An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) – Electronic supplementary information 1

Juliane Glüge,a* Martin Scheringer,a Ian T. Cousins,b Jamie C. DeWitt,c Gretta Goldenman,d Dorte Herzke,e1, e2 Rainer Lohmann,f Carla A. Ng,g Xenia Trier,h and Zhanyun
Wangi
a.Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland,
b.Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691, Sweden
c.Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
d.Milieu, Brussels, Belgium
e1. NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Tromsø, Norway
e2. Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Hansine Hansens veg 18, NO -9037, Tromsø, Norway
f. Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
g.Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
h. DTU Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
i.

* Corresponding author email: juliane.gluege@chem.ethz.ch

1

 General explanations

The document provides an overview of the applications of PFAS. The information was gathered from various sources, such as reports, journal articles, databases, patents, safety
data sheets and websites. The information on the substances themselves can be divided into four categories/types: information that a substance has been used for a specific
application, but no information on its current status [uses (U)]; information that a substance is currently used (current use means a use with public record(s) of use from the last 4
years, i.e. 2017 or later) [current uses (U*)]; information that a substance has been detected in a specific product [detection (D)], and information that a substance has been
patented (and given a CAS number) for a specific application [patent (P)].

Uses (U) and current uses (U*) were assigned based on, for example, data from the Chemical Data Reporting database under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in
the United States (US), data from the SPIN database of the Nordic countries, information from safety data sheets and information that a specific substance is sold for that
particular use.
Information on detected substances was mainly retrieved from scientific studies (e.g. journals articles, reports).
Patents were retrieved via either SciFindern (CAS 2019) or Google patents (Google_patents 2019). The information in brackets [e.g. CAS 2019 (JP05033153, 1993)]
provides the patent number and the year of the invention. More information on the literature sources is provided in the Methods section of the main article.
The information in this document originates from public sources and we were not able to verify whether the information in the public sources is correct, whether the
substances work as intended, and what their real benefits are. Therefore, we cannot guarantee the validity of the compiled information.

Important information for the tables:
a)

The chemical names in the tables are often generalized to a group of PFAS. However, this does not imply that substances with the same functional group, but different
chain length, have the same properties. And most importantly, it does also not imply that all chain lengths of one generalized form are suitable for the same
application.

uncut form

b) The structural formulae of some substances have been cut at one or both ends. The missing part of the carbon chain is not indicated. An example is displayed here:

cut form

Note that the complete molecular formulae are all provided in the tables.

2

 c)

Li
correct form

Li+

Most of the anionic PFAS are displayed as neutral PFAS in the pictures in this document. Strictly speaking, this is not correct. The correct form is given in the tables under
molecular formula . However, editing the images (which were taken from SciFindern) would have been extremely time-consuming, so we decided to not correct them.
An example of the incorrect and correct forms is shown here:

incorrect form

f)

e)

Labels provided in parentheses (e.g. ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate(1a)) mean that the substance shown in the graphic below the label is another salt of the same
anion (e.g. potassium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate and not ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate).

For polymers, only the monomers are shown.

d) The graphics of the molecules do not intend to reflect any actual bond length ratios.

g)

The chemical names in the tables are often generali ed to a group of PFAS to cover more than one CAS No using perfluoroalk l also it might be a pol fluoroalk l
An example is the PFAS group shown below The general name should be -Alkanol, polyfluoro- but in this document we write -Alkanol, perfluoro- . We have also not
used the plural forms of the names, although they encompass often more than one substance.

The graphics from SciFindern ma sometimes contain D
main structure.

in the structure see below for CAS No

-33-

and it is unknown where such D s are connected to the

h) The chemical names of the PFAS are either from Buck et al. (2011) or SciFindern (CAS 2019). In SciFindern, IUPAC names are used for normal registrations, whereas for
manual registrations onl descriptive names are given e g siloxanes and silicones di-Me, Me 3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8tridecafluorooctyl).
i)

3

 Table of content

General explanations ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2

Table of content .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

1.20

1.19

1.18

1.17

1.16

1.15

1.14

1.13

1.12

1.11

1.10

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

Wood processing ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 96

Watchmaking industry ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 96

Textile production ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 96

Semiconductor industry .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 80

Production of plastic and rubber ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73

Photographic industry ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62

Pharmaceutical industry ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62

Oil and gas industry ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50

Nuclear industry ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50

Mining ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49

Manufacture of metal products ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 41

Machinery and equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40

Food production industry.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 40

Energy sector ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35

Electronics industry ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25

Electroplating (metal plating) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22

Electroless plating ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

Chemical industry .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14

Building and Construction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10

Biotechnology ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Aerospace ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

2.1

Air conditioning ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 98

Aerosol propellants ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 98

Other use categories ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 98

1.21

Industry branches ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
1

2
2.2

4

 2.32

2.31

2.30

2.29

2.28

2.27

2.26

2.25

2.24

2.23

2.22

2.21

2.20

2.19

2.18

2.17

2.16

2.15

2.14

2.13

2.12

2.11

2.10

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3

Plastic, rubber and resins ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 218

Pipes, pumps, fittings and liners ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 218

Pharmaceuticals .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 217

Pesticides......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 214

Personal care products and cosmetics ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 198

Particle physics ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 198

Paper and packaging ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 183

Optical devices ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 179

Music instruments and related equipement ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 178

Metallic and ceramic surfaces ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 176

Medical utensils .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 169

Lubricants and greases .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 166

Leather ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 160

Laboratory supplies, equipment and instrumentation ................................................................................................................................................................................... 158

Household applications ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 158

Glass ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 155

Floor covering including carpets and floor polish ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 148

Flame retardants ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 148

Fire-fighting foams .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 128

Fingerprint development ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 128

Electronic devices ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 126

Dispersions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 125

Cook- and baking ware .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 124

Conservation of books and manuscripts ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 124

Coatings, paints, and varnishes ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 114

Cleaning compositions .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 106

Automotive ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 102

Apparel .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 99

Ammunition ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 99

Antifoaming agent ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 98

5

 3

2.43

2.42

2.41

2.40

2.39

2.38

2.37

2.36

2.35

2.34

2.33

Wire and cable insulation, gaskets and hoses ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 254

Water and effluent treatment ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 254

Tracing and tagging ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 251

Textile and upholstery ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 242

Stone, concrete and tile .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 240

Sport article ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 236

Soil remediation .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 236

Soldering ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 234

Sealants and adhesives ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 230

Refrigerant systems......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 229

Printing (inks) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 221

PFA
PFCAs
PFHxS
PFSAs
PFOA
PFOS
PFPEs
PTFE
PVDF
TSCA
U
U*
US
VDF

Perfluoralkoxy polymer (CAS No. 26655-00-5)
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids
Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (CAS No. 355-46-4)
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids
Perfluorooctanoic acid (CAS No. 335-67-1)
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (CAS No. 1763-23-1)
Perfluoropolyethers
Polytetrafluoroethylene (CAS No. 9002-84-0)
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (CAS No. 24937-79-9)
Toxic Substances Control Act from 1976
used
currently used (used after 2017)
United States
Vinylidenefluoride

References ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 255

Chlorotrifluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer (CAS No. 25101-45-5)
Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (CAS No. 25038-71-5)
detected analytically in products
durable water repllent
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (CAS No. 25067-11-2)
Fluorotelomer sulfonic acids
Fluorotelomer alcohols
Hydrofluoroethers (HFE-7000, HFE-7100, HFE-7200, and HFE-7500 are all
commercial products)
Hexafluoropropylene polymer (CAS No. 25120-07-4)
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanols
number
patented
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (CAS No. 9002-83-9)

List of abbreviations
ECTFE
ETFE
D
DWR
FEP
FTSAs
FTOHs
HFE
HFP
MeFASEs
No
P
PCTFE

6

 1 Industry branches
1.1 Aerospace

Many applications in space are similar to those in terrestrial applications where a wide range of service temperatures, low friction, resistance to chemical attack, or dielectric
properties are important. Therefore, fluoropolymers have found extensive application in space for bushing, lubricants, sleeves, tubing, seals, and as electrical insulation for wiring
and in other forms for electronic packaging (B. A. Banks 1997). PFAS are also used in brake and hydraulic fluids and aircraft interior and exterior (FluoroIndustry 2019). The
following sections provide more details on these specific applications.

1.1.1 Brake and hydraulic fluids in aircrafts

Hydraulic fluids actuate moving parts of the aircraft such as wing flaps, ailerons, the rudder and landing gear (POPRC 2019). There are three main types of hydraulic fluids: a)
mineral-based fluids, b) polyalphaolefin-based fluids and c) phosphate ester-based fluids (Aeronautics_Guide 2019). Hydraulic fluids based on phosphate esters are used in most
commercial aircrafts and are extremely fire-resistant (Aeronautics_Guide 2019). However, they can absorb water and the subsequently formed phosphoric acid can damage
metallic parts of the hydraulic system. Fluorinated surfactants in phosphate ester-based hydraulic fluids inhibit the corrosion of mechanical parts of the hydraulic system by
altering the electrical potential at the metal surface (POPRC 2019). The fluorinated surfactants prevent also fire and evaporation of the hydraulic fluid (KEMI Swedish Chemical
Agency 2015b). Table 1 lists PFAS that have been or are still used as additives in phosphate ester-based brake and hydraulic fluids.

A hydraulic fluid based on polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) oil a PFAS was developed in the early 1990s (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). However, it has been found
that PCTFE produces severe corrosion of brass at temperatures above 135°C. As a result, it is believed that operation at very high temperatures is likely to cause unacceptable
material removal from copper-based metals (ASTM 1997).

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1a
Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonate1b
Alkene-1-sulfonic acid, perfluoro-, potassium salt (1:1)1c
Cycloalkanesulfonic acid, perfluoro-, potassium salt (1:1)1d

Chemical name

K+ c-CnF2n-1SO3

CnF2n+1SO3H
K+ CnF2n+1SO3
K+ CnF2n-1SO3
K+ c-CnF2n-1SO3

Molecular formula

n = 7 (part of FC-98)

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=8
n=8
n=8
n = 6 (part of FC-98)

68156-07-0

1763-23-1
2795-39-3
12751-11-0
3107-18-4

CAS No.

P

U
U
P
P

Type

(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b)
(POPRC 2019)
(CAS 2019 (WO2000024848))
(CAS 2019 (WO2000024848); De Silva et
al. 2011)
(CAS 2019 (WO2000024848); De Silva et
al. 2011)

Reference

Table 1: PFAS historically or currently used, or patented, as additives to phosphate ester-based brake and hydraulic fluids. Patent number (date, legal status): WO2000024848
(2000, active). The types stand for U use and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document. FC-98 is a commercial product.

Cycloalkanesulfonic acid, decafluoro(trifluoromethyl)-,
potassium salt (1:1)1e

7

 1a
1b

2b

Cycloalkanesulfonic acid, decafluoro(pentafluoroethyl)-,
potassium salt (1:1)2a
Cycloalkanesulfonic acid, perfluoro-4-(1,1,2,2,2pentafluoroethyl)-, potassium salt (1:1)2b
Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs)
2a

K

(POPRC 2019)

1e

U

1d

67584-42-3

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2000024848); De Silva et
al. 2011)
(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)

1c

n=8

335-24-0

U

K

K+ c-CnF2n-1SO3

n = 8 (part of FC-98)

-

K

K+ c-CnF2n-1SO3

-

K

-

C4-C12 PFCAs and C4, C6, C8, and C10 PFSAs were detected in analyzed hydraulic fluids for aircraft applications (Zhu and Kannan 2020). However, it was not stated whether these
hydraulic fluids were phosphate ester-based fluids or not.

1.1.2 Navigation

PCTFE oils are used as flotation fluids in gyroscopes. Navigational devices containing these oils have been used in many commercial and military aircraft, as well as missiles. Newer
technologies such as fibre optics are now increasingly used, but the floated gyroscopes have showed high accuracy and long field life (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

1.1.3 Wire and cables

Fluoropolymers are used in hoses, cable and wire insulations, and gaskets (POPRC 2016b). More information on this application is provided in Section 2.43 Cable and wire

8

 1.1.4 Thermal control and radiator surfaces

Thermal control and radiator surfaces have been the main uses of PFAS in aerospace applications (B. A. Banks 1997). Thermal control is required on a spacecraft because the
materials undergo cycles of solar heating and radiative cooling with temperatures ranging between -80 and +150 °C. In a low earth orbit, such a cycle takes 90 minutes, which
means that a spacecraft goes through 87660 thermal cycles in a 15 year mission. Thus, a spacecraft is required to reject waste heat and maintain acceptable temperatures within
the spacecraft (B. A. Banks 1997). Typical characteristic of thermal control and radiator surfaces include long-term survival over a wide operating temperature range, low solar
absorbance, high thermal emittance, and freedom from contamination by outgassing (B. A. Banks 1997). The most frequently used fluoropolymer for this applications have been
fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP, CAS No. 25067-11-2) with a second (unexposed) surface metalized with silver or aluminium (B. A. Banks 1997). Other similar forms
of thermal control surfaces or blankets consisted of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, CAS No. 9002-84-0) impregnated woven fiberglass (B. A. Banks 1997).

1.1.5 Fluoropolymer filled SiOx atomic oxygen protective coatings

PTFE-filled SiOx (1.9<x<2.0) has been used in space applications as high strain-to-fail coating to protect underlying polymers from atomic oxygen attack (B. A. Banks 1997).

1.1.6 Aerospace propellant systems

Aerospace propellant systems often utilize aggressive fuels and oxidizers which are incompatible with most available elastomers. Perfluoroelastomers can provide the oxidative
stability needed and are compatible with both oxidizers and hydrazine-type fuels. Applications ranged from the Space Shuttle to ballistic missiles and rockets (B. A. Banks 1997).

1.1.7 Others

Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) have been used as lubricants in aerospace jet engines, high temperature turbine engines and satellite instrumentation because of their long-term
retention of viscosity, low volatility in vacuum and their fluidity at extremely low temperatures (B. A. Banks 1997). An example of a commercial PFPE that has been used is Fomblin
Z25 (B. A. Banks 1997). PCTFE oil has also been used in the oxygen-delivery system to the space shuttle oxidizer tanks (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Perfluoroelastomers
have been used as elastomeric seals in gas turbine engines in both commercial and military aircraft engines (Marshall 1997).

1.2 Biotechnology
1.2.1 Supply of oxygen and other gases to cells in culture

Perfluorocarbons such as perfluorodecalin (CAS No. 306-94-5) and perfluoromethyldecalin (CAS No. 306-92-3) have a significantly greater capacity to dissolve gases
than water. Therefore, they have been used to increase yields in biological cell cultures requiring oxygen (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994; Costello, Flynn, and
Owens 2000). The use of perfluorocarbons for oxygenation of fragile cell cultures can also reduce or eliminate mechanical damage caused by conventional aeration
methods. Brominated perfluorocarbons (e.g. 1-bromoperfluoooctane, CAS No. 423-55-2) and perfluorotrialkyl amines (CAS No. 338-83-0 and 311-89-7) have been
used to supply gases, including CO2, to microbial cells (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). An additional approach has been to grow animal cells at the interface
between perfluorocarbon oil and aqueous culture media (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

9

 1.2.2 Ultrafiltration and microporous membranes

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, CAS No. 24937-79-9) has been used for ultrafiltration and microporous membranes in biotechnology applications (R. E. Banks, Smart,
and Tatlow 1994). One example is PVDF membranes that have been used to remove viruses from protein products of human or animal cell fermentations (Dohany
2000).

1.3 Building and Construction

PFAS have been used in the building and construction sector in a wide variety of applications. They have been used, for example, in cables, gaskets and hoses, in
adhesives, sealants and caulks, in paints and coatings, in architectural membranes, and additives to cement. The SPIN database of the Nordic countries contains a
variety of PFAS used in the building and construction industry (Norden 2020). They are shown in Table 2. Specific areas where PFAS have been used in building and
construction are described in Subsections 0 to 1.3.5. PFAS in paints and coatings, and sealants and adhesives are discussed in Sections 2.8 and 2.35, respectively.

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH

Molecular formula

n=4-8

67584-51-4, 67584-52-5, 6758
4-53-6, 67584-62-7, 2991-51-7
383-07-3

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)
n=8
24448-09-7

U

U

U

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

Table 2: PFAS listed in the SPIN database of the Nordic countries for building and construction. The types stand for U use and U* current use. Additional explanations to the
table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO

n=8

U

Type Reference

Chemical name

CnF2n+1SO2N(C4H9)CH2CH2OC(=O)CHCH2

54950-05-9
1d

n/m = 6
1c

Na+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)CH2CH(SO3 )C(O)O
CH2CH2CmF2m+1

1b

Na

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanols
(MeFASEs)1a
Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido
acetates1b
2-Propenoic acid, 2-[butyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]ethyl esters1c
Butanedioic acid, 2-sulfo-, 1,4-bis(perfluoroalkyl) ester,
sodium salt (1:1)1d
1a

K+

10

 Diammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
monoester(2a)
Ethanol,
-iminobis- compd with -fluoro- -[2(phosphonooxy)ethyl]poly(difluoromethylene) (1:1)2b
Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate diester2c
CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OCH2CH3)3

NH4+ OP(O )(OCH2CH2CnF2n+1)2

NH2+(CH2CH2OH)2 CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3H

2 NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3

Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate monoester2a NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3H

n=6

undefined

undefined

undefined

undefined

51851-37-7

65530-70-3

65530-74-7

65530-72-5

65530-71-4

U

U*

U

U*

U*

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

354-33-6

U

U

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

2d

Perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane2d
2c

n=1

60164-51-4

U*

2b

CnF2n+1CF2H

-

9002-84-0

2a

4 -F -CF3 CF3CF2[O(C3F6O)]nOCC

polymer

NH3

1H-Perfluoroalkane3a

-(CF2CF2)x-

(Norden 2020)

NH3

Poly[oxy[trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-ethanedi l
(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)- -[tetrafluoro(trifluoro
methyl)ethoxy]-3b
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)3c

U

(Norden 2020)

26655-00-5
3d

U

polymer
3c

-[(C17H16F17NO4S)x-(C16H16F15NO4S)y-(C3H6O- polymer
C2H4O)m-(C3H6O-C2H4O)w-2C3H4O2-C3H4O2]uC8H18S-

68298-62-4

-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(OC3F7)]y-

3b

Perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether)-tetrafluoro ethylene
copolymer (PFA)3d
3a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,
8,8-hepta decafluorooctyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl ester,
telomer with 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3, 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7pentadecafluoroheptyl) sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2-prope
noate, 2-methyloxirane polymer with oxirane di-2propenoate, 2-methyl oxirane polymer with oxirane
mono-2-propenoate and 1-octanethiol4a

11

 4a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, polymer with 2-(diethyl
amino)ethyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate, 2-propenoic acid
and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl 2methyl-2-propenoate, acetate5a
5a

Siloxanes and Silicones, di-Me, Me 3-(1,1,2,2-tetra
fluoroethoxy)propyl, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8tridecafluorooctyl
Polysiloxanes, di-Me, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8tridecafluorooctyl
Siloxanes and Silicones, (3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,
10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl)oxy Me, hydroxy Me, Me
octyl, ethers with polyethylene glycol mono-Me ether
Alcohols, C8-14, perfluoro, reaction products with di-Me,
Me hydrogen siloxanes and polyethylene glycol monoMe ether

1.3.1 Architectural membranes

-

-

-

-

-(C12H9F13O2)x(C10H19NO2)y-(C4H6O2)mC3H4O2)w-xC2H4O2-

-

-

-

-

polymer

162567-79-5

143372-54-7

115340-95-9

104780-70-3

1071022-26-8

U

U

U*

U*

U*

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

Architectural membranes have been used in the construction of large roofs, for example, above stadiums (FluoroIndustry 2019). A patent from the US describes the
use of FEP as a roofing material (CAS 2019 (US7641964, 2008)). Other fluoropolymers that have been used are ethylene tetrafluoro-ethylene (ETFE, CAS No. 2503871-5) (Daikin 2019), PVDF (BDIR 2016), and PTFE (BDIR 2016).

