduct the three physical skills that the student must perform for this topic. The student must be able to demonstrate a column, line, and wedge formation. It is also important that the students practice moving while in these formations. The completion of these SPOs must be documented on the Practice Exercise. This section contains formations for 8 to 54 officers. Based on class size, it is up to the instructor to determine how in-depth the formations beyond the 3 required SPOs are taught. a. The following figure depicts the symbols by which the various team members are identified CDP (2018) PPT #19 Legend b. COLUMN FORMATION SPO #5 – PPT #20 OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 38 of 76 (1) Single squad column (a) The squad leader moves to the front of the squad and gives the preparatory command – “Single column” (b) As the squad leader gives the preparatory command, he/she also uses the appropriate hand signal – i.e., one arm straight over his/her head and then points to the location at which he/she desires the squad to assemble (c) The squad leader gives the command execution – “Move!” (d) At the command of execution, the number 2 officer advances to the position designated by the squad leader (e) The others form the column in sequence and in normal intervals within arm’s reach of the officer in front of them (f) Each officer will end up in either an even or odd numbered position which will be used to move into other formations (g) The squad leader then takes his/her position at the center of the column (h) The grenadier (i.e., chemical/specialty munitions person) is usually at the back of the column (2) Two squad/platoon – double column (a) Same as the single squad movements except the hand signal given by the squad leader is different (b) Hand signal is to hold both arms straight over his/her head c. Squad assembles in line formation (1) As an offensive formation, the line is used to push or drive a mob straight back or across an open area or up a city street (2) As a defensive formation, the line is suitable for holding mobs or denying access to restricted areas or streets OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 39 of 76 (3) This formation is also used as a display of force (4) Barricades will aid police in maintaining a defensive position (5) LINE SPO #6 – PPT #21 Show video “Line Skirmish” found in Additional Resources CDP (2016b) Show bicycle option video “Rolling Skirmish Line” found in Additional Resources CDP (2016a) (a) Squad leader gives the preparatory command – “Line formation, MOVE!” (b) Squad leader indicates where he/she wants the squad to form and uses the following hand signal i. Raise both arms to the side until horizontal ii. Arms and hands extended iii. Palms down (c) The squad leader audibly gives the command of execution – “MOVE!”, or visually gives the command by dropping both arms (d) At the command of execution, the number 2 officer advances to the position designated by the squad leader (e) The odd numbered officers align themselves in sequence on line with the number 2 officer, one pace to the left of each preceding officer OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 40 of 76 (f) The even numbered officers align themselves in the same manner to the right of the number 2 officer (g) If the squad leader desires it, he/she may designate a specific number of paces between officers d. Wedge formation (1) As an offensive formation, the wedge is used to penetrate and split mobs (2) It is used to apprehend an agitator or rescue a trapped officer or injured person (3) WEDGE FORMATION CDP (2008) SPO #7 – PPT #22 Show video “Wedge Formation” found in Additional Resources CDP (2016b) Show bicycle option video “Walking Wedge with Bicycle” found in Additional Resources CDP (2016a) (a) Squad leader indicates where he/she wants the squad to form and gives the preparatory command – “Wedge formation, MOVE!” (b) Squad leader performs the appropriate hand signal – i.e., arms and hands extended in a “V” position above the shoulders (c) The squad leader audibly gives the command of execution – “MOVE!”, or visually gives the command by dropping both arms (d) At the command of execution, the number 2 officer advances to the position designated by the squad leader OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 41 of 76 (e) Odd numbered officers align themselves in sequence on the number 2 officer, one pace to the rear and one pace to the left of each preceding officer (f) Even numbers align themselves in the same manner on the right of the number 2 officer (g) The squad leader assumes a position inside the wedge so as to control the unit (h) The assistant squad leader is also inside the wedge to assist and direct (i) A moving wedge formation may encounter resisting subjects, making it necessary to make an arrest (j) An arrest team, in an accompanying column, takes charge of these individuals and moves them to the booking area 