sf7df8f}+ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+u7g Jofj;flos agf}+ ;'/lIft /xf}+ kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff lgb]{lzsf Jofj;flos agf}+, ;'/lIft /xf}+ kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff lgb]{lzsf kqsf/ ;'/Iff clej[l4 kl/of]hgf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+u7g -o'g]:sf]_ sf7df8f}+ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+u7g Jofj;flos agf}+, ;'/lIft /xf}+ kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff lgb]{lzsf k sfzgM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+u7g -o'g]:sf]_, sf7df8f}+ sfof{noåf/f ;~rflnt kqsf/ ;'/Iff clej[l4 kl/of]hgfsf nflu ;~rfl/sf ;d"x, sf7df8f}+ ;+of]hg÷;'k/Lj]If0fM nId0fbQ kGt n]vgM ab L kf}8\ofn, xl/snf clwsf/L / e'jg s];L ;jf{lwsf/M o'g]:sf], sf7df8f}+÷;~rfl/sf ;d"x÷OG6/g]zgn ldl8of ;kf]6{, ;g\ @)!% . of] k':ts v'nfkx'Fr -cf]kg—PS;];_ df pknAw 5 . cflwsfl/s ; f]tsf cfwf/ h:tf]M o'g]:sf], sf7df8f}+÷;~rfl/sf ;d"x÷OG6/g]zgn ldl8of ;kf]6{df o; k sfzgsf] pkof]u, k'glj{t/0f, cg'jfb / ;fef/ ug{sf nflu cg'dlt lbOG5 . ; f]t pNn]v ubf{ jf k'l:tsfdf k sflzt ;fdu Lsf] k of]u ubf{ k sfzgsf] jf:tljs ; f]tsf] ;xL klxrfg / pNn]v x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . ISBN M 978-99946-858-3-7 o; k sfzg dfkm{t s'g} klg /fHo, e"efu, zx/ jf If]q cyjf To;sf clwsf/Lx¿ jf To; e"efu tyf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL cj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt /xL JoQm ul/Psf ljrf/x¿ o'g]:sf], g]kfnsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo zflGtsf]if, ;~rfl/sf ;d"x jf OG6/g]zgn ldl8of ;kf]6{sf cflwsfl/s ljrf/ xf]Ogg\ . o; k sfzgdf JoQm ul/Psf ljrf/x¿ n]vssf ljrf/ x'g\ . k fSsyg k :t't lgb]{lzsf o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+ sfof{noåf/f o'gfO6]8 g];G; lk; kmG8 km/ g]kfn -o"PgkLPkmPg_ sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt kqsf/ ;'/Iff clej[l4 kl/of]hgfcGtu{t k sfzg ul/Psf] xf] . of] lgb]{lzsfn] kqsf/ dlxnfnfO{ ;dfrf/ sIfleq / aflx/ s;/L ;'/lIft eP/ kqsfl/tf ug]{ eGg];Ddsf pkfo l;kmfl/z ub{5 . g]kfndf kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;+Vof sd x'g'df d'Votof b'O{j6f sf/0f 5g\M klxnf], kqsfl/tf If]q ;'/lIft / cfsif{s k]zf aGg] qmdd} /xg' tyf bf]; f], g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts s'/Lltx¿n] of] k]zfdf cfpg dlxnfnfO{ k f]T;flxt gug'{ . kqsfl/tf k]zfdf kqsf/ dlxnfnfO{ ;'/lIft /x]sf] cfef; lbnfpg >dhLjL kqsf/ P]g k efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5}g / ;dfrf/ sIfx¿ dlxnfsf nflu sfd ug{ ;xh 5}gg\ . csf]{tkm{, ;dfhsf] lkt[;QfTds ;f]rn] of] k]zfdf cfpg rfxg] dlxnfnfO{ klg ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts sf/0fn] lg?T;flxt u5{ . ;du df g]kfnL kqsfl/tf If]q dlxnfsf lglDt ef}lts / Jofj;flos b'j} lx;fan] ;'/lIft aGg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . of] ;'/Iff lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug{ /fhwfgLleq / aflx/sf ljleGg ;~rf/dfWoddf sfd ug]{ kqsf/ dlxnf;Fu 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf ljleGg ;~rf/dfWodsf ;Dkfbs / ;dfrf/ k d'v, ldl8of k lzIfs / lj1x¿;Fu cGt/lqmof ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L kqsf/ ;'/Iffsf nflu sfo{/t ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfsf /fo klg lgb]{lzsfdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . kqsf/ dlxnfn] ljz]if ;ts{tf ckgfpg'kg]{ kIfx¿sf] klxrfg / ltgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;'/Iff /0fgLlt lgdf{0f ug'{ h¿/L eO;s]sf] k[i7e"lddf ;~rfl/sf ;d"xn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+u7g o'g]:sf];Fusf] ;xsfo{df of] k':ts k sflzt u/]sf] xf] . ljutdf klg ;~rfl/sf ;d"xn] u/]sf ljleGg cWoog–cg';Gwfg / tfnLddf kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff Pp6f k d'v ljifo x'g] u/]sf]n] tL cg'ejx¿ klg k':tsdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . k':tsdf plNnlvt ljj/0f g]kfnL kqsf/ dlxnfsf ;'/Iff r'gf}tL, clxn];Dd ;'/lIft /xg cjnDag ul/Psf pkfo, ljZjsf kqsf/sf ef]ufO tyf kqsf/ / kqsfl/tf;Fu ;DalGwt ;+3;+:yf cflbsf cWoog–cg';Gwfgsf lgrf]8df cfwfl/t 5g\ . c kqsf/sf] ;'/Iffdf cfpg;Sg] r'gf}tL / vt/f 36gf, kl/l:ylt, 7fpF / JolQmcg';f/ km/s–km/s x'g;S5g\ . To;}n] k :t't ljj/0fn] ;a} 36gf, kl/l:ylt, 7fpF / JolQmsf nflu ;'/lIft x'g] pkfosf ¿kdf sfd gug{ klg ;S5g\ . tyflk kqsf/ dlxnfnufot cGo kqsf/x¿n] klg lognfO{ cjnDag ub}{ tof/L ug]{, ;hu /xg] / plNnlvt ljifonfO{ Jojxf/df k of]u ug]{ xf] eg] cfpg ;Sg] hf]lvd w]/} xb;Dd Go"g x'g] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . lgb]{lzsfn] ;a} kqsf/nfO{ ef}lts, Jofj;flos / k]zfut ¿kdf ;'/lIft x'g ;3fpg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 . To; cltl/Qm o;n] kqsf/ dlxnfnfO{ eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf sfd ug{] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ kqsf/, ;~rf/u[x, ;/sf/, k]zfut ;+3;+:yf / ldl8of;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;+u7g tyf lgsfox¿aLr ;+jfbsf] yfngL ug{ klg ;xof]u ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . kqsf/ dlxnf;lxt w]/} kqsf/sf ;'emfj of] lgb]{lzsfdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . lgb]{lzsf k sfzgsf ljleGg r/0fdf of]ubfg ug'{x'g] ;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 5 . k':ts tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;~rfl/sf ;d"xsf dxf;lrj lgt' kl08t / sfo{sf/L ;b:o ozf]bf clwsf/L;lxt ;d"xsf kbflwsf/L / ;b:onfO{ ljz]if wGojfb lbG5' . o'g]:sf]åf/f ;~rflnt kqsf/ ;'/Iff clej[l4 kl/of]hgfsf ;+of]hs nId0fbQ kGtnfO{ k':ts k sfzgsf] ;du ;+of]hg tyf ;'k/Lj]If0fsf nflu ljz]if wGojfb 5 . ;fy} cfO{PdP;sf k/fdz{bftf ljgf]b e§/fO{sf] ljz]if ;xof]usf nflu cfef/L 5f}+ . kqsf/ ;'/Iff lgb]{lzsfsf n]vs ab L kf}8\ofn, xl/snf clwsf/L / e'jg s];Ln] 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} ldlxg]t ug'{ePsf] 5 . kqsf/ df]xg d}gfnLn] k':tssf] efiff ;Dkfbg ug'{ePsf] 5 . cfj/0f /ljg ;fo\ld, l8hfOg sfdl;+x r]kfª, :s]r efg' e§/fO{ / z'4fz'l4sf] sfd wd{/fh bfxfnn] ug'{ePsf] xf] . pxfFx¿nfO{ wGojfb 5 . cGTodf o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+ sfof{nosf h]aL ljZjsdf{, ;~rfl/sf ;d"xsf bfofª\hL tfdfª, /f]Zdf /fO{;lxt ;a} sd{rf/Lsf] ;xof]un] of] k':ts ;dod} k sflzt x'g;s]sf] xf], pxfFx¿nfO{ wGojfb . lgd{nf zdf{ cWoIf ;~rfl/sf ;d"x cf ljifo;"rL v08 ! kqsf/ dlxnf / ;'/Iff !–$ v08 @ kqsf/ dlxnfsf ;'/Iff r'gf}tL %–!^  ;'/lIft 5}g ;dfrf/ ;+sng  ljZjJofkL cj:yf  bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo, kLl8tnfO{ Gofo  cft+sjfblj/f]wL sfg"gsf] lzsf/ kqsf/  wDsLn] klg agfPg ljrlnt  g]kfnsf] cj:yf  sfg"gL sf/afxL kG5fpg] k of;  Gofosf] k tLIffdf kqsf/ dlxnf v08 # ;'/Iffsf pkfo !&–@*  hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf  ;+s6sf j]nf sfd nfUg] ;fdu L  ;'/lIft ofqfsf] tof/L  ;~rf/ ;Dks{  ; f]t;Fu e]63f6 / ;Dks{  lj/f]w, åGå / ck/fw;DaGwL ;dfrf/ ;+sng  k fs[lts ljkt\df ;'/Iff  of}g lx+;fsf] hf]lvd  s] xf] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ <  wDsL / r]tfjgL  l8lh6n ;'/Iff  tfnLd–k lzIf0f – k fylds pkrf/sf] 1fg  ;'/Iff vt/f / cfqmd0f ePkl5 ug'{kg]{ sfd – ph'/L / k}/jL – dfgl;s cf3ft tyf l8k ];gsf] pkrf/ O v08 $ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f, ;'ljwf tyf Jofj;flostf @(–#^  k]zfut tyf JolQmut ;'/Iff r]tgf tyf ;+j]bgzLntf  ldl8ofdf n}ª\lus ljifodf r]tgfsf d'Vo ;"rs / ;'/Iffl;t ltgsf] ;DaGw  Jofj;flos ;Lk / bIftf – kqsf/ dlxnfsf] bfloTj – ;~rf/;+:yfsf] bfloTj – /fHosf] bfloTj  n}ª\lus v08 % clwsf/ / ;Ldf #&–$)  clwsf/ / ;Ldf  cGt/f{li6«o 3f]if0ffkq / cle;lGw – clwsf/ – st{Jo / pQ/bfloTj  ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yf  cfrf/;+lxtf v08 ^ x6nfOg, sfg"gL ;xof]u / p4f/ $!–$$ v08 & ;Gbe{–;fdu L $%–$* v08 * cg';"rL O{ $(–&) wow (W kqsf/ dlxnf / ;'/Iff k qsfl/tf ;dfh / hgtfsf] lxtdf ;dlk{t k]zf xf] . o;n] cfd;~rf/dfWodaf6 ;d;fdlos ;"rgf, hfgsf/L Pj+ ljrf/ ;Dk ]if0f ub{5 . o; cy{df kqsf/n] ;dfhnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ . kqsfl/tf ubf{ p7fOg] ljifo, o;n] ;d]6\g] 36gf, ;d:of / k j[lQ w]/} lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . To:t} o; qmddf e]l6g] dflg;, ;fdgf ul/g] kl/l:ylt / ;"rgf–hfgsf/L ;+sngdf ckgfOg] k lqmof klg km/s–km/s x'G5g\– s'g} ;xh / ;lhnf t s'g} cK7\of/f / k]lrnf . slxn]sfxL+ ck/fw ug{]x¿sf af/]df ;dfrf/ n]Vg'k5{ . slxn] o'4, x'nb+uf h:tf lx+;fu :t If]qdf sfd ug'{k5{ . c¿sf] clwsf/af/] l/kf]l6{ª ubf{ kL8ssf] tf/f] x'g'kg{] cj:yf klg cfpg ;S5 . egfO g} 5, kqsfl/tf km"naf/L xf]Og sfF8f3f/L xf] . kqsf/n] ufx f];fx f] h:tf];'s} kl/l:yltdf klg sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sfdsf] :j¿k h:tf] klg x'g;S5– 36gfk wfg jf cg';GwfgfTds . kqsfl/tf ug{ ldlxg]t, nugsf ;fy} kof{Kt ;fx; rflxG5 . kqsfl/tf ubf{ w]/} lsl;dsf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of ef]Ug'k5{, Hofg} vt/fdf kfg{ ;Sg];Ddsf] cj:yf klg cfpg ;S5 . To;}n] kqsfl/tf ubf{ lgeL{s, ;fx;L / Jofj;flos eP/ cl3 a9\g'k5{ . s;/L ;'/lIft x'g] eGg]df ;r]t x'g'kb{5 . kqsf/sf] ;'/Iff eGgfn] p;sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, Jofj;flos, k]zfut / cfly{s ;a} lsl;dsf] ;'/Iff a'lemG5 . kqsf/sf] ;'/Iff;Fu 9'Ssn] sfd ug{ ;lsg] eo/lxt jftfj/0f klg hf]l8G5 . c+u ]hLdf …;]km\6LÚ (safety) eGg] zAbn] oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . kqsf/sf] ;'/Iff cj:yf d'n'ssf] zf;g–Joj:yf, Jofj;flos kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; / ldl8of ljsf;sf] :t/df a9L lge{/ x'G5 . kqsf/ a9L ;'/lIft x'g nf]stflGqs Joj:yf, ljlwsf] zf;g, :jtGq jftfj/0f / r':t, k efjsf/L Pj+ Jojl:yt ldl8of cfjZos x'G5g\ . ljZjsf cGo If]q / d'n'sdf em}+ g]kfndf klg kqsf/nfO{ ;'/Iff r'gf}tL 5 . To;df klg kqsf/ dlxnfnfO{ cem a9L 5 . sltko kqsf/ dlxnfnfO{ 3/kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] kqsfl/tf ug{ c;xof]u u5{g\ . sltko kqsf/ dlxnf cfkm" sfo{/t ;~rf/dfWodsf] sfof{nod} c;'/lIft 5g\ . 3/b]lv sfo{:yn / sfo{:ynb]lv ;"rgf tyf 36gfsf ; f]t;Dd k'Ubf dlxnfn] c¿ kqsf/nfO{ x'g] cfd ;'/Iff r'gf}tL ;Fu;Fu} n}ª\lus lje]bsf sf/0f l;lh{t yk r'gf}tL klg em]Ng'kb{5 . dlxnfn] kqsf/sf ¿kdf ef]lu/x]sf ;a} ;d:of aflx/ cfpFb}gg\ . pgLx¿n] leqleq} kL8f ;x]/ kl/jf/, ;dfh, sfof{no / sfo{If]qdf e]befj, b'Jo{jxf/ Pj+ lx+;fsf 36gf a]xf]l//x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff ;d:ofnfO{ xn ug]{ lbzfdf 7f]; sfdsf] ;'?cft klg ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!@ b]lv kqsf/sf] ;'/Iff tyf b08xLgtf;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5 . pQm sfo{of]hgfsf] k/LIf0f sfof{Gjog O/fs, kfls:tfg, blIf0f ;'8fg / g]kfn u/L ljZjsf rf/ d'n'sdf eO/x]sf] 5 . kqsf/sf nflu :jtGq / ;'/lIft jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] nIo lnPsf] o; sfo{of]hgfdf ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh, ldl8of, k fl1s If]q tyf cGt/;/sf/L ;+:yf /fi6«;+3sf ;/f]sf/jfnf Pj+ ;fem]bf/ 5g\ .  sfo{of]hgfn] /fd f] sfg"gL Joj:yf, sfg"gsf] kfngf, ldl8ofsdL{nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Goflos ;+oGq lgdf{0f, kqsf/ ;'/Iff sf]if, ;+jfb tyf ;b\efj lqmofsnfk, /fli6«o r]tgf cleofg, n}ª\lus b[li6n] ;+j]bgzLn sfo{k4lt, ;'/Iff;DaGwL tfnLdsf] Joj:yf, kf7\oqmd / tfnLd lgb{]lzsfsf] tof/Lh:tf sfdnfO{ k fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . /fi6«;+3Lo sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ g]kfndf kqsf/ ;'/Iff clej[l4 kl/of]hgf -@)!#–@)!%_ ;~rflnt 5 . sf7df8f}+l:yt o'g]:sf] sfof{non] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] of] kl/of]hgfn] /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3, g]kfn k x/Lsf] dfgjclwsf/ OsfO, Goflos lgsfo, clwsf/jfbL ;+3;+:yf nufotsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]sf] 5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] kqsf/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu :jtGq /fli6«o ;+oGq u7gsf] k lqmof cl3 a9fPsf] 5 . of] ;+oGq k ]; tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtf xgg\sf 36gfx¿df cleof]hg;Dd ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ePsf] lgsfo x'g]5 .  wow Hi?smlobl WW kqsf/ dlxnfsf ;'/Iff r'gf}tL k qsf/sf] ;'/Iffdf r'gf}tL / vt/f al9/x]sf] 5 . ;d'bfo :t/df /x]/ hg;/f]sf/sf ljifodf ;dfrf/ n]Vg] :yfgLo kqsf/ a9L c;'/lIft b]lvPsf 5g\ . To:t}, kqsf/ dlxnfn] n}ª\lus sf/0fn] ;'/Iffsf yk r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] 5 . o'4, ;z:q åGå, aGb, x8tfn, cfGbf]ng / lj/f]w k bz{g eO/x]sf], /fhgLlt ;+qmd0fdf /x]sf], ljleGg vfnsf ck/fw ug{] ;d"x ;lqmo ePsf], clgoldttf / e i6frf/ JofKt /x]sf] 7fpFdf kqsf/sf] ;'/Iffdf a9L r'gf}tL cfpg] u5{ . o; qmddf kqsf/nfO{ dfg{], a]kQf kfg{], cfqmd0f ug{], kqmfp ug{], oftgf lbg], wDsL lbg], cftª\lst kfg{], cj/f]w l;h{gf ug{], ;~rf/dfWoddf cfqmd0f ug{], kqsf/sf kl/jf/;d]tnfO{ wDsL lbg]h:tf 36gf x'g] ub{5g\ . /fHo / u}//fHo kIfn] cfkm\gf]af/]df ;dfrf/df cfPsf tYok/s s'/f :jLsf/ ug{ g;Sbf, kqsf/nfO{ cfkm\gf] cwLgdf kfg{ g;Sbf / sfg"gL pkrf/ sdhf]/ x'Fbf klg kqsf/nfO{ tf/f] agfpg] ub{5g\ . ;'/lIft 5}g ;dfrf/ ;+sng g]kfnu~hsL bLkf cfn] /]l8of] lxdfn / ;u/dfyf 6]lnlehg sf] ;+jfbbftf x'g\ . pgL cflbjf;L hghflt ;+o'Qm ;+3if{ ;ldltn] @)^( ;fn h]7 & ut]b]lv cfXjfg u/]sf] tLglbg] g]kfn aGbsf] l;nl;nfdf * ut] aGbsf] ;dfrf/ ;+sng ug{ vl6PsL lyOg\ . sf]xnk'/–g]kfnu~h ;8ssf] lrqgu/df yf¿ ;+o'Qm ;+3if{ ;ldltsf sfo{stf{n] bLkfnfO{ cfqmd0f u/]/ uDeL/ 3fOt] agfP . bLkfnfO{ cfGbf]ngsf ;dfrf/nfO{ dxTj glbPsf] / cfkm\gf] cg's"n ;dfrf/ glbPsf] eGb} cfqmd0f ul/Psf] lyof] . To;j]nf bLkf g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3, afFs] zfvfsL sfo{;ldlt ;b:o klg lyOg\ . pgLdfly ePsf] cfqmd0faf/] dfkmL dfUg / bf]ifLnfO{ s8f sf/afxL ug{ dxf;+3 nufot ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfn] ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbP . To;sf] b'O{ xKtfkl5 Pp6f sfo{qmddf yf¿ ;+3if{ ;ldltsf ;+of]hs rGb axfb'/ rf}w/Ln] 36gfk lt b'Mv JoQm ub{} cfkm"x¿ ;w}+ k ]; :jtGqtfsf] kIfw/ /x]sf] / cfufdL lbgdf uNtL–sdhf]/L bf]xf]l/g glbg] k lta4tf JoQm u/]sf lyP . t/ pgLdfly cfqmd0f ug]{x¿nfO{ sf/afxL ePg . ldl8of / kqsf/ :jo+ cg'zfl;t gx'Fbf klg kqsf/dfly ;'/Iff vt/f pTkGg x'G5 . kqsf/n] cfkm\gf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf gubf{, k]zfut bIftf / ;Lk xfl;n gubf{ ;'/Iff vt/f cfpg ;S5 . g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3n] k sflzt u/]sf] ;'/lIft / lhDd]jf/ k ];sf nflu /0fgLlts dfu{lrq df elgPsf] 5M …pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/ kqsfl/tfsf] cefjdf kqsfl/tf k]zf ljZj;gLo aGg ;Sb}g / :jo+ kqsf/ klg c;'/lIft x'g k'U5g\ .Ú kqsf/sf] zf/Ll/s ;'/Iff afx\o kIf;Fu a9L ;DalGwt x'G5 eg] k]zfut ;'/Iff cfkm\gf] sfo{Ifdtf / ;~rf/ ;+:yf;Fu . kqsfl/tf;Fu ;DalGwt lgod sfg"g nfu" gx'Fbf, plrt kfl/>lds / ;]jf ;'ljwf gx'Fbf, aLdf ;'ljwf gx'Fbf, labfsf] Joj:yf gx'Fbf kqsf/n] c;'/lIft dx;"; u5{g\ . To:t} sfd ug{] jftfj/0f gx'Fbf,  ;'/lIft / lhDd]jf/ k ];sf nflu /0fgLlts dfu{lrq . @)&! . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 .  z}lIfs of]Uotf / bIftfsf] sb/ gxF'bf, plrt cj;/ / lhDd]jf/L gx'Fbf, bIftf j[l4sf] ;Defjgf gx'Fbf, tfnLd / cWoogsf] Joj:yf gx'Fbf, /fhgLlts/0f / u'6aGbL x'Fbf, hgzlQm leœofpg] / labf ug{] :ki6 lylt gx'Fbf klg kqsf/n] cfk"m c;'/lIft ePsf] dx;"; u5{g\ . kqsf/n] lgikIf eP/ sfd ug{ g;Sbf klg pgLx¿ k]zfut lx;fadf c;'/lIft aGg ;S5g\ . o'g]:sf]n] kqsf/ ;'/Iff clej[l4 kl/of]hgf :yfkgfsf nflu @)!# df u/]sf] cWoogn] kqsf/ Ps jf csf{] /fhgLlts bn;Fu cfj4 eP/ sfd ubf{ lgikIf x'g g;s]sf] / ;'/Iff r'gf}tL a9]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ljZjJofkL cj:yf kqsf/nfO{ ljZje/ g} r'gf}tL 5 . o'4, ;z:q åGå, cfGbf]ng, lj/f]w k bz{g, k fs[lts k sf]k cflbsf] ;dfrf/ ;+sngsf j]nf kqsf/sf] Hofg;d]t uPsf 36gf 5g\ . To;}u/L kqsf/nfO{ dfg]{, ckx/0f ug{], a]kQf kfg{], oftgf lbg], b'Jo{jxf/ ug{] qmd klg hf/L 5 . o'g]:sf]sf cg';f/ ljZjdf kl5Nnf] Ps bzsdf ^)) eGbf a9L kqsf/ dfl/Psf 5g\ . sfdsf l;nl;nfdf ;+;f/e/ x/]s xKtf sDtLdf Pshgf kqsf/n] Hofg u'dfpFb5 . o;/L dfl/g]dWo] (% k ltzt :yfgLo kqsf/ 5g\ . sld6L 6' k f]6]S6 hgf{lni6 -;LkLh]_ sf cg';f/ !((@ b]lv h"g @)!% ;Dddf ljZjdf !,!$) hgf kqsf/ dfl/Psf 5g\ . tLdWo] &% hgf dlxnf 5g\ . g]kfnsL pdf l;+xnfO{ klg oxL ;"rLdf /flvPsf] 5 . bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo, kLl8tnfO{ Gofo kqsf/ pdf l;+x hgsk'/sf] /]l8of] 6'8] df sfd uly{g\ . pgnfO{ @)^% ;fn k'; @& ut] hgsk'/sf] /hf}nl:yt cfkm\g} 8]/fdf al;/x]sf j]nf !)–!% hgf dflg;n] ;f+3flts cfqmd0f u/L uDeL/ 3fOt] agfP . pkrf/sf nflu sf7df8f}+ n}hfFbf af6}df pdfsf] lgwg eof] . To;kl5 g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 nufotsf ljleGg ;+3;+:yfn] bf]ifL dfly sf/afxLsf] dfu ub{} cfGbf]ng u/] . xTofsf d'Vo cleo'Qm pd]z ofbjnfO{ k x/Ln] @)&) c;f]hdf klqmof] . ofbj, pdfsL efph" nlntf l;+x / g]dnfn kf;jfgnfO{ lhNnf cbfnt wg'iffn] bf]ifL 7x/ u/L hGds}bsf] km};nf ;'gfof] . pgLx¿ clxn] h]ndf 5g\ . o;/L dfl/Psf kqsf/dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L -$^ k ltzt_ /fhgLltsf af/]df ;dfrf/ ;+sng ug{]x¿ 5g\ . To;kl5 o'4, dfgjclwsf/, e i6frf/ / ck/fwaf/] l/kf]l6{ª ug{]x¿ 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd -rf/ k ltzt_ rflx+ cy{ tyf jfl0fHo ljifodf sfd ug{]x¿ kb{5g\ . kqsf/dfly 7"nf] ;'/Iff r'gf}tL /fhgLlts ;d"xn] lbPsf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf w]/} -%( k ltzt_ kqsf/sf] xTof ltgaf6} ePsf] 5 . To;kl5 ;/sf/L clwsf/L, ck/fw ug]{ ;d"x, ;'/Iff clwsf/L / :yfgLo afl;Gbfaf6 ePsf] 5 .   Adhikary, N.M. 2013 . Inception Context Analysis on the Safety of Journlaists in Nepal (unpublished). Nepal : UNESCO Kathmandu Office.  UNESCO Condemns Killing of Journalists . Retrieved July 28, 2015, from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/press-freedom/unesco-condemns-killing-of-journalists/  1140 Journalists Killed since 1992 . Retrieved July 30, 2015, from https://www.cpj.org/killed/ clwsf+z -&* k ltzt_ kqsf/sf] ;Lw} xTof ePsf] 5 eg] !