12

 1.3.2 Greenhouses

ETFE and PTFE films have been used as windows in greenhouses and conservatories due to their high transparency to both UV and visible light and excellent
resistance to weathering (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994; Janousek, Lebertz, and Knepper 2019). Janousek, Lebertz, and Knepper (2019) analysed different low
molecular weight PFAS in ETFE and PTFE foil used for facades or glass substituents and found C 4 to C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), 6:2 fluorotelomer
sulfonic acid (FTSA), and 6:2, 8:2, and 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs). A patent describes a fogging resistant soft vinyl chloride polymer that contains fluorinated
surfactants, has excellent antifungal property and thermal stability and is usefurl for greenhouses (CAS 2019 (JP61026644, 1986)). The patented substancers are
poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-hydroxy-3-[(nonadecafluorononyl)sulfonyl]propyl]- -hydroxy- (CAS No. 103728-33-2) and poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l (4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10, 11,11,12,12,12-nonadecafluoro-2-hydroxydodecyl)- -methoxy- (CAS No. 85643-63-6).

1.3.3 Cement additive

A Japanese patent from 1984 (JP59128240, 1984) discloses that fluorinated surfactants can reduce the shrinkage of cement (Kissa 2001). Fluorinated surfactants may
have also been used in cement tiles pigmented with carbon black (Kissa 2001, CAS 2019 (GB1506464, 1978)) and they may have been used to improve primers used
for cement mortar (Kissa 2001, CAS 2019 (JP57131263, 1982)). A PFAS that has been patented as primer for cement mortar is poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2[ethyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl] amino]ethyl]- -hydroxy- (CAS No. 29117-08-6) (CAS 2019 (JP57131263, 1982)).

1.3.4 Cable and wire

Fluoropolymers have been used in hoses, cable and wire insulations, and gaskets (POPRC 2016b). More information on this applications is provided in Section 2.43
Wire and Cable

1.3.5 Others

References
Bečanová et al
Bečanová et al

Fluoropolymers, such as PTFE and PVDF, have been used as surface coatings for various building materials including metals, galvanized steel, tiles and glass material (KEMI Swedish
Chemical Agency 2015b; R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). More information on coatings is provided in Section 2.8 Coatings paints and varnishes`. PFAS have also been used
in other products in the building and contruction sector; Table 3 lists some products where PFCAs and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) have been detected.
Table 3: List of building materials where PFCAs and PFSAs have been detected.
Category
OSB and wood
Insulation material

Sub-categories
Formica, oriented strand board, wooden board, chipboard
Insulation glass fibre, insulation hemp rope, blow cellulose insulation, insulation Hardsil NT, wooden fibre insulation,
pipe insulation, phenolic foam insulation, insulation Canabest panel, Tetrapak flexibuild, insulation aluminium foil,
insulation foamglas Perinsul, Sound insulation, cotton insulation, paper insulation

13

 Mountain and sealing
foam
Facade materials
Polystyrene
Air conditioning

window finishing bead, water-resisting paint, glass fibre net, window corner bead, outdoor paint, drywall, plaster
polystyrene
inside foil, cellophane foil, glass fibre foam, aluminium foil

sealant foam, asphalt

Bečanová et al
Bečanová et al
Bečanová et al. (2016)

Bečanová et al

The Chemical Data Reporting database under the TSCA lists that 1-propene, 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-, dimer (CAS No. 13429-24-8) was produced or imported above 11.3 t at at least
one site in the US between 2012 and 2015 and was used as a processing aid in construction (USEPA 2016).

1.4 Chemical industry
1.4.1 Processing aids for the polymerization of fluoropolymers

Fluorinated surfactants have been used as emulsifiers in the emulsion polymerization of many fluoropolymers. The fluorinated surfactants improve the physical properties of the
polymer and increase the rate of polymerization (Kissa 2001). The process chemical (the surface-active fluorinated substance) is removed when the water containing the
fluoropolymer emulsion is dried at high temperatures. However, at low hardening temperatures residues of the process chemical can be found in the finished polymer product
(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b). Historically, the most widely used surfactants for emulsion polymerization were the ammonium salt of perfluorooctanoic acid (CAS No.
3825-26-1) and of perfluorononanoic acid (CAS No. 4149-60-4) (Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012). However, the companies Arkema, Asahi, BASF Corporation, Clariant, Daikin,
3M/Dyneon, DuPont and Solvay Solexis agreed under the US EPA 2010/15 Stewardship program to manufacture fluoropolymers without using perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, CAS
No. 335-67-1) as a processing aid by the end of 2015 (POPRC 2018a). Therefore, there has been a shift to alternatives such as per- and polyfluoroalkylether carboxylic acids. Some
exemplary PFAS that have been used or are used as processing aids are listed in Table 4. In addition, many more PFAS have been patented as fluoropolymer processing aids. We
have included some patents in Table 4. Other patents are e.g CN102504063 (2012, active), WO9618665 (1996, expired), US5285002 (1994, expired), US20080015304 (2008,
discontinued), US20090124755 (2009, active), US2559749 (1951, expired), WO9702300 (1997, expired), or US20070015864 (2007, active). The patented molecules are listed in the
ESI-2, but not here in Table 4.

Sodium perfluoroalkyl carboxylates1a
Lithium perfluoroalkyl carboxylates(1a)

Chemical name

NH4+ CnF2n+1COO

Na+ CnF2n+1COO
Li+ CnF2n+1COO

Molecular formula

n=6-8

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)
n=7
n=6-9

U, P

U
U

Type

(Z. Wang et al. 2013; CAS 2019
(WO2005042593); Kissa 2001)

(Z. Wang et al. 2013)
(Kissa 2001)

Reference

14

Table 4: PFAS historically or currently used or patented as processing aids for PTFE, PVDF, FEP, perfluoralkoxy polymer (PFA) and/or some fluoroelastomers. Patent number (date,
legal status): WO200504259 (2005, discontinued), EP2217652 (2009, not active), WO2010113950 (2010, active), DE1940293 (1970, expired), US4038230 (1977, expired),
DE2213135 (1975, expired), JP47051233 (1972, expired), US4360652 (1982, expired), JP49043386 (1974, expired), US20070015864 (2007, active). The types stand for U use, U*
current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylates(1a)

335-95-5
60871-90-1, 17125-585, 60871-92-3
6130-43-4, 3825-26-1,
4149-60-4

 1b

Alkanoic acid, perfluoro-n-(trifluoromethyl)-,
ammonium salt (1:1)1b
Ammonium -hydroperfluoroalkanoates 1c
Perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids1d
Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids1e
(n:2) Fluorotelomer carboxylic acid1f
1a

Na
NH3

Propanoic acid, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-3-[1,1,2,2-tetra
fluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)ethoxy]-, ammonium salt3a
(1:1)2a
Propanoic acid, 2,2,3-trifluoro-3-[1,1,2,2,3,3-hexa
fluoro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)propoxy]-, ammonium salt
(1:1) (ADONA)2b
Propane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-3-(1,2,2,2tetrafluoroethoxy)- (E1)2c
Acetic acid, 2,2-difluoro-2-[1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethoxy)ethoxy]-, ammonium salt
(1:1) (EEA-NH4)2d
2a

NH3
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HPFO-DA)3a

NH4+ CF2HCnF2nCOO
CnF2n+1PO3H2
CnF2n+1P(CmF2m+1)(OH)=O
CnF2n+1CH2COOH

NH4+ CF3CF(CF3)CnF2nCOO
n=5
n = 4, 6
n = 4/4, 6/6
n=6

n = 5, 7

1e

376-34-1
52299-24-8, 40143-76-8
52299-25-9, 40143-77-9
53826-12-3

3658-62-6, 3658-63-7

P
P
P
-

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2005042593))
(CAS 2019 (EP2217652))
(CAS 2019 (EP2217652))
(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

(CAS 2019 (US4360652))

-

958445-44-8

1173788-87-8

U*, D

U*

P

(EFSA 2014)

(CAS 2019 (WO2010113950))

1f

1d

NH4+ CF3OCF2CF2OCF2CF2COO

-

3330-15-2

1c

NH4+ CF3OC3F6OCHFCF2COO

-

NH3

CF3CF2CF2OCFHCF3

(RIVM 2016; Expertisecentrum
2018)
(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

2d

(Lindstrom et al. 2017; RIVM
2016; Expertisecentrum 2018)

NH3

U

U*, D

908020-52-0

2c

13252-13-6

-

NH3
-

NH4+ CF3CF2OCF2CF2OCF2COO

2b

C3F7OCF(CF3)COOH

15

 3b

Propanoic acid, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3heptafluoropropoxy)-, ammonium salt (1:1) (NH4HFPO-DA)(3a)
Hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA)3b
Propanoic acid, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-[1,1,2,3,3,3-hexa
fluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)propoxy]-, ammonium salt
(1:1)3c
Hexafluoropropylene oxide tetramer acid (HFPO-TeA)3d
3a

1-Propene, 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-, telomer with
chlorotrifluoroethene, oxidized, reduced, hydrolyzed
Propanoic acid, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-[1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)propoxy]-, ammonium
salt (1:1)4a
2-Propanone, 1-[1-[difluoro(trifluoromethoxy)methyl]1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy]-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-4b
2-Propanone, 1-[2-[1-[difluoro(trifluoromethoxy)
methyl]-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy]-1,2,2-trifluoro-1(trifluoromethyl)ethoxy]-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-4c
Perfluorocyclobutane4d

CF3CF2(CF2OCF(CF3))2COOH
NH4+ CF3OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)
COO

NH4+ C3F7OCF(CF3)COO

-

-

-

65294-16-8

13252-14-7
510774-77-3

62037-80-3

U*

U*
U

U*

(Y. Wang et al. 2019)

(Pan et al. 2017)
(Hintzer and Schwertfeger
2014)

(RIVM 2016; Expertisecentrum
2018)

-

-

-

18934-99-1

18992-61-5

510774-77-3

329238-24-6

P

P

P

P

U*

(CAS 2019 (US4038230))

(CAS 2019 (DE1940293))

(CAS 2019 (DE1940293))

(CAS 2019 (WO2010113950))

(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

3d

C2F5(CF2OCF(CF3))3COOH

3c

CF3OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2C(=O)CF3

-

115-25-3

NH3

CF3(OCF2CF(CF3))2OCF2C(=O)CF3

n=4

ClC3F6O[CF2CF(CF3)O]n[CF(CF3)O]m
CF2COOH, n = 1 4, m = 0 2
NH4+ CF3OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)
COO

c-CnF2n

16

 4a

(Sheng et al. 2018; CAS 2019
(US20070015864))
(ECHA 2020)

4d

U*

4c

n = 2, 3, 4

39492-88-1, 39492-892, 39492-90-5
1190931-27-1

(FOEN 2015)

4b

CF3(OCF2)nCOOH

-

U

NH3

NH4+ CF3OC3F4O3CF2COO

-

U*, P

Perfluoro(n-oxaalkanoic) acid5a

CF3O(CF2CF(CF3)O)(CF2OO)(C(CF3)FO)COO

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon
2012)

5c

Acetic acid, 2,2-difluoro-2-[[2,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-5(trifluoromethoxy)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]oxy]-, ammonium
salt (1:1) (cC604)5b
-

U

5c

-

5b

CH3CH2SO4 C3F7(OCF(CF3)CF2)nC(O)NHCH2
CH2CH2N+ (CH3)(CH3)C2H5 n = 4 to 30

-

5a

NH3

1.4.2 Production and processing of other plastics than fluoropolymers

PFAS have also been used during the production and processing of other plastics than fluoropolymers. This is described in more detail in Section 1.17 under Processing aids for
processing of pol mers other than fluoropol mers .

17

 1.4.3 Production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide

Chlorine and sodium/potassium hydroxide are among the most produced chemicals in the world (Gardiner 2015). Historically, chlorine and caustic soda (sodium
hydroxide) were prepared with brine in either asbestos diaphragm cells or mercury electrode cells. PVDF and other fluoropolymers were us ed here as binder for the
asbestos-fibre-based diaphragms (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Nowadays, chlorine and caustic soda are produced with fluorinated membranes (R. E. Banks,
Smart, and Tatlow 1994). The membrane divides the cell into anode and cathode chambers. Chlorine is generated at the anode, while sodium hydroxide and
hydrogen are generated at the cathode. Oxidation at the anode occurs simultaneously with reduction at the cathode. The membrane permits only the passage of
sodium ions from the anode chamber to the cathode chamber and prevents the migration of hydroxide ions to the anode chamber (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow
1994). Examples for such ion-exchange membranes are Chemour s Nafion® membranes (CAS No. 66796-30-3), AGCs (formerly Asahi Glass) Flemion® membranes and
Asahi Kasei s Aciplex membranes. All these membranes are relatively stable under strongly oxidizing conditions and high temperatures (Cousins et al. 2019). The
first Nafion® membranes were developed in the 1960s (Chemours 2019c) and have been continuously improved ever since. The initial Nafion® 400 series was
composed of plain sulfonic acid membranes, which gave too low current efficiencies. Later membranes were developed with two s ulfonic-acid-type polymers having
different ion-exchange capacities. The latest Nafion® and also the Flemion® membranes have been designed to be carboxylate-sulfonate two-layer membranes with
unique reinforcement (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994; Kashiwada, Hirano, and Nakayama 2006). Reinfocements can be made by embedding a porous substrate
(e.g. PTFE) in the membrane (Kashiwada, Hirano, and Nakayama 2006).

1.4.4 Production of other chemicals

PFAS have been used as inert reaction media, particularly when one of the reactants is gaseous (Costello, Flynn, and Owens 2000). Fluorotelomer alcohols have been
used for the synthesis and separation of organic molecules in reaction mixtures (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005). Nafion (CAS No. 31175-20-9) is used as a
superacid and as a membrane in the production of fine chemicals (Chemours 2020). CTFE telomers have been used as a cutting or drawing oil in tantalum,
molybdenum, and niobium processing (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Perfluorosulfonic fluoride resins (for example, ethanesulfonyl fluoride, 1,1,2,2tetrafluoro-2-[(1,2,2-trifluoroethenyl)oxy]-, polymer with 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene, CAS No. 69462-70-0) have been used for fabricating reactive components in
chemical applications, such as pure-polymer acid catalysts (Esposito 2016). PFAS are also used as solvents (see Section 1.4.8).

The SPIN database of the Nordic countries contains some additional PFAS that have been used or are used to manufacture chemicals and chemical products (Norden
2020). They are listed in Table 5. Some of the compounds listed in Table 5 may have been used as building blocks for producing other PFAS, e.g. MeFASEs.

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N(O)(CH3)2

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=8
n=6

24448-09-7
80475-32-7

U
U

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

Table 5: PFAS listed in the SPIN database of the Nordic countries for the manufacture of chemicals and chemical products. Some of the compounds listed may have
been as building blocks for producing other PFAS, e.g. MeFASEs. The types stand for U use and U* current use. Additional explanations to the table are provided
on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
Molecular formula
CAS No.
Type Reference
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanols (MeFASEs)1a
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxidoamino) propyl]perfluoro-1b

18

 (n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonamide betaine (FTAB)1c

1b

Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate diester1d
1a

1H-Perfluoroalkane2a
Methyl perfluorobutyl ether2b
Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether2c
Poly[oxy[trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-ethane di l
-(1-carboxy1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)- -[tetrafluoro(trifluoro methyl)ethoxy]-2d
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2e
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)2f
Siloxanes and Silicones, di-Me, Me 3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)
propyl, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl
Siloxanes and Silicones, (3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-hepta
decafluorodecyl)oxy Me, hydroxy Me, Me octyl, ethers with
polyethylene glycol mono-Me ether
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-[[1-oxo-3- - -perfluoro-C4-16alkyl)thio]propyl]amino] derivs., sodium salts

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2
CH2COO
NH4+ OP(O )(OCH2CH2Cn F2n+1)2

undefined

n=6

65530-70-3

34455-29-3

U

U

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

CnF2n+1CF2H
C4F9OCH3
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3
4 -F -CF3 CF3CF(COOH)[O(C3F6)]nOCC

polymer
polymer
-

n=1
(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7100)
-

143372-54-7

9002-84-0
24937-79-9
104780-70-3

354-33-6
163702-07-6
163702-08-7
51798-33-5

U

U

U*
U
U

U
U
U
U*

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

1d

-(CF2CF2)x-(CF2CH2)x-

-

68187-47-3

1c

-

-

NH3

-

19

 2a

2b

1.4.5 Polymer curing

2c

2d

2e

2f

Resins, elastomers, and adhesives have been cross-linked by vapour (similar to vapour-phase soldering) or even liquid immersion techniques using PFPEs as medium
(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcycloalkane (CAS No. 306-98-9) and perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcycloalkane (CAS No. 335-27-3) are offered as
fluids for curing low temperature cure resin systems (F2_Chemicals 2019a).

1.4.6 Ionic liquids

Bis(perfluorobutane-sulfonyl)imide (CAS No. 39847-39-7) has been marketed as a raw material for ionic liquids (Z. Wang et al. 2013). Examples for applications of ionic
liquids are electrolytes for supercapacitors or lithium ion batteries (Section 2.12.2) and ultra hydrophobic solvents for the single drop microextraction (Section 2.19.1).

1.4.7 Technical equipment

PTFE has been used in reactor vessels, storage tanks, valves, pump fittings and seals, tubings and coatings because of its outstanding chemical resistance and thermal properties
which are even better than those of stainless steel, glass, ceramic or other polymer plastics (Gardiner 2015). FEP has been used for lining chemical piping, fittings, and specialist
storage tanks due to its impact strength (Gardiner 2015). ECTFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, CAS No. 25038-71-5) hasd been used for tanks storing nitric and
hydrochloric acid (Gardiner 2015). Other applications of ECTFE in the chemical process industry include seal glands, pipe plugs, fasteners, and pump parts (R. E. Banks, Smart, and
Tatlow 1994). Similar, also PCTFE (polychlorotrifluoroethylene, CAS No. 9002-83-9) has been used in chemical process equipment and cryogenic applications, including seals,
gaskets, pump parts, tubes, linings, and electrical insulators (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

The pulp and paper industry has been using ECTFE for lining scrubbers and pipes for bleaching agents (Gardiner 2015). Hose-linings, tubing, and industrial gloves for chemical
service constitute examples of the varied end-uses of fluorinated elastomers (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

20

 1.4.8 Solvents

Several perfluoro- -methylalkanes (CAS No. 212957-52-3, 212957-55-6, 212957-45-4, 212957-49-8) were patented as biocompatible solvents, in particular for perfluorocarbons
and hydrocarbons (CAS 2019 (DE19719280, 1998)). Hydrofluoroethers such as the commercial mixtures HFE-7100 and HFE-7200 have been marketed as specialty solvents,
dispersion media and reaction media (see Table 6) (3M 2009a, 2009b).