4. Platoon formations a. Normally, each platoon consists of at least three squads b. In forming all riot control formations from the column, the platoon commander moves out to the right or left of his/her platoon and faces it when giving commands c. As preparatory commands are given, the platoon commander points to the approximate location at which he/she desires the platoon to form d. If the platoon leader does not point, the formation is formed immediately in front of the column e. The platoon leader should pause between the preparatory command and the execution command to permit each squad leader to issue a preparatory command to his/her squad f. Communications (1) The platoon leader will direct the squad leaders to maintain contact with him/her (2) The platoon leader, in turn, must, at all times, have radio contact with the company commander in order to advise him/her about the situation in the platoon area OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 42 of 76 (3) If radio communication is not available, then a runner must be used (4) At no time can the communication system be allowed to breakdown completely, so preplanning and officer training for circumstances that may arise is critical g. Platoon leader delivers preparatory command (1) The platoon leader indicates where he/she wants the platoon to form and gives the preparatory command – “Platoon assemble!” (2) If the platoon leader does not point to where he/she wants the platoon to assemble, the platoon forms directly in front of its present location (3) Immediately following the platoon leader’s preparatory command, the squad leaders move to the head of their respective squads and command – “Form on me!” (4) At the execution command – “Move!”, the squads follow their squad leaders to their positions to form a platoon column (5) When forming, each officer shall assume his/her normal tactical spacing h. Platoon leader gives command (1) Command – “Platoon move!” (2) Upon the platoon leader’s command of execution, the 2nd squad moves to the front and establishes a squad at the position designated by the platoon commander (3) As soon as the 2nd squad has established the base, the 1st and 3rd squad leaders move their respective squads into position (4) When forming, each officer shall assume normal tactical spacing and dress on the 2nd squad i. Platoon leader gives platoon wedge commands (1) Preparatory command – “Platoon, wedge!” (2) Execution command – “Move!” OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 43 of 76 (3) Upon the platoon leader’s execution command, “Move”, the 2nd squad leader moves that squad to establish a squad wedge at the position designated by the platoon commander (4) The 1st squad leader moves that squad to its left and the officers align themselves off of the last person on the left side of the wedge made by the 2nd squad (i.e., one pace to the rear and one pace to the left) (5) The 3rd squad leader moves that squad to its right and the officers align themselves off of the last person on the right side of the wedge made by the 2nd squad (i.e., one pace to the rear and one pace to the right) j. Support (1) General support – on command, the squad or platoon designated to be general support will form (a) Immediately to the rear (b) About 10 paces from the assault or leading element which is to be supported (2) Lateral support PPT #23 Show video “Moving Box Formation” found in Additional Resources CDP (2016b) Show bicycle option video “Box Formation Bicycle” found in Additional Resources CDP (2016a) (a) On command, the squad or platoon designated to be in lateral support shall give flank security to the formation by putting a squad and/or platoon on each flank of the formation OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 44 of 76 (b) The unit designated as lateral support will draw back each flank directly to the rear and the officers will be in numerical sequence (c) The only exception to this is in the event only one squad is assigned lateral support i. The squad leader with the odd numbered officers moves to his/her left flank ii. The assistant squad leader, with the even numbered officers, moves to his/her right flank F. Overview of field force incidents 1. The goal of a field force is to maintain safety and security and protect the public peace a. If you arrest or injure someone during the course of dispersal attempts, you must provide care, custody, and control of that person, which includes … (1) Safely transporting to a holding cell (2) Providing needed medical care (3) Protecting them from themselves and others (4) Securing his/her property and evidence b. Fewer arrests or injured persons mean you keep the team intact and limit the chance of injuries to officers c. The bottom line is to disperse the crowd, not to engage in hand-to-hand combat 2. Moving a hostile crowd does not mean touching them a. When approaching the crowd from a few blocks away (1) Be organized (2) Project a professional demeanor (3) If you convey the idea that you know what you are doing, some of the crowd will leave b. As line formation moves forward toward the crowd OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 45 of 76 (1) If line integrity is maintained, it presents a vivid image of organization and the ability to get the job done (2) Use a counting method to move forward so all maintain the line. When the command is given to move, the line takes five steps forward and stops c. The crowd is given a clear dispersal order at a reasonable distance over a loud speaker. If the agency has a Long Range Audio Device (LRAD), it can be utilized here (1) Make certain the order can be heard (2) Make certain the crowd is notified of exit routes (3) Some of the crowd will leave d. If a hostile crowd is still present at this point (1) The field force personnel put their gas masks on (2) Method – every other officer – one supplies cover while the other puts mask on (3) Some of the crowd will leave Horse units can provide a protective barrier as well PPT #24 Show video “Donning Gas Masks” found in Additional Resources CDP (2016b) e. If a hostile crowd is still present at this point (1) Transition from psychological tactics to more physical tactics OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 46 of 76 (2) Warn the crowd of intent to use specialty munitions and/or arrest (3) Use white smoke first and gauge the response (4) Use chemical and specialty munitions (5) Some of the crowd will leave f. Move forward slowly using five step cadence – most of the crowd will leave g. For those who remain and do not intend to disperse (1) Continue to use appropriate chemical/specialty munitions for the situation (2) Continue forward in a straight, slow moving line h. At this point, arrests should be considered based on a risk/reward assessment and may not be required at all; arrests are made only at direction of the platoon leader i. Provide a predetermined escape route so the crowd can disperse; assess and adjust until the crowd is no longer a threat 3. Moving a non-hostile crowd a. Move into area in same organized manner without gas masks on b. Give the same dispersal warning c. Predesignate an arrest squad to arrest individuals one by one (1) Hold other arrest squads in reserve in case the crowd turns hostile (2) Time consuming, but effective d. Do not overreact and cause the crowd to become hostile G. Looting – protection of the public takes priority over the protection of property 1. When a field force is dispatched to small looting scene OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 47 of 76 a. Usually targeted are small businesses close to heavily populated residential areas for easy escape (e.g., small grocery stores) b. Groups of looters are usually unorganized (1) Mentality is “everyone for themselves” (2) May be 6 people; it may be 50-100 people c. Field force commander can elect to send one, two, or three squads (1) If entire field force responds to small scenes, they tend to get in each other’s way (2) Set up perimeter around the building in question to contain looters (3) Perimeter should be on the opposite side of street from the building, if at all possible, in order to allow maximum view and control (4) Do not set the perimeter along the walls of the building being looted since the result will be officers chasing looters (5) The number of squads and designated arrest squads to handle this type of perimeter will be contingent on the situational assessment d. Perimeter personnel must remain on the perimeter (1) Perimeter personnel do not chase looters who find a way to break the perimeter (2) They are there to contain the situation for the arrest squad (3) Demands active supervision of the squads assigned to the perimeter e. Rapid deployment is the essential element (1) Move in quickly (2) All perimeter assignments should be given prior to responding to the area of concern (3) Establish the perimeter quickly OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 48 of 76 (4) Make any arrests that are directed by the platoon leader (5) Leave one squad at the scene to secure the building until the owner arrives 2. When a field force is dispatched to large area of looting (e.g., warehouse area) a. Assign perimeter posts for squads via radio while responding (1) One squad on each of the four sides of the perimeter (2) Use fifth squad if required to fill any open spaces in the perimeter (3) Have personnel on perimeter seek out any available cover b. Essential element on the perimeter (1) Units on perimeter must maintain their positions (2) They do not chase looters (3) They contain the looting so it doesn’t spread (4) It is essential to maintain radio discipline during the entire operation OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 49 of 76 U S E O F C H E M I C A L A G E N T S & S P E C I AL T Y M U N I T I O N S A. An agency should have a policy on