( k ltzt åGå/t kIfsf] le8Gtdf k/]/ dfl/Psf 5g\ . hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd ug{] qmddf tLg k ltztsf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L %% k ltztnfO{ wDsL lbP/, @! k ltztnfO{ aGbL agfP/ / csf{] @! k ltztnfO{ oftgf lbP/ dfl/Psf] 5 . kqsf/sf] xTofsf bf]ifL kQf nufP/ sf/afxL ug]{ sfd eg] sd} ePsf] 5 . P3f/ k ltzt kqsf/ sf]af6 dfl/P eGg] v'Ng ;s]sf] 5}g . h;sf] klxrfg eof] ltgsf] d'2fdf &@ k ltzt kLl8tn] Gofo kfPsf 5}gg\ . @* k ltztn] cf+lzs Gofo dfq kfPsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ kqsf/sf] xTof, ckx/0f ug{] jf kqsf/nfO{ cfqmd0f ug{] dflg;n] bl08t x'g'kb}{g eGg] ;Gb]z uPsf] 5 . l/kf]6{;\{ ljbcfp6 af]8{;\{ -cf/P;Pkm_ sf cg';f/ @)!$ df dfq} ljZje/ ^^ hgf kqsf/ dfl/P -o;df () k ltzt k'?if / !) k ltzt dlxnf lyP_ . !!( hgfsf] ckx/0f ul/of] -o;df (# k ltzt k'?if / ;ft k ltzt dlxnf lyP_ . o;}u/L !*$^ hgf kqsf/n] wDsL jf cfqmd0f a]xf]/], !#( hgf b]z 5f]8\g afWo eP, *%# lu/km\tf/ / !&* s}b eP . ;f] jif{ l;l/of, Kofn]:6fOg, o'qm]g, O/fs / lnlaof kqsf/sf nflu ;a}eGbf hf]lvdk"0f{ b]z 7xl/Psf lyP . ;LkLh]sf] k ltj]bgdf @)) eGbf a9L kqsf/ y'gfdf /x]sf] klg pNn]v 5 . ;/sf/L lgsfon] ljleGg cf/f]k nufP/ y'Gg] rng k foM c/a, clk msL, k"j{ ;f]leot d'n's / rLgdf a9L rn]sf] 5 . cft+sjfblj/f]wL sfg"gsf] lzsf/ kqsf/ Olyof]lkofsL kqsf/ tyf :tDesf/ l/of]6 cn]d'nfO{ ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] rf/ jif{cl3 lu/km\tf/ u¥of] . cbfntn] pgnfO{ cft+sjfblj/f]wL sfg"gcGtu{t z'¿df !$ jif{ / kl5 kfFr jif{sf] h]n ;hfo tf]Sof] . h]nd} 5Fbf OG6/g]zgn cf]dG;\ ldl8of kmfpG8];g -cfO{8ANo"PdPkm_ sf] …s/]h Og hgf{lnHd cjf8{Ú / o'g]:sf]sf] …u'On]df]{ sfgf] jN8{ k ]; lk m8d k fOhÚ kfPsL cn]d'nfO{ @)!% h'nfO{df cd]l/sL /fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdfsf] e d0fsf] ;docl3 kf/]/ l/xf ul/of] . oxL df}sf kf/]/ c¿ s]xL kqsf/nfO{ klg ;hfo k"/f x'g'cl3 g} l/xf ul/Psf] lyof] . cn]d'n] e"ld clwsf/, e i6frf/ / Pp6f ljjfbf:kb ;/sf/L afFw kl/of]hgfaf/] n]v]sL lyOg\ . z'¿df pgsf lj?4 ;/sf/L ldl8ofaf6 k rf/afhL ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 kmf]g wDsL cfPsf] lyof] . ;dfltPkl5 pgnfO{ cleof]u :jLsf/ gu/]sf] / cGo kqsf/af/] hfgsf/L glbPsf] eg]/ :jf:Yo pkrf/ / cfkmGt;Fu e]63f6af6 ;d]t jl~rt u/L !# lbg PsfGtjf;df /flvPsf] lyof] . u}/k hftflGqs /fHoJoj:yf ePsf / cfGbf]ng, ljb f]x jf cfGtl/s o'4af6 u'lh /x]sf b]zdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] kqsf/nfO{ km;fpg] lgotn] dgu9Gt] cf/f]k nufpg] u/]sf 5g\ . kqsf/dfly /fHolj?4sf] ck/fw u/]sf], wfld{s Pj+ hftLo 3[0ff km}nfpg] k of; u/]sf], ;fj{hlgs ck/fw u/]sf], xftxltof/, nfu"kbfy{sf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf], e i6frf/ u/]sf] cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf] 5 .  Assessing and Responding to Risk . Retrieved July 31, 2015, from https://www.cpj org/reports/2012/04/assessingand-responding-to-risk.php#6; http://en.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/handbook.pdf  ;LkLh]sf cg';f/ Olyof]lkof w]/} kqsf/nfO{ h]n xfNg]df Ol/l6«ofkl5 bf]; f] d'n's dflgG5 . @))( df hf/L cft+sjfblj/f]wL sfg"gcGtu{t ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] jfs\ tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtf pkef]unfO{ ck/fw 7x¥ofpFb} w]/} kqsf/, wfld{s g]tf / ljkIfL /fhgLlt1nfO{ y'Gg] u/]sf] 5 . wDsLn] klg agfPg ljrlnt klZrd clk msL d'n's nfOa]l/ofsL kqsf/ dfP chfËf]n] clk msL ;dfhdf ulx/f] h/f uf8]sf] lszf]/Lx¿sf] of]gLR5]bg k/Dk/flj?4 cfjfh p7fpFbf s§/kGyLx¿sf] wDsLsf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] . k/Dk/fjfbLx¿af6 cfnf]lrt x'g] 8/n] nfOa]l/ofnL ;/sf/ o:tf] cdfgjLo rngnfO{ ;d]t df}g :jLs[lt lbP/ a;]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 ;'/Iff kfOg] gb]v]kl5 chfËf] gf} jif{sL 5f]/L lnP/ xKtf}+ e"ldut eOg\, t/ pgn] of] ljifonfO{ p7fpg 5fl8gg\ . pgnfO{ wDsL cfpg yfn]kl5 of] 36gfn] cGt/f{li6«o rrf{ kfof] / To;s} bafadf ;/sf/ of]gLR5]bgdf k ltaGw nufpg afWo eof] . o;}u/L Ps csf]{ 36gfdf chfËf]n] Pp6L anfTsf/kLl8tsL cfdfdfly ePsf] k x/L cTofrf/sf] e08fkmf]/ u/]/ To;f] ug]{ k x/L clwsf/LnfO{ h]n hfg afWo kf/]sL lyOg\ . chfËf]sf afa' ;g\ !(() df ljb f]xLåf/f dfl/Psf lyP . To;kl5 pgL ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf kL8fnfO{ phfu/ ug{ kqsfl/tfdf nfu]sL lyOg\ . ;g\ @))@ kl5 cfkm}+ o'4 z/0ffyL{ eP/ pgn] z/0ffyL{ lzlj/sf dlxnf / lszf]/Lx¿sf kL/dsf{af/] n]lvg\ . pgn] ;LkLh]sf] ;g\ @)!@ sf] …OG6/g]zgn k ]; lk m8d cjf8{Ú kfPsL 5g\ . pgL klxn] 6]lnu fkm / 8]nL cAhe{/ df n]lVyg\ . xfn cg';GwfgfTds ;dfrf/ ;fO6 k mG6k]h clk msf tyf klqsf Go" Gof/]l6E;\ df n]lV5g\ . dlxnfx¿ k foM ;fdflhs ¿kn] lgif]lwt s'/f / lkt[;QfTds ;dfhsf ljs[lth:tf r'gf}tLk"0f{ ljifoj:t'df snd rnfpg ?rfpF5g\ . To;n] ubf{ klg pgLx¿dfly vt/f cfOnfU5 . pgLx¿n] dgf]j}1flgs bafa em]Ng'k5{ . pgLx¿dfly zf/Ll/s cfqmd0f / anfTsf/ ul/G5 . s}b / y'gfdf ;d]t pgLx¿n] b'Jo{jxf/ ef]Ug'k5{ . $&=(Ü !$=#Ü of}g lx+;f l8lh6n ;]So'l/6L ef}lts lx+;f of}g b'Jo{jxf/ @!=^Ü @!=%Ü ljZjsf kqsf/ dlxnf sfo{ If]qdf s]af6 c;'/lIft 5g\ <   OG6/g]zgn Go"h ;]km\6L OlG:6Ro'6 -cfO{PgP;Pkm_ / OG6/g]zgn cf]dG;\ ldl8of kmfpG8];g -cfO{8ANo'PdPkm_ n] ;~rf/dfWoddf dlxnflj?4 x'g] lx+;f / b'Jo{jxf/af/] ;g\ @)!# df u/]sf] ljZjJofkL ;j{]If0fdf ;xefuL ePsfdWo] ^$=*& k ltztn] sfo{If]qdf wDsL, qf; / b'Jo{jxf/sf 36gf em]n]sf] atfPsf lyP . tL 36gf k'?if xflsd, ;Dkfbs / ;xsdL{åf/f ePsf lyP . ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuLdWo] @!=^ k ltztn] ef}lts lx+;f, !$=# k ltztn] of}g lx+;f, $&=( k ltztn] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ / @!=% k ltztn] 6\oflkª, x\oflsª\ / l8lh6n ;]So'l/6L cfkm\gf nflu r'gf}tL ePsf] atfPsf lyP . Violence and Harassment against Women in the News Media: A Global Picture . International Womens Foundation & International News Safety Institute. Retrieved July 19, 2015, from http://www.iwmf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Violence-and-Harassment-against-Women-in-the-News-Media.pdf ;j]{If0fn] dlxnf ;~rf/sdL{ nlIft clwsf+z wDsL, qf; / b'Jo{jxf/ sfo{:ynd} tyf s]xL ;dfrf/:yn / ;fj{hlgs :yndf x'g] u/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . t/ o:tf] Jojxf/af6 x}/fg kfl/Psf / b'Mv lbOPsf clwsf+z dlxnf cfkm"dfly ePsf s'/faf/] st} ph'/L ub}{gg\ . ;j]{If0fdf klg !^=( k ltzt kqsf/ dlxnfn] dfq} of}g b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 ph'/L u/]sf] atfPsf lyP . w]/} ;xefuLnfO{ cfkm" sfo{/t ;~rf/;+:yfn] sfo{:yndf x'g] b'Jo{jxf/ / lx+;faf6 kqsf/ dlxnfnfO{ hf]ufpF5 eGg]df ljZjf; lyPg . g]kfnsf] cj:yf ljZjdf dlxnf kqsf/n] ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:of  xTof, cfqmd0f / anfTsf/  of}g b'Jo{xf/ / lx+;f  OG6/g]6 PsfpG6sf] lgu/fgL  l8lh6n ;'/Iff vt/f -kmf]g 6\oflkª, Od]n x\oflsª cflb_ .  ;fj{hlgs ckdfg  ue{jtL cj:yfdf sfdaf6 lgisf;g -; f]tM ;LkLh], cfO{PgP;Pkm / cfO{8ANo'PdPkmsf k ltj]bgaf6_ g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf !),)&& hgf ;b:o 5g\ . ltgdf !,^!# hgf kqsf/ dlxnf 5g\ . dxf;+3df cfa4 geO{ sfd ug{] kqsf/ dlxnf klg g]kfndf 5g\ . ;g\ @)!% df o'g]:sf]n] u/]sf] kqsf/sf] cfTd/Iff Ifdtf ;DaGwL cWoogsf cg';f/ :yfgLo :t/sf ;~rf/dfWoddf dlxnf pNn]Vo dfqfdf a9]sf 5g\ . ljz]iftM PkmPd :6];gn] w]/} dlxnfnfO{ lgo'St u/]sf 5g\ . t/, k'?if ;xsdL{sf] t'ngfdf dlxnfn] kfpg] tna–;'ljwfdf e]befj 5 . sfg"gL sf/afxL kG5fpg] k of; bf]ifLdfly sfg"gL sf/afxL u/]/ kLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg'kg]{ k x/L g} slxn]sfxL+ bf]ifLnfO{ hf]ufpg nfluk/]sfn] kqsf/ ;Ltf kf]v/]nn] cfkm" ;'/lIft ePsf] dx;"; ug{ ;s]sL 5}gg\ . ;Ltf sdf08/ kf]i6 b}lgssL ;+jfbbftf x'g\ . pgn] eQmk'/, l;?6f/sL 8Da/s'df/L /fjtnfO{ kl/jf/df hUuf ljjfbsf] qmddf >Ldfg\, ;f}t]gL 5f]/f / a'xf/Ln] xftkft / b'Jo{jxf/ u/]sf] t:jL/ lvr]sL lyOg\ . To;sf] Ps 3G6fkl5 klqsfdf 5fKg kmf]6f] lvr]sf] eGb} afnsf]6sf] aLr;8sdf :yfgLo dlxnf / c¿n] 3]/f xfn]/ pgLdfly cfqmd0f tyf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ u/] . o;f]ubf{ Ps lsnf]ld6/;Dd l3;fb{} nu]sfn] ;Ltf a]xf]; ePsL lyOg\ . of] 36gfkl5 Hofg lng] p2]Zon] cfqmd0f u/]sf] eGb} pgn] afnsf]6 k x/L / lhNnf k zf;g sfof{no eQmk'/df ls6fgL hfx]/L lbOg\ . k d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] pgsf] lgj]bg l7dL k x/Ldf k7fOlbP . k x/Ln] l;?6f/sf efuL/yL /fjt, /fh' /fjt, ;'j0f{ /fjt, ls/0f /fjt / s]bf/ /fjt ;lxtsf] ;d"xnfO{ ;dft]/ NofO{ 36gf:ynglhs}sf] u'Kt]Zj/ dlGb/df :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] /f]xj/df ;Ltf;Fu dfkmL dfUg nufof] . k x/Ln] sf/afxL u/L bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo u/fpg'kg]{df gf6sLo 9+un] ldnfpg vf]h]sf]df ;Ltf cfZro{rlst 5g\ . @)%* b]lv @)^( ;fn;Dddf g]kfndf ldl8of ;~rfns;lxt #% hgf dfl/P . tLdWo] kqsf/ dlxnf pdf l;+x klg lyOg\ . o;}u/L @)%^ b]lv @)^( ;Dddf rf/ hgf kqsf/ a]kQf kfl/P . @)^*  g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 . Retrieved July 20, 2015, from http://www.fnjnepal.org/media/?page_id=48.  g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 . åGåsfnb]lv xfn;Dd dfl/Psf kqsf/x¿sf] ;"rL . Retrieved July 20, 2015, from http://www. fnjnepal.org/media/?page_id=1192.  h]7b]lv @)&@ j}zfv;Dddf kqsf/ / ldl8of;Fu ;DalGwt #$# j6f lx+;fsf 36gf ePsf lyP . kqsf/ / ldl8ofsf] ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt 36gfdf xTof, ckx/0f, cfqmd0f, b'Jo{jxf/, lu/km\tf/L, wDsL, cj/f]w, ldl8ofdf cfqmd0f, sfdaf6 lgisf;g, kqklqsf / ;jf/L;fwg hnfpg] sfo{ cflb kb{5g\ . t/ ldl8ofnlIft o:tf 36gfdf ;+nUg bf]ifL kQf nufP/ ;a}nfO{ sf/afxL ePsf] eg] 5}g . clwsf+z 36gfdf bf]ifL kQf nfUb}gg\, nfu] klg sfg"gL bfo/fdf cfpFb}gg\ / cfP klg bf]ifLn] /fhgLlts ;+/If0f kfpF5g\ . PnfOG; km/ ;f];n 8fonu n] @)!# df u/]sf] cg';Gwfgn] g]kfndf kqsf/ c;'/lIft x'g'sf w]/} sf/0f b]vfPsf] lyof] . ltgdf kqsfl/tfn] cfd dflg;sf] hLljsfsf s'/f p7fpg g;Sg', kqsfl/tf hgtfk lt pQ/bfoL gx'g', kqsfl/tf ;xL cy{df ;+:yfut x'g g;Sg', kqsfl/tfaf6 sdfpg] nfn;f a9\g'h:tf sf/0fn] klg kqsfl/tfsf] ;fdflhs hu sdhf]/ ePsf] x'g;S5 . g]kfndf kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff l:ylt emg\ sdhf]/ 5 . Ps t of] k]zfdf dlxnf sd 5g\ . lg0f{o ug{] txdf t clt sd 5g\ . ;~rfl/sf ;d"xn] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf sfo{/t dlxnf ;~rf/sdL{sf] cj:yfaf/] @)^* ;fndf u/]sf] Pp6f cWoogn] dlxnf ;~rf/sdL{sf] pkl:ylt @$ k ltzt b]vfPsf] lyof] . o;cl3 @)^@ ;fndf ul/Psf] b]ze/sf ;~rf/sdL{ dlxnfsf] cj:yf;DaGwL cg';Gwfgsf cg';f/, dlxnf ;~rf/sdL{dWo] !#=$ k ltzt ;Dkfbs / ;x–;Dkfbs lyP eg] @! k ltzt sfo{qmd ;~rfns / lgdf{tf lyP . kqsf/ dlxnfn] s] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;+rf/dfWoddf lg0f{o lng] / gLlt agfpg] 7fpFdf dlxnf yf]/} x'gfn] dlxnfsf ;d:of xn ul/+b}gg\, pgLx¿sf ;/f]sf/ / ;+j]bgzLntfk lt Wofg lbOFb}g . o;n] pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iffdf klg c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . @$Ü sf7df8f}+sf ;~rf/dfWoddf kqsf/ dlxnf k :t't lgb{]lzsf tof/ kfg{] qmddf @)!% cui6df ;~rfl/sf ;d"x g]kfn, o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+ sfof{no / OG6/g]zgn ldl8of ;kf]6{n] kqsf/sf] ;'/Iffsf ljifodf kqsf/ dlxnf;Fu 5nkmn u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] 5nkmndf kqsf/ dlxnfn] o:tf] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf lyPM cfly{s ;'/Iff gePsfn] dlxnfnfO{ kqsfl/tf k]zfdf l6Sg ufx f] 5, w]/} kqsf/ dlxnf k]zf 5f8\g rfxG5g\ . sfof{no / sfo{:yndf n}ª\lus ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ a'em\g] jftfj/0f cem} ag]sf] 5}g . o;n] ubf{ n}ª\lus b'Jo{jxf/b]lv lx+;f;Dd x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sltko ldl8ofdf dlxnfx¿n] zf/Ll/s cj:yf, k hgg\ :jf:Yo cflbsf sf/0fn] kfpg'kg]{ labfnufotsf ;'ljwf kfPsf 5}gg\ . ue{jtL / aRrf ePkl5 dlxnf ePsf] gftfn] k fs[lts ¿kn] kfpg'kg]{ ;'ljwf gkfPsfn] pgLx¿n] sfd 5f8\g'k/]sf] 5 . sltn] sfof{nodf ca]/;Dd sfd u/]/ 3/ hfFbf ;'/lIft oftfoftsf] Joj:yf gePsfn] k]zf 5f8]sf 5g\ . kqsf/ dlxnfk lt k'?if ;xsdL{sf] b[li6sf]0f ;a}lt/ Psgf; 5}g . sltn] s] 7fG5g\ eg] dlxnf sdhf]/ 5g\,  Bista, Mahendra & Acharya,Ujjwal . Nepal Media Status Report . Retrieved July 20, 2015, from http://www.slideshare. net/ujjwalacharya/nepal-media-status-report-2015.  d}gfnL, /3' / e6\6/fO{ ljgf]b . ;g\ @)!# . d]/f] kqsfl/tfsf] va/ . sf7df8f}+ M PnfOG; km/ ;f];n 8fonu .  sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf sfo{/t dlxnf ;~rf/sdL{sf] cj:yf . @)^* . nlntk'/ M ;~rfl/sf ;d"x . ;~rf/sdL{ dlxnfsf] cj:yf . @)^@ . nlntk'/ M ;~rfl/sf ;d"x .   Ifdtfjfg\ 5}gg\, pgLx¿ v'n]/ cufl8 cfpg ;Sb}gg\, ljjfx / aRrf ePkl5 sfd 5f8\5g\ . To;n] ubf{ kqsf/ dlxnfnfO{ ;xof]u gug]{, ljifo / lhDd]jf/L lb+bf e]befj ug]{, sdhf]/L s]nfpFbf klg k'?if / dlxnfnfO{ km/s b[li6n] x]g]{ ul/Psf] cg'ej kqsf/ dlxnfn] u/]sf 5g\ . kqsf/ dlxnf eg]kl5 ; f]tn] klg ;"rgf lbg cfgfsfgL ug]{ u/]sf] cg'ej s]xLn] u/]sf 5g\ . Gofosf] k tLIffdf kqsf/ dlxnf ;~rf/;+:yfdf kqsf/ dlxnfk lt s;/L e]befj x'G5 / pgLx¿nfO{ kfpg'kg]{ ljbf / ;'ljwf;d]t s;/L lbOFb}g eGg] s'/fsf] pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 uf]/vfkq af6 ejfgL sfsL{sf] lgisf;g . ejfgL sfsL{ uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf bf]nvf lhNnfsf nflu ;dfrf/bftf lyOg\ . pgL @)^^ ;fnb]lv sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ;dfrf/bftfsf ¿kdf sfd ug{ yfn]sL lyOg\ . ue{jtL cj:yfdf ;d]t lgoldt l/kf]l6{ª ul//x]sL pgnfO{ @)^* ;fn sflQs @^ ut]b]lv ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf] kq ydfOof] . uf]/vfkq n] lgsfn]sf j]nfdf pgsf] uef{j:yfsf] clGtd dxLgf lyof] . ca l5§} ;'Ts]/L x'lG5g\ / nfdf] ljbfdf al:5g\ eGg] ;f]rfO /fv]/ pgnfO{ sfdaf6 lgsflnPsf] :ki6} lyof] . g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] ;Nnfx / ;xof]udf pgn] k'ga{xfnLsf] nflu uf]/vfkq ;+:yfglj?4 >d cbfntdf d'2f xflng\ . >d cbfntn] Ifltk"lt{;lxt k'ga{xfnL ug"{ eGg] km};nf u¥of] . t/, ;+:yfgn] pQm km};nflj?4 ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u¥of] . xfn ;f] d'2f ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg 5 . ejfgL Gofosf] kvf{Odf l5g\ . sltko 7fpFdf kqsf/ dlxnfnfO{ pgLx¿ sfo{/t ;~rf/dfWodn] kqsf/ kl/rokq ;d]t pknAw u/fPsf 5}gg\ . lk m8d kmf]/d, o'g]:sf] / cfO{PdP;n] @)!% cui6df x]6f}+8fdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] If]qLo 5nkmndf k;f{sf ;~rf/dfWodn] k'?if kqsf/nfO{ kl/rokq lbPsf], t/ kqsf/ dlxnfnfO{ glbPsf] tYo aflx/ cfPsf] lyof] . k;f{sf @^ hgf kqsf/ dlxnf kl/rokqljgf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf kqsf/ dlxnfn] ;'/lIft t/Lsfn] :jtGq ¿kdf k]zfut bfloTj jxg ug{ lgs} r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 . ;g\ @)!% df o'g]:sf]n] kqsf/sf] cfTd;'/Iff Ifdtf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] cg';Gwfgdf ;xefuL &% hgf kqsf/ dlxnfdWo] *) k ltztn] l/kf]l6{ª ubf{ ;'/lIft dx;"; gu/]sf] atfPsf lyP . ;f] cWoogcg';f/ *& k ltzt ;~rf/;+:yfn] cfk\mgf ;+:yfdf sfo{/t kqsf/sf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL gLlt agfPsf lyPgg\ . ;g\ @)!$ df o'g]:sf]n] g]kfnsf !( lhNnfsf *) hgf kqsf/df kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;''/Iff;DaGwL cfjZostfsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ Pp6f cWoog u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] cWoogdf ;xefuL ePsfdWo] ax';+Vosn] ;'/Iff;DaGwL 1fg yf]/} ePsf] atfPsf lyP . t/fO{df kqsf/ dlxnfn] PSn} l/kf]l6{ªdf hfg vt/f gdf]n]sf] klg o;} cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPsf] lyof] .  Bhattarai, Kamal Dev . 2015 . Assessing Self Protection Capacities of Journalists Including the Status of 'Hotlines' Maintained by Different Press Freedom Protection Organizations (unpublished) . Nepal : UNESCO Kathmandu Office.  Ghimire, Om Prakash . 2014 . Assessing the Safety Needs of Women Journalists to Design a Training Package Aimed at Addressing their Needs (unpublished) . Nepal : UNESCO Kathmandu Office.  %!Ü $%Ü #&Ü #!Ü ;'/Iff cj:yf lkt[;QfTds ;f]r ;+s'lrt ljrf/wf/f n}ª\lus lje]b @!Ü !#Ü @)&@ ;fndf lk m8d kmf]/d / dw]zL kqsf/ ;+3n] dWo tyf k"jL{ t/fO{sf !) lhNnfsf () hgf kqsf/ dlxnfdf u/]sf] ;j{]If0fdf &* hgfn] t/fO{–dw]zdf sfo{/t /x]s} sf/0f yk c;'/Iff ef]Ug'k/]sf] atfPsf lyP . tLdWo] %! k ltztn] o;sf] k d'v sf/0f n}ª\lus lje]bnfO{ dfg]sf lyP . pgLx¿n] c;'/lIft dx;"; ug{'sf cGo sf/0f klg atfPsf lyP . ;xefuLdWo] $% k ltztn] ;dfhsf] ;+s'lrt ljrf/wf/f, #& k ltztn] lkt[;QfTds ;f]r, #! k ltztn] ;'/Iff cj:yf, @! k ltztn] dlxnfk lt ul/g] b'Jo{jxf/ / !# k ltztn] eflifs ;d:ofnfO{ c;'/Iffsf sf/0f egL cf}+NofPsf lyP . efiff b'Jo{jxf/ @)^@ ;fndf ;~rfl/sf ;d"xn] u/]sf] ;~rf/sdL{ dlxnf;DaGwL cWoogdf ;xefuL kqsf/ dlxnfdWo] (=$ k ltztn] ;xsdL{af6 of}glx+;f x'g] u/]sf] atfPsf lyP . @)^* ;fndf ;d"xn] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf dw]zdf kqsf/ dlxnf lsg c;'/lIft 5g\ < sfo{/t dlxnf ;~rf/sdL{sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] cg';Gwfgn] @) k ltzt kqsf/ dlxnfn] lx+;f ef]Ug'k/]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] . - OPPkmh]_n] g]kfnsf ;~rf/dfWoddf sfo{/t kqsf/ ;g\ @)!% df OG6/g]zgn km]8]/]zg ckm hgf{ln:6;\\ -cfO{ dlxnfsf] cj:yfaf/] u/]sf] ;j{]If0fdf ^=%Ü ;xefuL !)# hgf kqsf/ dlxnfdWo] !#=%! k ltztn] cfkm"n] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ;xsdL{ !@=%Ü em]n]sf] atfPsf lyP . tLdWo] %^ jl/i7 ;xsdL{ k ltztn] ;xsdL{af6, @% k ltztn] cGtjf{tf{bftf jl/i7 ;xsdL{af6, !@=% k ltztn] %^Ü cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf / ^=% k ltztn] cGo @%Ü aflx/sf dflg;x¿af6 of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ePsf] atfPsf lyP . o;af6 kqsf/ dlxnf cfk\mg} sfof{nodf a9L hf]lvddf kqsf/ dlxnfn] sf]af6 of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ‰f]N5g\ < /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ o:tf] b'Jo{jxf/ ef]Ug] w]/}h;f] kqsf/ dlxnf cfkm"n] sfof{no, sfo{sIf / sfo{:yndf ;fdgf ul//x]sf 36gfaf/] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf af]Ng rfxFb}gg\ . cfO{Pkmh]sf] k ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ b08xLg /fhgLlts ;+:s[lt / kLl8tnfO{ g} bf]if lbg] ;fdflhs k j[lQsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ckx]lnt x'g] eon] kqsf/ dlxnfn] cfkm"n] ef]lu/x]sf] ;d:ofnfO{ v'n]/ aflx/ Nofpg grfx]sf x'g\ .  