1c

1d

Molecular formula
C4F9OCH3
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3
C4F9OCH2CH3
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH2CH3

Specification of chemical(s)
(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7200)
(part of HFE-7200)

CAS No.
163702-07-6
163702-08-7
163702-05-4
163702-06-5

Type
U
U
U
U

Reference
(3M 2009a; Norden 2020)
(3M 2009a; Norden 2020)
(3M 2009b; Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

Table 6: Hydrofluoroethers used as solvents. The types stand for U use and U* current use. HFE-7100 and HFE-7200 are commercial products. Additional explanations to the
table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

1b

Chemical name
Methyl perfluorobutyl ether1a
Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether1b
Ethyl perfluorobutyl ether1c
Ethyl perfluoroisobutyl ether1d
1a

1.5 Electroless plating

Fluorinated surfactants may be used in electroless plating of copper, brass and nickel to promote the formation of a hydrophobic coating on the metal (Kissa 2001; CAS 2019
(JP05033153, 1993)). The fluorinated surfactants can promote the formation by dispersing the pitch fluoride in the plating solution. A patented substance for this function is 1Propanaminium, 3-[[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5, 5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-heptadecafluoro octyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1) (CAS No. 38006-74-5) (CAS 2019 (JP05033153,
1993)).

21

 1.6 Electroplating (metal plating)
1.6.1 Chrome plating

Fluorinated surfactants are used in chrome plating baths to prevent the evaporation of chromium (VI) vapor (Kissa 2001). During chrome plating, a significant amount of gas is
generated at the electrodes and released from the process tank (Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012). This causes bubbles and mist to be ejected from the plating bath causing
aerosols, consisting of process liquids, to be dispersed into outdoor ambient air unless controlled (POPRC 2019). Fluorinated surfactants reduce the size of the gas bubbles by
lowering the surface tension of the electrolyte solution (Kissa 2001). The smaller bubbles rise more slowly to the surface and have lower kinetic energy so that when the bubbles
burst at the surface, mist is less likely to be emitted into the air (POPRC 2019). Fluorinated surfactants also form a barrier over the bath, thereby directly inhibiting the release of
chromium (VI) vapour (POPRC 2016a).

Fluorinated surfactants have been used previously for both decorative chrome plating and hard chrome plating processes, but new technology using chromium (III) instead of
chromium (VI) for decorative chrome plating has made fluorinated surfactants in decorative chrome plating obsolete (POPRC 2016a). The difference between hard and decorative
metal plating is the thickness, hardness and deposition of the chrome layer on the plated object. The main function of hard metal plating is to provide resistance against corrosion
and abrasion. Examples of hard metal plated parts include, hydraulic cylinders and rods, railroad wheel bearings and couplers, moulds for the plastic and rubber industry, tool and
die parts (POPRC 2019). For decorative metal plating, the main function is primarily a decorative surface finish. Examples of decorative chrome plated parts include, car and truck
pumpers, motorcycle parts, kitchen appliances, smart phones and tablets (POPRC 2019).

A list with fluorinated surfactants that have been or are used in chrome plating is shown in Table 7. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS, CAS No. 1763-23-1) related substances are
still used in some countries because other wetting agents degrade more or less rapidly under the prevailing, strongly acidic and oxidizing conditions (POPRC 2016a; Hauser,
Füglister, and Scheffelmaier 2020). This is also true for the fluorotelomer-based surfactants that are used as alternatives to PFOS and PFOS-related substances in chrome plating in
Europe (Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012; POPRC 2012).

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs)
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSA)1a

Chemical name

NH4+ CnF2n+1SO3

CnF2n+1SO3H

Molecular formula

n=8

n = 8, 9

n=8

29457-72-5

29081-56-9, 1720241-4
2795-39-3

1763-23-1

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)

U

U

U

U*

(Kissa 2001)

(CAS 2019 (JP54076443))

(Hauser, Füglister, and Scheffelmaier
2020)
(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

Table 7: PFAS historically or currently used in or patented for decorative and hard chrome plating. Patent number (date, legal status): JP54076443 (1979, expired), CN104611733
(2015, not yet ative), DE102006025847 (2007, not active), JP63208561 (1988, expired). The types stand for U use, U* - current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the
table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Ammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonate(1a)

K+ CnF2n+1SO3

n=8

Type Reference

Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonate(1a)

Li+ CnF2n+1SO3

(Probably not the acids but the salts were used)

Lithium perfluoroalkane sulfonate(1a)

22

 Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids1d

Diethanolamine perfluoroalkane sulfonate1c

CnF2n+1 H2CH2SO3H

NH4+CnF2n+1COO

CnF2n+1P(CmF2m+1)(OH)=O

N+H2(C2H4OH)2 CnF2n+1SO3

n=6

n/m = 3/3,
4/4, 6/6
n = 7, 8

n=8

n=8
n=8

27619-97-2

1481-60-3, 52299-259, 40143-77-9
3825-26-1, 4149-60-4

70225-14-8

54439-46-2
56773-42-3

U

U*

U

P

U

P
U

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

(CAS 2019 (DE102006025847))

(POPRC 2016a)

(CAS 2019 (JP54076443))
(POPRC 2016a)

Triethylammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonate(1a)
N+(C2H5)3 CnF2n+1SO3
Tetraethylammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonate1b N(C2H5)4+ CnF2n+1SO3

Ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate1e
Fluorotelomer-based substances
(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSAs)(1f)

59587-38-1

120945-47-3

41997-13-1, 754-91-6
-

P

U

P
U

(CAS 2019 (JP63208561))

(CAS 2019 (JP63208561))

(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017)

(CAS 2019 (JP63208561))
(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b)

1f

118675-71-1, 7406442-9

P

1e

n = 6, 8

2358-22-7, 82854-340

1d

n=6

1c

n = 6, 8

n = 6, 8
n = 4, m = 1,
2, 4
n=4

K+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3

(Probably not the acids but the salts were used)

1b

Potassium (n:2) fluorotelomer sulfonate1f
1a

[CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2O]2P(O)O
H
CnF2n+1SO2N[CH2CH(OH)CH2OH]2

Perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride (PASF)-based substances
Perfluoroalkane sulfonamides2a
CnF2n+1SO2NH2
N-Alkyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamides
CnF2n+1SO2NH(R), R = CmH2m+1
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N,N -[phosphinicobis(oxy2,1-ethanediyl)]bis[perfluoro-N-methyl-2b
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N,N-bis(2,3-dihydroxy
propyl)-perfluoro-2c

Perfluoroalkane carbonyl fluoride (PACF)-based substances
Alkanamide, perfluoro-2d

23

 Alkanamide, N,N-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)perfluoro-2e
2a

K

Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) -based substances
Ethanesulfonic acid, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-, potassium salt (1:1)3a
Ethanesulfonic acid, 2- -chloro-perfluoroalkyl)
oxy]-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-, potassium salt (1:1)3b
4a

Polymers
Fluorinated (meth)acrylate polymers

1.6.2 Plating with other substances

CnF2n+1C(O)N[CH2CH(OH)CH2OH]2

n = 6, 8

118675-72-2, 118675- P
73-3

(CAS 2019 (JP63208561))

(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

2e

U

2d

68136-88-9

2c

n = 6 (F-53)

(Pan et al. 2017; Z. Wang et al. 2013)

2b

K+ CnF2n+1OC2F4SO3

U*

(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b)

73606-19-6, 8332989-9

U

n = 6 (F-53B),
8

4b

K

-

K+ ClCnF2nOC2F4SO3

-

24

Fluorinated surfactants have also been used in metal plating applications which are not based on chromium. Fluorinated surfactants have been used in nickel-plating baths as nonfoaming surfactant to reduce the surface tension and increase the strength of the nickel electroplate by eliminating pinholes, cracks, and peeling (Kissa 2001). Fluorinated
surfactants have been used to prevent haze of plated copper by regulating foam and improving stability (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005) and they have been added to tinplating baths to produce a plating of uniform thickness (Kissa 2001). Fluorinated surfactant that have been patented for copper plating are shown in Table 8. Fluorinated
surfactants have also been used for alkaline zinc and zinc alloy plating (POPRC 2016a). Furthermore, deposition of fluoropolymer particles (e.g. PTFE) onto steel for surface
protection may be supported by fluorinated surfactants. Cationic and amphoteric fluorinated surfactants can impart a positive charge to fluoropolymer particles which facilitates
the electroplating of the fluoropolymer (Kissa 2001).

 Molecular formula
Na+ OH CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH(OH)CH2SO3 )
CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH2OH
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH(OH)CH2 SO3 )
CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2

1c

OH Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2COO )CH2CH2CH2
N+(CH3)3
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2COO )CH2CH2CH2
N+(CH3)2CH2CH2COO-

Na

n=6

81190-39-8

73772-32-4

Specification of CAS No.
chemical(s)
n=6
81190-38-7

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (GB2077765))

(CAS 2019 (GB2077765))

(CAS 2019 (GB2077765))

(CAS 2019 (GB2077765))

Type Reference

n=6

P

1d

Na

81190-42-3

Na OH-

n=6

Table 8: PFAS patented for copper plating. Patent number (date, legal status): GB2077765 (1981, expired). P under type stands for patent. Additional explanations to the table are
provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

1b

1-Propanaminium, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-[(2-hydro xy-3sulfopropyl)[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N-dimethyl-,
hydroxide, sodium salt (1:1:1)1a
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[[3-(dimethylamino)propyl][(1,1,2,2,3,
3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-tridecafluorohexyl) sulfonyl]amino]-2-hydroxy-,
sodium salt (1:1)1b
1-Propanaminium, 3-[(carboxymethyl)[(perfluoro alkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, hydroxide, sodium salt (1:1:1)1c
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-3-[(2-carboxyethyl)
[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N-dimethyl-, inner salt,
sodium salt (1:1)1d
1a

Na OH-

1.7 Electronics industry

PFAS have been used in the electronics industry because they are water-repellent, have a low surface tension and high dielectric and breakdown strength (R. E. Banks, Smart, and
Tatlow 1994). They have been used in the production of printed circuit boards, loud speakers, transductors, digital cameras, cell phones, printers, scanners, satellite
communication systems, radar systems, and many other products (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b; POPRC 2019). This is also confirmed by studies in which these articles
were tested in the laboratory and various PFAS were found in the tested material. For example, tested circuit boards contained 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (CAS No. 27619-972), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (CAS No. 754-91-6), PFOS (CAS No. 1763-23-1) and perfluorobutanoic acid (CAS No. 375-22-4) (Herzke, Olsson, and Posner 2012). The following
subsections focus on PFAS in the manufacturing process in the electronics industry. Section 2.12 focuses on PFAS in the electronic devices themselves.

The Chemical Data Reporting database under the TSCA lists nine PFAS that were used as functional fluids in computer and electronic product manufacturing in the US between
2012 and 2015 (USEPA 2016). It also lists PFAS that were used in electric equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing and as surface active agents. The compounds are all

25

 shown in Table 9. Pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3-methoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)- (CAS No. 132182-92-4) was used in computer and electronic product manufacturing in
the US between 2012 and 2015, but the specific function was declared confidential business information (USEPA 2016). The SPIN database of the Nordic countries lists additional
PFAS that have been used either in the manufacturing of computer, electronic and optical products or in the manufacturing of radio, television and communication equipment
(Norden 2020). These PFAS are also listed in Table 9 under Electric equipment appliance and component manufacturing

CnF2n+1OCH3
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3
C4F9OCH2CH3
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH2CH3
C3F7CF(OCH2CH3)CF(CF3)CF3

Molecular formula

n = 3, 4 (part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7200)
(part of HFE-7200)
-

Specification of chemical(s)

375-03-1, 163702-07-6
163702-08-7
163702-05-4
163702-06-5
297730-93-9

CAS No.

U
U

U
U
U
U
U

Type

(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)

(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)

Reference

n=4
-

2795-39-3
70225-14-8

311-89-7
382-28-5

U
U

U
U

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)

1f

n=8
n=8

1e

86508-42-1
756-13-8
1d

-

N(CnF2n+1)3
c-C5F11NO

1c

CF3CF2C(O)CF(CF3)2

Table 9: PFAS that have been used or are still used in the US or the Nordic countries in the electronics industry. The types stand for U use and U* current use. HFE-7100 and
HFE-7200 are commercial products. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

1b

Chemical name
Functional fluid (closed system)
Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether1a
Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether1b
Ethyl perfluorobutyl ether1c
Ethyl perfluoroisobutyl ether1d
3-Ethoxy-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-2(trifluoro methyl)hexane1e
Perfluoro compounds, C5-18
Perfluoro-2-methyl-3-pentanone1f
1a

Perfluorotrialkyl amine2a
Morpholine, 2,2,3,3,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-4(trifluoromethyl)-2b

Electric equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing
Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonate2c
K+ CnF2n+1SO3
Diethanolammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonate2d
N+H2(CH2CH2OH)2 CnF2n+1SO3

26

 (n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSA)2e
1H-Perfluoroalkane2f
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H
CnF2n+1CF2H

n=6
n=1

27619-97-2
354-33-6

U*
U

(Norden 2020)
(USEPA 2016)

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

2f

U
U
U
U

(USEPA 2016)

2e

138495-42-8
163702-07-6
163702-08-7
9002-84-0

U

2d

(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7100)
polymer

484024-67-1

2c

C2F5(CFH)2CF3
C4F9OCH3
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3
(CF2CF2)x

n=4

(USEPA 2016)

2b

Pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3a
Methyl perfluorobutyl ether1a
Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether1b
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)3b

NH4+ CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2O

U

2a

Surface active agents
Ammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanol3c

76-16-4
3d

n=2
3c

CnF2n+2

3b

Plating agent and surface treatment agent
Linear perfluoroalkanes3d
3a

NH3

27

 1.7.1 Testing of electronic devices and equipment

Perfluorocarbons and hydrofluoroethers are used as inert fluids for electronics testing (F2_Chemicals 2019a). Testing applications include liquid burn-in testing,
reliability testing, dielectric testing, thermal shock testing, gross and fine leak testing, and electrical environmental tes ting. Table 10 lists a range of PFAS that are
marketed for testing in these applications.

Reliability testing
Perfluoropropyl methyl ether1b

Liquid burn-in testing
Perfluoroperhydrofluorene1a
PFPEs

Chemical name

C4F9OCH3
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3

C3F7OCH3

C13F22

Molecular formula

n=8
-

(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7100)

(HFE-7000)

-

355-04-4
355-27-3
306-92-3

163702-07-6
163702-08-7

375-03-1

307-08-4

Specification of chemical(s) CAS No.

U
U
U

U
U

U

U

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)

(3M 2009a)
(3M 2009a)

(3M 2014)

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)

Table 10: PFAS marketed for testing of electronic devices and equipment. HFE-7000 and HFE-7100 are commercial products. The types stand for U use and U* current use.
Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Dielectric test media
Methyl perfluorobutylether1b
Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether1c

C6F14
CnF2n
C11F20

Type Reference

Thermal shock testing
Perfluoroisohexane1d
Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcycloalkane1e
Perfluoromethyldecalin1f

28

 307-08-4
306-91-2
-

U

U
U
U

(Costello, Flynn, and Owens 2000)

(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)

1f

-

-

U

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)

1e

C13F22
C14F24
-

-

-

U
U
U

1d

Perfluoroperhydrofluorene2a
Perfluorotetradecahydrophenanthrene2b
PFPEs

-

-

355-02-2
306-98-9
662-28-2

1c

Gross and fine leak testing
PFPEs

-

n=7
n=8
-

1b

Electrical environmental testing
Perfluorinated fluids

CnF2n
CnF2n
C16F26

1a

Use for testing in general
Perfluoromethylcycloalkane2c
Perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcycloalkane 2d
Perfluoroperhydrofluoranthene2e

29

 2a
2b

1.7.2 Heat transfer fluids (cooling of electric equipment)

3a
3b

3c

Perfluorinated liquids can be used in evaporative cooling, brine cooling, direct contact cooling and total immersion cooling. Table 11 lists a range of PFAS that have
been marketed for these applications. Power supplies, memory boards, logic circuits, and main processors of supercomputers, sensitive military electronics, and high
voltage transformers have often been cooled by total immersion cooling (Costello, Flynn, and Owens 2000). Some of the perfluorocarbons (Flutec PP1, PP2, PP7, PP80,
PP90, PP3, PP6, PP9, PP11, PP24, PP25) are also marketed for direct cooling of lasers, where the light pulse passes directly through the perfluorocarbon liquid
(F2_Chemicals 2019a).

U*
U

(Chemours 2019e)
(3M 2009a)
(3M 2009a)
(3M 2009b)
(3M 2009b)

(F2_Chemicals 2019a; Norden 2020)
(Chemours 2019e)

Table 11: PFAS marketed for cooling of electronic devices and equipment. HFE-7100, HFE-7200 and all Flutec brands are commercial products. The types stand for U use and U*
current use. Additional explanations to the tables are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
Molecular formula
Specification of chemical(s)
CAS No.
Evaporative cooling the fluid is enclosed in a heat cycle system and cools parts with high temperature due to evaporation
Linear perfluoroalkanes1a
CnF2n+2
n=3
76-19-7
Pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1b
CF3CF2(CFH)2CF3
138495-42-8

U
U
U
U
U

Type Reference

138495-42-8
163702-07-6
163702-08-7
163702-05-4
163702-06-5

Brine cooling the fluid is in contact with another fluid, effectively cooling the other fluid
Pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1b
CF3CF2(CFH)2CF3
Methyl perfluorobutyll ether1c
C4F9OCH3
(part of HFE-7100)
Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether1d
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3
(part of HFE-7100)
Ethyl perfluorobutyl ether1e
C4F9OCH2CH3
(part of HFE-7200)
Ethyl perfluoroisobutyl ether1f
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH2CH3
(part of HFE-7200)

30

 1d

1e

1f

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)

1c

U

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(Norden 2020)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)

1b

374-80-1

U
U*
U

1a

Perfluoroindane2a

335-57-9
354-33-6
355-04-4

C9F10

Direct contact cooling the fluid is in direct contact with the hot component
Linear perfluoroalkanes1a
CnF2n+2
n = 7 (Flutec PP7)
1H-Perfluoroalkane2b
CnF2n+1CF2H
n=1
Perfluoroisohexane2c
C6F14
(Flutec PP1)

Perfluoro-2-methyl-3-ethylpentane3a
Perfluoro-2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylpentane3b
Perfluoromethylcycloalkane3c

C7F16
C9F20
CnF2n+2

(Flutec PP80)
(Flutec PP90)
n = 6, n = 7 (Flutec PP2)

2c

U
U
U

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a; R. E. Banks,
Smart, and Tatlow 1994)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
n=8
n = 8 (Flutec PP3)
(Flutec PP6)

2b

U
U
U

CnF2n
CnF2n
C10F18

2a

354-97-2
50285-18-2
1805-22-7, 35502-2
306-98-9
335-27-3
306-94-5

Perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcycloalkane3d
Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcycloalkane3e
Perfluorodecalin3f

31

 3a
3b

Perfluoromethyldecalin4a
Perfluoroperhydrofluorene4b
Perfluorotetradecahydrophenanthrene4c
Perfluoroperhydrofluoranthene4d
Perfluoroperhydrobenzyltetralin4e
4a

4b

C11F20
C13F22
C14F24
C16F26
C17F30

3c

4c

(Flutec PP9)
(Flutec TG PPF)
(Flutec PP11)
(Flutec PP24)
(Flutec PP25)

3d

Total immersion cooling the hot components are immersed in a cooling rack filled with the fluid
Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether1c
CnF2n+1OCH3
n = 3 (HFE-7000)
Ethyl perfluoroisoalkyl ether5a
C3F7CF(OCH2CH3)CF(CF3)2
(HFE-7500)
Heat transfer in general

4d

3e

306-92-3
307-08-4
306-91-2
662-28-2
116265-66-8

375-03-1
297730-93-9

U
U
U
U
U

U
U

3f

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
4e

(3M 2014)
(3M 2008)

32

 1H-Perfluoroalkane2a
Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-, oxidized,
polymd., reduced, decarboxylated
5a

1.7.3 Solvent systems and cleaning

CnF2n+1CF2H
-

n=1
polymer

354-33-6
161075-02-1

U*
U

(Norden 2020)
(USITC 2006)

Perfluorocarbons can be used in conjunction with solvents such as alcohol to form the basis of cleaning solutions in which the perfluorocarbon acts as a heat-transfer agent, forms
a nonflammable vapor blanket, reduces the flash point of the solvent, and finally rinses off solvent residues. Those cleaning solutions have been used industrially for cleaning items
like computer disk drives and printed circuit boards (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). One example of such a cleaning solution is an isopropanol foam where a fluorinated
surfactant has been used to maintain the foam when a metallic surface from which greases and contaminants need to be removed is passed on top of the foam (Buck, Murphy,
and Pabon 2012). Other fluorinated surfactants used or patented for cleaning compositions for electric and electronic components are listed in Table 12.