chemical agents and specialty munitions employed; the policy should describe the specific purpose and circumstance of use for each type 1. Officers should have documented training in each force option 2. Agencies should have a standard use of force report Small Group Discussion – Divide the class into small groups and have them discuss the following question: What are the advantages of using chemical agents as riot control measures? Facilitate a large group discussion using the information below to anchor the discussion. B. Advantages of using chemical agents as riot control measures 1. They have an immediate effect on a large group 2. Can cause psychological effects, such as mental disorientation and confusion, which may keep the crowd from regrouping 3. In most cases, they will not cause permanent damage 4. Law enforcement officers do not have to come into physical contact with rioters 5. They provide law enforcement officers with a less lethal force option 6. They serve as a deterrent to violent behavior 7. The purpose of using chemical agents is to disperse the crowd and encourage them to leave the area C. THE COLOR CODES OF CHEMICAL AGENTS THAT MAY BE USED BY LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES Hoenig (2011) SPO #8 – PPT #25 1. HC (i.e., smoke) a. Labeling color code – yellow b. Produces a thick, heavy cloud of smoke OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 50 of 76 c. Uses (1) Cover for tactical movement (2) Checking wind direction (3) Used with other chemical agents to hold that agent closer to the ground (4) Helps carry other agents further d. Odor ranges from none to a sweet smell e. Physiological effects – slight irritation to the eyes and respiratory system 2. CS a. Labeling color code – blue b. Lachrymator Caution: some of these are flammable SPO #8 – PPT #25 c. Has a peppery odor d. It is manufactured from two chemicals that form a wet, flaky powder and is classified as an irritant e. Incapacitation time factor (1) Effective in 3-5 seconds (2) More potent than OC f. Characteristics (1) 30-45 minute effective time (2) Subjects under chemical influences or those with a mental illness may react slowly (3) CS gas rises (i.e., apply low on a crowd and it will rise) g. Physiological effects (1) Extreme burning of the eyes accompanied by copious flow of tears (2) Involuntary closure of the eyes; however, strong willed individuals may be able to overcome this response OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 51 of 76 (3) Runny nose, sinus discharge, nasal drip (4) Stinging sensation on moist skin (5) Tightness in the chest airways and throat that is sometimes described as feeling like a heart attack (6) Dizziness (7) Prolonged exposure can result in nausea and vomiting 3. OC SPO #8 – PPT #25 a. Labeling color code – orange b. Flammability (1) Stream delivery products are non-flammable Emphasize (2) Foaming products are flammable c. The effects are mostly evident within seconds after use and last approximately 30 minutes d. OC gas is heavier than air (i.e., apply it high and it will fall) e. Description (1) Oily resin in a refined form (2) Odorless f. Physiological effects (1) Burning and inflammation to (a) Exposed skin (b) Mucous membranes (c) Eyes (d) Nose (2) Causes involuntary eye closure g. General psychological effects OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 52 of 76 (1) Panic (2) Possible loss of will to fight D. Possible health hazards of chemical agents ( these hazards occur in very high concentrations) Point out how goal oriented persons can fight through exposure 1. Can cause dehydration under heavy concentration 2. Can cause chemical burns 3. Death can result for people who have had heart, lung, or kidney problems 4. Contact lenses can trap the agent, causing blindness 5. Using wet towels as a mask may cause the skin to burn 6. Repeated contact with some agents may cause skin inflammation 7. Ingestion may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea 8. Temporary effects may be more severe on those persons who are asthmatic or suffer from emphysema 9. May affect the elderly as well as small children more severely E. Forms of chemical agent dissemination 1. Micro-pulverized powder (i.e., expulsion) a. Agent is disseminated in a dust cloud b. Presents little or no fire hazard c. May be deployed indoors or outdoors d. Agents in expulsion form (1) CS (2) OC 2. Pyrotechnic (e.g., combustible that creates fire) a. Compressed agent cakes or pellets are combined with a pyrotechnic compound OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 53 of 76 b. The pyrotechnic compound is ignited and the agent is carried in the smoke cloud c. Best used in outdoor deployments where there is less risk of igniting fires d. Available in continuous discharge grenade form or canister form that can be fired from a 40mm launcher 3. Fog a. Outdoor deployment b. Heated formula creates a vapor to carry the agent 