t/fO{ dw]zdf sfo{/t kqsf/ dlxnfx¿sf] ef}lts Pj+ k]zfut ;'/Iff l:yltaf/]sf] ;j{]If0f k ltj]bg -ck sflzt_ . @)&@ . sf7df8f}+ M o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+ sfof{nosf nflu lk m8d kmf]/d tyf dw]zL kqsf/ ;+3 .  ;~rf/sdL{ dlxnfsf] cj:yf . @)^@ . nlntk'/ M ;~rfl/sf ;d"x . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf sfo{/t dlxnf ;~rf/sdL{sf] cj:yf . @)^* . nlntk'/ M ;~rfl/sf ;d"x .    Media and Gender in Nepal . 2015 . Retrieved July 30, 2015, from http://www.ifj.org/fileadmin/images/Asia_Pacific/IFJ_AP/reports-etc/Gender_and_Media_in_Nepal g]kfndf kqsf/ dlxnfn] ef]Ug'k/]sf ;'/Iff ;d:of  xTof, cfqmd0f / wDsL  n}ª\lus b'Jo{jxf/ / lx+;f  l;lgo/sf] cK7\of/f] Jojxf/  lhDd]jf/Ldf e]befj  tna–eQfdf lje]b  kfl/>lds sd ePsf] / ;dodf gkfPsf]  sfof{non] oftfoftsf] Joj:yf gu/]sf]  k]zfdf /xg kl/jf/sf] c;xof]u  ldl8ofdf n}ª\lus gLltsf] cefj  e/kbf{] /f]huf/Lsf]] cefj  :jf:Yo / hLjg aLdfsf] cefj  ;'Ts]/L ljbf glbPsf]  tfnLd / cj;/df lje]b  dlxnfsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f gx'g'  k lts"n ;do–tflnsf  dlxnfnfO{ sdhf]/ 7fGg] k j[lQ -;~rfl/sf ;d"x, ;LkLh] / cfO{Pkmh]sf k ltj]bgaf6_ kqsf/ dlxnfdfly ;dfrf/ zfvfdf klg lje]b x'g] u/]sf] 5 . pgLx¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf] ;d:ofaf/] ;+uLtf v8\sf n]lV5g\– …===kqsfl/tf k]zfdf xf]ldPsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ pT;flxt agfpg] eGbf klg ;DalGwt ;+:yf jf lgsfoaf6 lg?T;flxt kfg]{ s}of}+ ultljlw x'g] ub{5g\ . dlxnf kqsf/ a9L v6\g ;Sb}gg\, dlxnfn] w]/} lbdfu v]nfpg'kg]{ l/kf]l6{ª ug{ ;Sb}gg\ h:tf unt ;f]rfO kfn]/ jf axfgf agfP/ kqsf/ dlxnfnfO{ pkl:yltsf nflu dfq} /fVg] jf dlxnf, :jf:Yo, afnaflnsfh:tf la6x¿ dfq} lbg] ul/G5 .Ú 6]lnlehgdf sfo{/t dlxnfaf/] /~hgf >]i7n] u/]sf] Ps cWoogdf $$ k ltzt kqsf/ dlxnfn] sfof{nodf n}+lus lje]b ePsf] atfPsf lyP . ## k ltztn] cfkm"nfO{ x]g{] b[li6sf]0fdf v/fa lgot /x]sf]], @% k ltztn] k lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf z+sf u/]sf], !# k ltztn] lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0fdf ;+sf]r ul/Psf] / kfFr k ltztn] ;]jf ;'ljwf sd lbOPsf] s'/f :ki6 u/]sf lyP . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / b'Jo{jxf/sf sf/0faf/] g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3n] k sflzt u/]sf] ;'/lIft / lhDd]jf/ k ];sf nflu /0fgLlts dfu{lrq df pNn]v 5– …ldl8ofdf ev{/–ev{/ sfd yfn]sf kqsf/ dlxnf;Fu cfkm\g} ;jf/L;fwg gx'g], ;dfrf/ / ;dfrf/sf ; f]tdf sd kx'Fr x'g], n]Vg] jf k :t't ug{] ;Lk, cg'ej tyf 1fgsf]  v8\sf, ;+uLtf . @)^^, df3–r}t . kqsf/ dlxnfsf] dd{ . ;+lxtf, k[= @&–@* .  >]i7, /~hgf . @)^& . 6]lnlehgdf kqsf/ dlxnfsf] cj:yf . sf7df8f}+ M lqe'jg ljZjljBfno -zf]wkq, ck sflzt_ .  sdL x'g] / sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf st} k'Ug k'?ifsf] ;xof]u dfUg'kg{] cj:yfn] klg sltko dlxnfx¿ zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf 5g\ .Ú ;'/Iffsf pkfoåf/f ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ ;zQm agfpg] ljifodf /fds[i0f /]UdLåf/f k :t't Ps sfo{kqdf kqsf/ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f, wDsL / b'Jo{jxf/sf kL8sx¿ ;/sf/L kIf, ck/fwL ;d"x, ;xsdL{, ko{j]Ifsb]lv ;dfrf/ ; f]t;Dd x'g;Sg] s'/f cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . kqsf/ dlxnf / pgLx¿sf ;d:of, ldl8ofdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf / ;+j]bgzLntf a'em\g ;s] dfq kqsf/sf] ;du ;'/Iff alnof] x'g;Sg] pgsf] wf/0ff 5 .   ;'/lIft / lhDd]jf/ k ];sf nflu /0fgLlts dfu{lrq . @)&! . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 .  Regmee, Rama Krishna . 2015 . Energizing Media through Safety-Knob . Retrieved August 12, 2015, from http://cemfree.org.np/content/paper-presentations. ;'/Iffsf pkfo sf dsf l;nl;nfdf cfOkg{] ;'/Iff r'gf}tLk lt kqsf/n] ;w}+ ;r]t x'g'kb{5 . kqsfl/tfdf ;kmn x'g s]xL ;fx; klg b]vfpg', s]xL hf]lvd klg df]Ng'k5{ . t/, ;fx;sf] gfddf b':;fx; ug'{x'Fb}g . kqsf/n] cfkm\gf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf cfwf/e"t tof/L ug}{k5{ . To:tf tof/LdWo] Ps xf]– hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf . xfd f] ;dfhdf kqsf/ dlxnf cem a9L hf]lvddf kg{ ;S5g\ . To;}n] o:tf] tof/L kqsf/ dlxnfn] emg} a9L ug'{kb{5 . To;tkm{ kqsf/ dlxnf cfkm}+ / pgLx¿ sfo{/t ;+:yf, ;dfh, kl/jf/ ;a}n] Wofg lbg'kb{5 . JolQmut ;'/Iffsf nflu s]xL ;fjwfgL ckgfpFbf hf]lvd sd ug{ w]/} ;xof]u k'Ub5 . hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf kqsf/n] sfdsf qmddf x'g;Sg] hf]lvdk lt ;r]t eP/ ;'/Iff tof/L ug{ klxn] g} hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{k5{ . kqsf/dfly ;dfrf/ ;+sngsf qmddf cfpg ;Sg] hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L vt/f x6fpg jf sd ug{ cfjZos ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' h¿/L x'G5 . ;dfrf/ ;+sng ubf{ z'¿b]lv g} ;Defljt hf]lvd / vt/fsf] cfsng u/]/ ;'/Iffsf] /fd f] tof/L u/]df a9L ;'/lIft x'g ;lsG5 . hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf o:tf] cEof; xf], h;n] k lts"n jf vt/gfs jftfj/0fdf sfd ubf{ cfk"m / cfˆgf ;xsdL{dfly s:tf / sqf 8/qf;, c;'/Iff / vt/f cfOnfU5g\ egL cg'dfg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . o;n] kqsf/nfO{ s'g} lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ cfkm" zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / Jofjxfl/s ¿kn] tof/ 5' ls 5}g eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg klg ;3fpFb5 . hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf / cfsng o'4, åGå jf ck/fw If]qdf dfq xf]Og, slxn]sfxL+ vt/f sd} 5 h:tf] nfUg] 7fpFdf klg pkof]uL x'G5 . of] Ps k sf/n] cfkm\g} k/LIf0f klg xf] . …d of] sfd lsg ul//x]sf] 5'Ú, …d}n] o; qmddf s:tf] kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug'{knf{Ú / …d Tof] ug{ ;S5' ls ;lSbgFÚ eGg] h:tf k Zgsf] hjfkm Tof] sfd yfNg'cl3 g} vf]Hg'k5{ . sfd ug{ yfn]kl5 xf]Og . cfk"mn] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ hf]lvd / ltgnfO{ sd ug]{ pkfoaf/] /fd f];Fu a'‰g ljifo, sfo{If]q, ToxfFsf] kl/l:ylt / ToxfFsf dflg;af/] a9LeGbf a9L ;"rgf vf]Hg'kb{5 . To:tf] ;"rgf kfpg kqsf/, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, clwsf/sdL{, ;'/Iff / cGo ;/sf/L lgsfosf kbflwsf/L tyf k ltj]bgn] ;3fpg ;S5g\ . OG6/g]6af6 pknAw x'g;Sg] cgnfOg ;fdu Laf6 klg w]/} s'/f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . hf]lvdsf] cfsngsf nflu ;fdfGotM lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M cfk"mn] l/kf]l6{ª ug{ nfu]sf] ljifo slQsf] ;+j]bgzLn, ljjfbf:kb 5 < cfk"m hfg nfu]sf] 7fpF slQsf] hf]lvdo'Qm 5 < cfk"mn] l/kf]l6{ª ug{ nfu]sf] lqmofsnfk jf 36gf slQsf] hf]lvdk"0f{÷vt/gfs 5 < To; ljifo÷If]qsf af/]df l/kf]l6{ª ubf{ s]–s:tf kl/0ffd cfpF5g\ < l/kf]l6{ª ubf{ lbg, /ft, ;fFem, laxfg s'g j]nf vl6g'k5{ < s'g ;dodf a9L hf]lvd cfOnfUg ;S5 < l/kf]l6{ª ug{ s'g} 7fpFdf hfFbf ToxfF s:tf] k ltlqmof cfpg ;S5 <  l/kf]l6{ªsf nflu s;nfO{ e]6\g'k5{ < sf]l;t s'/fsfgL ug{'k5{ < cfk"mn] e]6\g'kg{] / cGtjf{tf{ lng'kg{] dflg;x¿ cfk"mk lt slQsf] cfqmf]]lzt 5g\ < cfk"mn] e]6\g / s'/fsfgL ug{ nfu]sf dflg; s:tf] k[i7e"ldsf 5g\ < pgLx¿nfO{ s;}n] lgu/fgL ul//x]sf 5g\ ls < pgLx¿;Fu s'/f ubf{ cfk"mdfly s'g} vt/f cfOnfU5 ls < cfk"m hfg] 7fpFsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]z / ;f+:s[lts /Lltl/jfh s:tf] 5 < Tof] 7fpF;Dd k'Ug] af6f] slQsf] ;'/lIft 5 < /flt af; a:g'k5{ eg] a;f]af;sf] nflu ;'/lIft 7fpF kfOG5 ls kfOFb}g < cfk"m hfg] 7fpFdf ;~rf/sf s'g–s'g ;fwg rN5g\ < cfk"m hfg] 7fpFsf] ;'/Iff cj:yf s:tf] 5 < ToxfF hfFbf vt/f cfOnfU5 ls nfUb}g < s'g} 7fpFdf cln 6f9} / nfd} ;dosf] nflu hfg'kg{]5 eg] oL s'/fdf klg Wofg lbg'k5{M Tof] 7fpF / af6f]3f6f]sf] df};d, xfjfkfgL, jftfj/0f s:tf] 5 < vfgkfg / af;sf] ;'ljwf s] s:tf] 5 < To;n] cfkm\gf] :jf:Yo, zf/Ll/s cj:yf tyf ;'/Iffdf s] c;/ kfg{ ;S5 < k lts"n cj:yfaf6 hf]lug s:tf n'ufkmf6f] af]Sg'k5{ < s:tf vfg]s'/f / cf}iflw af]Sg'k5{ < cfsl:ds ¿kdf :jf:Yo ;d:of cfPdf hfg ;lsg] c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo s]Gb sxfF sxfF 5g\ < cfktsfnLg p4f/ ug'{kg]{ ePdf s]–s:tf pkfo ckgfpg'k5{ < o:tf k Zgsf] hjfkm vf]h]/ cfkm\gf] sfd, sfo{:yn, ToxfFsf] kl/j]z, ToxfF e]l6g] dflg; / ToxfF k'Ug] af6f] / ;fwg slQsf] hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g;S5g\ egL cfsng ug{ ;lsG5 . l/kf]l6{ªsf nflu s'g} 7fpFdf hfg'cl3 cfkm"n] e/f];f ug{;Sg] JolQm;Fu hf]lvdsf] cj:yfaf/] 5nkmn ug'{k5{ . cfk"mnfO{ cfkt\ cfOnfu]df p;n] p4f/ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . sfd g;s'~h]n pm;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{ ul//xg'k5{ . s'g} sfdsf] qmddf cfOkg{ ;Sg] x/]s cj:yfsf] cg'dfg ug{ sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] sfd ub{} hfFbf hf]lvdsf] k'gd"{Nofª\sg u/L To;cg';f/ ;'/Iffsf pkfo cjnDag ug'{k5{ . To;}n] sfddf vl6Psf j]nfdf klg cfˆgf] ;'/Iffaf/] ljrf/ ug{ k To]s lbg s]xL ;do lbg'k5{ . ;'/Iffsf sf/0fn] ubf{ ofqf÷af;÷l/kf]l6{ª÷/]sl8{ª÷lkmlNdª cflbsf] of]hgf k]mg{'kg{] x'g;S5 . o;f] ePdf cfk\mgf ;Dks{ JolQmnfO{ of] s'/f atfpg'k5{ . hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf ubf{ c¿ kqsf/sf kl5Nnf cg'ejnfO{ klg dgg\ ug'{kb{5 . o;af6 ;dfg k s[ltsf] ;d:of cfOkbf{ c¿n] To;nfO{ s;/L ;fdgf u/]sf lyP eGg] yfxf x'G5 / To;}cg'¿k cfk\mgf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . cgfjZos hf]lvd glgDTofpg o:tf pkfodf Wofg lbg' /fd f] x'G5 M l/kf]l6{ªsf nflu hfFbf af6f]df / ;dfrf/:yndf ;a};Fu ;Ddfgk"j{s Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ . s;}nfO{ xf]Rofpg], x]Kg], ckdfg ug{] ug{'x'Fb}g . cfk"mn] l/kf]l6{ª ug{ nfu]sf] 36gf / ljifoj:t'af/] klxn] g} /fd f];Fu yfxf kfpg'k5{ . lkmN8df k'u]kl5 ;a} kIfsf s'/f ;'Gg'k5{ . kqsf/n] s;};Fu e]6\bf, s'/f ubf{ To;} klg ljgd x'g' / ;a}sf s'/f ;'Gg'kb{5 . To;dfly sf]xL dflg; cfk"m;Fu cfqmf]lzt, c;Gt'i6 /x]5g\ eg] pgLx¿;Fu cem gd x'g'k5{, pgLx¿sf s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg'k5{ . ;s];Dd cfkm"nfO{ cg's"n x'g] ;do kfg'{k5{ . k lts"n ;dodf hfg'kg]{5 eg] e/kbf{] ;fyL nfg'k5{ . PSn} hfg'kg]{ eof] eg] cfkm" sxfF / s] sfdsf nflu hfg nfu]sf] x'F, ToxfF s;nfO{ e]6\5' egL sfof{no / kl/jf/nfO{ atfpg'k5{ .  ;+s6sf j]nf sfd nfUg] ;fdu L kqsf/ dlxnfn] ;'/Iff r'gf}tL / hf]lvd ePsf] 7fpFdf hfFbf ;+s6sf j]nf sfd nfUg] lgDg ;fdu L klg af]Sg'k5{ . o;sf nflu k5fl8 leg]{ emf]nf ;lhnf] x'G5 . kqsf/ kl/rokq dgLAofu / cfjZostfg';f/ k};f, 8]la6÷qm]l86 sf8{ kfgL / ;'Svf vfg]s'/f cfkm"n] lgoldt lng] / s]xL h¿/L cf}iflw, :oflg6/L ;fdu L Kf fylds pkrf/ ;fdu L cfkt\ k/]df ;xof]usf nflu ;Dks{ ug{'kg{] dflg;sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ df]afOn kmf]g, rfh{/, kfj/ Jofsck 6r{nfO6, Aof6«L df};d / 7fpFcg';f/ lx+8\g, a:g / sfd ug{ ;lhnf] n'ufkmf6f], h'Qf ;+s6sf] ;"rgf lbg pkof]uL x'g;Sg] l;6\7L zf/Ll/s cfqmd0f, anfTsf/ k of;h:tf 36gfdf cfTd/Iffsf nflu k of]u ug{ ;lsg] ;fwg . ;'/lIft ofqfsf] tof/L kqsf/n] ;dfrf/ ;+sng, ;Dk ]if0f ubf{ csf]{ zx/, ufpF, lhNnf, If]qb]lv ljb]zsf] ofqf klg ug{'kg{] x'g;S5 . o:tf] ofqfdf kqsf/dfly hf]lvd cfOnfUg ;S5 . slt 6f9f hfg'kg{] xf] < ToxfF k'Ug] af6f] s:tf] 5 < ToxfF s:tf] ljifosf] l/kf]l6{ª ug{'kg{] xf] < o;eGbf cl3 cfk"mn] s:tf ljifodf l/kf]l6{ª u/]sf] 5' < h:tf s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\, lsgeg] logsf cfwf/df hf]lvd 36La9L x'g;S5 . ;w}+ hl6n jf ljjfbf:kb ljifodf k lts"n kl/l:yltdf l/kf]l6{ª ug{] kqsf/n] a9L hf]lvd p7fpg'kg{] x'g;S5 . ofqf ubf{ kqsf/ dlxnfdfly yk hf]lvd cfOnfUg ;S5 . dlxnfdfly of}g b'Jo{jxf/ / lx+;f a9L x'g] 7fpFdf oftfoft klg kb{5 . To;df klg g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs oftfoft dlxnfsf nflu pko'Qm 5Fb}5}g . To;}n] kqsf/ dlxnfn] of] kIfnfO{ ;d]t Vofn /fv]/ s:tf] ;fwgdf cfphfp ug{] / s]–s:tf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg] eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 . hf]lvd ePsf] 7fpF jf ljifoj:t'df l/kf]l6{ª ubf{ lgDg pkfo pkof]uL x'g;S5g\ M ofqfdf cfOkg{ ;Sg] cj/f]w Pj+ vt/fnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ cfˆgf] ofqfsf] tflnsf tof/ kfg]{ / ofqfsf nflu ;'/lIft dfWod vf]Hg] . hfg'cl3 /fd f];Fu tof/L ug]{ . ofqfdf k efj kfg{;Sg] cfsl:ds 36gf s]–s] x'g;S5g\ < x8tfn, aGb kf] k/]sf 5g\ ls < st} af9Lklx/f], xfjfx'/L, lxdkft, n" cflb cfOnfUg ;S5g\ ls < egL Wofg lbg] . ofqfsf] lgwf{l/t of]hgfdf cj/f]w cfPdf, kl/l:ylt crfgs ablnPdf jf z'¿sf] of]hgf c;xh nfu]df s] ug{ ;lsG5 egL klxn] g} of]hgf agfpg] . ofqf yfNg'cl3 ;Dkfbs, ;xsdL{ / kl/jf/nfO{ atfpg] . pgLx¿;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{ ug]{ .  cfkm\gf] uf8L÷df]6/;fOsndf hfg] xf] eg] To;sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 / OGwg kof{Kt 5, ls 5}g egL x]g{] . ofqf nfdf] 5 eg]] lghL uf8Ld} eP klg rfns lnP/ hfg] . uf8L÷df]6/;fOsn ;'/lIft / pHofnf] 7fpFdf kfs{ ug]{ . uf8L÷df]6/;fOsn ns u/]/ /fVg] . s'g} ckl/lrt JolQmn] /f]Sg O;f/f u/] /f]Sg] ls g/f]Sg] egL ljrf/ ug{] . ckl/lrt JolQmsf] lghL uf8L÷df]6/;fOsndf r9\g'cl3 To;f] ubf{ cfk"mnfO{ vt/f x'G5 ls eg]/ ljrf/ ug{] . ;fj{hlgs uf8Ldf ofqf ubf{ To;sf] gDa/ ofb ug{] . cfkm" r9]sf] uf8Lsf] 8«fOe/af6} vt/f dx;"; ePdf dflg; cln w]/} ePsf] 7fpF cfPkl5 /f]Sg nufpg] / uf8Laf6 cf]n{g] . 8«fOe/n] g/f]s]df kmf]gaf6 k x/L, sfof{no jf kl/jf/nfO{ va/ ug]{ jf j/k/sf k}bn ofqL, c¿ uf8Lsf 8«fOe/÷ofqLnfO{ Ozf/f u/]/ cfkm" c;'/lIft ePsf] hgfp lbg] . ofqfsf j]nf s;};Fu jfbljjfb / emu8f ;s];Dd gug]{ . w]/}nfO{ yfxf x'g] u/L ;fdflhs ;~hfndf cfk\mgf] ofqf;DaGwL ljj/0f g/fVg] . :yfgLo k zf;g, k x/L, clwsf/sdL{ / kqsf/sf] ;Dks{ gDa/ lng] / cfjZos k/] cfk\mgf] ofqfsf af/]df pgLx¿nfO{ atfpg] . ofqf ubf{ sfof{no, ;xsdL{ / kl/jf/;Fu af/Daf/ ;Dks{ ul//xg] . uGtJodf k'lu;s]kl5 klg hfgsf/L u/fpg] . cfkm"n] ofqf ug{] af6f]df s–s;sf s]–s:tf r]sKjfOG6x¿ 5g\ / ltgdf s]–s:tf sfuhkq rflxG5g\ egL klxNo} yfxf kfpg] . af; a:g'cl3 xf]6n, nh, u]:6xfp;, 3/sf sf]7fsf] cj:yf, ;~rf/ ;'ljwf, ;'/Iff k aGw cflb ;a} s'/f x]g{] . ;~rf/ ;Dks{ cfkt\ kbf{ sfd nfUg ;Sg] lgDg JolQm÷sfof{nosf ;Dks{ gDa/ ;fydf /fVg]M  ;Dkfbs  ;xsdL{  sfof{no  k x/L–k zf;g  tTsfn ;xfotf ug{ ;Sg] ;fyL, kl/jf/ / cfkmGt  k]zfut / clwsf/jfbL ;+3;+:yf  /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u  ljleGg x6nfOg ;]jf ;'/Iffdf pkof]uL df]afOn PK; k of]u ug{] st} hfg'cl3 ;Dkfbs, ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs jf ;dfrf/ ;+of]hs tyf lglZrt ;xsdL{, ;fyL, kl/jf/sf ;b:o / gft]bf/nfO{ cfkm\gf] ofqf of]hgfsf] ljj/0f lbg] . kms]{kl5 ;f] s'/f atfOlbg] . j]nf–j]nfdf cfkm" s'g 7fpFdf 5', ToxfFaf6 stf hfFb} 5' egL ;Dkfbs, ;fyL / 3/kl/jf/nfO{ atfpg] . cj:yf x]/]/ kmf]g, P;PdP;, Od]n cyjf ;fdflhs ;~hfn k of]u u/L cfk\mgf] ofqfsf af/]df atfpg] .  ; f]t;Fu e]63f6 / ;Dks{ ;"rgf lngsf nflu ; f]t;Fu e]63f6 / ;Dks{ ubf{ vt/f cfOnfU5 h:tf] nfu]df oL ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ M ;s];Dd PsfGt / ;'g;fg 7fpFdf ge]6\g] . v'nf / dflg; cfphfp ug{] 7fpF /f]Hg] . w]/} eL8ef8df klg ge]6\g] . o;f] ubf{ ;"rgf lng sl7g x'g;S5 . ;s];Dd lbpF;f] e]6\g] . ; f]t;Fu e]63f6 ug{ nfu]sf] 7fpF, pm;Fu s'/fsfgL ;Sg nfUg ;Sg] ;doh:tf s'/f ;Dkfbs tyf ;dfrf/ ;+of]hsnfO{ atfpg] . ; f]t;Fu k]zfut Jojxf/ ug{], gft]bf/;Fu h:tf] Jojxf/ gug{] . lj/f]w, åGå / ck/fw;DaGwL ;dfrf/ ;+sng eL8ef8, cfGbf]ng, lj/f]w, o'4, åGå, ck/fw h:tf ljifo, If]q / 36gfsf] ;dfrf/ ;+sng ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] ;a} kqsf/sf nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . o;af6 kqsf/ dlxnf klg d'Qm /xg ;Sb}gg\ . o:tf]df kqsf/ ;Lw} cfqmd0fb]lv ;'/Iff lgsfosf] sf/afxL;Dddf kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . slxn] t o:tf] cj:yfdf uDeL/ 3fOt] x'g] / Hofg} hfg] ;Defjgf klg x'G5 . oLafx]s kqsf/ dlxnfdfly of}g b'Jo{jxf/ klg x'g;S5 . h'n'; / eL8ef8df hfFbf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5M kqsf/sf] klxrfg hgfpg] Hofs]6 / kl/rokq nufpg] . h'n"; pR5[ª\vn ePsf j]nf / k bz{gsf/Lx¿n] kqsf/n] ;dfrf/ ;+sng u/]sf] g?rfPsf j]nf Hofs]6 nufpFbf / kl/rokq e'mG8\ofpFbf hf]lvd a9\g ;S5 . lx+;fTds x'g;Sg] 7"nf÷;fgf h'n";, ;efsf] l/kf]l6{ª ug{ hfFbf ;s];Dd PSn} ghfg] . eL8sf] aLrdf gk:g], 5]p5fp / cl3 kl5 a:g] . k x/L / k bz{gsf/Lsf] 3]/fdf gkg]{ / cfjZos k/]df ;'/lIft lg:sg ;lsg] u/L a:g] . ;+3if{/t s'g}] klg kIfsf] lj/f]w jf ;dy{gdf gnfUg], nfu]sf] b]lvg] h:tf] u/L ga:g] . cfGbf]ng, eL8Gtdf x'g;Sg] nf7Lk xf/, 9'+ufd'9faf6 hf]lug cfjZos k/] x]nd]6sf] Joj:yf u/]/ hfg] . nf7Lk xf/ ePdf k bz{gsf/L ;Fu;Fu} efUg] eGbf cfkm" /x]s} 7fpFdf a;]/ kl/rokq b]vfpg] . c>'UofF;sf] c;/af6 hf]lug df:s, rZdf / kfgL lnP/ hfg] . cfFvfdf kfgL 5\ofKbf / kfgLn] lehfPsf] sk8fn] cfFvf k'5\bf c;/ sd x'G5 . eL8ef8df hfFbf efUg ;lsg] ;lhnf] klx/g / h'Qf nufpg] . ;fydf 5l/tf] emf]nf af]Sg] . k x/L jf cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] 3]/faGbLdf kg{ ;lsg] cj:yfsf nflu kfgL / ;'Svf vfg]s'/f af]Sg] . uf]nL rNg] cj:yf ePdf k bz{gsf/L ePlt/ ;s];Dd ga:g] . ;'/IffsdL{n] kqmfp u/]df k ltjfb gug]{, gd ¿kdf k :t't x'g], cfkm" kqsf/ ePsf] atfpg] / dflyNnf] txsf k x/L clwsf/L;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{ . kqmfp k/]sf v08df l/xfOsf nflu kxn ug{ / sfg"gL ;xfotf lng cfk\mgf] sfof{no tyf k]zfut / clwsf/jfbL ;+3;+:yfnfO{ u'xfg{] . eL8ef8df dfOs, EjfO; /]s8{/, Sofd]/f, gf]6a"snufotsf pks/0f / ;fdu Lsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ . ;s];Dd ;fgf / xn'sf pks/0f k of]u ug]{ .  eL8n] pu ¿k lng;S5 ls egL rgfvf] /xg], t:jL/ / lel8of] lvRbf ;xsdL{nfO{ cfkm\gf] j/k/ Wofg lbg eGg] . 