1-Hexene, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-1a
Pentane, 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1b
Pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1c
Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether1d

Chemical name

CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3
C4F9OCH2CH3

HCF2CF2CF2CF2CH=CH2
CF3CF(CF3)CFHCFHCF3
C2F5(CFH)2CF3
CnF2n+1OCH3

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)s
n = 2, 3, 4 (part of
HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7200)

159148-08-0
85720-78-1
138495-42-8
22410-44-2, 375-03-1,
163702-07-6
163702-08-7
163702-05-4

CAS No.

U
U

P
P
U
P

Type

(CAS 2019 (JP06179894))
(CAS 2019 (JP06179896))
(USEPA 2016)
(CAS 2019 (JP10152452);
USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)

Reference

Table 12: Fluorinated surfactants used or patented for cleaning compositions for electric and electronic components. HFE-7100 and HFE-7200 are commercial products. Patent
number (date, legal status): JP06179894 (1994, expired), JP06179896 (1994, expired), WO2008095881 (2008, active), JP10152452 (1998, expired). The types stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether1e
Ethyl perfluorobutyl ether1f

33

 1a

2b

1b

Ethyl perfluoroisobutyl ether2a
Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2b
Linear perfluoroalkanes2c
2a

1.7.4 Carrier fluid/lubricant deposition

1c

CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH2CH3
CF2HCF2OCH2CF3
CnF2n+2
2c

1d

(part of HFE-7200)
n=3

163702-06-5
406-78-0
76-19-7

1e

U
U
U

(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)

1f

Perfluorocarbons (e.g. perfluoroisohexane, CAS No. 355-04-4) and hydrofluorocarbons (e.g. pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-, CAS No. 138495-42-8) are used
to dissolve and deposit lubricants on a range of substrates during the manufacturing of hard disk drives (Chemours 2019e; F2_Chemicals 2019a).

1.7.5 Others

PFOS (CAS No. 1763-23-1) was used in the past in the etching process of piezoelectric ceramic filters. These filters are used as band pass filters at intermediate frequency in twoway radios for police radios, FM radios, TVs, and RKEs (Remote Keyless Entry for Cars) (Japan 2008). PFOA was used in the past (in at least one company) in pulsed plasma nanocoating to manufacture smartphones (POPRC 2017). PCTFE films have been used for packaging air and moisture-sensitive materials, such as electronic equipment (R. E. Banks,
Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

34

 1.8 Energy sector
1.8.1 Energy production
Solar collectors and photovoltaic cells

Fluoropolymers, for example PVDF, FEP or ETFE have been used as front and back sheet films in flat-plate solar collectors and photovoltaic cells (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow
1994; Janousek, Lebertz, and Knepper 2019; Ameduri 2018). White pigmented films have been used for the bottom surface of the photovoltaic cells and transparent films have
been used as cover for both, solar collectors and photovoltaic cells (S. Ebnesajjad and Snow 2000). The fluoropolymer can provide a strong vapor barrier, high transparency and
great weatherability and it can also function as dirt-repellent coating (FluoroIndustry 2019; R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994; KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b).
Fluorinated adhesives can be used in photovoltaic cells to hold the mesh cathode in place (Google_patents 2019 (EP1606846B1, 2005)).

Wind mills
Fluoropolymers have been used as coatings for wind mill blades (Ameduri 2018).

Coal-based power plants

Filters coated with fluorpolymers have been used in coal-based power plants to remove fly ash from the hot smokey discharge (Gardiner 2015). Fluoropolymers are also used in
coal-based power plants for pressure tubing in flue gas heat exchangers for the desulfurisation of the emissions (Gardiner 2015; AGC 2018). A patent discloses the use of PFAS in
the continuous separation of carbon dioxide in flue gases (CAS 2019 (CN106914122, 2017)). The patented fluorinated surfactants are shown in Table 13.

Molecular formula
I C3F7OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)C(O)NH
CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)(C2H5)2
I C3F7[OCF(CF3)CF2]2OCF(CF3)C(O)NH
CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)(C2H5)2
K+ ClCnF2nOC2F4SO3

-

Specification of
chemical(s)
-

84166-37-0

84166-38-1

CAS No.

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (CN106914122))

(CAS 2019 (CN106914122))

(CAS 2019 (CN106914122))

Type Reference

n = 6 (F-53B)

73606-19-6

Table 13: Patented PFAS for the separation of carbon dioxide in flue gases. Patent number (date, legal status): CN106914122 (2017, active). P under type stands for patent.
Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
1-Propanaminium, N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-3-[[2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro2-[1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro
propoxy)propoxy]-1-oxopropyl]amino]-, iodide (1:1)1a
7,10,13-Trioxa-4-azahexadecan-1-aminium, N,N-diethyl6,8,8,9,11,11,12,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-tetradecafluoro-Nmethyl-5-oxo-6,9,12-tris(trifluoromethyl)-, iodide (1:1)1b
Ethanesulfonic acid, 2- -chloro-perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-1,1,2,2tetrafluoro-, potassium salt (1:1)1c

35

 1a

I‒

1b

1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, chloride (1:1)2a
2a

Cl‒

1.8.2 Energy storage
Lithium-ion batteries

Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

I‒
n=8

1c

38006-74-5

P

K+

(CAS 2019 (CN106914122))

Lithium-ion batteries are currently the most advanced power sources for portable electronic applications (Gardiner 2015). PVDF and FEP are used as binders for both the negative
(anode) and positive (cathode) electrodes in nearly all commercial lithium batteries. There function as binder is to join the active material and conductive additives
together without reacting with the electrodes and electrolyte (Lee 2019). Fluorocarbon resins and fluoropolymers have been used in lithium batteries to prevent a thermal
runaway reaction and combustion of the battery (Kountz, Hoover, and Pruce 2015). Patent WO2010058587 discloses, for example, the use of a fluorocarbon resin as heat
absorbing layer in the inside of the case of the battery pack, and PTFE as a heat conductive layer at the outside of the case of the battery pack (Kountz, Hoover, and Pruce 2015).
Patent US20090176148 discloses the immersion of the lithium batteries into a container filled with a heat transfer fluid. The fluid could be a perfluorocarbon, perfluoropolyether,
perfluoroamine, perfluoroether or hydrofluoroether (Kountz, Hoover, and Pruce 2015). For possible specific substances, see Section 1.7.2 Heat transfer fluids A tested lithium
battery from a Sony Ericsson cell phone contained perfluorononanoic acid (CAS No. 375-95-1), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (CAS No. 27619-97-2), and n-methyl and n-ethyl
perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (CAS No. 24448-09-7 and 1691-99-2, respectively) (Herzke, Posner, and Olsson 2009). Additionally, a PFAS additive (Oxirane, 2[[(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)oxy]methyl]-, CAS No. 122193-68-4) improved the oxygen transport of lithium-air batteries (Wan et al. 2017).

Gel polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries that contain a polymer matrix made out of vinylidenfluorid-hexafluorpropylen copolymer (CAS No. 9011-17-0) or PVDF have also
been investigated (Stepniak et al. 2014). Fluorinated surfactants that have been patented as electrolyte solvents for lithium-sulfur batteries are shown in Table 14 (CAS 2019
(DE102015225286, 2017)).

36

 1c

c-CF2OCF2CF2O
c-OCF2CF2CF2CF2
CF3O(CF2CF2O)4CF3

Molecular formula
c-(CF2CF2O)5

40891-99-4

21297-65-4
773-14-8
64028-06-4

CAS No.
97571-69-2

(CAS 2019 (DE102015225286))

(CAS 2019 (DE102015225286))
(CAS 2019 (DE102015225286))
(CAS 2019 (DE102015225286))

Reference
(CAS 2019 (DE102015225286))

1d

1e

CF3O(CF2CF2O)2CF3

Table 14: Patented PFAS as electrolyte solvents for lithium-sulfur batteries. Patent number (date, legal status): DE102015225286 (2017, not yet active).

1b

Chemical name
1,4,7,10,13-Pentaoxacyclopentadecane, 2,2,3,3,5,5,6,6,8,8,9,9,11,11,12,12,14,14,15,15eicosafluoro-1a
1,3-Dioxolane, 2,2,4,4,5,5-hexafluoro-1b
Furan, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorotetrahydro-1c
2,5,8,11,14-Pentaoxapentadecane, 1,1,1,3,3,4,4,6,6,7,7,9,9,10,10,12,12,13,13,15,15,15docosafluoro-1d
Ethane
-oxybis[1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)]-1e
1a

Vanadium redox batteries

Fluorinated ion exchange membranes have been used in vanadium redox batteries. The ion exchange membrane may be made out of PTFE, perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer or
perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer/PTFE copolymer (M. Liu and Lee 2014). The membranes are resistance to acidic environments and highly oxidizing species (Lloyd and Unlu 2015). A
commerciall available membrane is Nafion perfluorosulfonic acid pol mer dispersion (Chemours 2019c).

Zinc batteries

Fluorinated surfactants have been added to zinc battery electrolytes to prevent the formation of dendrites (Kissa 2001). The fluorinated surfactant poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l (3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)- -hydroxy- (Forafac 1110, CAS No. 52550-44-4) has been shown to change a coarse-grained deposit on the zincate electrode into a
fine-grained surface and thus, is able to inhibit the formation of entangeld whiskers on the zinc counterelectrode (Kissa 2001). Fluorinated sufactants, such as Forafac 1110 have
also been shown to inhibit the hydrogen evolution and electrode corrosion in alkaline and zinc-carbon batteries (Kissa 2001). Dendrite growth and/or hydrogen evolution have
been prevented due to the adsorption of the fluorinated surfactants onto the electrode surface (Schaefer and Merrill 2020). Polymers such as PTFE or PVDF that have been utilized
as binder for the electrodes can also decrease the formation of zinc dendrites by decreasing the number fo formation sites (Lu et al. 2018).

37

 Alkaline manganese batteries

Alkaline manganese batteries have been made with MnO 2 cathodes containing carbon black treated with a fluorinated surfactant (e.g. potassium perfluoroalkylcarboxylate) (Kissa
2001).

Solid polymer electrolyte cells

Perfluorosulfonic acid membranes have been widely used for solid polymer electrolyte cells (Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012). CTFE-based membranes have also been used in solid
alkaline fuel cells which use hydroxide ions instead of protons as migrating species (Gardiner 2015). Fluoroplastics are aslo used as electrode coatings and gas diffusion layers in
fuel cells (AGC 2018)

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 8 (Fluorad FC 170)

1652-63-7

138226-35-4

CAS No.

(CAS 2019 (FR2477162))
(CAS 2019 (FR2477162))

(CAS 2019 (FR2477162))

(CAS 2019 (FR2477162))

Reference

38

Hydrophobic polymeric materials such as PTFE can be made hydrophilic for use as microporous cell separators by treating them with fluorinated surfactants (CAS 2019
(FR2477162, 1981)). It is stated that Fluorad FC 170 is especially desirable because of its miscibility in either water, isopropanol or in alcohol-water mixtures. However, the patent
mentions also that other fluorinated surfactants such as the commercial products Fluorad FC 134, FC 128, and FC 430 are also possible. Detailed information on these chemicals is
shown in Table 15.

CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH

n = 8 (Fluorad FC 134)

2991-51-7
11114-17-3

Table 15: PFAS patented as wetting agents for making hydrophobic polymeric separators for brine electrolytic cells hydrophilic. Fluorad FC 170, FC 134, FC 128, and FC430 are
commercial products. Patent number (date, legal status): FR2477162 (1981, expired). Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

n = 8 (Fluorad FC 128)
(Fluorad FC 430)
1c

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO
unspecified
1b

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[ethyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,
6,7,7,8,8,8-heptadecafluorooctyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl]- hydroxy-1a
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]N,N,N-trimethyl-, iodide (1:1)1b
Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoacetate1c
An acrylate-perfluoroalkyl copolymer surfactant
1a

I‒

Fluorinated surfactants can also improve surface wetting during the screen printing of carbon black inks onto polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell electrodes (Kissa 2001).

 1.8.3 Energy distribution

It is stated that perfluorocarbons (C8F18, unclear if aliphatic or cyclic or both) have been used as cooling liquid in power transformers (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994; Miyagi,
Horii, and Sugimoto 1995). They have either been used as perfluorocarbon liquid/SF6 gas combination or as pure perfluorocarbon liquid (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

1.8.4 Conversion of heat to mechanical energy

Perfluorocarbons are also used as heat transfer fluids in organic Rankine engines (F2_Chemicals 2019a). The Rankine cycle is a way to convert heat to mechanical energy. It was
originally devised for water and steam, but any liquid can potentially be used. Since the use of water can lead to corrosion of the turbine blades, perfluorocarbons are preferred
(F2_Chemicals 2019a). Table 16 lists some perfluorocarbons which are marketed for the use in organic Rankine engines.

1c

Molecular formula
C5F12
C6F14
C7F14
C8F16
C10F18
C11F20
1d

Specification of chemical(s)
(Flutec PP50)
(Flutec PP1)
(Flutec PP2)
(Flutec PP3)
(Flutec PP6)
(Flutec PP9)

1e

CAS No.
678-26-2
355-04-4
355-02-2
355-27-3
306-94-5
306-92-3

Type
U
U
U
U
U
U

1f

Reference
F2_Chemicals2019b
F2_Chemicals2019b
F2_Chemicals2019b
F2_Chemicals2019b
F2_Chemicals2019b
F2_Chemicals2019b

Table 16: PFAS marketed for the use in organic Rankine engines. The Flutec brands are commercial products. U under type stands for use. Additional explanations to the table are
provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

1b

Chemical name
Linear perfluoropentane1a
Perfluoro-2-methylpentane1b
Perfluoromethylcyclohexane1c
Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane1d
Perfluorodecalin1e
Perfluoromethyldecalin1f
1a

39

 1.9 Food production industry

Wineries and dairies have used PVDF- and PTFE-based microporous filters (Dohany 2000; POPRC 2018a). The wineries have used these filters for the final filtration before bottling
(Gardiner 2015). The SPIN database of the Nordic countries discloses additionally that 1H-pentafluoroethane (CAS No. 354-33-6) has been used to manufacture food products and
beverages (Norden 2020). However, the intended use was not specified. Food packaging is also most often done at the food production site. However, we assigned food packaging
to paper and packaging (see Section 2.26.1), because there are also non-food contact materials and they are listed together.

1.10 Machinery and equipment

There is not much information about the use of PFAS in machinery and equipment. It is known that PFAS are used in wire and cable insulations (see Section 2.43) and in lubricants
and greases (see Section 2.21). However, the SPIN database of the Nordic countries lists a few PFAS for (electrical) machinery and equipment in general without further
specifications (Norden 2020) (Table 17). 1H-Pentafluoroethane (CAS No. 354-33-6) is listed in the Chemical Data Reporting database under the TSCA as functional fluid and
refrigerant gas for machinery manufacturing (USEPA 2016). If at some point more is known about the uses in this use category, it might be possible to assign the specific uses also
to other use categories.

Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonates1a

Chemical name

CnF2n+1CF2H

CnF2n+2

K+ CnF2n+1SO3

Molecular formula

n=1

n=3

60164-51-4

354-33-6

76-19-7

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)
n=8
2795-39-3

U*

U*

U

U

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

Table 17: PFAS historically or currently used in (electrical) machinery and equipment. The types stand for U use and U* - current use. Additional explanations to the table are
provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Linear perfluoroalkanes1b

-

(Norden 2020)

Type Reference

1H-Perfluoroalkanes1c

4 -F -CF3 CF3CF2[O(C3F6O)]nOCC

U*
1e

9002-84-0
1d

(Norden 2020)

polymer
1c

26655-00-5

U

-(CF2CF2)x-

1b

-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(OC3F7)]y-

polymer

Poly[oxy[trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-ethanedi l
-(1,1, 2,2,2pentafluoroethyl)- -[tetrafluoro(trifluoromethyl)ethoxy]-1d
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1e
1a

Perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether)-tetrafluoro ethylene copolymer (PFA)2a

40

 Polyperfluoromethylisopropyl ether2b
-

-CF3O[CF(CF3)CF2O]x-(CF2O)y-CF3-

polymer

115340-95-9

69991-67-9

U

U

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

2b

Polysiloxanes, di-Me, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl
2a

1.11 Manufacture of metal products
1.11.1 Manufacture of basic metals

The SPIN database of the Nordic countries discloses that potassium perfluorooctane sulfonate (CAS No. 2795-39-3) was used for the manufacture of basic metals between 2002
and 2004 (Norden 2020). However it s function in the manufacture of basic metals is unclear. Perfluoro-2-methyl-3-pentanone (CAS No. 756-13-8) has been used as functional
fluid in primary metal manufacturing (USEPA 2016).

A patent discloses that fluorinated surfactants can be used to substantially inhibited or eliminated the formation of acid mist or spray over metal electrowinning tanks e.g. for the
electrowinning of copper (CAS 2019 (WO9530783, 1995)). Elemental metals such as copper or nickel are recovered from ores and processing liquids by solvent extractionelectrowinning. During the electrowinning step, elemental metal can be plated out at the electrowinning cathode and oxygen evolves at the anode. The evolution of oxygen gas
forms bubbles which entrain strong acid electrolyte, carrying it into the air above the electrowinning tank in the form of a fine mist or spray when the bubbles break. This mist or
spray then spreads throughout the electrowinning tankhouse and can cause extreme discomfort to the skin, eyes, and respiratory systems of tankhouse workers (CAS 2019
(WO9530783, 1995)). Fluorinated surfactants that have been patented as mist suppression agents for solvent extraction metal electrowinning are shown in Table 18.

3871-99-6

CAS No.