4. Liquid a. An agent is suspended in a liquid b. Agent is disseminated by evaporation or direct contact F. Chemical agent delivery systems 1. Grenades a. Types (1) Expulsion/blast dispersion (a) Powdered agent (b) Generates a dust cloud (2) Aerosol (a) Fuse ignition delivers an aerosol fog (b) Non-flammable (3) Pyrotechnic b. Deployment (1) Hand thrown (2) Launched (a) 12 gauge shotgun with launching apparatus Effective ranges vary OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 54 of 76 (b) 37 mm gas gun with launching munitions (c) 40 mm gas gun with launching munitions 2. Powder cartridges a. Types (1) Blast dispersion (a) Dust cloud initiated by primer ignition (b) Waist level dissemination (c) Range – 30 feet (2) Aerial burst dispersion (a) Non-stabilized projectile launched into the air (b) Projectile burst releases a dust cloud b. Calibers (1) 37 mm (2) 40 mm 3. Thermal generators a. “Pepper fogger” b. Liquid agent is heated and the agent is carried in the vapor c. Outdoor deployment 4. Aerosol projectors a. Compressed gases force a chemical laden carrier from a container toward a target b. Delivery (1) Mist (2) Stream c. OC aerosol projectors OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 55 of 76 (1) Nomenclature of projector (a) Canister (b) Cover (c) Actuator (d) Cap (e) Valve (f) Internal volume components i. Solvent – dissolves or spends OC ii. Carrier – transfer the agent from the container to the target iii. Propellant – forces the carrier from the container through the nozzle iv. Active ingredient – OC (2) Application (a) Draw with non-dominant hand (b) Aim for the forehead of the threat person and it should filter down to eyes, nose, and mouth (c) Engage actuator (d) Deliver as many one half second bursts to the threat as needed i. OC is target specific ii. Failure to hit the threat may result in application failure (e) Delivery should be no closer than 7 feet and maximum range is approximately 12 feet (f) Follow through i. If one target specific application fails, subsequent applications will likely produce the same results OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 56 of 76 ii. Be ready to follow up with another less lethal technique (3) Application concerns (a) Hydraulic needle effect i. Puncture effect of a concentrated high pressure liquid stream ii. High pressure liquid streams can produce tissue injury at short ranges, especially to the eyes iii. Generally, stream delivery projectors can produce eye injury on applications under 3 feet iv. Follow the manufacturer’s specifications (b) Know the internal volume ingredients of the aerosol projector (alcohol or non-alcohol based) i. Flammable ingredients (i.e., alcohol) Adhere to agency policy & procedure ii. Harmful or carcinogen ingredients (i.e., Dymel, methylene chloride, Freon or other industrial chemical) iii. In August 2009, a man caught fire after Lancaster police officers tased him. The suspect had been sniffing gas from an aerosol can as he ran through traffic. The suspect’s face, head, and chest area burst into flames and was described as a flash fire Williams-Keif (2009) G. Uses of chemical agent for riot control 1. Disperse rioters 2. Minimize physical confrontations 3. Deployment a. Approach from an upwind position b. Provide rioters a predetermined escape route c. Police line d. Release line OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 57 of 76 (1) Point where the chemical agent is to be released into the crowd (2) Distance between the crowd and the release point will vary with wind velocity (a) High velocity wind i. The smoke cloud becomes more linear ii. A greater distance between the crowd and release line is needed so the agent can form into a single cloud in combination with other released dissemination units (b) Low velocity wind i. The smoke cloud tends to enlarge quickly ii. A shorter distance is required between the crowd and the release line e. Line of conversion (1) Point where the chemical agent joins into a single cloud (2) For effective crowd application, the line of conversion should be at the crowd line 4. Effects of wind on chemical agent deployment a. Direction (1) Determines the deployment point (2) Deploy from an upwind position (3) It may be determined that wind conditions are such to prevent deployment due to risk of exposure to the field force b. Velocity (1) Higher velocity (a) Higher evaporation rate (b) Quicker target area coverage OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 58 of 76 (c) Higher amount of chemical agent needed to cover the target area due to movement and evaporation (d) The general chemical agent deployment rule – winds less than 10 mph are the most effective (2) Lower velocity (a) Slower target area coverage (b) More direction fluctuation (c) Less munitions needed to cover target area (3) Air turbulence (a) Short gusts (b) Causes temporary irregular air flows (4) Mechanical turbulence (a) Sharp, upward angled