36gf:yndf lx+;f a9\of] / To;n] pu ¿k lng] nIf0f b]lvof] eg] tTsfn ;'/lIft :yfg vf]Hg] . ;z:q n8fOF ePsf] jf o'4 rs{]sf] If]qdf hfFbf ToxfF o'4df nfu]sf kIfn] s]–s:tf xltof/ pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ / ltgn] slt 6f9f;Dd k xf/ ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg] . uf]nL rn]sf 7fpFdf kl/of] eg] uf]nLaf6 hf]lug y'Dsf], 9'ª\uf jf cGo s'g} cUnf] / km/flsnf] ;+/rgfsf] cf8 lng] . k fs[lts ljkt\df ;'/Iff k fs[lts ljkt\ s:tf] xf] -af9L klx/f], e"sDk cflb_, To;af/] :ki6 x'g] . ljkt\ cfPsf] 7fpFsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfaf/] /fd f] hfgsf/L lng] . ljkt\:yn k'Ug] af6f] ;'/lIft 5 ls 5}g / ToxfF hfg oftfoftsf] s'g ;fwg pko'Qm x'G5, lglZrt ug]{ . k sf]ksf] hf]lvd ePsf] 7fpFeGbf cln 6f9} a:g] . ;'/IffsdL{sf] 3]/f gf3]/ ljkt\ ePsf 7fpFsf] w]/} glhs ghfg] . df};d / ljkt\:ynsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf ;'xfpFbf] h'Qf, klx/g nufpg] . cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg{] vfg]s'/f lnP/ hfg] . :yfgLo k;ndf vfg]s'/f lsGg kfOPnf egL cfzf gug]{ . ;Dej eP;Dd kfn, Dof6«];, ;~rf/ pks/0f / cfjZos cf}iflw tyf k fylds pkrf/ ;fdu L lnP/ hfg] . ljkt\ If]qdf s:tf /f]u nfUg ;S5g\ egL yfxf kfpg] / To;sf nflu rflxg] cf}iflw, kfgL ;kmf ug]{ emf]n jf rSsL, :oflg6/L ;fdu L af]Sg] . glhssf] c:ktfn jf pkrf/ s]Gb sxfF 5 yfxf kfpg] . af;sf] nflu ;'/lIft 7fpF vf]Hg] . e"sDk uPsf] 7fpFdf a:g'kg{] ePdf k/sDk cfpFbf ;'/lIft x'g ;lsg] 7fpF /f]Hg] . ;fyL, ;Dkfbs / kl/jf/;Fu af/Daf/ ;Dks{ ug{] . ljkt\sf cfufdL kl/0ffdaf/] cflwsfl/s lgsfo / lj1x¿sf] r]tfjgLnfO{ Wofg lbg] . ljkt\ ef]u]sf dflg; slQsf] cfqmf]lzt 5g\ eGg] ljrf/ ug]{ / pgLx¿k lt ;dfg'e"ltk"j{s Jojxf/ ug]{ . sf]xL l/;fP, cfqmf]lzt eP eg] klg cfkm" ;+oldt x'g] . kLl8tsf] dgf]an v:sg] u/L k :t't gx'g] . k Zg ;f]4f ljrf/ k'¥ofpg] . s;}n] af]Ng dfg]g eg] hf]/hah{:tL Pj+ jfbljjfb / em}–emu8f gug]{ . of}g lx+;fsf] hf]lvd kqsf/ dlxnfdfly of}g b'Jo{jxf/ x'g;S5 . o:tf] b'Jo{jxf/ w]/}h;f] sfof{nod} x'g] u/]sf] 5 . l/kf]l6{ªsf] sfddf hfFbf / cfpFbf klg pgLx¿dfly of}g b'Jo{jxf/ / lx+;f x'g ;S5 .  s] xf] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ < sfo{:yndf x'g] of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ -lgjf/0f_ P]g @)&! cg';f/ s;}n] cfkm\gf] kb, zlQm jf clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/L, s'g} lsl;dsf] bafa, k efj jf k nf]egdf kf/L jf xtf]T;flxt u/L s'g} sd{rf/L jf ;]jfu fxLnfO{ sfo{:yndf lgDg Jojxf/ u/]df Tof] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ 7xl/G5 M of}ghGo cfzon] z/L/sf] s'g} cª\udf 5f]Pdf jf 5'g] k of; u/]df . cZnLn tyf of}ghGo lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt zAb, lrq, kqklqsf, >Jo, b[Zo, cGo ;"rgfk ljlw, ;fwg, j:t' jf ;fdu L k of]u jf k bz{g u/]df . n]v]/, af]n]/ jf O;f/fn] cZnLn tyf of}ghGo cfzo k bz{g jf k s6 u/]df . of}ghGo cfzon] lh:SofPdf jf x}/fgL lbPdf . of}g k ]l/t cfzon] x'g] b'Jo{jxf/ / lx+;faf6 aRg kqsf/ dlxnfn] kl/l:yltcg';f/ ljleGg lg0f{o lng'kg]{ x'G5 . b]z–ljb]zsf kqsf/ / ;'/IffsdL{n] cf–cfkm\gf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df o:tf kl/l:yltdf ckgfpg'kg{] s]xL pkfo cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . tL o; k sf/ 5g\M sfdsf] ;docg';f/ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg] . :yfgLo ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fsf ;fy} ;'/IffnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fv]/ sfd ug{] . cfkm"nfO{ sdhf]/ gb]vfpg], gx8a8fpg] . lx+;f g;xg], lx+;fsf] v'n]/ k ltjfb ug{] . lx+;f ePsf v08df k x/Ldf tTsfn ph'/L ul/xfNg] . ph'/L gu/] To;n] yk lx+;f ug{ pTk ]l/t ug{ ;S5 . a:g] sf]7fsf] em\ofn 9f]sf /fd f];Fu aGb ug{] . s;}n] sf]7f vf]Ng cfu x u/]df ;f]w]/ jf x]/]/ sf] dfG5]n] 9f]sf vf]Ng eg]sf] xf] a'e]m/ dfq vf]Ng] . s;}n] lk5f ul//x]sf] h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 eg] ;hu x'g] . s;}n] lx+;f ug{] k of; u/]sf] v08df k ltsf/ ug{], k ltsf/df l8of]:k ], l;6\7L, cln nfdf] vfnsf] 6r{h:tf j:t' pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . wDsL / r]tfjgL df}lvs jf lnlvt h'g;'s} ¿kdf cfP klg wDsL / r]tfjgLnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lng] . r]tfjgL jf wDsL cfPdf k x/L, ;Dkfbs, ;xsdL{ / kl/jf/nfO{ atfpg] . cleJolQm :jtGqtf, k ]; :jtGqtf jf dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf cfkt\sfnLg ;xof]u ug{] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yf jf ltgsf :yfgLo k ltlglwnfO{ va/ ug]{ . wDsL, r]tfjgLsf] ¿kdf k fKt sfuhft, x:tlnlvt kq, 6]S:6 d];]h, Od]n, kmf]g /]s8{ ;'/lIft /fVg] . o;n] wDsLsf] ; f]t / ;Da4 kIfaf/] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .  cfqmd0fsf/LnfO{ cfFvfdf l8of]:k ] 5ls{lb+bf p;n] s]xL ;do cfFvf b]Vg ;Sb}g . of] df}sfdf efUg, c?nfO{ va/ ug{ / u'xf/ dfUg ;lsG5 . To:t}, l;6\7Ln] klg c?nfO{ ;hu u/fpg d2t ug{ ;S5 . 6r{n] cFWof/f]df t sfd lbG5 g}, k/]sf] j]nf cfqmd0fsf/LnfO{ lxsf{pg klg sfd nfU5 .  o:tf ;+3;+:yfsf] ;"rL / ltgsf] ;Dks{ ljj/0fsf] nflu v08 ^ x]g'{xf];\ .  l8lh6n ;'/Iff l8lh6n ;'/Iff eg]sf] df]afOn, sDKo'6/h:tf pks/0fsf] k of]u Pj+ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf ;'ljwf pkof]u ubf{ OG6/g]6sf dfWodaf6 x'g;Sg] / ug{ ;lsg] JolQmut ;"rgfsf] r'xfj6 / rf]/L tyf cfkm"dfly x'g;Sg] b'Jo{jxf/sf 36gfaf6 aRg] pkfo ckgfpg' xf] . l8lh6n ;'/Iffsf nflu lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M df]afOn k of]u ubf{ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg] . df]afOn aGb ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t 6«ofs x'g;Sg] pks/0f xf] . o;df ;+u lxt kmf]6f], ;"rgf / lel8of] c¿n] ;lhn} lng ;S5g\ . Od]n / ;fdflhs ;~hfndf c¿n] cg'dfg ug{ g;Sg] u/L c+s / cIf/ ldl>t kf;j8{ /fVg] . lhd]n, km];a's cflbdf df]afOn d];]h cfpg] u/L b'O{ r/0fsf] e]l/lkms];g k 0ffnL /fVbf c¿n] kf;j8{ kfP klg ;'/lIft x'g ;lsG5 . sfof{no jf cGo 7fpFdf sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6 rnfpFbf kf;j8{ ;]e gx'g] u/L nuOg ug{] / sfd ;lsPkl5 nucfp6 ug{ gla;{g] . cfk"mn] rnfPsf] k f]u fd / sDKo'6/ aGb u/]sf v08df cem a9L ;'/lIft x'g ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs ;~hfn jf Od]ndf ckl/lrt JolQmn] k7fPsf, z+sf:kb kmfOn s:tf x'g\ egL ljrf/ gu/L gvf]Ng] . vf]Ng}kg{] ePdf PG6L–efO/; ;km\6j]o/n] r]s u/]/ / cfO{6L lj1;Fu k/fdz{ u/]/ vf]Ng'kb{5 . tfnLd–k lzIf0f ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L /fVg] . ;'/Iff;DaGwL tfnLd–k lzIf0f lng] …kmfO6 JofsÚ ;DaGwL tfnLd lng] . ;do–;dodf kqsfl/tfsf] Jofj;flos tfnLd ln+b} cfkm\gf] ;Lk / bIftf a9fpg] . k fylds pkrf/sf] 1fg k fylds pkrf/sf] 5'6\6} tfnLd lng] . g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L / ;'/Iff lj1x¿n] o:tf] tfnLd lbg] u5{g\ . k fylds pkrf/sf nflu cfjZos cf}iflw / ;fdu L tof/ /fVg] . o:tf cf}iflw / ;fdu Lsf af/] g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L tyf ;DalGwt lj1x¿af6 hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . ;'/Iff vt/f / cfqmd0f ePkl5 ug'{kg]{ sfd ph'/L / k}/jL ;DalGwt k zf;lgs÷Goflos lgsfodf ph'/L lbg] . cfqmd0f / wDsLlj?4 Psa4 eP/ bafa a9fpg] . 36gfaf/] hjfkm lbgsf nflu ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ afWo kfg{] .  ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg] . 36gfdf s;n] s] u/] eg]/ ;a} sfuhft tof/ kf/L k df0f ;'/lIft /fVg] . dfgl;s cf3ft tyf l8k ];gsf] pkrf/ cfqmd0f jf ;'/Iff vt/fdf k/]kl5 cfpg ;Sg] dfgl;s cf3ft tyf dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{ lgDg sfd ug{ ;lsG5M  cfkm"nfO{ s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]df /fd f] Wofg lbg] . dg ldNg] jf cfkm"nfO{ ljZjf; nfUg] JolQm -;fyL jf cfkmGt_ ;Fu cfkm\gf ;d:of jf sl7gfOaf/] s'/fsfgL ug]{ . PSn} ga:g], ;d"xdf 3'nldn x'g] . cfkm";Fu ePsf ;sf/fTds s'/f -;Lk, 1fg, Ifdtf cflb_ ;lDemg] / ltgdf s]lGb t eP/ /rgfTds sfd ug]{ . cfkm\gf] ?lr cg';f/ b}lgs 8fo/L n]Vg], lrq agfpg], lgoldt Jofofd jf of]u ug{] . dgf]/~hg ug{] . h:t}M cfkm"nfO{ dgkg]{ lkmNd÷6LeL sfo{qmd x]g{], /]l8of] jf uLt–;+uLt ;'Gg], v]n v]Ng], 3'dlkm/ ug{] . cfkm"n] sf]lzz ubf{ub{} klg ;d:of ;dfwfg gePdf dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf lng] . o:tf] ;]jf dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ;+:yf, dfgl;s /f]usf] pkrf/ ug]{ c:ktfn jf dfgl;s :jf:YosdL{, dgf];fdflhs– dgf]j}1flgs ljdz{stf{sxfF uP/ lng ;lsG5 .   n}ª\lus lx+;f / dgf];fdflhs ;xof]u . @)&) . sf7df8f}+ M ax';f+:s[lts dgf];fdflhs ;+:yf .  Wl?r olldlolwl, WWMIOIHIMOMII sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f, ;'ljwf tyf Jofj;flostf kqsf/sf] ;'/Iff sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f, ;'ljwf / Jofj;flostf;Fu klg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] kqsf/n] o;nfO{ klg j]n}df cfsng u/]/ ;'/lIft /xg] pkfo cjnDag ug'{kb{5 . /fHon] gLltut Joj:yf / cg'udg u/]/, ;~rf/dfWodn] gLlt cg';f/sf] Joj:yf u/]/, k]zfut ;+3;+u7gn] Wofgfsif{0f / bafa l;h{gf u/]/ kqsf/dflysf] hf]lvd 36fpg'k5{ . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;'/Iffsf] s'/fnfO{ a'‰g / ;'/lIft jftfj/0f agfpg w]/} vfnsf ;fdflhs– ;f+:s[lts hl6ntf x6fpg' h¿/L 5 . 3/kl/jf/n] dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{] rng a;fP/, ;~rf/dfWodn] cfk\mgf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;dtfd"ns agfP/ / /fHon] ;a} k sf/sf n}ª\lus lje]b, b'Jo{jxf/ / lx+;fsf] cGTo u/]/ kqsf/ dlxnf ;'/lIft x'g] jftfj/0f agfpg ;lsG5 . cfrf/;+lxtf tyf Jofj;flostf sltko cj:yfdf kqsf/ cfkm}+n] cfˆgf] k]zfut bfloTj / dof{bfsf] Vofn gubf{ c;'/Iff x'G5 . kqsf/n] Jofj;flos eP/ sfd ug'{k5{ . To;f] u/]g eg]] kqsf/ :jtGq xf]Og, :jR5Gb x'gk'U5 / :jR5Gb eP/ sfd ug{ vf]Hg] kqsf/nfO{ ;'/Iff vt/f a9L x'G5 . To;}n] kqsf/n] cfkm\gf] Jofj;flos sfd / JolQmut Jojxf/df klg cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ug'{kb{5 . kqsf/n] cfkm\gf] sfddf Jofj;flos kqsfl/tfsf k d'v cfwf/ tYok/stf, ;Gt'ng / lgikIftfnfO{ slQsf] kfngf ePsf] 5 eGg] dgg\ ub}{ lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5M kqsf/ cfrf/;+lxtf kfng ug]{ . ;dfrf/ tYok"0f{, j:t'lgi7, ;Gt'lnt / ljZj;gLo x'g'kg{] . ;dfrf/sf tYoljj/0fsf] /fd f];Fu k/LIf0f÷k'gM k/LIf0f ug]{ . s'g} kIf–ljkIfdf gnfuL :jtGq ¿kdf sfd ug{] . cfkm\gf] sfdk lt pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL x'g] . ljljwtfnfO{ :yfg lbg] . …ckm b /]s8{Ú eg]/ lbOPsf] hfgsf/L / ;"rgfnfO{ k sfzg tyf k ;f/0f gug{] . gfd lbg gldNg] cj:yfsf] s;}sf] egfO jf ;"rgf lb+bf gfd pNn]v gug]{ . k]zfut tyf JolQmut ;'/Iff kqsf/ dlxnfn] sfd ug{] 7fpFdf cfkm" ;'/lIft ePsf] cg'e"lt ug'{k5{ . To:tf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;dodf kfl/>lds / cGo cfjZos ;'ljwf kfpg'k5{ . 3/kl/jf/ / ;dfhsf] ;xof]u kfpg'k5{ . sfo{:yn n}ª\lus b[li6n] pko'Qm x'g'k5{ .  o;/L kqsf/ dlxnfnfO{ ;'/lIft eP/ k]zfdf cl3 a9\g lgDg s'/f cfjZos x'G5g\M sfd ug{] 7fpFdf lgo'lQmkq kfpg'kg{] . sfdsf] :yfloTj x'g'kg{] . plrt / ;dfg ;]jf ;'ljwf x'g'kg{] . ;'Ts]/L, la/fdL nufotsf ljbf kfpg'kg{] . ;dodf kfl/>lds kfpg'kg{] . plrt kbLo x}l;ot / lhDd]jf/L kfpg'kg{] . ;'/lIft eP/ sfd ug{] jftfj/0f x'g'kg{] . n}ª\lus b[li6n] cg's"n jftfj/0f x'g'kg{] . tfnLd / cWoogsf] cj;/ kfpg'kg{] . sfof{nodf kof{Kt ef}lts k"jf{wf/ x'g'kg{] . oftfoftsf] /fd f] k aGw x'g'kg{] . sfd ug{ k] /0ff hufpg] jftfj/0f x'g'kg{] . cfkm";Fu ePsf ;fdu L ;'/lIft x'g'kg{] . oL s'/fx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ d'Vo bfloTj ;~rf/;+:yfs} xf] . t/ of] s'/f ;~rf/ ;+:yfnfO{ dfq} 5f8]/ k"/f x'Fb}g . /fHo, k]zfut÷Jofj;flos ;+3;+:yf / :jod\ kqsf/n] klg o:tf s'/f olsg ug{ Pstfa4 k of; ug'{kb{5 . n}ª\lus r]tgf tyf ;+j]bgzLntf n}ª\lus ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ a'em\g] jftfj/0f ePdf kqsf/ dlxnfn] sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf s'l07t x'g'kb}{g . pgLx¿ ljgf lje]b ;'/lIft cg'ej ug{ kfpF5g\ . o;sf nflu o'g]:sf]n] ;g\ @)!@ df ldl8ofsf nflu n}ª\lus ;r]tgfsf ;"rsx¿ tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . tL ;"rs sfof{Gjog ug{ ;~rf/;+:yfnfO{ lgDg ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5M gLlt lgdf{0f txdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, sfo{ / sfo{ If]qdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, ;'/lIft sfd ug]{ jftfj/0fdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, kfl/>ldsdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, / sfd tyf hLjgsf] ;Gt'ngdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf . g]kfnL kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff klg log} kfFr s'/fdf hf]l8Psf] 5 . gLlt lgdf{0f txdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf ePdf ldl8ofdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg clwsf/ ;'/lIft x'G5 . sfo{ / sfo{If]qdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf ePdf dlxnfn] lgw{Ss;Fu k'?if ;/x sfddf Wofg lbg kfpF5g\ . sfof{nodf n}ª\lus ;+j]bgzLntfsf] b[li6n] ;'/lIft eP/ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f ePdf kqsf/ dlxnfn] cfkm"dfly of}g b'Jo{jxf/ / lx+;f x'g;S5 eGg] lrGtfaf6 d'Qm eP/ sfd ug{ ;S5g\ . dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu ;dfg kfl/>ldssf] Joj:yf nfu" ePdf s;}n] klg s;};Fu lnª\usf cfwf/df x]lkP/ sfd ug'{kb}{g .  dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu sfd / hLjgsf] ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yf ul/Pdf k/Dk/fut ¿kdf dlxnfdf dfq yf]kl/Psf] ;Gtfgsf] /]vb]v / lrGtfsf] ef/ k'?ifdf ;d]t afFl8g hfG5 / dlxnfn] ;dfg ¿kdf sfd ug]{ cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . kqsf/ dlxnfn] k hgg\ :jf:Yol;t hf]l8Psf zf/Ll/s / k fs[lts cj:yfsf sf/0f ldl8ofsf] /f]huf/Ldf c;'/Iffsf] cg'ej ug'{kb}{g . ldl8ofdf n}ª\lus ljifodf r]tgfsf d'Vo ;"rs / ;'/Iffl;t ltgsf] ;DaGw gLlt lgdf{0f txdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf dlxnfn] k'?ifa/fa/ clwsf/ kfpg] sfo{ / sfo{If]qdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf lgw{Ss eP/ ldl8ofdf sfd ug{ ;lsg] ;'/lIft sfd ug]{ jftfj/0fdf n}lª\us ;dfgtf cg'ko'Qm ;+/rgfut c;'/Iffaf6 d'lQm kfOg] kfl/>ldsdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf cfly{s c;'/Iff / ckdfg ;xg' gkg]{ sfd / hLjgsf] ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yfdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf k hgg\ :jf:Yo / ;Gtfgsf] /]vb]vsf] sfdn] /f]huf/Ldf c;'/Iff gx'g] sfo{ / sfo{If]qdf n}ª\lus ;r]tgfsf ;"rsx¿ o:tf 5g\M n}ª\lus …kmf]sn o'lg6Ú :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g < ;a} lnª\usf sd{rf/Lsf] ;/f]sf/nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf lng'k5{ eGg] r]tgf 5 ls 5}g < sfo{ If]qdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtfsf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug]{ Joj:yf 5 ls 5}g < ;~rf/ ;+:yfsf ;a} txdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] cg'kft a/fa/ 5 ls 5}g < ;dfrf/ sIf / pTkfbg sIfh:tf ljefudf dlxnf–k'?ifsf] cg'kft a/fa/ 5 ls 5}g < dlxnf ;ª\Vof a9fpg rflnPsf sbdsf] cfjlws ;dLIff / l/kf]l6{ª x'G5 ls x'Fb}g < ;dfg Jojxf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;dtfd'vL ;~rf/ gLlt 5 ls 5}g < ;dfg kfl/>lds / a9'jfsf cj;/sf] cfjlws ;dLIff / l/kf]l6{ª x'G5 ls x'Fb}g < kbf]Gglt ePsf / tnaeQf a9]sfsf] jflif{s n}ª\lus cg'kft a/fa/L 5 ls 5}g < kqsf/ / sd{rf/L egf{df ;dfgtf / kf/bzL{ cEof; ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g < dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ ;a}sf] r]tgf / ;xdlt 5 ls 5}g < n}ª\lus ;dfgtfsf] gLlt dlxnf lj?4 ;a} lsl;dsf e]befj lgd"{ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw (CEDAW) sf k fjwfg cg's"n 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < hgzlQm gLlt / Jojxf/ ;dfg 5 ls 5}g < cf+lzs s/f/sf sd{rf/Lsf] n}ª\lus cg'kft a/fa/ 5 ls 5}g < ljleGg ljifodf l/kf]l6{ª ug]{ kqsf/sf] n}ª\lus cg'kft a/fa/ 5 ls 5}g < ;dfrf/sf ;a} ljifodf dlxnfsf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg ul/Psf sfdsf] cfjlws ;dLIff / l/kf]l6{ª x'G5 ls x'Fb}g < n}ª\lus ljifodf r]tgfsf oL ;"rssf cfwf/df kqsf/ dlxnf slQsf] ;dfg jf e]befjd"ns cj:yfdf sfd  dlxnflj?4 ;a} lsl;dsf e]befj lgd"{ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw -ConvenƟon on the EliminaƟon of All Forms of DiscriminaƟon Against Women_ n] o;sf kIf /fi6«nfO{ dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} vfnsf e]befjsf] lgGbf ub}{ ltgnfO{ lgd"{n ug{ pko'Qm gLlt tyf pkfo cjnDag ug]{ afWosf/L Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . dxf;lGwn] /fhgLlt / ;fj{hlgs hLjg, cfly{s / ;fdflhs hLjg, kl/jf/ / kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw, lzIff, /f]huf/L, :jf:Yo pkrf/, sfg"gcg';f/ ul/g] Jojxf/ cflbdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg clwsf/ tyf a]rlavg / of}g zf]if0faf6 dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 .  ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] a'‰g ;lsG5 . cfly{s, zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ¿kdf ;dfg cj:yfdf eP kqsf/ dlxnf ;'/lIft x'G5g\ eg] e]befj eP pgLx¿ c;'/lIft x'G5g\ . of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf dfldnfdf cGoq eGbf ;~rf/ sfof{nod} kqsf/ dlxnf a9L vt/fdf 5g\ . To;n] dlxnfsf nflu sfof{noleqs} jftfj/0f c;'/lIft /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . ;~rf/dfWoddf o:tf] ljifodf ;'g'jfO x'g] ;+/rgf ag]sf] 5}g . n}ª\lus ljifodf r]tgf sd 5 . ;~rf/dfWodsf kbflwsf/L o; ljifodf ;+j]bgzLn / ;dembf/ alg;s]sf 5}gg\ . o; ljifodf p7fOPsf sfd k efjsf/L x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ . ltgsf] cg'udg / l/kf]l6{ªsf] Joj:yf eO;s]sf] 5}g . d~h' yfkfn] @)!