P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (WO9530783))

(CAS 2019 (WO9530783))

Reference

Table 18: PFAS patented as mist suppression agents for solvent extraction metal electrowinning. Patent number (date, legal status): WO9530783 (1995, expired). Additional
explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

3107-18-4

Molecular formula

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=6

(CAS 2019 (WO9530783))

Chemical name

n=6

P

(CAS 2019 (WO9530783))

K+ CnF2n+1SO3

53518-00-6

P

K+

n=4

172616-08-9

Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonates1a

Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2 CH2N+(CH3)3

n=4

c-CnF2n-1SO3

SO4C2H5 CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)2C2H5

Cycloalkanesulfonic acid, perfluoro-, potassium salt (1:1)1b
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1)1c
1-Propanaminium, N-ethyl-3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N-dimethyl-, ethyl sulfate (1:1)1d

41

 1a

K

1b

2b

N-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]- alanine2a
Cyclohexanecarboxamide, N-[3-(dimethyl amino)propyl]1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-undecafluoro-2b
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3[[(1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-undecafluorocyclohexyl)carbonyl]
amino]-, inner salt2c
2a

1-Propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-3-[[[1,2,2,3,3,4,5,5,6,
6-decafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyl]carbonyl]
amino]-N,N-dimethyl-, inner salt3a
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[ethyl[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]amino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-3b

1c

Cl

-

n=4

172616-05-6

37678-16-3

172616-04-5

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (WO9530783))

(CAS 2019 (WO9530783))

(CAS 2019 (WO9530783))

(CAS 2019 (WO9530783))

(CAS 2019 (WO9530783))

1d

-

172616-06-7

P

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2COO )CH2CH2CH2NH+
(CH3)2
c-C6F11C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2

-

68298-79-3

c-C6F11C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2
CH2COO

c-C6F10(CF3)(C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2
CH2CH2COO )

n = 4, m =
unknown

2c

CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)mOH

42

 3a

3b

1.11.2 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment

The SPIN database of the Nordic countries lists also PFAS that have been used for the manufacture of fabricated metal products. Again, the function is not clear, but it is not the
surface treatment and coating of metals, for which the SPIN database has a separate code. The PFAS from the SPIN database for the manufacture of fabricated metal products are
shown in Table 19.

(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSAs)1c

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanols (MeFASEs)1b

Tetraethylammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonates1a

Chemical name

-(CF2CF2)x-

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH

N(C2H5)4+ CnF2n+1SO3

Molecular formula

polymer

n=6

n=8

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=8

9002-84-0

27619-97-2

24448-09-7

56773-42-3

CAS No.

U*

U*

U

U

Type

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

Reference

Table 19: PFAS historically or currently used for the manufacture of fabricated metal products. The types stand for U use and U* - current use. Additional explanations to the
table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1d

U
1e

24937-79-9
1d

polymer
1c

-(CH2CF2)x1b

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)1e
1a

43

 2-Propenoic acid, 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6, 6,7,7,8,8,8-heptadeca
fluorooctyl)sulfonyl]amino] ethyl ester, telomer with 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,
4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-pentadecafluoroheptyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2-propenoate,
2-methyloxirane polymer with oxirane di-2-propenoate, 2-methyl oxirane
polymer with oxirane mono-2-propenoate and 1-octanethiol2a
2a

-[(C17H16F17NO4S)x-(C16H16F15NO4S)y(C3H6O-C2H4O)m-(C3H6O-C2H4O)w2C3H4O2-C3H4O2]u-C8H18S-

Siloxanes and Silicones, di-Me, Me 3-(1,1,2,2-tetra fluoro ethoxy)propyl, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8tridecafluorooctyl
Polysiloxanes, di-Me, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-trideca fluorooctyl
Siloxanes and Silicones, (3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8, 9,9,10, 10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl)oxy Me, hydroxy Me, Me octyl,
ethers with polyethylene glycol mono-Me ether

-

-

-

polymer

143372-54-7

115340-95-9

104780-70-3

68298-62-4

U

U*

U

U

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

A Japanese patent describes the use of poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,12-nonadecafluoro-2-hydroxydodecyl)- -methoxy- (CAS No. 8564363-6) as part of an acid-pickling promoter for the continuous pickling of steel wires (CAS 2019 (JP57198273, 1982)).

1.11.3 Treatment and coating of metals

Fluorinated surfactants can promote the flow of metal coatings and prevent cracks in the coating during drying (Kissa 2001). Some fluorinated surfactants can also function as
corrosion inhibitor on steel (Kissa 2001). The SPIN database of the Nordic countries lists PFAS that have been used in the treatment and coating of metals (Norden 2020). These
PFAS include non-polymers and polymers (Table 20). Additional non-polymeric and polymeric PFAS described in patents for coatings on steel are also included in Table 20.

Chemical name

K+ CnF2n+1SO3

Molecular formula

Specification
of chemical(s)
n = 6, 8

3871-99-6,
2795-39-3

CAS No.

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

Reference

Table 20: PFAS used or patented for coatings on metal, including steel. Patent number (date, legal status): JP58213057 (1983, expired), US20050080210 (2005, active),
CN1867623B(2006, discontinued). The types stand for U use, U* - current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this
document.

Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonates1a

44

 Tetraethylammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonates(1a)
Potassium perfluoroalkyl carboxylates1b
Perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (FASAs)1c

N(C2H5)4+ CnF2n+1SO3
K+ CnF2n+1COO
CnF2n+1SO2NH2
n=8
n=8
n=8

n=8
n=7
n = 6, 8

56773-42-3
2395-00-8
41997-13-1,
754-91-6
4151-50-2
31506-34-0
89932-70-7

P
P
P

U
P
P

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))
(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))
(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

(Norden 2020)
(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))
(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

1f

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057);
Norden 2020)
(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

1e

P

1d

n = 6, 8

68555-75-9,
24448-09-7
89946-29-2

P, U

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH

n=8

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))
(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))
2d

P

P
P
2c

89932-71-8

57678-03-2
89932-74-1

n =7

n=8
n=6

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)4OH

C6H3(CH3)[NHC(O)OCH2CH2NHSO2CnF2n
+1]2
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OP(=O)(OH)2
CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH3

1c

CnF2n+1SO2NHC2H5
CnF2n+1SO2NHC4H9
CnF2n+1SO2NHC6H13

1b

N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (EtFASAs)1d
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-butyl-perfluoro-1e
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-hexyl-perfluoro-1f
1a

2b

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanols
(MeFASEs)2a
Carbamic acid, (4-methyl-1,3-phenylene)bis-, bis[2[[(perfluroroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl] ester 2b
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphat monoester (monoPAPs) 2c
Alkanamide, perfluoro-N-methyl-2d
2a

Alkanamide, perfluoro-N-(14-hydroxy-3,6,9,12-tetra
oxatetradec-1-yl)-3a

45

 Benzenemethanaminium, N-[3-[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)
propylamino]propyl]-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride (1:1)3b
Piperazinium, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methyl-4-(perfluoro1-oxoalkyl)-, chloride (1:1)3c
3a

Benzamide, 4-(perfluoroalkyl)-N-methyl-4a
Benzenesulfonamide, 4-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-4b
1-Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-3-[[[4-[(per
fluoroalkyl)oxy]phenyl]sulfonyl]amino]-N,N-dimethyl-,
inner salt4c
Benzoic acid, 4-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-, potassium salt
(1:1)4d

Cl CnF2n+1C(O)N(C3H7)CH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)2CH2C6H5
Cl CnF2n+1C(O)NC4H8N+(CH3)CH2CH2OH
n=6

n=8

89932-73-0

89932-72-9

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))
(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))
(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

Cl

P
P
P

3c

89932-69-4
89932-76-3
89932-75-2

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

Cl

n=8
n=8
n=8

P

3b

CnF2n+1C6H4C(O)NHCH3
CnF2n+1OC6H4SO2NH2
CnF2n+1OC6H4SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2
CH2COO

89932-68-3

9002-84-0
24937-79-9
25120-07-4

P

U*
U
P

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Google_patents 2019
(CN1867623B))
(Google_patents 2019
(CN1867623B))
(CAS 2019 (US20050080210)
(CAS 2019 (US20050080210)

4d

n=8

polymer
polymer
polymer

9002-83-9

P
P

K

K+ CnF2n+1OC6H4COO

-(CF2CF2)x-(CH2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)] x-

polymer

25038-71-5
25067-11-2

4c

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5a
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)5b
Hexafluoropropylene polymer (HFP)5c

-(CF2CFCl)x-

polymer
polymer

4b

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)5d

-(CH2CH2)x-(CF2CF2)y-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)]y-

4a

Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE)5e
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)5f

46

 5a
5b
5c

6b

Chlorotrifluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer (ECTFE)6a
Perfluoralkoxy polymer (PFA)6b
Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoro propylene
copolymer6c
Hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene-vinylidene
fluoride copolymer (THV)6d
6a

Ethylene-hexafluoropropylene-perfluoropropyl vinyl
ether-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer7a
Hexafluoropropylene-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether-tetra
fluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer7b
7a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,
6,7,7,8,8,8-heptadecafluorooctyl)sulfonyl]amino] ethyl
ester, telomer with 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,
4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-pentadecafluoroheptyl) sulfonyl]
amino]ethyl 2-propenoate, 2-methyloxirane polymer

P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (US20050080210))
(CAS 2019 (US20050080210)
(CAS 2019 (US20050080210))

5f

25101-45-5
26655-00-5
35560-16-8

(CAS 2019 (US20050080210))

5e

polymer
polymer
polymer

P

5d

-(CF2CFCl)x-(CH2CH2)y-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(OC3F7)]y-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)]y-(CH2CH2)m-

25190-89-0

polymer

polymer

polymer

68298-62-4

68182-34-3

74499-71-1

U

P

P

(Norden 2020)

(CAS 2019 (US20050080210))

(CAS 2019 (US20050080210))

6d

polymer
6c

-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)]y-(CF2CH2)m-

-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(OC3F7)]y[CF2CF(CF3)]m-(CH2CH2)w-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(OC3F7)]y[CF2CF(CF3)]m-(CF2CH2)w7b

-[(C17H16F17NO4S)x-(C16H16F15NO4S)y(C3H6O-C2H4O)m-(C3H6O-C2H4O)w2C3H4O2-C3H4O2]u-C8H18S-

47

 with oxirane di-2-propenoate, 2-methyl oxirane polymer
with oxirane mono-2-propenoate and 1-octanethiol8a
8a

Siloxanes and Silicones, di-Me, Me 3-(1,1,2,2-tetra fluoro ethoxy)propyl, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,
8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl
Polysiloxanes, di-Me, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-trideca fluorooctyl
Siloxanes and Silicones, (3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8, 9,9,10, 10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl)oxy Me,
hydroxy Me, Me octyl, ethers with polyethylene glycol mono-Me ether

1.11.4 Processing of aluminum

-

-

115340-95-9
143372-54-7

104780-70-3

U*
U

U

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

Aluminum can be etched in alkali baths. Fluorinated surfactants can improve the efficient life of these baths (Kissa 2001). Fluorinated surfactants are also used in the phosphate
process for aluminum. The fluoride-containing phosphating solutions help to dissolve the oxide layer of aluminum (GWP 2019; Kissa 2001).

1.11.5 Cleaning of metal surfaces

Metal surfaces can be cleaned by pickling with molten-salt baths (Kissa 2001). Fluorinated surfactants used in those baths disperse scum, speed runoff of acid when metal is
removed from the bath, and increase the bath life. The Chemical Data Reporting database under the TSCA lists three PFAS that were used above 11.3 t as solvents for cleaning and
degreasing in fabricated metal product manufacturing in the US between 2012 and 2015 (USEPA 2016). The listed PFAS are shown in Table 21.

Chemical name

CF2HCF2OCH2CF3
C2F5(CFH)2CF3
c-C5H3F7

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
-

406-78-0
138495-42-8
15290-77-4

CAS No.

U
U
U

Type

(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)

Reference

Table 21: PFAS that were used above 11.3 t as solvents for cleaning and degreasing in fabricated metal product manufacturing in the US between 2012 and 2015. U under type
stands for use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoro ethoxy)-1a
Pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1b
Cyclopentane, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4-heptafluoro-1c

48

 1a
1b

1.11.6 Water removal from processed parts

1c

Solvent displacement drying is a common and widely accepted method of water removal prior to plating, coating, and other surface treatments of plastics, metals, mirrors, lenses,
crystals, and ceramics (Chemours 2019d). One PFAS for this use is pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro- (CAS No. 138495-42-8) (Chemours 2019d).

1.12 Mining
1.12.1 Ore flotation

Fluorinated surfactants have been used in copper and gold mines to increase wetting of the sulfuric acid or cyanide used to leach ore, enhancing the amount of metal recovery
(3M 1999). A fluorinated surfactant that has been patented for this use is 1-propanaminium, 3-[[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-heptadecafluoro octyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, chloride (1:1) (CAS No. 38006-74-5) (CAS 2019 (US5207996, 1993)). Tetraethylammonium perfluorooctane sulfonate (CAS No. 56773-42-3) and potassium
perfluorooctane sulfonate (CAS No. 2795-39-3) have been used as acid mist suppressing agents (POPRC 2016a). Furthermore, fluorinated surfactants have also been used in ore
floating to create stable aqueous foams to separate the metal salts from soil (Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012). Compounds that have been described as effective floating agents
are potassium perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (CAS No. 2966-54-3, 3109-94-2, 2395-00-8, 51604-85-4, 24448-09-7) (Kissa 2001). Some other PFAS that can be used to recover metal
salts from aqueous solutions are listed in Table 22.

Chemical name

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1SO2NHC3H7
CnF2n+1SO2NHC3H6NHCH3
CnF2n+1SO2NHC3H6N(CH3)C(O)CH3

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=8
n=8
n=6
n=6

24448-09-7
2266-83-3
85520-91-8
85520-95-2

CAS No.

P
P
P
P

Type

(CAS 2019 (DE3231403))
(CAS 2019 (DE3231403))
(CAS 2019 (DE3231403))
(CAS 2019 (DE3231403))

Reference

Table 22: PFAS patented for the recovering of metal salts from aqueous solutions. Patent number (date, legal status): DE3231403 (1983, expired, not all patented molecuels
shown). T pe P stands for patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanols (MeFASEs)1a
1-Alkanesulfonamide, perfluoro-N-propyl-1b
1-Alkanesulfonamide, perfluoro-N-[3-(methylamino) propyl]-1c
Acetamide, N-methyl-N-[3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl] amino]
propyl]-1d

49

 1a
1b

1.12.2 Nitrogen flotation

1c
1d

mg L vanadium

sorption has been achieved

Fluorinated surfactants such as (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate esters (CAS No. 67479-86-1, Zonyl FSP) can improve the separation of uranium contained in sodium carbonate and
/or sodium bicarbonate solutions. The separation is carried out by nitrogen flotation (Kissa 2001).

1.12.3 Others
Vanadium compounds, such as NH4VO3 can be concentrated using a perfluorinated surfactant (unknown identidy) At
(Kissa 2001).

1.13 Nuclear industry

A range of fluoroplastics have been used in the nuclear industry to handle highly corrosive liquids and reactive uranium derivatives (Gardiner 2015). Perfluoropolyethers have been
used in lubricating valves and ultracentrifuge bearings in UF 6 enrichment plants, as they are also stable to aggressive gases (Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Perfluorocarbons have
also been used in the nuclear industry. They have a better thermal and chemical stability compared to aliphatic hydrocarbons at temperature of around 450°C (F2_Chemicals
2019).

1.14 Oil and gas industry
1.14.1 Drilling

Fluorinated surfactants can be used as hydrocarbon foaming agents in drilling fluids (CAS 2019 (WO2008089391, 2008)). Foamed drilling fluids have several advantages over nonfoamed fluids. The volume of liquid in a foamed fluid is smaller than in non-foamed fluids, thus, less fluid gets lost in permeable subterranean formations. Foams also have lower
densities than non-foamed drilling fluids, and the use of foams lowers potential formation damage when drilling in underbalanced conditions (i.e., when the pressure in the drilling
fluid is lower than the pore pressure in the surrounding rock) (CAS 2019 (WO2008089391, 2008)). In the past, drilling fluids with long-chain perfluoroalkyl groups were used, for
example, perfluorooctane sulfonamido groups. However, there has been a trend moving away from using perfluorooctyl-based fluorinated surfactants (at least in developed

50

 countries). For example, a patent from 2008 (WO2008089391) discloses some nonionic perfluorobutyl-based side-chain fluorinated polymers as hydrocarbon foaming agent in
drilling fluids (see Table 23).

-(C26H50O2)x-(C22H42O2)y(C10H10F9NO4S)m-

-(C26H50O2)x-(C10H10F9NO4S)y-

-(C22H42O2)x-(C10H10F9NO4S)y-

-(C21H40O2)x-(C10H10F9NO4S)y-

-(C16H30O2)x-(C10H10F9NO4S)y-

-(C14H26O2)x-(C10H10F9NO4S)y-

polymer

polymer

polymer

polymer

polymer

polymer

polymer

1040208-85-2

819069-72-2

1040209-02-6

1040208-71-6

425664-41-1

425664-29-5

425664-43-3

1040208-92-1

2098179-94-1,
2098179-96-3,
2098179-98-5

CAS No.

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (CN106634894))

Type Reference

Molecular formula
Specification
of chemical(s)
2 Br CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2 n = 5, 7, 9
N+(CH3)2C4H8N+(CH3)2CH2CH2
CH2NHSO2CnF2n+1

-(C22H42O2)x-(C11H12F9NO4S)y-

polymer

2 Br

-(C26H50O2)x-(C11H12F9NO4S)y-

Table 23: PFAS patented for drilling fluids. Patent number (date, legal status): CN106634894 (2017, active), WO2008089391 (2008, active). P under type stands for patent.
Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
1,4-Butanediaminium, N1,N1,N4,N4-tetramethyl-N1,N4-bis[3[[(perfluoro)sulfonyl]amino]propyl]-, bromide (1:2)1a
1a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, decyl ester, polymer with 2-[methyl[(1,1,
2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2-propenoate2a
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, dodecyl ester, polymer with 2-[methyl[(1,1,
2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2-propenoate
2-Propenoic acid, 2-[methyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]
amino]ethyl ester, polymer with octadecyl 2-propenoate
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, octadecyl ester, polymer with 2-[methyl[
(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2-propenoate
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, docosyl ester, polymer with 2-[methyl[
(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2-propenoate
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, docosyl ester, polymer with 2-[methyl[
(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2-propenoate
and octadecyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-[methyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro
butyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl ester, polymer with octadecyl 2-methyl-2propenoate2b
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, docosyl ester, polymer with 2-[methyl[(1,1,
2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2-methyl-2propenoate

51

 2a
2b

Another application for polymeric PFAS in drilling is the cable insulation for communication cables (CAS 2019 (WO2012019066, 2012)). With deep drilling, temperatures of at least
280°C are not uncommon at or near the bottom of the well. Communications cables are inserted into these downhole wells for passing signals between control units at the earth's
surface and downhole tools, such as logging sensors, or to electrically power downhole operations, such as drilling (CAS 2019 (WO2012019066, 2012)). Cable insulations made out
of PFA, FEP or ETFE (TEFZEL) can withstand the extremely high temperatures near the bottom of the well (CAS 2019 (WO2012019066, 2012)). For more information on the specific
fluoropolymers see Table 24.

Molecular formula
-(CF2CF2)x-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(OC3F7)]y-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3))y-(CH2CH2)x-(CF2CF2)y-

1c

Specification of chemical(s)
polymer
polymer
polymer
polymer

1d

CAS No.
9002-84-0
26655-00-5
25067-11-2
25038-71-5

Type
P
P
P
P

Reference
(CAS 2019 (WO2012019066))
(Google_patents 2019 (US5894104A))
(CAS 2019 (WO2012019066))
(CAS 2019 (WO2012019066))

Table 24: Fluoropolymers patented for cable insulations for communications cables in deep drilling. Patent number (date, legal status): WO2012019066 (2012, active),
US5894104A (1997, expired). P under type stands for patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

1b

Chemical name
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1a
Perfluoralkoxy polymer (PFA)1b
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)1c
Ethylene tetrafluoro-ethylene (ETFE)1d
1a

52

 The Chemical Data Reporting database under the TSCA lists poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -hydro- -hydroxy- ether with -fluoro- -(2-hydroxyethyl)poly(difluoromethylene) (1:1)
(CAS No. 65545-80-4) that was used above 11.3 t as a surface active agent in oil and gas drilling, extraction and support activities in the US between 2012 and 2015 (USEPA 2016).