air from heated surfaces (b) Rising warm air is replaced by descending cooler air H. Chemical agent first aid and decontamination procedures 1. Even the most discriminate use of a chemical agent is likely to create the need for first aid and decontamination measures 2. The measures that follow are general decontamination procedures. It is understood that the process timing may vary dependent on whether it is officer exposure or arrestee exposure, but the basic process is the same (e.g., arrestees would go through the process by EMS or at the jail) a. The symptoms associated with CS exposure are largely the result of irritation produced by extremely small particles that contact moist areas of the skin or are inhaled into the mouth, nose, or lungs b. Uncomfortable physical and/or psychological responses to CS can be expected, although the discomforts are typically relatively short in duration c. Severity of the symptoms is generally related to … (1) The concentration of the chemical agent OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 59 of 76 (2) The duration of exposure (3) The physiology of the victim 3. Steps for administering first aid to an individual who has been exposed to the chemical agent HC (i.e., smoke) a. Remove the individual from the contaminated area b. Expose to fresh air 4. STEPS FOR ADMINISTERING FIRST AID TO AN INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS BEEN EXPOSED TO THE CHEMICAL AGENT CS Hoenig (2011) SPO #9 – PPT #26 a. First aid (1) Remove the individual from the contaminated area (2) Encourage the individual to remain calm (3) Advise the individual not to rub his/her eyes (4) Flush affected tissue areas with clean, fresh water (5) If the individual’s condition is questionable, seek professional medical attention b. Decontamination (1) Allow the contaminated individual to shower and change clothing (2) Dry clean clothing and fabrics 5. STEPS FOR ADMINISTERING FIRST AID TO AN INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS BEEN EXPOSED TO THE CHEMICAL AGENT OC Hoenig (2011) SPO #9 – PPT #27 a. First aid (1) Remove the individual from the contaminated area (2) Flush exposed tissue with clean, fresh water (3) Do not use oily ointments or soaps containing oils or lotions as they tend to hold OC particles on the skin. Never use any decontaminant that contains chlorine bleach as it may cause a reaction that is worse OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 60 of 76 (4) If the individual’s condition is questionable, seek professional medical attention SPO #9 – PPT #27 b. Decontamination (1) Allow contaminated individuals to shower and change clothing (2) Do not apply salves, lotions, or creams The use of baby shampoo may be effective to decontaminate I. Protective chemical agent mask (i.e., gas mask) 1. Designed to filter out the specific agent 2. Does not … a. Supply oxygen b. Filter certain gases or vapors (e.g., carbon monoxide gas or ammonia vapors) 3. Filters a. Shelf life varies from one manufacturer to another b. Most are designed to provide eight hours of continuous filtration c. Factors affecting filter life (1) Agent concentration (2) Moisture (3) Respiration rate (4) Type of chemical agent d. Bad filter recognition (1) Inhalation resistance (2) Smell and taste of the agent e. Bad seal recognition – make sure the mask fits 4. Worn anytime chemical agents are deployed OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 61 of 76 J. Impact munitions 1. Less lethal force options for crowd control/riot situations 2. Types a. 37mm/40mm cartridges Adhere to agency policy & procedure for use of less lethal force (1) Foam rubber direct impact projectiles (2) Wood baton projectiles (3) Rubber pellets (a) .33 caliber (b) .60 caliber (4) Bean bags b. 12 gauge shells (1) Bean bags Less control over these than other munitions and now have limited use among agencies Use becoming more limited by agency policies (2) Rubber pellets (a) .33 caliber (b) .69 caliber (3) Wood baton 3. Impact munitions deployment a. Direct fire – there are target zones and ranges provided by the manufacturer for each of the following munitions that should be studied and adhered to so as to avoid lethality Emphasize (1) Foam baton rounds (2) Small caliber rubber pellets (3) Bean bags b. Skip fire (1) Wood baton rounds (i.e., knee knockers) (2) Large caliber rubber pellets OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 62 of 76 (3) Projectiles are skipped on the ground to lower the velocity of the projectile (4) Direct fire with skip-fire deployment munitions can be lethal K. After-action procedure 1. Secure subject(s) that are to be arrested a. They should be properly handcuffed (i.e., gap and double lock) b. Maintain care, custody, and control to prevent further violent activity 2. Render first aid a. As soon as possible b. Provide on-scene, immediate decontamination 3. Transport a. As soon as possible b. Transport subject in an upright