% df k :t't u/]sf] Ps sfo{kq cg';f/ kqsf/ dlxnfn] cfkm\gf] l/kf]l6{ªsf ;DaGwdf eGbf Hofbf cg'xf/, zf/Ll/s agfj6, klx/g jf km];gsf ;DaGwdf cgnfOg sd]G6 kfpg] ub{5g\ . df]afOn kmf]g, OG6/g]6, Od]n, km];a's, 6\jL6/, Anu dfkm{t pgLx¿nfO{ wfswDsL lbg], ufnLunf}h ug{], ckdflgt ug{] jf c:j:y l6Kk0fL ug{] k rng al9/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] l:ylt cGTo ug{ ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;~rf/;+:yfn] sfg"g agfpg', nfu" ug'{ / c¿ lsl;dsf sfd ug{'k5{ . kLl8tnfO{ g} bf]if lbg] / kLl8ts} rl/qxTof ug]{ ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts rngn] dlxnfx¿ cfk"mdfly ePsf lx+;fsf af/]df s'g} ;ldlt, k]zfut o'lgognfO{ atfpg rfxFb}gg\ . To:tf lx+;fsf lj?4 k x/L jf cGo s'g} lgsfodf hfx]/L lbg rfxFb}gg\ . cfO{Pkmh]sf] ;j]{If0fdf plNnlvt of] tYon] g]kfnsf s]xL kqsf/ dlxnfn] ;txdf b]lvg] dfq xf]Og, gb]lvg] / b]vfpg grfxg] vfnsf] c;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0fdf sfd ul//x]sf] k i6 ub{5 . /fHo ;+oGq / Joj:yfkgaf6 ;dy{g gkfPsf] cj:yfdf o;n] pgLx¿sf] Jofj;flos ;Lk / bIftfnfO{ vfg{ eGbf klg v:sfpFb} n}hfg ;S5 . of] emg} vt/gfs kIf xf] . o:tf] l:ylt cfpg glbg lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5M n}+lus lx+;faf/] yfxf kfpg] . c;xh Jojxf/ g;xg] . a9L lx+;f x'g] 7fpF s'g xf] yfxf kfpg] . lx+;f x'gf;fy ;DalGwt lgsfodf ph'/L ug{] . Jofj;flos ;Lk / bIftf ;dtfd"ns ;dfj]zL ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df kqsfl/tfdf k j]z u/]sf] hf] sf]xLn] klg Jofj;flos ;Lk / bIftf ltvfg{ g;Sg], gvf]Hg] xf] eg] ljleGg t/Lsfn] c;'/Iff a9\g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;'/Iffdf kqsf/ cfkm}+, ;DalGwt ;~rf/;+:yf, /fHo, lgofds lgsfo, k]zfut–Jofj;flos ;+3;+:yf nufot cGo / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+:yfut bfloTj klg hf]l8g cfpF5 .  kqsf/ dlxnfsf] bfloTj Jofj;flos geP/ sfd ubf{ x'g;Sg] ;'/Iff r'gf}tL s]–s] x'G5g\ eGg]df Wofg lbg] . Jofj;flos geP/ sfd ubf{ c;'/Iff cem a9\g ;S5 egL ;r]t x'g] . ;Lk / bIftf gx'Fbf ;dfrf/ ck'/f], c;Gt'lnt / PskIfLo x'g;Sg] / To;n] klg c;'/Iff a9fpg ;Sg] x'gfn] bIftf / ;Lk a9fpg ldlxg]t ug{] . cfkm\gf] Ifdtf / ?lr ePsf] If]qsf] lhDd]jf/L lng] . sfof{no, sfo{:yn jf cGoq st} cfkm" slQsf] ;'/lIft 5' eGg] s'/fsf] Vofn ug]{, c;'/lIft dx;"; ePdf ;fjwfgLsf pkfo ckgfpg] . s'g} ;xsdL{n] lh:Sofpg], xtf]T;fxL kfg]{, b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ jf lx+;f ug{] sfd u/]df a}7sdf s'/f p7fpg] . sfof{noleqsf] jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ug{ ;fd"lxs kxn ug]{ . cfˆgf] zf/Ll/s ;d:of jf cj:yfsf sf/0f sfd ug{ ufx f] ePsf] 5 eg] cK7\of/f] gdfgL eGg] . k]zfut Pj+ Jofj;flos cfrf/ / Jojxf/ k bz{g ug]{ . ;dfrf/sf ; f]t jf ;xsdL{;Fu lghL / Jofj;flos ;DaGwsf] bfo/f to ug{] . dlxnf ePs} sf/0f k]zfut sfddf 5"6 x'G5 eGg] cfu x g/fVg] . ;~rf/;+:yfsf] bfloTj vt/fsf] cfsng ug{ ;Dkfbsn] /fo ;Nnfx lbg] . kqsf/ dlxnfsf] Ifdtf / j[lQ a9fpg Jofj;flos tfnLd tyf k lzIf0f rnfpg] . kqsf/nfO{ cTofjZos ;'/Iff / k fylds pkrf/;DaGwL tfnLdsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . wDsL, r]tfjgL jf c;'/Iffsf] s'g} 36gfn] tgfj / cf3ft a]xf]l//x]sf kqsf/sf s'/f ;'Gg], pgLx¿nfO{ cf/fd ug{ lbg] / k/]df dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] . sfo{:ynnfO{ n}ª\lus b[li6n] cg's"n agfpg] . ;~rf/ ;+:yfdf n}ª\lus b[li6n] cg's"n cled'vLs/0f tfnLd rnfpg] . lg0ff{os txdf a9LeGbf a9L dlxnfnfO{ :yfg lbg] . b'Jo{jxf/ /f]Sg ;+:yfut k lqmof ;'b[9 ug]{ / ;'wf/fTds pkfo cjnDag ug]{ . ;'/lIft / Jojl:yt oftfoftsf]] k aGw ug]{ . u'gf;f] ;'g'jfOsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . kqsf/ dlxnfn] b'Jo{jxf/ ePsf] ph'/L lbPdf cfGtl/s sf/afxL / sfg"gL pkrf/sf nflu l;kmfl/z ug{] . kqsf/ dlxnfnfO{ laxfg ;a]/} / /flt ca]/;Dd sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lb+bf ;'/IffnfO{ Wofg lbg] . /ft– laxfgsf] ;dodf sfd nufpg'k/]df clkm; Nofpg] / 3/ k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ug{] . sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L tf]Sbf k'?if / dlxnfeGbf klg Ifdtf / cg's"ntfsf cfwf/df tf]Sg] . dlxnfn] ;Sb}gg\ eg]/ 7"nf / r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfd gnufpg] k j[lQ x6fpg] .  zf}rfnonufotsf ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ dlxnfsf nflu cg's"n agfpg] . ;~rf/;+:yfdf lzz' :ofxf/ tyf afn :ofxf/ s]Gb :yfkgf ug{] . dxLgfjf/L jf ue{jtL ePsf] j]nf cfjZostf cg';f/ cf/fd ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] . kqsf/ ;a} lx;fan] ;'/lIft x'g]5g\ egL ljZj:t x'g cfjZos kg]{ ;'/Iff klx/g, ;~rf/ ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . dfGo k rngcg';f/ kqsf/sf] aLdf ug]{ . kqsf/nfO{ s'g} ;d:of k/]df ;DalGwt ;'/Iff / cGo ;/sf/L clwsf/L, dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+u7g, /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yf tyf kl/jf/;Fu tTsfn ;~rf/ ;Dks{sf ;a} ljsNk v'nf /fVg], h;n] ubf{ k/]sf j]nf p4f/ ug{ ;lsof];\ . kqsf/nfO{ lgo'lQm lbg] . s'g} ljz]if l/kf]l6{ª, e d0f jf sfddf v6fOPsf] 5 eg] ;DalGwt ;a};Fu ;xof]usf] cfx\jfg ul/Psf] kq lbg] . kqsf/nfO{ cfkt\sfndf rnfpg rflxg] kof{Kt k};f lbg] . ;dfrf/ ;+sng ug{ hfFbf nfUg] ;a} vfnsf vr{sf] ;dod} e'StfgL lbg] . /fHosf] bfloTj ldl8of / n}+lustf;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfg"g agfO{ nfu" ug{] . ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg] . kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;'/IffnfO{ ljz]if k fyldstf lbg] . kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ph'/LnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s 5fglag u/L bf]ifLnfO{ sf/afxL ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf ;fwgnfO{ dlxnfsf nflu pko'Qm / ;'/lIft agfpg] . dlxnfsf nflu sfd ug{ k lts"n / c;xof]uL ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ /fHoaf6 ;'ljwf pknAw gu/fpg] .  Ww?m clwsf/ / ;Ldf ;' /lIft ¿kn] kqsfl/tf ug{ kqsf/ dlxnfn] cfˆgf clwsf/ / ;LdfnfO{ 7DofpFb} s:tf] ;'/Iff k aGwsf aLr sfd ug]{ eg]/ :ki6 x'g' h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu kqsf/n] cleJolQm :jtGqtf, k ]; :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs tyf k]zfut bfloTj, >dhLjL kqsf/sf xslxt nufot cfkm\gf] If]q;Fu ;DalGwt / k of]udf cfO/xg] cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGw tyf 3f]if0ffdf pNn]v ePsf cfkm\gf clwsf/ / ;Ldfaf/] yfxf kfpg'k5{ . To:t} b]zsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf / kqsf/sf] Jofj;flos cfrf/;+lxtfaf/] klg yfxf kfpg'k5{ . cfkm\gf clwsf/ / ;Ldfaf/] yfxf kfPkl5 ltgnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ Jofj;flos ¿kdf cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy tYok/s, ;Gt'lnt / lgikIf kqsfl/tf ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 . kqsf/n] ;Dk ]if0f ug]{ ;dfrf/, n]Vg] n]v–/rgf, k :t't ug]{ sfo{qmd hlt sd ljjfbf:kb / a9L ;Gt'lnt Pj+ ljZj;gLo x'G5g\, kqsf/dfly 8/qf; Tolt g} sd x'G5 . olt ubf{ klg ;'/Iff r'gf}tL cfpF5 eg] To;sf] ;fdgf ug{ tof/ x'g'kb{5 . /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g, cfrf/;+lxtf, 3f]if0ffkq / cle;lGwn] kqsfl/tf tyf cfd;~rf/dfWodnfO{ sd ljjfbf:kb / a9L oyfy{k/s, ;Gt'lnt Pj+ lgikIf agfpg ;3fpF5g\ . logn] kqsf/sf] sfdnfO{ ;xh agfpg klg plQs} ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ . ;fy} sxL+ st} cj/f]w ePdf logsf] ;xof]udf sfg"gL pkrf/ klg vf]Hg ;lsG5 . cGt/f{li6«o 3f]if0ffkq / cle;lGw kqsf/n]] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($*, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k lt1fkq !(^^ / dfgjclwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL cle;lGw !(%) h:tf b:tfj]hdf plNnlvt xfd f] k]zf–Joj;fo / sfdsf/afxL;Fu ;DalGwt k fjwfgaf/] yfxf kfpg'k5{ . oL 3f]if0ffkq, k lt1fkq / cle;lGwdf lgDg clwsf/, st{Jo tyf pQ/bfloTjaf/] :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5M clwsf/ ljrf/ tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtf, ljgfx:tIf]k af]Ng kfpg] clwsf/, dfu]sf] ;"rgf kfpg] clwsf/, ;"rgf k sfzg tyf k ;f/0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ . st{Jo / pQ/bfloTj c¿sf] clwsf/ / k lti7fsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ . /fli6«o ;'/Iff jf ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ . g}ltstf / hg:jf:Yodf vnn gk'¥ofpg] . lx+;f / ck/fwnfO{ k f]T;fxg gug{] . uf]kgLotfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ .  ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yf kqsf/n] kqsfl/tf;Fu hf]l8Psf k rlnt ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfaf/] klg yfxf kfpg'k5{ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !% df ;fdu L k sfzg–k ;f/0fdf k"j{ k ltaGw nufpg gkfOg] / To;f] u/]afkt ;~rf/dfWod aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h gul/g] Joj:yf 5 . t/, g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf jf cv08tfdf cfFr k'Ug], hft, hflt jf ;Dk bfoaLrsf] ;DaGwdf vnn cfpg], /fHob f]x, cbfntsf] cjx]ngf, ck/fwnfO{ k f]T;fxg tyf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstf k lts"n x'g] ljifodf k ltaGw nufpg ;lsg] k fjwfg klg ;+ljwfgdf 5 . o; cltl/Qm kqsf/n] cfkm\gf] k]zfut / Jofj;flos bfloTj;Fu ;DalGwt 5fkfvfgf tyf k sfzg, k ;f/0f, >dhLjL kqsf/, ;"rgfsf] xs, ufnL a]OHhtL, k ltlnlk clwsf/, cbfntsf] ckx]ngf / ;+;b\sf] ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DaGwL P]g, lgodfjnL / cGo sfg"gL Joj:yfaf/] klg yfxf kfpg'k5{ . cfrf/;+lxtf kqsf/ cfrf/;+lxtfdf kqsf/sf ;Ldf / st{Jo pNn]v ul/Psf x'G5g\ . ljZjsf w]/} b]zsf kqsf/ / kqsfl/tf;DaGwL ;+3;+:yfsf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] k ]/ssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cd]l/sg ;f];fO6L ckm Go"hk]k;{ Pl86;{ sf] l;4fGt !(@@ -;g\ !(&% df ;+zf]lwt_ n] kqsfl/tfdf pQ/bfloTj, k ]; :jtGqtf, :jfwLgtf, ;To / oyfy{, lgikIftf, :jR5tf h:tf s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(*# df o'g]:sf]n] kqsfl/tfsf k]zfut g}ltstf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o l;4fGt hf/L u/]sf] 5, h;df hgtfsf] ;xL ;"rgf kfpg] clwsf/, j:t'ut ;Tok lt kqsf/sf] ;dk{0f, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj, k]zfut Odfgbfl/tf, ;fj{hlgs kx'Fr / ;xeflutf, uf]kgLotf / dfgjLo dof{bf, ;fj{hlgs lxt, ljZjJofkL dfGotf / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf, zflGt / dfgjLotf h:tf a'Fbf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . g]kfndf xfn kqsf/ cfrf/;+lxtf @)^) -;+zf]lwt tyf kl/dflh{t @)^$_ k rngdf 5 . ;a} g]kfnL kqsf/ / ldl8ofsf nflu dfu{bz{ssf ¿kdf /x]sf] o; cfrf/;+lxtfdf kqsf/ / cfd;~rf/dfWodn] ug'{kg{] / ug{ gx'g] sfd af/] pNn]v 5 . k ]; sfplG;n g]kfnn] xfn k rlnt cfrf/;+lxtfnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{] k lqmof z'¿ u/]sf] 5 . sfg"g tyf cfrf/;+lxtf lj1 6f]aL d]08nn] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] d"n p2]Zo ldl8ofsf] Jofj;flos k j4{gdfkm{t cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ x'g'k5{ eg]sf 5g\ . d]08nn] kqsf/ cfrf/;+lxtfdf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\ M zLif{s ljlw ;+lxtf /fVg] . kqsf/nfO{ JolQmut ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ agfpg'eGbf ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ g} lhDd]jf/ agfpg] . ;dfrf/ ;fdu Lsf ;fy} dgf]/~hgfTds, z}lIfs nufot ;a} ;fdu Ldf cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs lxtnfO{ :ki6 kl/eflift ug]{ . r'gfjL ;dfrf/ ;+sng ;Gt'lnt / lgikIf x'g'sf ;fy} ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L{ ;d]l6Psf] x'g'kg]{ . ldl8ofdf r'lxP/ cfPsf ;"rgfsf] k jfx, b'Mv, Iflt / kL8fh:tf 36gfsf] ;dfrf/ ;+sng, ;dfrf/df n]gb]g, unt / uf]Ko 9+udf ul/g] /]s8{, efiffsf] k of]u, lx+;f, ck/fw, c;fdflhs / cGo xflgsf/s Jojxf/sf] lrq0f, ;"rgfsf] ; f]tsf ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] pkof]u / pgLx¿nfO{ xflg x'g] vfnsf ;fdu Lsf] k sfzg–k ;f/0f ;DaGwdf 7f]; lgod x'g'kg]{ .  *kll I 33R obi x6nfOg, sfg"gL ;xof]u / p4f/ kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ;"rgf / k/]sf] cj:yfdf s]xL cfkt\sfnLg ;xof]u lng ;lsg] ;+:yf 5g\ . tL ;+:yfdf ;Dks{ u/]/ pgLx¿n] s] s:tf] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpF5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lng'sf ;fy} ;xof]u k fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . Organization Contact person Contact Number Email Address National Human Rights Smriti Giri 9849543898 nhrc@nhrcnepal.org Hotline: 5010000 smrtgr882@gmail.com 9851094207 bornakarki@yahoo.com 9851040771 kcposhan15@gmail.com 01-4411618/01-4411210 hrcell@nepalpolice.gov.np Commission (NHRC) Press Council Nepal Borna Bahadur Karki, Chairperson Minimum Wage Fixation Poshan KC, Committee (MWFC) Chairperson Nepal Police, Human Rights Unit Ram Datt Joshi, SP Ext. 124,125,138 Nepal Police, Women Cell Mingmar Lama, DIG 01-4414745 cwcell@nepalpolice.gov.np National Women Commission Manu Humagain, 01-4256701/01-4259411 info@nwc.gov.np Spokesperson 01-4257582 Ministry of Information and Yadhu Prasad Panthi, 9851223345 yadupanthi@yahoo.com Communication (MoIC) Under Secretary Federation of Nepalese Journalists Mahendra Bista, 01-4112763/9851065938 fnjnepal@mail.com.np (FNJ) President Sancharika Samuha Nirmala Sharma, mahendrabista@yahoo.com 01-5551182/01-5011317 sancharika@wlink.com.np 01-6213545 wwjnepal2006@gmail.com 01-5006373/01-5006374 ics@worecnepal.org President Working Women Journalists Suvekshya Bindu Tuladhar Women Rehabilitation Centre Renu Adhikari Hotline: 16600178910 Freedom Forum Taranath Dahal, 01-4102022/9851061389 President Media Advocacy Group (MAG) Babita Basnet, monitoring@freedomforum.org.np tndahal@yahoo.com 01-5011793 maggroup08@gmail.com Raj Kumar Khadka 01-4253896/01-4254647 nebaajp@wlink.com.np Informal Sector Service Centre Bijaya Raj Gautam, 01-4278770/9851058455 insec@insec.org.np (INSEC) Executive Director Centre for Media Freedom (CMF) Dhrubahari President Nepal Bar Association, Access to Justice Programme bijaya@insec.org.np 01-5527576/9851073626 cmfnepal2015@gmail.com Adhikary, President  Organization Contact person Contact Number Email Address Association of Community Radio Mohan Chapagain, 9851001577 acorabed@gmail.com Broadcasters (ACORAB) President Federation of Nepal Indigenous Rajesh Chamling 01-4256569 fonij,center@gmail.com Rem Bahadur BK, 9851086809 rembk@jagaranmedia.org.np 01-5554396/9851033539 ld.pant@unesco.org Journalists (FONIJ) Jagaran Media Centre (JMC) President UNESCO Kathmandu Office Laxman Datt Pant, Coordinator-Safety laxmankasyap@gmail.com of Journalists Madheshi Journalists Association Pankaj Das, President 9802048550 pankajdas9999@gmail.com Hotline: 9801571007 Reporters Without Borders Binod Dhungel 9851059922 rsfnepal@gmail.com dhungelbinod@yahoo.com International Federation of Ujjwal Acharya 9851172148 ujjwal.acharya@gmail.com Tahmina Rahman, +880-2-9129370 tahmina@article19.org Journalists (IFJ) Article 19, South Asia Office Director Centre for Law and Democracy Toby Mendol 001-902-4313688 toby@law-democracy.org AMARC Suman Basnet 9851023499 sumanbasnet@amarc-ap.org  ;Gbe{–;fdu L g]kfnLdf cof{n, s'Gbg, du/, plh/ / l3ld/], ;dL/ . ;g\ @)!$ . k ]; :jtGqtf xgg\sf] cg'udgsf nflu ;+:yfut 9fFrf;DaGwL ;femf dfgb08 . sf7df8f}+ M o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+ sfof{no tyf g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf sfo{/t dlxnf ;~rf/sdL{sf] cj:yf . @)^* . nlntk'/ M ;~rfl/sf ;d"x . s];L, e'jg . @)&) . kqsfl/tfdf cfrf/;+lxtf . bLks cof{n, e'jg s];L / ltns kf7s -;+=_ . ldl8of l/8/ -k[=#@!–#$!_ . nlntk'/ M hubDaf k sfzg . v8\sf, ;+uLtf . @)^^, df3–r}t . kqsf/ dlxnfsf] dd{ . ;+lxtf -k[= @&–@*_ . sf7df8f}+ M k ]; sfplG;n g]kfn . t/fO{ dw]zdf sfo{/t kqsf/ dlxnfx¿sf] ef}lts Pj+ k]zfut ;'/Iff l:yltaf/]sf] ;j{]If0f k ltj]bg -ck sflzt_ . @)&@ . sf7df8f}+ M o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+ sfof{nosf nflu lk m8d kmf]/d tyf dw]zL kqsf/ ;+3 . yfkf, d~h' . ;g\ @)!% . ldl8ofdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf / kqsf/ dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff . Retrieved August 12, 2015, from http://cemfree.org.np/content/paper-presentations. bfxfn, sfzL/fh . @)%* . cfd;~rf/ sfg"g . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn k ]; OlG:6Ro"6 . åGå ;+j]bgzLn kqsfl/tf ;xof]uL k'l:tsf . @)^( . sf7df8f}+ M OG6/g];gn Pn6{, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3, OSjn PS;]; / b o'/f]lkog o'lgog . g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 . Retrieved July 20, 2015, from http://www.fnjnepal.org/media/?page_id=48. kqsf/ ld;g 6f]nLåf/f cWoog z'¿ . Retrieved July 20, 2015, from http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2069/2/22/fullstory/348952.html. kqsf/x¿sf nflu Jofjxfl/s lbUbz{g . ;g\ @))# . sf7df8f}+ M dfgjclwsf/ tyf k hftflGqs cWoog s]Gb -;]x'8{];_ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# . ljkt\ l/kf]l6{ª M l/kf]6{/sf nflu ufO8 . @)&@ . df]xg d}gfnL -cg'jfbs_ . sf7df8f}+ M OG6/Go"h . d]08n, 6f]aL . ;g\ @)!% . kqsf/ cfrf/;+lxtf @)^) dflysf] l6Kk0fL . sf7df8f}+ . d}gfnL, /3' / e6\6/fO{, ljgf]b . ;g\ @)!# . d]/f] kqsfl/tfsf] va/ . sf7df8f}+ M PnfOG; km/ ;f];n 8fonu . ;~rf/sdL{ dlxnfsf] cj:yf . @)^@ . nlntk'/ M ;~rfl/sf ;d"x . g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 . åGåsfnb]lv xfn;Dd dfl/Psf kqsf/x¿sf] ;"rL . Retrieved July 20, 2015, from http://www. fnjnepal.org/media/?page_id=1192. n'OF6]n, 3d/fh . kqsf/ ;'/Iff tfnLd lgb{]lzsf @)&! . @)&! . nlntk'/ M ;~rfl/sf ;d"x g]kfn . n}ª\lus lx+;f / dgf];fdflhs ;xof]u . @)&) . sf7df8f}+ M ax';f+:s[lts dgf];fdflhs ;+:yf . ;~rf/sdL{ pdf l;+x xTofsf] d'Vo of]hgfsf/nfO{ hGds}b . Retrieved July 19, 2015, from http://www.himalkhabar. com/?p=100296 ;'/lIft / lhDd]jf/ k ];sf nflu /0fgLlts dfu{lrq . @)&! . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 . >]i7, /~hgf . @)^& . 6]lnlehgdf kqsf/ dlxnfsf] cj:yf . sf7df8f}+ M lqe'jg ljZjljBfno -zf]wkq, ck sflzt_ .  c+u ]hLdf 1140 Journalists Killed since 1992 . Retrieved July 30, 2015, from https://www.cpj.org/killed/ Adhikary, N.M. 2013 . Inception Context Analysis on the Safety of Journlists in Nepal (unpublished) . Nepal : UNESCO Kathmandu Office. Assessing and Responding to Risk . Retrieved July 31, 2015, from https://www.cpj org/reports/2012/04/assessingandresponding-to-risk.php#6; http://en.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/handbook.pdf Assessement of Media Development in Nepal . 