1.14.2 Chemical driven oil production

Fluorinated surfactants can be used in oil-well stimulation during water flooding and in nonaqeous stimulation fluids for foaming hydrocarbon liquids (Kissa 2001). During water
flooding, water is injected into the reservoir to drive the crude oil to the boreholes (CAS 2019 (DE2922928)). Fluorinated surfactants can increase the effective permeability of the
formation by modifying the interfacial tension between the reservoir surface and the aqueous liquid phases in contact therewith (CAS 2019 (US2765851, 1956)). In chemical
flooding, fluorinated surfactant can be used to render the surfaces of the oil bearing reservoirs hydrophobic and oleophobic. This supports the displacement of the oil from the
underground sand and rock formations (CAS 2019 (US2765851, 1956)). Different fluorinated surfactant have been patented for these applications, depending on the type of the
formation (CAS 2019 (US20130269932, 2013), CAS 2019 (WO2012125219, 2012)) (see Table 25).

Fluorinated surfactants can also be used in fracturing subterranean formations penetrated by a wellbore. The fluorinated surfactants can act here as a foaming agent that initiates
and extents the fractures in the formation (CAS 2019 (GB2018863, 1979)). Table 25 lists some fluorinated surfactants that have been patented for this use. Fluorinated surfactants
have also been patented as foaming agents in liquid CO2 fracturing fluid systems (CAS 2019 (WO2000036272, 2000)). The viscous foam reduces the viscosity of the fluid systems
and makes it easier to remove the fracturing liquid from the oil or gas reservoir. Fluorinated surfactants that have been patented for this application are also listed in Table 25.

The SPIN database of the Nordic countries lists additional PFAS that have been used in the extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (Norden 2020). These PFAS are also listed
in Table 25 under no use specified .

CnF2n+1COOH

Molecular formula

n=7

178094-76-3

927673-93-6

335-67-1

Specificati CAS No.
on of che
mical(s)

P

P

P

Type

CAS 2019 (WO2012125219))

CAS 2019 (WO2012125219))

(CAS 2019 (US2765851))

Reference

Table 25: PFAS historically or currently used or patented for use in enhanced oil recovery. HFE-7100 and HFE-7200 are commercial products. Patent number (date, legal status):
US2765851 (1956, expired), WO2012125219 (2012, active), US20130269932 (2013, not yet active), WO2008089391 (2008, active), GB2018863 (1979, expired), DE3306593 (1983,
expired), WO2000036272 (2000, active). The types stand for U use, U* - current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this
document.

Render the surfaces of the oil bearing reservoirs oleophobic
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2CH2N(=O)(CH3)2)CH2CH2 n = 4
N(CH2CH2CH2N(=O)(CH3)2)SO2CnF2n+1
CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N(=O)(CH3)2
n=4

Chemical name

Treating siliciclastic hydrocarbon-bearing formations
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N,N -1,2-ethanediylbis[N-[3(dimethyloxidoamino)propyl]-perfluoro-1b
Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido amine oxide (PFASNO)1c

53

 1b

Treating carbonate hydrocarbon-bearing formations
Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido amine oxide (PFASNO) 1c
Propanamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxidoamino)propyl]-2,2,3trifluoro-3-[1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)
propoxy]-1d
Acetamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxidoamino)propyl]-2,2-difluoro2-[1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethoxy) propoxy]1e
1a

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N(=O)(CH3)2
n=4
CF3OCF2CF2CF2OCFHCF2C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N
(=O)(CH3)2

1204950-97-9

178094-76-3
1204951-03-0

P

P
P

CAS 2019 (US20130269932))

CAS 2019 (US20130269932))
CAS 2019 (US20130269932))

-(C21H40O2)x-(C10H10F9NO4S)y-

-(C16H30O2)x-(C10H10F9NO4S)y-

-(C14H26O2)x-(C10H10F9NO4S)y-

polymer

polymer

polymer

polymer

1040208-71-6

425664-41-1

425664-29-5

425664-43-3

1040208-92-1

P

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

1d

-(C22H42O2)x-(C10H10F9NO4S)y-

polymer

1c

-(C26H50O2)x-(C10H10F9NO4S)y-

1e

CF3OCF2CF2CF2OCF2C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N(=O
)(CH3)2

Hydrocarbon foaming agent
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, decyl ester, polymer with 2[methyl[(1,1, 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl
2-propenoate2a
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, dodecyl ester, polymer with 2[methyl[(1,1, 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl
2-propenoate
2-Propenoic acid, 2-[methyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)
sulfonyl]amino]ethyl ester, polymer with octadecyl 2propenoate
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, octadecyl ester, polymer with 2[methyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl
2-propenoate
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, docosyl ester, polymer with 2[methyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl
2-propenoate

54

 2b

2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, docosyl ester, polymer with 2[methyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl
2-propenoate and octadecyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-[methyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4nonafluoro butyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl ester, polymer with
octadecyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate2b
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, docosyl ester, polymer with 2[methyl[(1,1, 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl
2-methyl-2-propenoate
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, bromide (1:1)2c
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, fluoride (1:1)(2c)
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, chloride (1:1) (2c)
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, iodide (1:1) (2c)
2a

(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)3a
Ethanol, 2-[2-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]ethoxy]-3b
3,6,9,12-Tetraoxaalkan-1-ol, perfluoro3,6,9,12,15,18-Hexaoxaalkan-1-ol, perfluoro3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24-Octaoxaalkan-1-ol, perfluoroPropanol, [2-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]methylethoxy]-3c
3,6,9-Trioxaalkan-1-ol, perfluorodimethyl3,6,9,12-Tetraoxaalkan-1-ol, perfluorodimethyl-3d

Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

F CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

Br CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

-(C26H50O2)x-(C11H12F9NO4S)y-

-(C22H42O2)x-(C11H12F9NO4S)y-

-(C26H50O2)x-(C22H42O2)y(C10H10F9NO4S)m-

n =8

n =8

n =8

polymer

polymer

polymer

38006-74-5

73149-43-6

73149-44-7

1040208-85-2

819069-72-2

1040209-02-6

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (GB2018863))

(CAS 2019 (GB2018863))

(CAS 2019 (GB2018863))

(CAS 2019 (GB2018863))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

(CAS 2019 (WO2008089391))

2c

P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))

Br‒

1652-63-7

678-39-7
56900-98-2
55427-54-8
88247-39-6
88247-40-9
88243-13-4
88243-12-3
88271-22-1

n =8

n=8
n=8
n=8
n=8
n=8
n=8
n=8
n=8

I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)2OH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)4OH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)6OH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)8OH
2 -CH2 CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)2OH
2 -CH2 CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)3OH
2 -CH2 CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)4OH

55

 3a
3b

3,6,9,12-Tetraoxaalkan-1-ol, perfluorotetramethyl3,6,9,12,15-Pentaoxaalkan-1-ol, perfluoropentamethyl3,6,9,12,15,18-Hexaoxaalkan-1-ol, perfluoropentamethyl3,6,9,12,15,18-Hexaoxaalkan-1-ol, perfluorohexamethyl3,6,9,12,15,18,21-Heptaoxaalkan-1-ol, perfluoropentamethyl3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24-Octaoxaalkan-1-ol, perfluorooctamethyl3,6,9,12,15-Pentaoxapentacosan-1-ol, perfluoropentamethyl-,
acetate4a
Poly[oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanedi l
-(perfluoroalkyl)- hydroxy-4b

3c

n=8
n=8
n=8
n=8
n=8
n=8
n=8

163702-07-6
163702-08-7
163702-05-4

58285-35-1

88243-14-5
88243-15-6
88243-11-2
88243-16-7
88243-10-1
88243-17-8
88243-09-8

U

P
P
P

P

P
P
P
P
P
P
P

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon
2012)

(CAS 2019 (WO2000036272))
(CAS 2019 (WO2000036272))
(CAS 2019 (WO2000036272))

(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))

(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))
(CAS 2019 (DE3306593))

3d

n=8

-

n = 6, 8, 9

(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7200)

4 -CH2 CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)4OH
5 -CH2 CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)5OH
5 -CH2 CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)6OH
6 -CH2 CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)6OH
5 -CH2 CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)7OH
8 -CH2 CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)8OH
5 -CH2 CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)5OC
(=O)CH3
CnF2n+1C(OH)(CH3)CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH

C4F9OCH3
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3
C4F9OCH2CH3

4b

Foam former for liquid CO2 for fracturing
Methyl perfluorobutyl ether5a
Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether5b
Ethyl perfluorobutyl ether5c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2N(CH3)2O

4a

No use specified
1-Alkaneamine, perfluoro-N,N-dimethyl-, N-oxide5d

56

 5b
5c

1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxidoamino)propyl]perfluoro-N-methyl-5e
5a

(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonamide betaine (FTAB)6a
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-2-[1,2,2,2tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1buten-1-yl]oxy]-, sodium salt (1:1)6b
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)6c
Polymers of N-alkane perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethyl
acrylates
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-[[1-oxo-3-[( - -perfluoroC4-16-alkyl)thio]propyl]amino] derivs., sodium salts
Thiols, C8-20 - -perfluoro, telomers with acrylamide
6a

9002-84-0
-

70829-87-7

34455-29-3

80475-32-7

U*

U*
U

U*

U*

U

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)
(Savu 2000)

(Bao et al. 2017)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2CH2N(O) n = 6

polymer
polymer

68187-47-3

U*

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2 n = 6
CH2COO
Na+ CF3CF(CF3)C[CF(CF3)2]=C(CF3)OC6H4 SO3

6c

5e

-(CF2CF2)x-

-

70969-47-0

(CH3)2

-

-

5d

6b

Na

57

 A Chinese patent describes additionally the use of tetraethylammonium perfluorooctanesulfonate (CAS No. 56773-42-3), potassium perfluorobutane sulfonate (CAS No. 29420-493), N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (CAS No. 1691-99-2), and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (CAS No. 754-91-6) as heavy crude oil well polymer blocking remover (CAS
2019 (CN106634915)).

1.14.3 Chemical driven gas production

Fluorinated surfactants can be used to change low-permeability sandstone gas reservoirs from strongly hydrophilic to weakly hydrophilic. They can also eliminate reservoir
capillary forces, dissolve partial solids, disassemble clogging, increase efficiency of displacing water with gas, and reduce damage to solid phase, thereby greatly increasing
recovery rate and permeability rate of rock core (CAS 2019 (CN103351856, 2013)). Fluorinated surfactants that have been patented for this application are shown in Table 26.

Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

n =8

Specification of
chemical(s)
n =8

1652-63-7

38006-74-5

CAS No.

P

P

(CAS 2019 (CN103351856))

(CAS 2019 (CN103351856))

Type Reference

Molecular formula

I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

Table 26: PFAS patented for use in chemical driven gas production. Patent number (date, legal status): CN103351856 (2013, active). P under type stands for patent. Additional
explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, chloride (1:1)1a
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, iodide (1:1)( 1a)
1a

Cl‒

1.14.4 Oil & gas transport

Pipes used in the production and transportation of oil are generally large and for reasons of economy are manufactured from carbon steel rather than more expensive corrosion
resistant alloys (CAS 2019 (WO2006058270, 2006)). However, water, sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide, present in the oil typically make the oil acidic causing corrosion of
the interior surface of the pipe. Lining the interior surface of oil well pipes with fluorocarbons can prevent this corrosion. Due to the non-stick properties of the fluoropolymers,
however, it is difficult to attach the fluoropolymers to the pipeline wall. For this reason, a primer is usually used (CAS 2019 (WO2006058271, 2006)). The presence of a
perfluoropolymer in the primer layer enables the overcoat to melt bond to the primer layer when they are heated. The substances used in the primer layer and in the overcoat are
melt-flowable fluoropolymers. Examples of such melt-flowable fluoropolymers include copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and at least one fluorinated copolymerizable
monomer present in the polymer in sufficient amount to reduce the melting point of the copolymer substantially below that of TFE homopolymer, PTFE, e.g., to a melting

58

 temperature no greater than 315° (CAS 2019 (WO2006058271, 2006)). However, melt-flowable PTFE, commonly referred to as PTFE micropowder, can also be present in the
primer layer or the overcoat along with the melt-fabricable copolymers, as such micropowder have similar melt flow rate as the copolymers (CAS 2019 (WO2006058271, 2006)).

Lining the interior can also prevent plugging which occurs when organic materials soluble in the oil at high temperatures of the oil deposit become insoluble as the oil cools during
the rise through a pipe to the earth s surface Lining the exterior of offshore pipes can protect them from corrosion through sea water (CAS 2019 (WO2006058270, 2006)).
Fluoropolymers that can be used or ar used as linings of pipes used in oil pipelines are shown in Table 27.

Molecular formula

26655-00-5
25067-11-2
546114-40-3

CAS No.

P

P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (US20050016610))
(Norden 2020)

(CAS 2019 (WO2006058270))

(CAS 2019 (WO2006058270))
(CAS 2019 (WO2006058270))
(CAS 2019 (WO2006058270))

Type Reference

Specification of
chemical(s)
polymer
polymer
polymer

63654-40-0

P
U

1c

polymer

31784-04-0
9002-84-0
2c

polymer
polymer

Table 27: Fluoropolymers used or patented for linings of pipes used in oil pipelines. Patent number (date, legal status): WO2006058270 (2006, active), US20050016610 (2005,
discontinued). The types stand for U use, U* - current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(OC3F7)]y-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)]y-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(OC3F7)]y[CF2CF(OC2F5)]m1b

2b

-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(OC2F5)]y[CF2CF(CF3)]m-(CF2CF2)x[CF2CF(OC2F5)]y-(CF2CF2)x-

Perfluoralkoxy polymer (PFA)1a
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)1b
Perfluoro(ethyl vinyl ether)-perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether)-tetrafluoro
ethylene copolymer1c
1a

Hexafluoropropylene-perfluoro(ethyl vinyl ether)-tetrafluoroethylene
copolymer2a
Perfluoro(ethyl vinyl ether)-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer2b
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2c
2a

59

 Fluorinated surfactants have also been patented to aid reducing the viscosity of crude oil for pumping from the borehole. Viscosity frequently limits the rate crude oil can be
produced from a well. Fluorinated surfactants can form crude oil-in-water emulsions that have lower viscosity than the unemulsified crude and can be pumped more easily (CAS
2019 (EP292427, 1988)). Two fluorinated surfactants that have been patented for this applications are 1-propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-[[1-oxo-3-[(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8tridecafluorooctyl)thio]propyl]amino]-, magnesium salt (2:1) (CAS No. 68005-63-0) and octene-1-sulfonic acid, pentadecafluoro-, potassium salt (1:1) (CAS No. 12751-11-0) (CAS
2019 (EP292427, 1988)).

1.14.5 Oil & gas storage

Evaporation of liquid fuels (e.g., gasoline) can be prevented by an aqueous surface film containing anionic surfactants (CAS 2019 (JP55145780, 1980)). Possible fluorinated
surfactants are shown in Table 28. Evaporation losses can also be reduced by covering the liquid surface of petroleum storage tanks with a floating layer of cereal (e.g. corn, wheat,
or perlite) treated with a fluorinated surfactant (Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (US4035149, 1977)).

Molecular formula

1c

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)
n=6
76843-36-2
n=6
83409-36-3

P

P
P

Type

(CAS 2019 (BE870812))

(CAS 2019 (JP55145780))
(CAS 2019 (JP55145780))

Reference

-

Na

52584-45-9

Table 28: Fluorinated surfactants patented to prevent evaporative losses of liquid fuels. Patent number (date, legal status): JP55145780 (1980, expired), BE870812 (1979, expired).
P under type stands for patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C6H13)CH2COO
CnF2n+1SO2N(C6H13)CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2C
H2COO
Na+ CF3CF2C(CF3)(C2F5)C(CF3)=C(CF3)
OC6H4SO3

1b

Glycine, N-hexyl-N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-, potassium salt1a
1-Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-3-[hexyl[(perfluoroalkyll)
sulfonyl]amino]-N,N-dimethyl-, inner salt1b
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2,2-penta
fluoro ethyl)-1,2,3-tris(trifluoromethyl)-1-penten-1-yl]oxy]-,
sodium salt (1:1)1c
1a

K

60

 1.14.6 Oil Containment

Oil spills on water can be contained and prevented from spreading by a chemical barrier containing a fluorinated surfactant (CAS 2019 (GB1545401, 1979)). Table 29 lists
fluorinated surfactants that have been patented for this application. It is also claimed that perlite or vermiculite, treated with a cationic fluorinated surfactant is hydrophobic and
effective in cleaning oil spills (Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (FR2333564, 1977)). However, the patent discloses no specification of the chemicals.

1b

29117-08-6

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)
52584-45-9

P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (GB1545401))
(CAS 2019 (JP50022783))

(CAS 2019 (GB1545401))

(.CAS 2019 (GB1545401))

Reference

Molecular formula

n=8

P
P

Na+ CF3CF(CF3)C[CF(CF3)2]=C(CF3)O
C6H4SO3
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH

2991-51-7
55910-10-6
1d

n=8
n=8
1c

K+

K

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO
K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2CH3)CH2COO

Table 29: PFAS patented for oil containment. Patent number (date, legal status): GB1545401 (1979, expired), JP50022783 (1975, expired). P under type stands for patent.
Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

Na

Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2,2pentafluoro ethyl)-1,2,3-tris(trifluoromethyl)-1-penten-1-yl]oxy]-,
sodium salt (1:1)1a
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[ethyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-1b
Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoacetate1c
Glycine, N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-N-propyl-, potassium salt
(1:1)1d
1a

1.14.7 Others

Fluoropolymers are used as filter material for oil and fuel filtration (POPRC 2018a). PFAS have also been used in the manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products. The four
PFAS that are listed in the SPIN database of the Nordic countries for this application are 1-octanesulfonamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxidoamino)propyl]-3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-

61

 tridecafluoro- (CAS No. 80475-32-7); 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide betaine (CAS No. 34455-29-3); thiols, C8-20 - -perfluoro, telomers with acrylamide (CAS No. 70969-47-0); and
1-propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-[[1-oxo-3-[( - -perfluoro-C4-16-alkyl)thio]propyl]amino] derivs., sodium salts (CAS No. 68187-47-3) (Norden 2020). The last three are current
uses.

1.15 Pharmaceutical industry

Fluoropolymers such as PTFE, PFA, FEP and ETFE have been used in reaction vessels, stirrers, and other components in place of traditional stainless steel or glass components
(Gardiner 2015). PFAS have also been used in freeze dryers and VOC capturing in the pharmaceutical industry. Examples for PFAS in these applications are methyl perfluoropropyl
ether (CAS No. 375-03-1) (3M 2014) and 3-ethoxy-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)hexane (CAS No. 297730-93-9) (3M 2008). PVDF has been used in filters
for ultrapure water systems (Dohany 2000).
PCTFE films have been used for packaging air and moisture-sensitive pharmaceuticals (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994; Gardiner 2015).

Furthermore, 1-bromoperfluorooctane (CAS No. 423-55-2) has been used as a processing aid in the manufacture of microporous particles for pharmaceutical applications
(POPRC 2017) The microporous particles enable the combination of more than two active pharmaceutical ingredients into one pharmaceutical. They also enable targeted
delivery in the lungs, for example in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis (POPRC 2017).

1.16 Photographic industry
1.16.1 Use in processing solutions

Fluorinated surfactants have been used as antifoaming agents in silver halide photographic processing solutions (CAS 2019 (JP2002196459, 2002)). Some specific molecules that
have been patented for this applications are listed in Table 30. A fluorinated surfactant (glycine, N-ethyl-N-[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptadecafluorooctyl)sulfonyl]-,
potassium salt (1:1), CAS No. 2991-51-7) was used to lower the surface tension of the processing solution to eliminate air bubbles that can cause failure in image transfer (Kissa
2001; CAS 2019 (JP59037815, 1984)).