position to avoid positional asphyxia 4. Monitor a. Observe for medical complications b. When the subject’s condition is questionable, obtain medical assistance 5. Document a. Use of force action report – what force, on who, and why (1) Make sure superiors are completely informed Refer to agency policy (2) Arrests are documented b. Time and type of first aid measures provided (1) Record when you addressed the issue (which should be as soon as possible) OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 63 of 76 (2) Include identifying information on the immediate, on scene officer who rendered care, as well as any professional care provided c. Transport (1) Record when you addressed the issue (which should be as soon as possible within a reasonable time frame) (2) Record the position of the subject (which should be upright to avoid positional asphyxia) d. Monitoring observations (1) Made for onset of medical complications (2) When the suspect’s condition became questionable and what medical assistance was rendered or obtained e. Decontamination – record when this occurred 6. After action debriefing a. Should take place as soon as possible after the event or incident b. An opportunity to analyze what went well and what needs improvement c. Resupply utilized equipment OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 64 of 76 CONCLUSION A. Summarize material B. Practice 1. Distribute practice exercise to students 2. Have students complete exercise 3. Review exercise with students 4. Be available for questions, if necessary C. Test/SPOs (if applicable) OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 65 of 76 H AN D O U T # 1 – O R C 2 9 1 7 . 0 3 2917.03 Riot (A) No person shall participate with four or more others in a course of disorderly conduct in violation of section 2917.11 of the Revised Code: (1) With purpose to commit or facilitate the commission of a misdemeanor, other than disorderly conduct; (2) With purpose to intimidate a public official or employee into taking or refraining from official action, or with purpose to hinder, impede, or obstruct a function of government; (3) With purpose to hinder, impede, or obstruct the orderly process of administration or instruction at an educational institution, or to interfere with or disrupt lawful activities carried on at such institution. (B) No person shall participate with four or more others with purpose to do an act with unlawful force or violence, even though such act might otherwise be lawful. (C) Whoever violates this section is guilty of riot, a misdemeanor of the first degree. Source: Lawriter (2018) OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 66 of 76 H AN D O U T # 2 – B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F P E R I M E T E R C R O W D CONTROL (SPO #3) Linear strategy – deploys police forces as a blocking force along a roadway or geographic barrier perpendicular to access routes into the impacted area Cordoning – surrounding a particular problem area by using linear strategy to seal off access on all sides Sectoring – dividing the cordoned area into smaller sized units in which control can be re-established sector by sector once sufficient police resources are assembled to regain control OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 67 of 76 H AN D O U T # 3 – E X AM P L E D I S P E R S AL O R D E R Dispersal Warning: In the event it becomes necessary to disperse crowds of people, the following dispersal warning will be given prior to and during the dispersal. The Incident Commander (designee) should be available to give the warning. If the Incident Commander is not at scene, the senior ranking supervisor will be responsible to give the order based on what they observe. The order must be read in a loud and clear manner using an amplification device, if available. *Ideally, this warning is to be videotaped when possible. Warning Prior to Deployment / OFFICIAL DISPERSAL COMMAND An emergency exists on and around (Give Location(s), Example: Chittenden & Indianola). You are ordered to immediately leave this area by the order of (on-scene ranking supervisor). If you remain in the area just described, regardless of your purpose, you will be in violation of Columbus City Code and Ohio Revised Code and the police will move you from this area. Crowd control devices including chemical agents may be deployed to move you from this area, and you are subject to being arrested and prosecuted. The following routes of dispersal are available (describe available exit areas). You must leave the area now, and you may not return until the emergency has ceased.” Warning continued during deployment “This is an emergency situation… An emergency exists in this location (Give Location). Leave the area immediately. Crowd control devices including chemical agents may be deployed. If you refuse to leave the area, you are subject to arrest. Leave the area immediately.” (ADD TO LAST WARNING ONLY) – THIS