2013 . Nepal : UNESCO Kathmandu Office. Bhattarai, Kamal Dev . 2015 . Assessing Self Protection Capacities of Journalists Including the Status of 'Hotlines' Maintained by Different Press Freedom Protection Organizations (unpublished) . Nepal : UNESCO Kathmandu Office. 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Retrieved July 29, 2015, from http://www.newssafety.org/latest/advisories/travel advisory/detail/inbrief-grab-bags-1369/ Journalism Safety Guide . 2009 . BBC . Journalists’ Safety Indicators: International Level . 2013 . France : UNESCO Media and Gender in Nepal . 2015 . Retrieved July 30, 2015, from http://www.ifj.org/fileadmin/images/Asia_Pacific/IFJ_ AP/reports-etc/Gender_and_Media_in_Nepal Natural Disasters . Retrieved July 30, 2015, from http://www.seemo.org/Images/pdf/English.pdf NUJ Equality Council – Safety of Women Journalists and Photographers . National Union of Journalists. Pant, Laxman Datt . 2015 . Safety of Journlaists and the Issue of Impunity (Power Point Presentation). Regmee, Rama Krishna . 2015 . Energizing Media through Safety-Knob . Retrieved August 12, 2015, from http://cemfree. org.np/content/paper-presentations. Risc . http://risctraining.org/ S E E M O Safety Net Manual Guidelines for Journalists in Extraordinary or Emergency Situations . 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Retrieved July 19, 2015, from http://www.iwmf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Violenceand-Harassment-against-Women-in-the-News-Media.pdf  cg';"rL dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* wf/f !( k To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/ tyf cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf x'g]5, h;cGtu{t k To]s JolQmnfO{ ljgf s'g} x:tIf]k cfkm\gf] ljrf/ k s6 ug]{, cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;"rgf dfUg], k fKt ug{] tyf To:tf] ;"rgf s'g} dfWodåf/f ljgf aGb]h k ;f/ ug{] :jtGqtf x'g]5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# wf/f !%= k sfzg, k ;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf;DaGwL xs M -!_ ljB'tLo k sfzg, k ;f/0f tyf 5fkfnufotsf cGo h'g;'s} dfWodaf6 s'g} ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n]v, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o, >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu Lsf] k sfzg tyf k ;f/0f ug{ jf 5fKg k"j{ k ltaGw nufOg] 5}g . t/, g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf jf cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt jf ;Dk bfoaLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{, /fHob f]x, ufnL a]OHhtL jf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf ck/fw ug{ b'?T;fxg ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstf k lts"n x'g] sfo{df dgfl;a k ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -@_ s'g} >Jo, >Jo b[Zo jf ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 s'g} ;fdu Lsf] k sfzg tyf k ;f/0f u/] jf 5fk]afkt To:tf] ;fdu L k sfzg tyf k ;f/0f ug]{ jf 5fKg], /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] l8lh6n jf ljB'tLo, 5fkf jf cGo ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g . -#_ s'g} ;dfrf/, n]v, ;DkfbsLo, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o;fdu L d'b 0f jf k sfzg u/]afkt s'g} ;dfrf/kq, klqsf jf 5fkfvfgf aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g . -$_ sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} 5fkf, ljB'tLo k ;f/0f tyf 6]lnkmf]g nufotsf ;~rf/ ;fwgnfO{ cj?4 ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g @)^$ @= kl/efiff M -ª_ æ;"rgfsf] xsÆ eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] clwsf/ ;Demg'k5{ / ;f] zAbn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] s'g} lnvt, ;fdu L jf ;f] lgsfosf] sfd–sf/afxLsf] cWoog jf cjnf]sg ug]{, To:tf] lnvtsf] k dfl0ft k ltlnlk k fKt ug]]{, ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ eO/x]sf] :ynsf] e d0f / cjnf]sg ug]{, s'g} ;fdu Lsf] k dfl0ft gd"gf lng] jf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] oGqdf /flvPsf] ;"rgf To:tf] oGqdfk{mt k fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .  #= ;"rgfsf] xs x'g] M -!_ k To]s g]]kfnL gful/snfO{ o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;"rgfsf] xs x'g]5 . -@_ k To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;"rgfdf kx'Fr x'g]5 . -#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] b]xfosf] ljifo ;DaGwL ;"rgf k jfx ul/g] 5}g . -s_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs zflGt ;'Joj:yf jf cGt/f{l{i6«o ;DaGwdf uDeL/ vnn kfg]{, -v_ ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft tyf cleof]hgdf k ToIf c;/ kfg]{, -u_ cfly{s, Jofkfl/s tyf df}lb s lxt jf af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f jf a}+lsª jf Jofkfl/s uf]kgLotfdf uDeL/ cf3ft kfg]{, -3_ ljleGg hfthflt jf ;Dk bfoaLrsf] ;';DaGwdf k ToIf ¿kdf vnn kfg]{, / -ª_ JolQmut uf]kgLotf / JolQmsf] hLp, Hofg, ;DklQ, :jf:Yo jf ;'/Iffdf vt/f k'¥ofpg] . t/, To;/L ;"rgf k jfx gug'{kg]{ plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f ePsf]df afx]s To:tf] ;"rgf k jfx ug]{ bfloTjaf6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfo klG5g kfpg] 5}gg\ . %= ;"rgfsf] cBfjlws / k sfzg M -#_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ;f] lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt b]xfosf ;"rgf ;"rLs[t u/L k sfzg ug'{kg]{5 M -s_ lgsfosf] :j¿k / k s[lt, -v_ lgsfosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/, -u_ lgsfodf /xg] sd{rf/L ;+Vof / sfo{ ljj/0f, -3_ lgsfoaf6 k bfg ul/g] ;]jf, -ª_ ;]jf k bfg ug]{ lgsfosf] zfvf / lhDd]jf/ clwsf/L, -r_ ;]jf k fKt ug{ nfUg] b:t'/ / cjlw, -5_ lg0f{o ug]{ k lqmof / clwsf/L, -h_ lg0f{opk/ ph'/L ;'Gg] clwsf/L, -em_ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] ljj/0f, -`_ ;"rgf clwsf/L / k d'vsf] gfd / kb, -6_ P]g, lgod, ljlgod jf lgb]{l]zsfsf] ;"rL, -7_ cfDbfgL, vr{ tyf cfly{s sf/f]af/;DaGwL cBfjlws ljj/0f, -8_ tf]lsPadf]lhdsf cGo ljj/0f . -$_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf of] P]g k f/De ePsf] ldltn] tLg dxLgfleq / To;kl5 k To]s tLg dxLgfdf cBfjlws u/L k sfzg ug'{kg]{5 .  ^= ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf M -!_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfˆgf] sfof{nodf /x]sf] ;"rgf k jfx ug]{ k of]hgsf] nflu ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;"rgf k jfx ug]{ k of]hgsf] nflu k d'vn] cfˆgf] sfof{nodf /x]sf] ;"rgf lgoldt ¿kdf ;"rgf clwsf/LnfO{ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5 . -#_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ;"rgf k jfx ug]{ k of]hgsf] lglDt cfjZostfg';f/ ;"rgf zfvfsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 . &= ;"rgf k fKt ug]{ sfo{ljlw M -!_ o; P]gadf]lhd s'g} ;"rgf k fKt ug{ rfxg] g]kfnL gful/sn] To:tf] ;"rgf k fKt ug{'kg]{ sf/0f v'nfO{ ;DalGwt ;"rgf clwsf/L;dIf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k fKt ePdf ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] tTsfn pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] k s[ltsf] ;"rgf eP tTsfn / tTsfn pknAw u/fpg g;lsg] k s[ltsf] ;"rgf eP lgj]bg k fKt ePsf] ldltn] kGw lbgleq lgj]bsnfO{ ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5 . -#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd tTsfn ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg g;lsg] ePdf ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] ;f]sf] sf/0f;lxtsf] hfgsf/L t'?Gt lgj]bsnfO{ u/fpg'kg]{5 . -$_ pkbkmf -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] s'g} JolQmsf] hLp–Hofgsf] ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf dfu u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] ;"rgf dfu u/]sf] rf}aL; 3G6fleq lgj]bsnfO{ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5 . -%_ ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] lgj]bsåf/f dfu ePsf] ;"rgf ;Dej eP;Dd dfu ePsf] :j?kdf g} pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5 . -^_ pkbkmf -%_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] :j¿kdf ;"rgf pknAw u/fpFbf ;"rgfsf] ; f]t lau g], eTsg] jf gi6 x'g] ;Defjgf ePdf ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] ;f]sf] sf/0f vf]nL pko'Qm :j?kdf lgj]bsnfO{ ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg ;Sg]5 . -&_ s'g} JolQmn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} lnvt, ;fdu L jf sfd sf/afxLsf] cWoog jf cjnf]sg ug{sf] nflu lgj]bg lbPsf] eP ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] lgj]bsnfO{ To:tf] lnvt, ;fdu L jf sfd sf/afxLsf] cWoog jf cjnf]sgsf] lgldQ d'gfl;j ;do pknAw u/fpg]5 . -*_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k fKt ePsf] lgj]bg hfFra'em ubf{ lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] ;"rgf cfˆgf] lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt gb]lvPdf ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L t'?Gt lgj]bsnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 . (= ph'/L lbg ;Sg] M -!_ ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] ;"rgf pknAw gu/fPdf, ;"rgf lbg c:jLsf/ u/]df, cf+lzs ¿kdf ;"rgf pknAw u/fPdf jf unt ;"rgf lbPdf jf ;/f]sf/jfnf xf]Og egL ;"rgf glbPdf ;DalGwt JolQmn] To;/L ;"rgf gkfPsf] jf cf+lzs ¿kdf ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltn] ;ft lbgleq k d'v;dIf ph'/L lbg ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k fKt ph'/L hfFra'em ubf{ ;"rgf glbPsf] jf cf+lzs ¿kdf ;"rgf lbPsf] jf unt ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvPdf k d'vn] lgj]bsåf/f dfu ePadf]lhdsf] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg ;"rgf  clwsf/LnfO{ cfb]z lbg]5 / To;/L cfb]z ePdf ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] ;DalGwt lgj]bsnfO{ ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5 . -#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd hfFra'em ubf{ ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] hfgL–hfgL jf ablgotk"j{s ;"rgf glbPsf], ;"rgf lbg c:jLsf/ u/]sf] jf cf+lzs ¿kdf ;"rgf lbPsf] jf unt ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvPdf k d'vn] To:tf] ;"rgf clwsf/LnfO{ k rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ljefuLo sf/afxL ug{ ;Sg]5 . -$_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd hfFra'em ubf{ ;"rgf lbg gldNg] b]lvPdf k d'vn] ;f]xL Joxf]/fsf] lg0f{o u/L ;f]sf] sf/0f;lxtsf] hfgsf/L lgj]bsnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 . #@= ;hfo M -!_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] k d'v jf ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] dgfl;a sf/0fljgf ;"rgf glbPsf] jf lbg OGsf/ u/]sf], cf+lzs ¿kdf jf unt ;"rgf lbPsf] jf ;"rgf gi6 u/]sf] b]lvPdf cfof]un] To:tf] k d'v jf ;"rgf clwsf/LnfO{ Ps xhf/b]lv kRrL; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf u/L To:tf] k d'v jf ;"rgf clwsf/L ljefuLo sf/afxL x'g] kbdf /x]sf] eP lghnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfosf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 . -@_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] k d'v jf ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] ;dodf lbg'kg]{ ;"rgf ljgfsf/0f ;dodf pknAw gu/fO{ l9nfO u/]df hlt lbg l9nfO u/]sf] xf] k ltlbg b'O{ ;o ?k}ofFsf] b/n] lghnfO{ hl/jfgf x'g]5 . -#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd cfof]uaf6 ljefuLo sf/afxLsf nflu n]vL cfPdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] tLg dxLgfleq To:tf] k d'v jf ;"rgf clwsf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L cfof]unfO{ lbg'kg]{5 . -$_ s'g} JolQmn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 k fKt u/]sf] ;"rgf h'g k of]hgsf] lgldQ k fKt u/]sf] xf] ;f]xL k of]hgsf nflu k of]u gu/L b'?kof]u u/]sf] b]lvPdf cfof]un] ;"rgfsf] b'?kof]usf] uDeL/tf x]/L To:tf] JolQmnfO{ kfFr xhf/b]lv kRrL; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . -%_ cfof]un] o; P]gadf]lhd u/]sf] lg0f{o jf lbPsf] cfb]z kfngf gug]{ JolQmnfO{ cfof]un] bz xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . ##= Ifltk"lt{ M -!_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] k d'v jf ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] o; P]g adf]lhd ;"rgf glbPsf], lbg OGsf/ u/]sf], cf+lzs ¿kdf jf unt ;"rgf lbPsf] jf ;"rgf gi6 u/]sf] sf/0fn] s'g} JolQmnfO{ xflg–gf]S;fgL kg{ uPdf To:tf] JolQmn] ;"rgf gkfPsf], cf+lzs ¿kdf jf unt ;"rgf kfPsf] jf ;"rgf gi6 u/]sf] ldltn] tLg dxLgfleq cfof]u;dIf Ifltk"lt{sf] nflu lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k fKt lgj]bg hfFra'em ubf{ dgfl;a b]lvPdf cfof]un] lgj]bsnfO{ kg{ uPsf] jf:tljs xflg–gf]S;fgLnfO{ ljrf/ u/L dgfl;a dflkmssf] Ifltk"lt{ ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 e/fOlbg ;Sg]5 .  >dhLjL kqsf/;DaGwL P]g @)%! -;+zf]lwt @)^$_ of] P]g >dhLjL kqsf/sf] xs, lxt, ;'ljwf / ;'/Iffsf] ;dof]lrt Joj:yf ug{ tyf Jofj;flos bIftf k j4{g ug{ k f]T;flxt u/L :jR5 kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; ug{ agfOPsf] s'/f o;sf] k :tfjgfdf pNn]v 5 . @= kl/efiff M -v_ æ;~rf/ k lti7fgÆ eGgfn] ;~rf/;DaGwL s'g} Joj;fo jf ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] tLghgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L >dhLjL kqsf/, sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ sfo{/t /x]sf] k rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd :yfkgf jf btf{ ePsf] ;fj{hlgs jf lghL ;~rf/dfWod jf ;+ul7t ;+:yf ;Demg'k5{ . -3_ æ>dhLjL kqsf/Æ eGgfn] ;~rf/ k lti7fgdf Joj:yfksLo tyf k zf;sLo clwsf/ k fKt u/]sf] JolQmafx]s ;~rf/;DaGwL Joj;fo jf ;]jfnfO{ k d'v Joj;fo ckgfO{ kfl/>lds lnO{ ;~rf/ k lti7fgdf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ;do sfd ug]{ JolQm ;Demg'k5{ / ;f] zAbn] ;~rf/ k lti7fgdf ;dfrf/ ;fdu L ;+sng, pTkfbg, ;Dkfbg jf ;Dk ]if0f ug]{ k wfg ;Dkfbs, ;Dkfbs, ;+jfbbftf, l:6«~h/, ;dfrf/jfrs, sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, cg'jfbs, j]a l8hfOg/, :tDe n]vs, kmf]6f]kqsf/, k ]; Sofd]/fd]g, Joª\Uo lrqsf/, sfo{qmd lgdf{tf jf ;~rfns, b[Zo jf efiff ;Dkfbsh:tf kqsfl/tf k]zf;Fu ;DalGwt JolQm;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 . kl/R5]b @ – lgo''lQm, ;]jfsf] ;''/Iff tyf sfd ug]]{ ;do #= kbsf] juL{s/0f ug'{kg]{ M -!_ Joj:yfksn] ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] sfdsf] k s[ltcg';f/ >dhLjL kqsf/sf] kb / To:tf] kbsf] txut juL{s/0f ug'{kg]{5 . -#_ kb / To:tf] kbsf] txut juL{s/0f ul/;s]kl5 Joj:yfksn] ;f] kbsf nflu rflxg] of]Uotf, cg'ej, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf pQ/bfloTj;d]t pNn]v ePsf] ljj/0f k ]; /lhi6«f/nfO{ lbg'kg]{5 . #= s= lgo'lQm glbO{ sfddf nufpg gx'g] M Joj:yfksn] o; P]gadf]lhd lgo'lQm glbO{ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ >dhLjL kqsf/sf] kbdf sfddf nufpg x'Fb}g . $= v'nf k ltof]lutfåf/f kbk"lt{ ug''{kg]{ M -!_ Joj:yfksn] ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ >dhLjL kqsf/sf] kb tf]lsPsf] k lqmof ckgfO{ v'nf k ltof]lutfåf/f 5gf]6 u/L k"lt{ ug'{kg]{5 . -@_ v'nf k ltof]lutfåf/f 5gf]6 ePsf JolQmnfO{ Joj:yfksn] tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq lgo'lQmkq lbg'kg]{5 . %= s/f/df lgo''lQm ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] sfdsf nflu s'g} JolQmsf] ljz]if1 ;]jf lng'kg]{ ePdf Joj:yfksn] k ]; /lhi6«f/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ lglZrt ;dofjlw tf]sL To:tf] JolQmnfO{ >dhLjL kqsf/sf] kbdf s/f/df lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg]5 .  -@_ s/f/df lgo'lQm ubf{ ;DalGwt ;~rf/ k lti7fgdf sfo{/t >dhLjL kqsf/sf] s'n ;+Vofsf] kGw k ltzt ;+Vof;Dd dfq lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg]5 . -#_ s/f/df lgo'Qm ePsf] JolQmn] ug'{kg]{ sfd, kfpg] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] cjlw tyf ;]jfsf cGo zt{ Pj+ ;'ljwf s/f/df pNn]v ePadf]lhd x'g]5 . -$_ s/f/df lgo'Qm ePsf] >dhLjL kqsf/sf] kfl/>lds, ;~ro sf]if tyf cGo ;'ljwf ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] ;dfg kb jf txdf sfo{/t >dhLjL kqsf/n] kfpg] kfl/>lds, ;~ro sf]if tyf cGo ;'ljwfeGbf sd x'g] 5}g . %= s= lgo''lQmsf] hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ M -!_ s'g} JolQmnfO{ >dhLjL kqsf/sf] kbdf lgo'Qm ul/;s]kl5 Joj:yfksn] ;f]sf] hfgsf/L k ]; /lhi6«f/nfO{ lbg'kg]{5 . -@_ k fKt ePsf] hfgsf/L k ]; /lhi6«f/n] cBfjlws u/L /fVg'kg]{5 . ^= k/LIf0fsfndf /xg] M >dhLjL kqsf/df z'¿df :yfoL lgo'lQm ubf{ ^ dxLgfsf] k/LIf0fsfndf /xg] u/L lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . ;f] cjlwdf lghsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf lghsf] lgo'lQm ab/ ug{ ;lsg]5 . &= kbflwsf/ sfod /xg] M b]xfosf] cj:yfdf >dhLjL kqsf/sf] cfˆgf] kbdflysf] kbflwsf/ sfod /xg]5 M -s_ o; kbdf sfdsfh ul//xFbf;Dd, -v_ labfdf /x]sf] avt, -u_ Joj:yfksn] cGoq sfhdf v6fPsf] avt, jf -3_ lgnDag /x]sf] avt . *= ;]jfsf] ;''/Iff M of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodsf] /Lt gk'¥ofO{ s'g} klg >dhLjL kqsf/sf] ;]jfsf] cGTo ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . (= sfd ug]{ ;do M -@_ >dhLjL kqsf/n] k To]s xKtfdf sfd ug{'kg]{ ;do $* 3G6feGbf a9L x'g] 5}g / k To]s xKtfdf lghn] cfnf]kfnf] u/L Ps lbg ;fKtflxs labf kfpg]5 . kl/R5]b # – kfl/>lds tyf Ifltk"lt{ !@= kfl/>lds tyf eQf kfpg] M -!_ >dhLjL kqsf/n] ;~rf/ k lti7fgdf sfd u/]afkt dfl;s kfl/>lds kfpg]5 .  -@_ s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/n] ksfPsf] kfl/>lds tyf eQf lgh h'g;'s} Joxf]/fn] ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] ;]jfdf g/x]df klg kfpg]5 . -#_ of] P]g jf o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgodadf]lhd afx]s s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/sf] dfl;s kfl/>lds s§f ul/g] 5}g . -$_ s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/n] kfpg] kfl/>lds lgh labfdf a;]sf] avt /f]lsg] 5}g . !