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)
n = 6, 8
n=8
n=8
n=8

52550-44-4,
58228-15-2
441765-12-4
441765-14-6
438237-77-5

P
P
P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2002196459))
(CAS 2019 (JP2002196459))
(CAS 2019 (JP2002196459))

(CAS 2019 (JP2002196459))

Type Reference

Table 30: PFAS patented as antifoaming agents in photographic processing solutions. Patent number (date, legal status): JP2002196459 (2002, not yet active). P under type stands
for patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Molecular formula
CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH

Chemical name
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l

Li+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2COO
Li+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2SO3
CH3C6H4SO3 CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NH
CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

-(perfluoroalkyl)- -hydroxy-1a

(n:2) Lithium fluorotelomer thioether acetic acid1b
Ethanesulfonic acid, 2-[(perfluoroalkylthio]-, lithium salt (1:1)1c
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (1:1)1d

62

 1a

1b

Li

2b

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propyl
amino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-2a
Ethanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N-dimethyl-, inner salt2b
Glycine, N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-N-propyl-, lithium salt2c
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propyl
amino]ethyl]- -(4-sulfobutoxy)-, lithium salt2d
2a

3b

2 Na

Diammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate monoester3a
1-Alkanesulfonamide, perfluoro-N-[3-(phosphonooxy)propyl]-Npropyl-, sodium salt (1:2)3b
3a

2 NH3

1c

Li
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2(OCH2C
H2)xOH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2
CH2COO
Li+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2N(C3H7)CH2COO
Li+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2
(OCH2CH2)mOCH2CH2CH2CH2SO3
2c

2 NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3
2 Na+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2
CH2OPO3

n=8

34695-29-9

405226-47-3

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2002196459))

(CAS 2019 (JP2002196459))

1d

n=8

(CAS 2019 (JP2002196459))
(CAS 2019 (JP2002196459))

(CAS 2019 (JP2002196459))
(CAS 2019 (JP2002196459))

Li

2d

P
P

P
P

441765-18-0
441765-16-8

93857-44-4
441765-20-4

n=8
n=8

Li
n=8
n=8

63

 1.16.2 Use in photo imaging devices itself

Fluorinated surfactants have been used in photo imaging devices such as films (including negative, colour reversal, cine, television and diagnostic X-ray), papers (colour reversal
and positive) and reprographic plate (POPRC 2019). Fluorinated surfactants lack photo-activity and have the ability to provide critical functionality (such as controlling surface
tension, electrostatic charge, friction, adhesion, and repelling dirt) (POPRC 2019). Thus, fluorinated surfactants have functioned as wetting agents, emulsion additives, stabilizers
and antistatic agents (Kissa 2001). Lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate (CAS No. 29457-72-5) and PFOS were used as anti-reflective agents (POPRC 2019). Fluorinated surfactants can
also be used to prevent spot formation and control edge uniformity in multilayer coatings (Kissa 2001) (for patented molecules see Table 31). Imaging materials that are very
sensitive to light (e.g., high-speed films) benefit particularly from these properties (POPRC 2019).

In a diffusive-transfer photographic process, the photosensitive material and the image-accepting material have been layered in close contact to effect the diffusion transfer.
When the photographic process was completed, the materials were peeled apart. Fluorinated surfactants in the timing layer of photographic diffusion-transfer materials provided
a good contact when wet or dry, so that rupture or peeling of the emulsion layer was prevented (Kissa 2001).

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs)
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Chemical name

NH4+ CnF2n+1COO
CF2HCnF2nCOOH

CnF2n+1COOH

Molecular formula

n=8
n=8
n=8
n=8

n=7
n = 5, 9

n = 3, 7

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)

P
U
U
P

P
P

U, P

Type

(CAS 2019 (DE1961638))
(POPRC 2019)
(POPRC 2019)
(CAS 2019 (DE2526970))

(CAS 2019 (DE1961638),
POPRC 2019)
(CAS 2019 (DE1961638))
(CAS 2019 (DE1961638))

Reference

Table 31: PFAS patented for use in photographic material for controlling surface tension, electrostatic charge, friction, adhesion, and dirt repellence. Patent number (date, legal
status): DE1961638 (1970, expired), DE2526970 (1976, expired), JP59206832 (1984, expired), EP643327 (1995, withdrawn), JP07077769 (1995, pending), IT966731 (1974, expired),
DE3327464 (1984, expired), WO8300162 (1983, expired), EP15592 (1980, expired), JP10221812 (1998, pending). The types stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent.
Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylates(1a)
-Hydroperfluoroalkanoates1b

K+ CnF2n+1SO3
Li+ CnF2n+1SO3
N(C2H5)4+ CnF2n+1SO3
2 Na+ HCnF2nOPO3

375-22-4,
335-67-1
3825-26-1
1546-95-8,
1765-48-6
2795-39-3
29457-72-5
56773-42-3
60131-28-4

Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonates1c
Lithium perfluoroalkane sulfonates(1c)
Tetraethylammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonates1d
1-Octanol, perfluoro-, dihydrogen phosphate, disodium salt1e

64

 1a

1b

1c

Perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride (PASF)-based substances
Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoacetates2a
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[ethyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]
ethyl]- -hydroxy-2b
Sodium N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetates2c

2b

Glycine, N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-N-ethyl-, potassium salt (1:1)2d
2a

-Alanine, N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-N-propyl-, lithium salts3a
1-Alkanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-3-[[(perfluoro)sulfonyl]amino]-,
inner salts3b
Methanaminium, 1-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, benzenesulfonate (1:1)3c
Ethanaminium, 2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-,
iodid (1:1)3d
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-3e

1d

n=8

n=8
n = 8 (x =
undefined, 3,
5)
n=8

163973-26-0

55910-10-6

2991-51-7
29117-08-6,
52137-93-6,
37338-48-0
3871-50-9

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP07077769))

(CAS 2019 (DE2337638))

(CAS 2019 (JP07077769))

(CAS 2019 (EP643327))

(CAS 2019 (DE2337638))
(CAS 2019 (DE1961638),
CAS 2019 (DE2337638),
CAS 2019 (JP59206832))
(CAS 2019 (EP643327))

1e

n=8

38850-51-0

P

(CAS 2019 (JP62173460))

2 Na

n =6

167162-25-6

P

(CAS 2019 (EP643327))

P
P

Li+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2CH3)CH2CH2
COO
CnF2n+1SO2N-CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

n=8

57765-32-9

P

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)x
OH

C6H5SO3- CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2N+(CH3)3

n=8

70225-25-1

2c

Na

Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2CH3)CH2
COO
K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH3)CH2COO

I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2N+(CH3)3

n=8

K

2d

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

65

 3a

Li

3b

1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, iodide (1:1)(3e)
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, chloride (1:1)(3e)

4b

1-Propanaminium, N-ethyl-3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,Ndimethyl-, ethyl sulfate (1:1)4a
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N-dimethylN-propyl-, bromide (1:1)4b
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N-dimethylN-propyl-, 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (1:1)4c
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,N-tris(2methoxyethyl)-, iodide (1:1)4d
4a

Br‒

Ethanaminium, 2-[3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]propoxy]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-5a
Ethanaminium, N-[2-[3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]propoxy]
ethyl]-2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-, bromide (1:1)5b
1-Hexanaminium, N-[3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]propyl]-N,Ndimethyl-, bromide (1:1)5c

3c

3d

I‒

U

(CAS 2019 (IT966731),
CAS 2019 (DE2337638)

(POPRC 2019)

3e

P

(CAS 2019 (IT966731))

1652-63-7

P

(CAS 2019 (EP643327))

n=8

P

(CAS 2019 (JP07077769))

I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

n=8

163973-44-2

P

(CAS 2019 (DE3327464))

n = 4, 6, 8

n=8

167162-27-8

P

Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

n=8

91707-60-7

89447-44-9

91707-62-9

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (IT966731))

(CAS 2019 (DE3327464))

(CAS 2019 (JP07319103))

I‒

53518-01-7

4d

n=8

53518-00-6,
52166-82-2,
38006-74-5
53518-05-1

SO4C2H5 CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)2C2H5
Br CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2
CH2CH2CH2
CH3C6H4SO3 CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2
CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2
I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH2
CH2OCH3)3
4c

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2N+( n = 8
CH3)3
Br CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2OCH2
n=8
CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH2OH
Br CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2 n = 8
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

66

 5a

6b

5b

1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(2-hydroxy
ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride6a
Benzenemethanaminium, N-[3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]
propyl]-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride (1:1)6b
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]methylamino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-6c
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl]sulfonyl]propylamino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-6d
6a

Cl‒

7b

Piperazinium, 4-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1methyl-, bromide (1:1)7a
Ethanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-2-[3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]propoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-, inner salt7b
1-Propanaminium, 3-[(carboxymethyl)[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, inner salt7c
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(2-carboxyethyl)- -[2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]propylamino]ethoxy]-, potassium salt7d
7a

ּBr‒

Br‒

16441-47-0

153968-04-8

53517-99-0

91322-74-6

P

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP62173460))

(CAS 2019 (DE3327464))

(CAS 2019 (EP643327))

(CAS 2019 (EP643327))

(CAS 2019 (IT966731))

(CAS 2019 (EP643327))

Br‒

91707-64-1

P

(CAS 2019 (DE2337638))

5c

n=8

110538-67-5

P

n=8

n=8

38850-52-1

(CAS 2019 (JP07077769))

6d

n=6

P

K

167162-24-5

7d

n=8

Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2 n = 8
CH2CH2OH
Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2 n = 8
CH2C6H5
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3 n = 8

6c

CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)3

Cl‒
Br CnF2n+1SO2NC4H8C+(CH3)CH2CH2
OH
CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2N+(
CH3)2CH2COOCnF2n+1SO2N(CH2COO )CH2CH2CH2
N+(CH3)3
K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)(CH2CH2O)nCH2
CH2COO
7c

67

 8b

Na

1-Butanesulfonic acid, 4-[ethyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-,
potassium salt (1:1)8a
Ethanesulfonic acid, 2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propylamino]-,
sodium salt (1:1)8b
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propylamino]-,
sodium salt (1:1)8c
4,7,10,13-Tetraoxa-17-thia-16-azapentacosanesulfonic acid,
perfluoro-16-propyl-, 17,17-dioxide, sodium salt (1:1)8d
8a

K

4,7,10,13-Tetraoxa-17-thia-16-azapentacosanesulfonic acid,
perfluoro-16-propyl-, 17,17-dioxide, sodium salt (1:1)9a
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propylamino]
ethyl]- -(4-sulfobutoxy)-, sodium salt (1:1)9b
9a

Na
Poly[oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanedi l
-[2-[(2-hydroxymethylethyl)[(per
fluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]methylethyl]- -(4-sulfobutoxy)-,
monosodium salt10a
1-Pentanesulfonic acid, 5-[2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propylamino]
ethoxy]-, potassium salt (1:1)10b
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(4-sulfobutyl)- -[2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]methylamino]ethoxy]-, sodium salt10c

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2CH2CH2
SO3
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2SO3
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2CH2
SO3
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2(OCH2
CH2)4CH2SO3
8c

Na
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2(OCH2
CH2)4CH2SO3
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2(OCH2
CH2)nOCH2CH2CH2CH2SO3
9b

Na

Na+ 2-CH2 CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2OH)
CH2CH2(OCH2CH2CH2)nCH2SO3

n=8

n=8

n=8

n=8

166441-49-2

95470-07-8

63367-15-7

60511-72-0

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (EP643327))

(CAS 2019 (JP59206832))

(CAS 2019 (DE2619248))

(CAS 2019 (JP59206832))

8d

n=8

n=8

167162-23-4

167648-35-3

110494-69-4

63367-16-8

P

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP07077769))

(CAS 2019 (JP07077769))

(CAS 2019 (JP07077769))

(CAS 2019 (JP62173460))

(CAS 2019 (DE2619248))

Na

n=7

153692-02-5

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2OCH2CH2 n = 8
CH2CH2CH2SO3
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)(CH2CH2O)nCH2 n = 8
CH2CH2CH2SO3

68

 10a

Na

Perfluoroalkanoyl fluoride (PACF)-based substances
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(perfluoro-1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-13-oxo3,6,9,12-tetraoxaeicos-1-yl)- -hydroxy-11a
Ethanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-2-[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)amino]-,
chloride (1:1)11b
1-Propanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-3-[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)amino]-,
chloride (1:1)11c
1-Propanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-3-[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)amino]-,
iodide (1:1)(11c)
1-Pentanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-5-[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)amino]-,
iodide (1:1)11d
11a

Ethanaminium, 2-[3-[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)amino]propoxy]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (1:1)12a
1-Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(perfluoro-1oxoalkyl)amino]-, inner salt12b
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-3-[(perfluoro-1oxoalkyl)amino]-N,N-dimethyl-, inner salt12c
Piperazinium, 1-(carboxymethyl)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-[3-[(perfluoro1-oxoalkyl)amino]propyl]-, inner salt12d

10b

K

53517-98-9

178766-44-4

60015-08-9

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (DE3327464))

(CAS 2019 (IT966731))

(CAS 2019 (IT966731))

(CAS 2019 (JP10221812))

(CAS 2019 (DE2526970))

10c

n=7

53518-03-9

P

Na

n=2

91707-61-8

n=8

77968-31-1

85212-69-7

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP55149938))

(CAS 2019 (DE2337638))

(CAS 2019 (DE3038818))

(CAS 2019 (DE3327464))

11d

n=7
11c

n = 10

5158-52-1

P

I‒

n=7

77864-04-1

Cl‒

n=9

CnF2n+1C(O){[OCH2CH(CH3)]4[OCH2CH n = 7
2]nOH}
Cl CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2N+(CH3)3
n=7
Cl CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)3
I CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3
I CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
N+(CH3)3
11b

Cl‒
CH3C6H4SO3 CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2
CH2OCH2CH2N+(CH3)3
CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2
CH2COO
CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2
CH2CH2COO
CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2NC4H8N+(C
H2CH2OH)(CH2COO )

69

 12a

12b

Undecanoic acid, perfluoro-, 3-sulfopropyl ester, sodium salt (1:1)13a
Ethanesulfonic acid, 2-[ethyl(perfluoroo-1-oxoalkyl)amino]-,
potassium salt (1:1)13b
1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-[(perfluoro-1-oxodoalkyl)
amino]-, sodium salt (1:1)13c
n:1 & n:2 Fluorotelomer-based substances
1-Alkanol, perfluoro- 13d (n:1)
13a

Na
1-Alkanol, perfluoro-, 1-(hydrogen sulfate), sodium salt (1:1)14a (n:1)
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-, sodium salt (1:1)14b
(n:1)
-14c

14b

Fluorotelomer-based products of various perfluoroalkyl chain length
14a

Na

Na+ CF2HCnF2nC(O)OCH2CH2CH2SO3
K+ CnF2n+1C(O)N(C2H5)CH2CH2SO3

n = 11

n=9
n=7

335-99-9,
376-18-1

63367-18-0

29978-19-6
57670-46-9

P

P

P
P

(CAS 2019 (WO8300162))

(CAS 2019 (DE2619248))

(CAS 2019 (DE1961638))
(CAS 2019 (DE2526970))

12d

Na+ CnF2n+1C(O)NHC10H5(OH)SO3

n = 6, 8

12c

HCnF2nCH2OH

P

(CAS 2019 (DE1961638))

(CAS 2019 (DE1961638))

13d

P

13c

n = 6, 8

29811-16-3,
29811-17-4
29811-18-5

U

(Buck, Murphy, and
Pabon 2012)
(SC 2017)

13b

n=8

-

U*

Na

Na+ HCnF2nCH2OSO3

n = 6, 8, 10

-

K

Na+ HCnF2nCH2OCH2CH2CH2SO3

-

14c

Na+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2C(O)NHC
(CH3)2CH2CH2SO3
-

Na

70

 Side-chain fluorinated aromatics
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2,4-bis(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)
benzoyl]- -methoxy-15a
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), -[3,4,5-tris(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)
benzoyl]- -methoxy-15b
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), -[3,4,5-tris(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)
benzoyl]- -hydroxy-15c
C6H3(OCF2CFHCF3)2[C(O)(OCH2CH2)n
OCH3]
C6H3(OCF2CFHCF3)2[C(O)(OCH2CH2)n
OCH3]
C6H3(OCF2CFHCF3)2[C(O)(OCH2CH2)n
OH]

n = undefinded, 4, 9

-

-

75836-09-8,
75860-12-7,
75860-11-6
75836-08-7

75836-10-1

75836-11-2

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (EP15592))

(CAS 2019 (EP15592))

(CAS 2019 (EP15592))

(CAS 2019 (EP15592))

C6H2(OCF2CFHCF3)3COOH
Na+ CnF2n+1OC6H4SO3
Na+ CF3CF(CF3)C[CF(CF3)2]=C(CF3)O
C6H4SO3

-

n=9
-

75860-16-1

52584-45-9

75860-09-2
91998-13-9
70829-87-7

P

P

P
P
U*

(CAS 2019 (EP15592))

(CAS 2019 (DE2619248))

(CAS 2019 (EP15592))
(CAS 2019 (JP10221812))
(Bao et al. 2017)

-

Na+ CF3CF2C(CF3)(C2F5)C(CF3)=C(CF3)
OC6H4SO3

-

15d

Na+ C6H3(OCF2CFHCF3)2SO3

15c

C6H3(OCF2CFHCF3)2[C(O)NHCH2CH2(
OCH2CH2)nOH]

15b

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), -[2-[[3,4,5-tris(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro
propoxy)benzoyl]amino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-15d
15a

Benzoic acid, 3,4,5-tris(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)-16a
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-, sodium salt (1:1)16b
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-2-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-buten-1-yl]oxy]-,
sodium salt (1:1) (OBS)16c
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2,2pentafluoro ethyl)-1,2,3-tris(trifluoromethyl)-1-penten-1-yl]oxy]-,
sodium salt (1:1)16d
Benzenesulfonic acid, 2,5-bis(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)-,
sodium salt (1:1)16e

71

 16a
16b

Na

16c

Na

n=7

29817-88-7

63351-71-3

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (DE1961638))

(CAS 2019 (DE1961638))

(CAS 2019 (DE2619248))

16e

n=6

29817-87-6

(CAS 2019 (DE1961638))

16d

Na+ HCnF2nCH2OC(O)C6H4CH2SO3

n=6

P

Na

Na+ HCnF2nCH2OC(O)CH2C6H4SO3

29811-19-6,
29811-20-9

Na

17d

n = 6, 8

Na

17c

Na+ HCnF2nCH2OC(O)C6H4SO3

1H-Benzimidazolesulfonic acid, 1-methyl-2-(pentadecafluoroheptyl)-, Na+ CnF2n+1C7N2H3(CH3) -SO3
sodium salt17a

17b

Na

Other nonpolymers
Benzoic acid, 2-(sulfomethyl)-, 1-(perfluoroalkyl) ester, sodium salt
(1:1)17b
Benzeneacetic acid, 2-sulfo-, 1-(perfluoroalkyl) ester, sodium salt
(1:1)17c
Benzoic acid, 2-sulfo-, 1-(perfluoroalkyl) ester, sodium salt (1:1)17d

17a

Na

72

 1.17 Production of plastic and rubber

PFAS have been used as mould release agents, foam blowing agents, in the etching of plastic, as antiblocking agents for rubber, and as curatives for fluoroelastomer formulations.
The SPIN database of the Nordic countries lists a few PFAS that have been used to manufacture rubber and plastic products in general. Also, the Chemical Data Reporting database
under the TSCA lists two fluoropolymers that were used above 11.3 t in the rubber product manufacturing in the US between 2012 and 2015 (USEPA 2016). The PFAS from both
databases are shown in Table 32.