IS YOUR FINAL WARNING Day: ______________ Date: ____/____/____ Location: __________________ 1st Warning 2nd Warning 3rd Warning : : : (Wait :05 minutes before reading 2nd warning) (Wait :02 minutes before reading 3rd warning) (Await order of platoon leader to begin arrests) OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 68 of 76 H AN D O U T # 4 – R I O T F O R M AT I O N S OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 69 of 76 H AN D O U T # 4 – R I O T F O R M AT I O N S ( c o n t . ) This is a column of two’s conducting a left and right about. The left and right about, each column will follow the arrows as indicated above. All personnel will go to the original turning point of where the first person made their turn before executing their left or right about. Once the lead personnel have passed the last element in the formation, they will merge back together as they were in the original column of two’s only traveling the opposite direction. OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 70 of 76 P R AC T I C E E X E R C I S E 1. Explain the balance between First Amendment rights and the need to protect public safety and property. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 71 of 76 P R AC T I C E E X E R C I S E ( c o n t . ) 2. Describe mob behavior. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 72 of 76 P R AC T I C E E X E R C I S E ( c o n t . ) 3. Describe the basic concepts of perimeter crowd control. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 73 of 76 P R AC T I C E E X E R C I S E ( c o n t . ) 4. State the common uses of a mobile field force. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5. Demonstrate a column formation. DID THE STUDENT… YES NO Demonstrate a column formation with other students or role players? STUDENT NAME: _____________________________________________________________ INSTRUCTOR NAME: _________________________________________________________ ACADEMY NAME: ____________________________________________________________ ACADEMY NUMBER: __________________________________________________________ DATE: ______________________________________________________________________ OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 74 of 76 P R AC T I C E E X E R C I S E ( c o n t . ) 6. Demonstrate a line formation. DID THE STUDENT… YES NO Demonstrate a line formation with other students or role players? STUDENT NAME: _____________________________________________________________ INSTRUCTOR NAME: _________________________________________________________ ACADEMY NAME: ____________________________________________________________ ACADEMY NUMBER: __________________________________________________________ DATE: ______________________________________________________________________ 7. Demonstrate a wedge formation. DID THE STUDENT… YES NO Demonstrate a wedge formation with other students or role players? STUDENT NAME: _____________________________________________________________ INSTRUCTOR NAME: _________________________________________________________ ACADEMY NAME: ____________________________________________________________ ACADEMY NUMBER: __________________________________________________________ DATE: ______________________________________________________________________ 8. List the color codes and each associated chemical agent that may be used by law enforcement agencies. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 75 of 76 P R AC T I C E E X E R C I S E ( c o n t . ) 9. State the steps for administering first aid to an individual who has been exposed to the chemical agents OC or CS. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ OHIO PEACE OFFICER TRAINING COMMISSION PEACE OFFICER BASIC TRAINING CURRICULUM Civil Disorders, 9-1 Effective Date: 2019/07/01 Page 76 of 76 Submit to OPOTC OPOTC BASIC TRAINING LESSON PLAN MODIFICATION FORM PLEASE USE THIS FORM TO INDICATE ANY PROPOSED CHANGES OR ERRORS WHICH REQUIRE MODIFICATION TO THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE COMMISSION-APPROVED PROGRAM IN WHICH YOU ARE TEACHING. PROGRAM/CURRICULUM NAME: UNIT NUMBER: TOPIC NUMBER: LESSON PLAN EFFECTIVE DATE: PAGE NUMBER TO BE MODIFIED: COPY OF MODIFIED PAGE ATTACHED: (CHECK ONE) YES NO REASON(S) FOR MODIFICATION: CONTENT ISSUE: GRAMMATICAL ERROR: LAW CHANGE: TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR: OTHER (PLEASE SPECIFY): RATIONALE FOR MODIFICATION (ATTACH DOCUMENTATION IF NEEDED): ______________________________________________________ Commander or Instructor Name ______________________________ Date Contact Phone Number: ____________________________________________________________________ Email Address: ____________________________________________________________________________ Ohio Peace Officer Training Commission Education & Policy Section ● P.O. Box 309 ● London, Ohio 43140 ● PHONE: 800.346.7682 ● FAX: 866.393.1275 ● OPOTCEducationandPolicy@OhioAttorneyGeneral.gov