#= jflif{s tna j[l4 M k To]s >dhLjL kqsf/n] Ps jif{sf] ;]jf k"/f u/]kl5 tf]lsPadf]lhd Pp6f tna j[l4 kfpg]5 . !$= pkrf/ tyf Ifltk"lt{;DaGwL Joj:yf M ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ rf]6k6s nfu]df jf lghsf] cËeË ePdf jf d[To' ePdf jf lghsf] JolQmut ;DklQ gi6 ePdf tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] pkrf/ vr{ jf Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd ;DalGwt ;~rf/ k lti7fgaf6 kfpg]5 . !%= kfl/>lds s§L ug{df k ltaGw M -!_ >dhLjL kqsf/sf] kfl/>lds b]xfosf] cj:yfdf afx]s c¿ cj:yfdf s§L ul/g] 5}g M -s_ nfu]sf] hl/jfgf s§L ug{'k/]df, -v_ u}/xflh/afkt s§L ug{'k/]df, -u_ hfgLhfgL jf nfk/afxL ;fy sfd ubf{ ;~rf/ k lti7fgnfO{ k'Ug uPsf] gf]S;fgLafkt s§L ug{'k/]df, -3_ kfl/>ldsaf6 s§L x'g] u/L cl3 lbPsf] k]ZsL /sd s§L ug{'k/]df, -ª_ ;/sf/L c8\8f jf cbfntsf] cfb]zadf]lhd ltg{' a'´fpg'kg]{ s'g} /sd s§L ug{'k/]df, -r_ k rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd nfUg] cfo s/ jf cGo s'g} s/ s§L ug{'k/]df, jf -5_ tf]lsPadf]lhd s'g} /sd s§L ug{'k/]df . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s§L x'g] /sdsf] xb, s§L ul/g] t/Lsf / cjlw tyf tT;DaGwL cGo s'/f tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 . !^= afFsL /sd e'QmfgL kfpg] M -!_ s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/sf] ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz k fKt u/]kZrft\ jf ;f] ;]jfdf 5Fb} d[To' eO{ of] P]g jf o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgodadf]lhd kfpg] /sd ;~rf/ k lti7fgaf6 lng afFsL ePdf To:tf] /sd >dhLjL kqsf/ :jo+n] jf lghn] OR5fPsf] JolQmn] kfpg]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] /sd lng >dhLjL kqsf/n] s;}nfO{ klg gOR5fPsf]df To:tf] /sd lghsf] kl/jf/sf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] xsjfnfn] kfpg]5 .  kl/R5]b $ – sNof0fsf/L Joj:yf !&= sNof0fsf/L sf]if M Joj:yfksn] >dhLjL kqsf/sf] xs, lxt / ;'/Iffsf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] Ps sNof0fsf/L sf]if v8f ug{'kg]{5 . !*= pkbfg, ;+ro sf]if / cf}}iflw pkrf/ tyf cGo ;'ljwf M >dhLjL kqsf/x¿n] kfpg] pkbfg, ;+ro sf]if, cf}iflw pkrf/ tyf cGo ;'ljwf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 . !(= :jfldTj kl/jt{gn] k lts"n c;/ gkg]{] M ;~rf/ k lti7fgdf ePsf] :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{gn] To:tf ;~rf/ k lti7fgdf sfo{/t >dhLjL kqsf/x¿sf] ;]jf, zt{ tyf ;'ljwfdf s'g} k lts"n c;/ kg]{ 5}g . @)= dsf{ kg]{ u/L ;]jf, zt{ tyf ;'ljwfdf kl/jt{g gul/g] M >dhLjL kqsf/x¿nfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L lghsf] ;]jfsf] zt{ tyf ;'ljwfdf kl/jt{g ul/g] 5}g . kl/R5]b % – cjsfz / b/aGbL s6f}tL @!= cjsfz M -!_ of] P]g k f/De x'g'cl3 jf k f/De ePkl5 u/L >dhLjL kqsf/sf] ¿kdf cljlR5Gg @% jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf] >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ Joj:yfksn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg ;Sg]5 . -@_ s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/n] Joj:yfksnfO{ tLg dxLgfsf] clu d ;"rgf lbO{ ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] ;]jfaf6 :j]lR5s cjsfz lng ;Sg]5 . @@= b/aGbL s6f}tL M -!_ ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] cfDbfgL 36\g uPsf]n] jf Joj:yfksn] nufgL 36fO{ ;~rf/ k lti7fg ;~rfng ug{ rfx]df ;f]xL cg'kftdf b/aGbL s6f}tL u/L >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg ;Sg]5 . t/, o;/L b/aGbL s6f}tL u/L >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lb+bf Ps} lsl;dsf] sfddf sfo{/t Ps jif{sf] cljlR5Gg ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf >dhLjL kqsf/x¿dWo] To:tf] sfddf ;a}eGbf kl5 lgo'Qm ePsfnfO{ klxn] s6f}tL ug]{ qmdn] s6f}tL u/L ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg'kg]{5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd b/aGbL s6f}tL ug{'k/]df ;f] ug{' k/]sf] sf/0f;lxtsf] ;"rgf Joj:yfksn] k ]; /lhi6«f/ / ;DalGwt >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ tLg dxLgf cufj} lbg'kg]{5 . -#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd Psk6s b/aGbL s6f}tL ul/;s]kl5 Ps jif{leq k'gM b/aGbL l;h{gf ug{ jf s/f/df s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/ lgo'Qm ug{ kfOg] 5}g .  -$_ pkbkmf -#_ ljk/Lt s'g} Joj:yfksn] ;f] cjlwleq s'g} JolQmnfO{ >dhLjL kqsf/df lgo'Qm u/]df klxn] b/aGbL s6f}tLdf k/]sf] >dhLjL kqsf/n] ;f] ;~rf/ k lti7fgdf lgo'lQm kfpFm egL ;DalGwt Joj:yfks;dIf lgj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;/L k/]sf] lgj]bgcg';f/ ;DalGwt Joj:yfksn] To:tf] >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ lgo'lQm lbg'kg]{5 . -%_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd Joj:yfksn] lgo'lQm glbPdf To:tf] JolQmn] k ]; /lhi6«f/;dIf ph'/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . -^_ pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd k/]sf] ph'/L dgfl;a b]lvPdf k ]; /lhi6«f/n] lgj]bsnfO{ lgo'lQm lbg' egL ;DalGwt Joj:yfksnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 . o;/L k ]; /lhi6«f/af6 cfb]z ePdf ;DalGwt Joj:yfksn] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ k'gM >dhLjL kqsf/df lgo'lQm ug{'kg]{5 . -&_ pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd k ]; /lhi6«f/n] lbPsf] cfb]zpk/ lrQ ga'‰g] kIfn] k}+tL; lbgleq ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 . @#= ;~rf/ k lti7fg aGb ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ Joj:yfksn] cfkm"n] ;~rfng u/]sf] ;~rf/ k lti7fg s'g} sf/0fn] aGb ug{ rfx]df ;f] s'/fsf] ;"rgf k ]; /lhi6«f/ / ;DalGwt >dhLjL kqsf/x¿nfO{ tLg dxLgf cufj} lbg'kg]{5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;~rf/ k lti7fg aGb x'g] eO{ >dhLjL kqsf/n] :jtM cjsfz kfpg] ePdf jf bkmf @@ adf]lhd b/aGbL s6f}tL eO{ >dhLjL kqsf/n] cjsfz kfpg] ePdf Joj:yfksn] ;DalGwt >dhLjL kqsf/x¿nfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhd ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{5 . @$= ph'/L ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ o; P]gadf]lhd >dhLjL kqsf/n] kfpg'kg]{ s'g} ;'ljwf jf /sd ;~rf/ k lti7fgaf6 gkfPdf jf Joj:yfksn] of] P]g jf o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhdsf] s'g} sfd gubf{ s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ dsf{ kg{ uPdf To:tf] >dhLjL kqsf/n] k}+tL; lbgleq k ]; /lhi6«f/;dIf ph'/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k/]sf] ph"/L dgfl;a 7x/]df k ]; /lhi6«f/n] ph'/jfnfsf] dfuadf]lhdsf] s'g} ;'ljwf jf /sd jf cGo sfo{ ;DalGwt ;~rf/ k lti7fgaf6 lbg jf ug{ nufO{ hfgLhfgL lbg'kg]{ ;'ljwf jf /sd glbPsf] jf ug{'kg]{ sfd gu/]sf] b]lvPdf To:tf] Joj:yfksnfO{ Ps xhf/b]lv b'O{ xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . kl/R5]b ^ – cfr/0f, ;hfo / k'g/fj]bg @%= cfr/0f M >dhLjL kqsf/x¿n] tf]lsPadf]lhd cfr/0fsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{5 . @^= ;hfo M -!_ kbcg';f/sf] cfr/0f gug]{ >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ Joj:yfksn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] s'g} ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 M  -s_ ;fwf/0f ;hfo M -!_ gl;xt lbg], -@_ a9Ldf b'O{ jflif{s kfl/>lds j[l4 /f]Ssf ug]{, jf -v_ ljz]if ;hfo M ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] . -@_ s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/sf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf jf cg'zf;gxLg sfd u/]df Joj:yfksn] ;fwf/0f ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 . -#_ b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfdf >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ Joj:yfksn] ljz]if ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 M -s_ af/af/ cfr/0f;DaGwL s'/f pNn+3g u/]df, -v_ af/af/ cg'zf;gxLg sfd u/]df, -u_ af/af/ cfˆgf] kbsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/]df, -3_ labf :jLs[t gu/fO{ jf Joj:yfksnfO{ hfgsf/L glbO{ cfˆgf] sfddf ^) lbgeGbf a9L cg'kl:yt ePdf . @&= lgnDag ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/sf] ;DaGwdf bkmf @^ df n]lvPsf] s'g} cleof]usf] hfFra'´ ug{'kg]{ ePdf hfFra'´ ;dfKt gx'Gh]n;Dd To:tf] >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ Joj:yfksn] lgnDag ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/, b]xfosf] cj:yf geO{ ;fwf/0ftof lgnDag ul/g] 5}g M -s_ lgnDag gu/L >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ sfd ug{ lb+bf ´'§f ;a'b k df0f ;+sng ug{ ;Sg] jf cfˆgf] lj¿4sf] ;a'b k df0f ufoa ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePdf, jf -v_ lgnDag gu/L >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ sfd ug{ lb+bf ;~rf/ k lti7fgnfO{ xflg–gf]S;fgL x'g] ePdf . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ tLg dxLgfeGbf a9L cjlw lgnDag ug{'x'Fb}g . -#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgnDagdf k/]sf] >dhLjL kqsf/ ;]jfdf axfn ePdf jf ;]jfaf6 x6fOPdf lghsf] lgnDag ;dfKt x'g]5 . -$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgnDag ePsf] >dhLjL kqsf/n] To:tf] lgnDagsf] cjlwe/ cfwf kfl/>lds kfpg]5 / lghpk/ nfu]sf] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO kfPdf To;/L lgnDag ePsf] cjlwe/sf] k"/f kfl/>lds kfpg]5 . @*= ;kmfO k]z ug]{ df}sf lbg'kg]{] M Joj:yfksn] s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ ;hfo lbg cfb]z lbg'eGbf cl3 sf/afxL ug{ nfluPsf] sf/0f pNn]v u/L ;f] >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ plrt Dofb lbO{ cfˆgf] ;kmfO k]z ug{ df}sf lbg'kg]{5 . o;/L df}sf lb+bf lghdfly nufOPsf] cf/f]k :ki6 ¿kn] lsl6Psf] / k To]s cf/f]k s'g s'g s'/fdf cfwfl/t 5 ;f];d]t v'nfpg'kg]{5 .  @(= ljz]if ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg'eGbf klxn] ;hfo k :tfj ug'{kg]{ M ljz]if ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg'eGbf klxn] Joj:yfksn] bkmf @* adf]lhd ;kmfO k]z ug{ lbOPsf] Dofbleq ;kmfO k]z gu/]df jf k]z x'g cfPsf] ;kmfO ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf To:tf] >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ lbg nfluPsf] k :tfljt ;hfo lsg glbg' egL o; ;DaGwdf plrt Dofb lbO{ :ki6Ls/0f dfUg'kg]{5 . #)= ;hfo ug{ ;Sg] M bkmf @* jf bkmf @( adf]lhd ;kmfO jf :ki6Ls/0f g} glbPdf jf ;f]cg';f/ lbPsf] ;kmfO jf :ki6Ls/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs geO{ To:tf] >dhLjL kqsf/nfO{ ;hfo ug{'kg]{ ePdf Joj:yfksn] bkmf @^ adf]lhdsf] s'g} ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 . #!= k'g/fj]bg M bkmf #) adf]lhd Joj:yfksn] u/]sf] ;hfopk/ lrQ ga'‰g] JolQmn] k+}tL; lbgleq k rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 . kl/R5]b & – ljljw ##= b08 ;hfo M -!_ s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/n] u/]sf] sfd–sf/afxLaf6 ;~rf/ k lti7fgnfO{ xflg–gf]S;fgL x'g uPdf ;f] eP u/]sf] ldltn] tLg dxLgf leq Joj:yfksn] gfn]; ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ s'g} >dhLjL kqsf/n] hfgLhfgL jf nfk/afxL;fy s'g} sfd u/]sf]n] ;~rf/ k lti7fgnfO{ s'g} xflg jf gf]S;fgL x'g uPsf] 7xl/Pdf To:tf] >dhLjL kqsf/af6 ePsf] xflg–gf]S;fgLsf] xhf{gf e/fpg nufO{ lghnfO{ Ps xhf/b]lv b'O{ xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg]5 . -#_ s'g} Joj:yfksn] k6s–k6s of] P]g jf o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgodljk/Lt s'g} sfd u/]df k ]; /lhi6«f/n] To:tf] Joj:yfksnfO{ kRrL; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . -$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd ePsf] ;hfopk/ lrQ ga'‰g] Joj:yfksn] To:tf] ;hfo ePsf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 . ## s= ;'ljwf /f]s nufpg l;kmfl/z ug{ ;Sg] M s'g} ;~rf/ k lti7fgn] of] P]g jf o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgodljk/Lt s'g} sfd u/]df k] ; /lhi6«f/n] To:tf] ;~rf/ k lti7fgnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;'ljwf k bfg ug{af6 /f]s nufpg ;DalGwt lgsfodf l;kmfl/z ug{ ;Sg]5 M -s_ ;~rf/ k lti7fgn] kqklqsf k sfzg ug]{ ePdf To:tf] kqklqsfnfO{ k rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd kqklqsf juL{s/0fdf ;dfj]z gug{, -v_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lbg] cg'bfg jf lj1fkgdf /f]s nufpg jf s6f}tL ug{, -u_ ;~rf/ ;fdu L Pj+ ;f];Fu ;DalGwt sRrf kbfy{sf] cfoftdf /f]s nufpg, -3_ ;/sf/L e d0f bndf ;xefuL gu/fpg .  #$= sd{rf/L tyf sfdbf/sf] lgo'lQm, ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;''ljwf;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ >dhLjL kqsf/sf] lgo'lQm, ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf o; P]gdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿ sd{rf/L tyf sfdbf/sf xsdf ;d]t ;dfg ¿kdf nfu" x'g]5g\ . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ k lti7fgdf sfo{/t >dhLjL kqsf/, sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwfafx]ssf cGo Joj:yfx¿ ;DalGwt ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL sfg"gadf]lhd x'g]5 . -#_ pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ k lti7fgdf sfo{/t >dhLjL kqsf/, sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/n] o; P]gdf n]lvPeGbf a9L kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf kfpg] ePdf To:tf] a9L kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf kfpg o; P]gn] s'g} afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . #$=s= 6]«8 o'lgog u7g ug{ ;Sg] M >dhLjL kqsf/x¿n] cfˆgf] Jofj;flos tyf k]zfut xslxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfk"m sfo{/t ;~rf/ k lti7fgdf 6«]8 o"lgog;DaGwL k rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL 6«]8 o'lgog u7g ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . #$=v= ljjfb ;dfwfg;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ >dhLjL kqsf/, sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ / ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf Joj:yfkgaLr ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL s'g} ljifodf ljjfb p7]df k] ; /lhi6«f/n] jftf{, d]nldnfk jf dWo:yh:tf ljleGg dfWodaf6 To:tf] ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{÷u/fpg ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] dfWodaf6 s'g} ljjfb ;dfwfg x'g g;s]df To:tf] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg k rlnt >d sfg"gadf]lhd x'g]5 . #$u= Ifdtf ljsf;;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ;~rf/ k lti7fgn] >dhLjL kqsf/sf] Jofj;flos bIftf, Ifdtf / ;Lk ljsf;sf] nflu cWoog tyf tfnLdsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfo{sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;~rf/ k lti7fgnfO{ cfly{s tyf k fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ;Sg]5 / ;~rf/ k lti7fgn] cfˆgf] jflif{s s'n cfosf] Ps k ltzt /sd 5'6\ofpg'kg]{5 . #$ 3= lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ ;~rf/ k lti7fgn] of] P]g jf o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgodljk/Lt s'g} sfd u/] jf gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf k ]; /lhi6«f/n] s'g} ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg ubf{ s'g} ;~rf/ k lti7fgn] of] P]g jf o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgodljk/Lt s'g} sfd u/]sf] b]lvPdf k] ; /lhi6«f/n] To:tf] ;~rf/ k lti7fgnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . -#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd k] ; /lhi6«f/n] lbPsf] lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug'{ ;DalGwt ;~rf/ k lti7fgsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .  ufnL / a]OHhtL P]g @)!^ #= a]OHhtL M s;}n] c¿ s'g} JolQmsf] OHhtdf wSsf k'¥ofpg] lgotn] jf wSsf k'Unf eGg] hfgL hfgL jf ljZjf; ug{] sf/0f eO{ n]v]/ jf jrgn] jf ;+s]tn] jf a'lemg] u/L cfsf/ lrXgåf/f ;f] JolQmnfO{ s'g} bf]if nufPdf jf To:tf] s'/f k sflzt u/]df lghn] ;f] JolQmsf] a]OHhtL u/]sf] dflgg]5 . :ki6Ls/0f M -!_ dl/;s]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g} bf]if nufOsf]df ;f] u/]sf] ;do lgh hLljt /x]sf] eP lghsf] OHhtdf wSsf k'Ug] /x]5 / lghsf] kl/jf/ jf glhssf] cGo gft]bf/x¿sf] efjgfdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg] dg;fon] ul/Psf] /x]5 eg] a]OHhtL u/]sf] 7xg{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ Joª\Uo u/L jf c¿ s'g} 3'dfp/f] tj/n] nufOPsf] bf]if a]OHhtL 7xg{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ -s_ hfgfhfg s;}sf] rl/qxTof ug{ jf cg'lrt nf~5gf nufpg] lgotn] bf]if nufPdf jf k rf/– k rf/ u/]df a]OHhtL u/]sf] 7xg{ ;Sg]5 . -#_ s;}n] c¿ s'g} JolQmnfO{ ;f]em} jf 3'dfp/f] tj/n] c¿sf] b[li6df lghsf] g}lts jf af}l4s rl/q jf hft jf k]zf;DaGwL rl/q jf VofltnfO{ xf]Rofpg] u/L, jf lghsf] z/L/ 3[l0ft cj:yf jf ;fdfGoM ckdflgt ;lDemOg] cj:yfdf 5 eGg] ljZjf; kg{] u/L bf]if gnufP;Dd lghsf] OHhtdf wSsf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . %= a]OHhtL u/]df jf a]OHhtL x'g] s'/f 5fk] vf]b]df b08 ;hfo M s;}n] b]xfosf] s'g} s;"/ u/]df lghnfO{ kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]5 / b'O{ jif{;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo klg x'g ;Sg]5 M -!_ c¿ s;}sf] a]OHhtL u/]df, jf -@_ s'g} s'/f 5fk] jf vf]b]df c¿ s;}sf] a]OHhtL x'g hfG5 eGg] hfgL hfgL ljZjf; ug{ dgfl;a sf/0f eO{ ;f] s'/f 5fk]df jf vf]b]df . ^= a]OHhtL x'g] s'/f 5flkPsf] jf vf]lbPsf] s'g} s'/f laqmL u/]df b08 ;hfo M s;}n] s'g} s'/fdf a]OHhtL x'g] s'/f 5flkPsf] jf vf]lbPsf] 5 eGg] hfgLhfgL ;f] s'/f laqmL u/]df jf laqmLsf] lgldQ /fv]df lghnfO{ Ps ;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]5 / ^ dxLgf;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo klg x'g ;Sg]5 . &= zflGt e+u u/fpg] lgotn] hfgLhfgL ufnL u/]df b08 ;hfo M ufnL u/L s;}nfO{ pQ]lht kf/]af6 lghn] ;fj{hlgs zflGt e+u jf c¿ s'g} ck/fw ug{]5 eGg] lgotn] jf To:tf] x'g] ;Defjgf 5 eGg] hfgLhfgL s;}n] ufnL u/L pQ]lht kf/]df Ps ;o ?k}ofFb]lv kfFr ;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]5 / ^ dxLgf;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo klg x'g ;Sg]5 .  *= cfOdfO{nfO{ ckdflgt ug{] lgotn] s'g} sfd s'/f u/]df M s;}n] s'g} cfOdfO{sf] ckdfg ug{] lgotn], lghn] b]Vg] ;'Gg] u/L, s'g} s'/f eg]df jf s'g} lsl;dsf] zAb jf xfpefp JoQm u/]df jf s'g} j:t' b]vfPdf jf lghsf] uf]kgLotfsf] bvn lbPdf Ps ;o ?k}ofFb]lv kfFr ;o ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]5 / ^ dxLgf;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo klg x'g ;Sg]5 . k ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g @)%( k ltlnlk clwsf/ P]gn] s'g} klg ; i6f jf /rlotfnfO{ cfly{s / g}lts clwsf/ k bfg u/]sf] 5 . /rlotfsf] xsdf pgL afFr'~h]n;Dd / d[To'kl5 %) jif{;Dd cfly{s / g}lts clwsf/ ;'/lIft /xg]5 . @ -s_ kl/efiffM æ/rgfÆ eGgfn] ;flxTo, snf, 1fg–lj1fg / cGo If]qdf df}lns Pj+ af}l4s ¿kn] k :t't ul/Psf /rgf ;Demg'k5{ / ;f] zAbn] b]xfosf /rgf ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5M -!_ lstfa, krf{, n]v, zf]wkq, -@_ gf6s, gf6\o–;+uLt, d's lrq / o:t} lsl;dn] d~rgsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf /rgf, -#_ zAb;lxt jf zAb/lxt ;f+uLlts /rgf, -$_ >Jo b[Zo /rgf, -%_ cfls{6]Sr/n l8hfOg, -^_ lrqsnf, k]lG6ª, d"lt{snf, sfi7snf, lnyf]u fkmL / cfls{6]Sr/;DaGwL cGo /rgf, -&_ kmf]6f]hGo /rgf, -*_ k of]ufTds snf;DaGwL /rgf, -(_ p4/0f, dfglrq, of]hgf, e"uf]n;DaGwL lq–cfoflds /rgf, 6f]kf]u fkmL / j}1flgs n]v /rgf, -!)_ sDKo'6/ k f]u fd . &= cfly{s clwsf/M /rgfsf] ;DaGwdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ /rlotf jf k ltlnlk clwsf/sf] wgLnfO{ dfq x'g]5 M -s_ -v_ -u_ -3_ -ª_ -r_  /rgfsf] k'g?Tkfbg ug]{, /rgfsf] cg'jfb ug]{, /rgfsf] kl/dfh{g jf ;+zf]wg ug]{, ;+of]hgnufot /rgfsf] cGo ¿kfGt/0f ug]{, /rgfsf] d"n / k ltlnlk ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu laqmL–ljt/0f jf axfndf lbg], >Jo b[Zo /rgf, Wjlgcª\sg ;dflji6 /rgf, sDKo'6/ sfo{qmd, tYof+sdf cfwfl/t jf u fkm :j¿kdf /x]sf] ;f+uLlts /rgfsf] cfkm"nfO{ k fKt clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ jf axfndf lbg], -5_ /rgfsf] k ltlnlk cfoft ug]{, -h_ d"n /rgf jf ;f] /rgfsf] k ltlnlksf] ;fj{hlgs k bz{g ug]{, -em_ /rgfsf] k :t'lt ug]{, -`_ /rgfsf] k ;f/0f ug]{, -6_ /rgfsf] ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ ug]{ . *= g}lts clwsf/ M -!_ s'g} /rgfdf /rlotfsf] cfly{s clwsf/ lglxt /x] jf g/x]sf] h];'s} eP tfklg To:tf] /rlotfnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf] g}lts clwsf/ k fKt x'g]5 M -s_ cfˆgf] /rgfsf k ltx¿df jf cfˆgf] /rgf ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k of]u ul/Pdf To:tf] /rgfdf cfˆgf] gfd pNn]v ug{ nufpg], -v_ cfˆgf] /rgfdf jf:tljs gfd pNn]v gu/L 5b\d gfd pNn]v ul/Psf] ePdf To:tf] /rgfsf] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k of]u ubf{ To:tf] 5b\d gfd pNn]v ug{ nufpg], -u_ cfˆgf] /rgfnfO{ aª\UofO{ jf ljs[t ¿kdf k :t't u/L lghn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;Ddfg jf VofltnfO{ lu/fpg] h:tf sfo{ /f]Sg], -3_ cfˆgf] /rgfdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg jf kl/dfh{g ug]{ . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ df plNnlvt clwsf/ /rlotfsf] hLjge/ x:tfGt/0f x'g] 5}g . t/, /rlotfn] cfˆgf] d[To'kZrft\ nfu" x'g] u/L To:tf] clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ug{ s;}nfO{ OR5fPsf] eP To;/L OR5fPsf] JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ / To;/L OR5fPsf] geP glhssf] xsjfnfdf ;g]{5 . ;+/lIft x'g]5 . !&= p4/0f ug{ kfOg]M bkmf & sf] v08 -s_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k sflzt /rgfsf] s]xL c+z ;Tsfo{sf nflu /rlotf jf k ltlnlk clwsf/wgLsf] cfly{s clwsf/df k lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L lghsf] cg'dltljgf g} p4/0f ug{ kfOg] 5 . To;/L p4/0f ubf{ ;f]sf] ; f]t / To:tf] /rgfsf /rlotfsf] gfd pNn]v eP ;f];d]t pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 . @)= ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] k'g?Tkfbg, k ;f/0f / cGo lsl;dsf]] ;~rf/ ug{ kfOg]M -!_ bkmf & sf] v08 -s_, -em_ / -`_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg /rlotf jf k ltlnlk clwsf/wgLsf] cg'dltljgf s'g} /rgfsf] ; f]t / /rlotfsf] gfd pNn]v u/L b]xfosf sfd ug{ kfOg]5M -s_ s'g} ;dfrf/kq jf kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf] n]v, /fhgLlts jf wfld{s zLif{ssf] n]v jf o:t} k s[ltsf] k ;f/0fnfO{ s'g} ;dfrf/kq jf kqklqsfdf 5fKg jf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k ;f/0f ug{ jf cGo lsl;dsf] k ;f/0f ug{, t/ /rlotf jf k ltlnlk clwsf/wgLsf] cfly{s clwsf/df k lts"n c;/ k'¥ofpg kfOg] 5}g . -v_ s'g} tfhf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] k'g?Tkfbg ug{, k ;f/0f jf cGo lsl;dsf] ;~rf/ ug{ jf s'g} 36gfnfO{ k'li6 ug{,  -u_ tfhf ;"rgf k jfx ug]{ p2]Zon] ;j{;fwf/0f;dIf k :t't ul/Psf jf cbfntL sf/afxLsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] ax; s'g} ;dfrf/kq jf lgoldt ¿kdf k sflzt x'g] klqsfsf] s]xL c+z k'g?Tkfbg ug{, k ;f/0f ug{ jf cGo ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ ug{ . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg /rlotfn] g} k'g?Tkfbg, k ;f/0f / cGo lsl;dsf] ;~rf/ ug{ gkfOg] egL pNn]v u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf k'g?Tkfbg, k ;f/0f / cGo lsl;dsf] ;~rf/ ug{ kfOg] 5}g . @%= ;+/lIft clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePsf] dflgg]M -!_ s;}n] b]xfoadf]lhdsf] sfo{ u/]df o; P]gadf]lhd ;+/lIft clwsf/ pNnª\3g u/]sf] dflgg]5 M– -s_ /rlotf jf k ltlnlk clwsf/wgLsf] cg'dlt k fKt gu/L jf cg'dlt k fKt u/]sf] eP tfklg ;Demf}tf jf cg'dltkqdf pNn]v ePsf] zt{sf] pNnª\3g u/L cfly{s nfe p7fO{ jf gp7fO{ Jofkfl/s jf cGo s'g} p2]Zon] cfˆgf] xs gk'Ug] /rgf jf Wjlgcª\sgsf] k ltlnlkx¿ pTkfbg u/L laqmL ljt/0f jf ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ u/]df jf ef8fdf lbPdf, -v_ csf{sf] /rgfn] cflh{t u/]sf] k lti7fsf] kmfObf p7fpg] lgotn] To:tf] /rgfsf] cg's/0f u/L lj1fkg jf k rf/k ;f/ u/]df, -u_ csf{sf] /rgfsf] :j¿k jf efiffsf] dfWod kl/jt{g u/L cfly{s nfe p7fpg] p2]Zon] cs}{ ljifo jf k s[ltsf] /rgf lgdf{0f u/]df, -3_ lj1fkg jf cGo s'g} dfWodaf6 bz{s jf >f]tf jf kf7snfO{ cs}{ /rgf xf] eGg] efg kfg]{ lgotn] k ToIf jf ck ToIf ¿kn] s'g} s'/f lgdf{0f jf tof/ u/L kmfObf p7fpg] k oTg u/]df . -ª_ cglws[t k'g?Tkfbg ug{ xtf]T;flxt ug{ ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ c;kmn u/fpg] Wo]o /fvL tof/ ul/Psf] pks/0f jf dfWodsf] cfoft, pTkfbg jf ef8fdf lbg] sfo{ u/]df, -r_ ;f+s]lts efiffdf uf]Ko ¿kdf -OlGqmK6 u/L_ k ;f/0f ul/Psf] sfo{qmdnfO{ cglws[t ¿kdf x]g{ d2t ug]{ pks/0f laqmL ug]{ p2]Zon] pTkfbg jf cfoft ug]{ sfo{ u/]df, -5_ v08 -ª_ / -r_ df pNn]v ePafx]s k ltlnlk clwsf/ pNnª\3g ug]{ p2]Zon] dfq tof/ ul/Psf] oflGqs pks/0f cfoft, laqmL, ljt/0f tyf k of]u u/]df . -@_ s;}n] pkbkmf -!_ pNnª\3g u/L s'g} /rgf jf Wjlgcª\sg k sfzg u/]sf] s'/f yfxf kfpFbfkfpFb} jf ljZjf; ug]{ kof{Kt sf/0f x'Fbfx'Fb} To;/L k sfzg ul/Psf /rgfsf k ltx¿ Pj+ Wjlgc+sgsf k ltx¿ laqmL–ljt/0f ug{ jf jxfndf lbg'x'Fb}g . @&= ;+/lIft clwsf/sf] pNn+3g u/]df b08 ;hfo s;}n] k ltlnlk clwsf/sf] pNn+3g u/L s'g} ;fdu L k sfzg, k'g?Tkfbg, k ;f/0f u/]df k ltlnlk clwsf/ P]gsf] bkmf @& adf]lhd p;nfO{ !) xhf/b]lv Ps nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf ^ dxLgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . b]; f]k6sb]lv k6s}lkR5] @) xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{ s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . To;/L k sfzg, k'g?Tkfbg jf k ;f/0f u/]sf] jf laqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] jf k'g?Tkfbg ug{ k of]u ul/Psf] ;fdu L hkmt x'g'sf ;fy} ;+/lIft clwsf/sf] pNn+3gstf{af6 k ltlnlk clwsf/k fKt JolQmnfO{ k/]sf] gf]S;fgLsf] Ifltk"lt{ e/fOg]5 .  cbfntsf] cjx]ngf  cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g;Sg] sfo{ s;}n] lgDg sfo{ u/]df cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g ;S5 M !_ cjx]ngfsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]zsf] hfgfhfg cj1f ug{] sfo{ . @_ cbfnt;dIf u/]sf] k lt1fsf] hfgfhfg e+u jf cj1f ug{] sfo{ . #_ af]n]/, n]v]/ jf cGo s'g} k sfzgåf/f cbfntk lt e fds xNnf lkm+hfO{ sf08 dRrfpg] sfo{ . $_ af]n]/ jf n]v]/ jf cGo s'g} k sfzg jf sfo{åf/f cbfntL sf/afxLdf x:tIf]k ug{] sfo{ . %_ af]n]/ jf n]v]/ jf cGo k sfzgåf/f cbfntL sf/afxLdf x:tIf]k ug{] jf Gofo k sfzgdf cj/f]w ug{] sfo{ . ^_ cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] d'2fdf l6Kk0fL u/L :jtGq / lgikIf Gofo ;Dkfbgdf x:tIf]k x'g] sfo{ . &_ cbfntnfO{ ljjfbdf Nofpg] ljleGg cGo sfo{ . cbfntsf] cjx]ngfdf ;hfo !_ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g @)$* cg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfˆgf] / dftxtsf cbfntsf] cjx]ngfdf sf/afxL rnfpg ;S5 / Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf !) xhf/ hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 . @_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] Gofo k zf;g P]g @)$* cg';f/, cfˆgf] / cfkm" dftxtsf] lhNnf cbfntsf] cjx]ngfdf sf/afxL rnfpg ;Sg]5 . cbfntsf] cjx]ngf u/]sf] 7x¥ofPdf cleo'QmnfO{ kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf ^ dxLgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 . #_ lhNnf cbfntn] Gofo k zf;g P]g @)$* cGtu{t cfˆgf] cjx]ngfdf sf/afxL rnfpg ;Sg]5 . cbfntsf] cjx]ngf u/]sf] 7x¥ofPdf cleo'QmnfO{ Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf Ps dxLgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 . gf]6M cbfntnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L cleo'Qmn] Ifdfofrgf u/]df cbfntn] lghnfO{ Ifdf ug{ jf ;hfo sd ug{ ;S5 . ;+;b\sf] ljz]ifflwsf/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg wf/f &&= ljz]ifflwsf/ M -#_ ;+ljwfg;efsf] s'g} klg sfd sf/afxLnfO{ To;sf] c;n lgotaf/] z+sf p7fO{ s'g} 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ul/g] 5}g / s'g} ;b:on] af]n]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf hfgL–hfgL unt jf e fds cy{ nufO{ s'g} k sf/sf] k sfzg tyf k ;f/0f ul/g] 5}g . -$_ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lbPsf] clwsf/cGtu{t s'g} lnvt, k ltj]bg, dtbfg jf sf/afxL k sflzt u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s'g} JolQmpk/ cbfntdf sf/afxL rnfOg] 5}g .  n'OF6]n, 3d/fh . kqsf/ ;'/Iff tfnLd lgb{]lzsf @)&! . @)&! . nlntk'/ M ;~rfl/sf ;d"x g]kfn .  :ki6Ls/0fM pkwf/f -!_, -@_, -#_ / -$_ sf] k of]hgsf nflu æ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7sÆ eGgfn] ;+ljwfg;ef / To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7s ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 . -^_ o; wf/fdf pNn]v ePsf s'g} s'/f pNnª\3g ePdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ xgg\ x'g] / ;+ljwfg;efsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xgg\nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] cjx]ngf dflgg]5 . s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ ;f] ;efnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . -&_ s;}n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] cjx]ngf u/]df ;f];DaGwL a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmn] a}7ssf] lg0f{oaf6 ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, gl;xt lbg jf tLg dxLgfdf ga9\g] u/L s}b ug{ jf bz xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] hl/jfgf lghn] r'Qmf gu/]df ;/sf/L afFsL;/x c;'npk/ ul/g]5 . t/, ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L lghn] Ifdfofrgf u/]df ;+ljwfg;efn] Ifdf k bfg ug{ jf tf]ls;s]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL ug{, 36fpg jf sfof{Gjog gu/fpg ;Sg]5 . -*_ o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Pb]lv afx]s ljz]ifflwsf/;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhd x'g]5g\ . kqsf/ cfrf/;+lxtf–@)^) -;+zf]lwt tyf kl/dflh{t @)^$_ kqsf/ / cfd;~rf/dfWodx¿n] lgjf{x ug'{kg{] st{Jo M -!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ -&_ -*_ -(_  k ]; :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g M ljrf/ / cleJolQm :jtGqtf gful/sx¿sf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ ePsfn] o;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf lglDt ;b}j b[9, ;hu / ;ts{ /xg'kb{5 . dfgjLotf, dfgjclwsf/ / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] ;DdfgM dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o lnvtx¿n] k Tofe"t u/]sf xs, clwsf/, l;4fGt, dfGotf / k rngsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ nf]stGq, Gofo, ;dfgtf, dfgjLotf, zflGt / cGt/f{li6«o ;dembf/Lsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g tyf ldq– /fi6«x¿aLrsf] efOrf/fnfO{ clej[l4 ug'{kb{5 . ;"rgfsf] xssf] /Iff / k rng M cfd gful/ssf] ;';"lrt x'g kfpg] xs–clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{ ;b}j lqmofzLn Pj+ ;dlk{t /xg'kb{5 . ;To tYo ;"rgfsf] ;Dk ]if0f M kqsf/–;~rf/dfWodn] ; f]t / cfwf/ pNn]v u/L ;To—tYo, j:t'lgi7 Pj+ ;Gt'lnt ;"rgf ;Dk ]if0f ug'{kb{5 . ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtf / pQ/bfloTj M ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtadf]lhd ;~rf/dfWodaf6 pTkflbt÷k sflzt—k ;fl/t ;fdu Lsf] pTkfbg tyf ;Dk ]if0fsf] clGtd lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/ ;Dkfbsdf lglxt /xg]5 . ;~rf/dfWodn] cfkm\gf] dfWoddf ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtfsf] k Tofe"lt ug{'kb{5 . uf]kgLotfsf] xssf] ;Ddfg M ;fj{hlgs lxtdf k lts"n c;/ kfg]{afx]ssf] cj:yfdf j}olQms Pj+ Jofj;flos uf]kgLotfsf] ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 . pRr Jofj;flos cEof; M kqsfl/tfsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf / l;4fGtk lt k lta4 /xL hjfkmb]xL Pj+ pQ/bfloTj tyf ljZj;gLotfsf] lgjf{x ug{ lgi7fk"j{s pRr Jofj;flos cEof; ug'{kb{5 . lzi6 Jojxf/ M Jofj;flos cEof;df ;fdflhs lzi6tfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ g}lts, lzi6 Pj+ dof{lbt sfo{z}nL / efiffsf] k of]udf ;hu /xg'kb{5 . uNtL ;Rofpg] tTk/tf M k sfzg tyf k ;f/0fsf qmddf ePsf q'l6 Pj+ uNtLsf] hfgsf/L x'gf;fy oyfzL3 To:tf] uNtL Pj+ q'l6 ;Rofpg] tyf ;k df0f v08g jf k ltlqmof cfPdf k :6 efiffdf plrt :yfg lbO{ k sfzg–k ;f/0f ug{' kqsf/ tyf ;~rf/dfWodsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -!)_ ;fdflhs bfloTj M czQm, c;xfo, ckfË, afnaflnsf, dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf ju{, If]q, efiff–efifL / cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] pTyfg / ljsf;df ;"rgf / ljrf/ k jfxåf/f ljz]if ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kqsf/ / ;~rf/dfWodsf] ;fdflhs bfloTj x'g]5 . -!!_ cfk;L ;DaGw M kqsf/ tyf ;~rf/dfWodx¿aLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGw Jofj;flos, :j:y, ;+oldt, dof{lbt / k]zflgi7 x'g'kb{5 . kqsf/ / cfd;~rf/dfWodn] ug{ gx'g] sfo{ M -!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -^_ -&_ -*_ (_ !)_ !!_ /fli6«o cv08tfdf k lts"n k efj kfg{ gx'g] M ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s / ax'hftLo d'n's g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt jf ;Dk bfox¿sf aLrsf] ;'–;DaGwdf vnn kfg]{ jf ufnL–a]OHhtL jf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstfsf] k lts"n x'g] ;dfrf/ / ljrf/ k sfzg, k ;f/0f tyf pTkfbg–ljt/0f ug'{x'Fb}g . ;fdflhs Gofo / ;b\efjdf k lts"n c;/ kfg{ gx'g] M ;fdflhs Gofo / ;b\efjdf k lts"n c;/ k'¥ofpg] tyf Jofj;flos dof{bfljk/Lt x'g] ljs[t / pQ]hs ;fdu L k sfzg–k ;f/0f tyf pTkfbg–ljt/0f ug'{x'Fb}g . ;dfrf/sf] uf]Ko ; f]t vf]Ng gx'g] M ;dfrf/ k :t't ubf{ ;dfrf/sf] cflwsfl/stf / ljZj;gLotfsf nflu ; f]t pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . t/, uf]Ko ; f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ bfloTj kqsf/sf] x'g] x'Fbf ; f]tsf] OR5f / cg'dlta]u/ To:tf uf]Ko ; f]tsf] gfd jf klxrfg v'nfpg'x'Fb}g . lghL :jfy{k"lt{sf nflu k of]u ug{ gx'g] M ;~rf/dfWod jf kqsf/n] k sfzg–k ;f/0f jf ;dfrf/ ;fdu Lsf] ¿kdf ljt/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] lnOPsf ;"rgf ;fdu L ;fj{hlgs k of]u gu/L JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] lghL :jfy{k"lt{sf nflu k of]u ug'{x'Fb}g . e]befj x'g] u/L ;"rgfsf] ;Dk ]if0f ug{ gx'g] M hftLo, n}lËs, wfld{s, If]qLo, eflifs / /+uh:tf cfwf/df e]befj x'g] u/L ;dfrf/ / ljrf/sf] ;Dk ]if0f ug'{x'Fb}g . kLl8tnfO{ yk kL8f k'Ug] u/L ;"rgf ;dfrf/ ;fdu Lsf] ¿kdf ljt/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] ;Dk ]if0f ug{ gx'g] M kLl8tnfO{ yk kL8f k'Ug] u/L efiff, Wjlg, t:jL/, lrq / b[Zo;d]tsf] k of]u u/L ;dfrf/ tyf ljrf/ k sfzg÷k ;f/0f jf pTkfbg–ljt/0f ug'{x'Fb}g . kLl8t JolQmsf] gfd, 7]ufgf v'nfpg gx'g] M of}ghGo ck/fw / ;fdflhs ckx]ngf Pj+ 3[0ffhGo 36gf jf ;Gbe{df kLl8t JolQmx¿sf] ;r]t :jLs[ltljgf gfd, 7]ufgf / klxrfg v'Ng] u/L ;dfrf/, t:jL/ / b[Zo k sfzg–k ;f/0f jf pTkfbg–ljt/0f ug'{x'Fb}g . lx+;f, cft+s / ck/fwnfO{ k f]T;fxg ug{ gx'g] M ljWj+;, lx+;f, cft+s / ck/fwnfO{ k f]T;fxg x'g] u/L tyf To:tf lqmofsnfknfO{ clt/l~ht ug]{ u/L ;dfrf/, ljrf/, tl:a/, dt ;j]{If0f, Wjlg jf b[Zox¿ k :t't ug'{x'Fb}g . aLeT; b[Zo / tl:a/ k sfzg÷k ;f/0f ug{ gx'g] M ;dfhdf g}/fZo, 3[0ff, ;Gqf; / pQ]hgf km}nfpg] lsl;dsf gUg, IftljIft / aLeT; b[Zo Pj+ t:jL/x¿ c;fGble{s, cZnLn / pQ]hgf km}lng ;Sg] k sf/n] k :t't ug'{x'Fb}g . 36gf;Fu c;DalGwt JolQmsf] gfd pNn]v ug{ gx'g] M s'g} 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt ;dfrf/ k sfzg– k ;f/0f ubf{ 36gf;Fu ;DaGw gePsf gft]bf/ jf glhssf JolQmsf] gfd hf]8L p;sf] dof{bfdf cfFr k'Ug] jf rl/qxTof x'g] u/L ;dfrf/ ;fdu L k :t't ug'{x'Fb}g . tYo aª\Uofpg gx'g] M s'g} l6Kk0fL jf :ki6tfljgf t:jL/, lel8of] b[Zo, Wjlg jf tYonfO{  tf]8df]8 u/L klxrfg g} abNg] jf unt klxrfg lbg] jf unt cy{ nfUg] u/L ;dfrf/ ;fdu L k sfzg–k ;f/0f jf pTkfbg÷ljt/0f ug'{x'Fb}g . -!@_ Pp6f ;~rf/dfWodaf6 k sflzt k ;fl/t ;dfrf/sf] v08g ;fdfGotM csf]{ ;~rf/dfWodn] ug'{x'Fb}g . -!#_ ; f]t pb\w[t gu/L k'gM k of]u ug{ gx'g] M s'g} ;dfrf/ ;+:yf jf dfWodn] k jflxt u/]sf] ;dfrf/ jf k sflzt–k ;fl/t ;fdu L pkof]u ubf{ To;sf] d"n ; f]t pb\w[t gu/L k'gM k sfzg, k ;f/0f jf ljt/0f ug'{x'Fb}g . To;/L pb\w[t ubf{ ;fdfGotM d"n; f]tsf] ;xdlt lng'kb{5 . -!$_ ; f]t;Fu ;DaGw M kqsf/ jf ;~rf/dfWodn] ;dfrf/ ; f]t;Fu Jofj;flos dof{bf / ;Ldfaflx/ x'g] u/L cg'lrt ;DaGw /fVg Pj+ JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] lglxt :jfy{sf lglDt ;~rf/dfWodsf] b'?kof]u ug{'x'Fb}g .  