Chemical name

-[(CH3)CHCH2]x-(CF2CF2)y-(C3F6O)x-(C3F6)y-(C2H4)m-(C2H2F2)w(C2F4)u-

Molecular formula

polymer
polymer

Specification of
chemical(s)

27029-05-6
149935-01-3

CAS No.

U
U

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)

Type Reference

Table 32: PFAS that have either been listed in the SPIN database of the Nordic contries or in the Chemical Data Reporting database under the TSCA for the production of plastic
and/or rubber. The types stand for U use and U* current use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Production of rubber
Propylene tetrafluorethylene copolymer1a
1-Propene, 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-, polymer with 1,1-difluoro ethene,
ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene and 1,1,2-trifluoro-2(trifluoromethoxy)ethene1b

U*
U*
U
U*

1b

9002-84-0
24937-79-9
26655-00-5
25190-89-0

1a

polymer
polymer
polymer
polymer
2c

2d

-(CF2CF2)x-(CH2CF2)x-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CFO(C3F7)]y-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)]y-(CF2CH2)m-

2b

Production of plastic and rubber products
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2a
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)2b
Perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether)-tetrafluoro ethylene copolymer (PFA)2c
Hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer
(THV)2d
2a

73

 1.17.1 Mould release agent

Fluorinated surfactants are effective mould release agents due to their oleophobic and hydrophobic nature (Kissa 2001). Release agents are chemicals that aid in the separation of
a mould from the material being moulded. Fluorinated surfactants have been used as release agents for thermoplastics, polypropylene, epoxy resins, and polyurethane elastomer
foam mouldings (Kissa 2001). Besides their function in de-moulding the also reduce imperfections in the moulded surface (POPRC 2019). PFOS, its salts or POSF-based
substances were previously used as mould release agents in rubber and plastics moulding applications (POPRC 2019). Perfluorobutane sulfonyl fluoride (PBSF)-derivatives or
various C4-perfluoroalkyl compounds are used currently as alternatives to PFOS in rubber moulding (POPRC 2019). Other fluorinated surfactants that have been patented as
(mould) release agents are listed in Table 33.

NH4+ CnF2n+1COO
Na+ CnF2n+1SO3
CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)mOH

n=8

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=7
n=8
n=8

1652-63-7

52701-06-1

3825-26-1
4021-47-0
63336-01-6

CAS No.

P

P

P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (JP58217502))

(CAS 2019 (JP54036342))

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))
(CAS 2019 (JP58217502))
(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

Type Reference

Molecular formula

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)mOH

n=8

n=8

30381-98-7

3820-83-5

P
P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))
(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

1e

CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2OP(=O)(OH)2

n=8

31200-97-2
37013-72-2

1d

NH4+ [CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2O]2PO2

n=6
n=8

1c

CF3CF(CF3)CnF2nCH2CH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OP(=O)(OH)2

I‒

I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

Table 33: PFAS patented as (mould) release agents. Patent number (date, legal status): DE2641898 (1977, expired), JP58217502 (1983, expired), JP54036342 (1979, expired). The
types stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

1b

Ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate1a
Sodium perfluoroalkane sulfonate1b
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]amino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-1c
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]methylamino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-1d
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]N,N,N-trimethyl-, iodide (1:1)1e
1a

1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-ethyl-perfluoro-N-[2(phosphonooxy)ethyl]-2a
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N,N -[phosphinicobis(oxy-2,1ethanediyl)]bis[N-ethyl-perfluoro-, ammonium salt
(1:1)2b
1-Alkanol, perfluoro- -(trifluoromethyl)-2c
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphat monoester (monoPAPs) 2d

74

 2a
2b

Diammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
monoester(2d)
1,2-Alkanediol, perfluoro- -(trifluoromethyl)-, 1(dihydrogen phosphate)3a
1,2-Alkanediol, perfluoro- -(trifluoromethyl)-, 1(dihydrogen phosphate), diammonium salt(3a)
1,2-Alkanediol, perfluoro- -(trifluoromethyl)-, 1dih drogen phosphate compd with
iminobis[ethanol] (1:2)3b
2-Alkanol, perfluoro- -(trifluoromethyl)-, dihydrogen
phosphate, diammonium salt3c
3a

Acetic acid, 2-[[perfluoro-1-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]- (trifluoromethyl)decyl]oxy]-, ammonium salt (1:2)4a
1-Alkanol, 2-chloro-perfluoro-hexadecafluoro- (trifluoromethyl)-, dihydrogen phosphate4b
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphat diester (diPAPs)4c

P

P

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

2d

63439-39-4

P

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

2c

54009-73-3, 6329527-2, 63295-28-3,
63295-29-4
63295-18-1

P

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

ּNH3

63295-19-2

P

n=7

n=6

CF3CF(CF3)CnF2nCH2CH(OH)CH2OP(=O)(OH)2 n = 6, 8, 10,
12

2 NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3

n=6

63295-23-8

2 NH4+ CF3CF(CF3)CnF2nCH2CH(OH)CH2O
PO3
2 NH2+(CH2CH2OH)2 CF3CF(CF3)CnF2nCH2CH
(OH)CH2OPO32

n=6

2 NH4+ CF3CF(CF3)CnF2n+1CH2CH(CH3)OPO3

n=6

63295-22-7

63295-24-9

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

3c

n=6

63295-25-0

3b

2 NH4+ CF3CF(CF3)CnF2nCH2CH(OCH2COOH)
CH2OPO3
CF3CF(CF3)CnF2nCH2CH(Cl)CH2OP(=O)(OH)2

n=7

ּ2 NH3

OP(OH)(OCH2CH2CnF2n+1)2

75

 4a

ּ2 NH3
1,2-Alkanediol, perfluoro- -(trifluoromethyl)(hydrogen phosphate)5a
1-Alkanol, 2-chloro-perfluoro- -(trifluoromethyl)-,
hydrogen phosphate5b
5a

6b

Perfluoro-2,7-dimethyloctane6a
Hexane, 1,1,3,5,6-pentachloro-1,2,2,3,4,4,5,6,6nonafluoro-6b
Perfluorotrialkyl amine6c
3,6,9,12-Tetraoxapentadecane, 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,7,7,8,
10,10,11,13, 13,14,14,15,15,15-eicosafluoro-5,8,11tris(trifluoromethyl)-6d
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)6e
6a

OP(OH)[OCH2CH(OH)CH2CnF2nCF(CF3)2]2

n=6

n=6

3021-63-4
307-26-6

63295-26-1

63295-20-5

P
P

P
P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))
(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))
(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

4c

OP(OH)[OCH2CH(Cl)CH2CnF2nCF(CF3)2]2

-

311-89-7
26738-51-2

(Norden 2020)

4b

CF3CF(CF3)CF2CF2CF2CF2CF(CF3)CF3
CFCl2(CF2CFCl)2CF2Cl

n=4
-

U

5b

N(CnF2n+1)3
CF3CFH(OCF2CF(CF3)3OCF2CF2CF3

9002-84-0

6e

polymer
6d

-(CF2CF2)x6c

76

 Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(nonadecafluorodecenyl)- [(nonadecafluorodecenyl)oxy]-7a
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -methyl- -[(nonadecafluoro
decenyl)oxy]-7b
7a

-(C2H4O)nC11H3F19O-

-(C2H4O)nC20F38Opolymer

polymer

37382-56-2

37382-58-4

P

P

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

(CAS 2019 (DE2641898))

7b

PFAS have been detected in artificial turf. Detected PFAS include 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (CAS No. 27619-97-2) and PFOS (CAS No. 1763-23-1) (Lerner 2019). An interviewee
of the article that revealed that PFAS are found in artificial turf suggested that PFAS in artificial turf originate from the production of the plastic sheets and the use of PFAS as
mould release agents (Lerner 2019). However, a patent discloses that PTFE can be used in artificial turf to lowering the friction coefficient and other fluoropolymers such as PVDF
or fluorelastomers might be used in as processing aids (CAS 2019 (EP1672020), 2006). So it is not entirely clear where the PFAS in artificial turf originate from, but mould release is
one option.

1.17.2 Foam blowing agents

PFAS have been used to aid foaming of plastics and polymers, such as polyolefins, polyurethanes, poly(diethylene glycol diacrylate), siloxanes, and foamable adhesives (Kissa
2001). Perfluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons have been used in recent years as foam blowing agents instead of chlorofluorocarbons (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994; Tsay
2005). A few PFAS that have been used as foam blowing agents, or have been patented for this application, are listed in Table 34.

Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether1a

Chemical name

CF3CF(CF3)CF2CF2CF3

CnF2n+1OCH3

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 2, 3

355-04-4

22410-44-2, 375-03-1

CAS No.

U

P, U

Type

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)

(CAS 2019 (JP10152452), Tsay 2005)

Reference

Table 34: PFAS historically or currently used or patented as blowing agent. Patent number (date, legal status): JP10152452 (1998, withdrawn). The types stand for U use, U*
current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Perfluoro-2-methylpentane1d

77

 1a

1b

1.17.3 Foam regulator

A patent describes the use of fluorinated surfactants as foam regulators in the manufacture of foams from MDI-CR and PPG-Su-450 L (a polyol) (CAS 2019 (JP60199015)). One of
the patented surfactants is poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,12-nonadecafluoro-2-hydroxydodecyl)- -methoxy- (CAS No. 85643-63-6).

1.17.4 Processing aids for processing of polymers other than fluoropolymers

Polymer (plastic) processing aids based on fluoropolymers are used in polymers formulation to increase the processing efficiency and quality of polymeric compounds e.g. by
eliminating melt fractures and other flow-induced imperfections (SpecialChem 2020). Besides the major use in linear low density polyethylene blown film, fluoropolymer-based
processing aids are well suited for high density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyamide, polyolefins, and other standard and engineering polymers in various
applications (SpecialChem 2020; Sina Ebnesajjad and Morgan 2012). Copolymers of vinylidenefluorid (VDF) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP, CAS No. 25120-07-4) are the most
widely used fluoropolymers as processing aids for polyethylene, but also terpolymers of VDF, HFP and TFE have been used for polyethylene (Seiler et al. 2018). Copolymers with
greater than 65 % (weght) VDF are commonly called PVDF copolymers. In addition to copolymers of VDF and HFP, it is also somewhat common to use PVDF homopolymer as a
polymer processing aid for polyethylene (Seiler et al. 2018). A patent discloses that beside homo- and co-polymers of VDF and HFP, homo- and co-polymers of
chlorotrifluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl perfluorovinyl ethers can also be used as polymer processing aids (CAS 2019 (WO2011017021, 2011)).
Some low molecular weight PFAS have also been used as processing aids for polymers (see Table 35).

Molecular formula

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)

Type Reference

Table 35: PFAS historically or currently used as processing aids for other chemicals. Patent number (date, legal status): DD159079 (1983, expired), DE2605203( 1976, pending),
DE2501239 (1975, expired), JP2014227421 (2014, active). The types stand for U use, U* - current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2
and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
For polymers based on C4-acrylates

78

 For polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Sodium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate1b
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2,2pentafluoroethyl)-1,2,3-tris(trifluoromethyl)-1-penten-1yl]oxy]-, sodium salt (1:1)1c

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethyl acrylates
(MeFASEAC)1a

CnF2n+1CH2COOH

Na+ CnF2n+1COO
Na+ CF3CF2C(CF3)(C2F5)C(CF3)=
C(CF3)OC6H4SO3

n=6

n = 6, 12
-

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OC(O)CH= n = 4
CH2

53826-12-3

20109-59-5, 60872-01-7 P
52584-45-9
P

67584-55-8

P

(USEPA 2016)

(CAS 2019 (DE2501239))

(CAS 2019 (DD159079))
(CAS 2019 (DE2605203))

(Hodgkins 2018)

U

For polyethylene
n:2 Fluorotelomer carboxylic acid1d

U

(USEPA 2016)

1e

27619-97-2
1d

n=6

1c

Na

56773-42-3

U

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H
1b

N(C2H5)4+ CnF2n+1SO3

n=8

For plastic material and resin manufacturing
n:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSA)1e
1a

Tetraethylammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonate

1.17.5 Etching of plastic

Fluorinated surfactants such as lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate (CAS No. 29457-72-5), potassium perfluoroalkanesulfonate, and an amine perfluoroalkanesulfonate have been
effective wetting agents in etching solutions for plastics (Kissa 2001). An example for the etching of plastic is in plastic metallization (Hauser, Füglister, and Scheffelmaier 2020).

79

 1.17.6 Antiblocking agents for rubber

Antiblocking agents for vulcanized or unvulcanized rubbers can be formulated with a nonionic fluorinated surfactant with unknown identity (Google_patents 2019 (JPS5647476A,
1981)).

1.17.7 Curatives for fluroelastomer formulations

PFBS-related substances may be used in curatives for fluoroelastomer fomulations. The curative reacts with the fluoroelastomer backbone to a three-dimensional network, and is
thus fully incorporated into the polymer matrix. The curatives are deployed in industrial applications for the manufacturing of O-rings, seals, tubing inner linings, etc. (Norwegian
Environment Agency 2017).

1.18 Semiconductor industry

Semiconductor manufacturing comprises up to 500 steps, involving four fundamental physical processes: a) implant; b) deposition; c) etch/polish; and d) photolithography (POPRC
2019). Photolithography is the process by which the circuits are produced on the semi-conductor wafers (Brooke, Footitt, and Nwaogu 2004). Generally, in these processes, a thin
film of a photoresist (light-sensitive polymer) is first applied to a substrate material, such as silicon based wafers used to make integrated circuits. Then, light is used to transfer a
geometric pattern from a photomask to the photoresist on the wafer. The photoresist is altered on exposure to light, making it either easier or more difficult to remove and so
allowing structures to be built up on the wafer (Brooke, Footitt, and Nwaogu 2004). Positive photoresist, the most common type, becomes soluble in the developer when exposed
to light. For negative photoresist, unexposed regions are soluble in the developer. Photoresists require the use of so called photo-acid generators to increase their sensitivity to
allow etching images smaller than the wavelength of visible light (POPRC 2019). PFAS can either form part of the photoresist itself, act as the photo-acid generator or act as a
photosensitizer in the chemical amplification of the effect of exposure.

PFAS can also be used to add a thin coating to the resist to reduce reflections, either to the top (top anti-reflective coatings, TARC) or bottom (bottom anti-reflective coatings,
BARC) (Brooke, Footitt, and Nwaogu 2004). Additionally, PFAS may also be used as surfactants in the developers, or in ancillary products such as edge bead removers (Brooke,
Footitt, and Nwaogu 2004).

1.18.1 PFAS in the photoresist
PFAS as part of the photoresist itself

A photoresists is a layer on a silicon wafer that is needed to manufacture patterns on the wafer. Positive photoresist, the most common type, becomes soluble in the developer
when exposed to light. For negative photoresist, unexposed regions are soluble in the developer. Two patented photoresists that include PFAS are shown in Table 36.

Chemical name

-(C7H12O2)x-(C5F8O2)y(C2F4)m-

Molecular formula

Specification of CAS No.
chemical(s)
polymer
851389-08-7

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2005043239))

Type Reference

Table 36: PFAS patented as photoresist. Patent number (date, legal status): WO2005043239 (2005, active). Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of
this document.

2-Propenoic acid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester, polymer with 4,5-difluoro-2,2bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxole and tetrafluoro ethene1a

80

 Propanoic acid, 3-[1-[difluoro[(1,2,2-trifluoro ethenyl)oxy]methyl]-1,2,2,2tetrafluoroethoxy]-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-, methyl ester, polymer with 4,5difluoro-2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxole and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene1b
1a

PFAS as photosensitizer in the photoresist

-(C9H3F13O4)x-(C5F8O2)y(C2F4)m1b

polymer

86179-28-4

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2005043239))

It has been stated that many conventional photoresist compositions include a photosensitizing additive, commonly referred to as a sensitizer or sensitizing dye, to increase the
photosensitivity of the photoresist at a particular wavelength (CAS 2019 (US20140356789, 2014)). A few photosensitizer are listed in Table 37.

Molecular formula

870778-34-0
848352-66-9

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)
132182-92-4

P
P

P

(CAS 2019 (US20140356789))

(CAS 2019 (US20140356789))
(CAS 2019 (US20140356789))

(CAS 2019 (US20140356789))

Table 37: PFAS patented as photosensitizer for photoresists. Patent number (date, legal status): US20140356789 (2014, discontinued). P under type stands for patent. Additional
explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

CF3CF(CF3)CF(OCH3)CF2CF3

n=4

P

Type Reference

Chemical name

CF3CFHCF2OCH(CH3)CF2CFHCF3
CnF2n+1SO2ON(CmF2mH)C13H10

2144-53-8
1d

n=6
1c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)C(CH3)=CH2

1b

Pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3-methoxy-4(trifluoromethyl)-1a
Pentane, 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-4-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)-1b
1-Alkanone, 1-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-perfluoro-, O-[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]oxime1c
(n:2) Fluorotelomer methacrylates (FTMACs)1d
1a

81

 PFAS as photo-acid generator in the photoresist

Photo-acid generators (PAG) are components of photoresist formulation that are able to generate strong acids by light irradiation (Asakura, Yamato, and Ohwa 2006). Examples of
described photo-acid generators are shown in Table 38.

-

U
U

U

(Shirai 2007)

(Iwashima et al. 2003)
(Shirai 2007)

(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017; UNEP 2017)
(Glodde, Liu, and Varanasi 2010)

Type Reference

-

36913-91-4, 423-92-7
639827-06-8

U

(Shirai 2007)
(Iwashima et al. 2003; Malval et al.
2008)

Molecular formula

Table 38: PFAS historically or currently used as photo-acid generators. U under type stands for use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this
document.
Chemical name

R-C2F4SO3H

n = 4, 8
n=4

639827-04-6

U
U

U

CnF2n+1SO2OSO2CnF2n+1
CnF2n+1SO2ONC18O3SH12

n=4

639782-56-2
85342-62-7, 17141791-7, 639827-02-4

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)
n = 4, 8
375-73-5, 1763-23-1

CnF2n+1SO2ONC15O3SH6

n=4
n = 1, 4, 8

(Asakura, Yamato, and Ohwa
2006; Yamato, Asakura, and Ohwa
2006)
(Yamato, Asakura, and Ohwa
2006)

1e

CnF2n+1SO2ONC13H8
CnF2n+1SO2ONC12O2H6

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) (these substances have probably CnF2n+1SO3H
not been used alone but as the anionic part of a PAG)
Functionalized tetrafluoroethanesulfonates (the substance has
probably not been used alone but as the anionic part of a PAG)
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic anhydride1a
1-Alaknesulfonic acid, perfluoro-, 3,6-dihydro-8-(1-methylethyl)1,3,6-trioxo[1]benzothiopyrano[2,3-e]isoindol-2-yl ester1b
1-Alkanesulfonic acid, perfluoro-, 3,6-dihydro-1,3,6-trioxo[1]
benzothiopyrano[2,3-e]isoindol-2-yl ester1c
9H-Fluoren-9-one, O-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]oxime1d
1-Alkanesulfonic acid, perfluoro-, 1,3-dioxo-1H-benz[de]
isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl ester1e

1d

848352-66-9, 691358- U
66-4

1c

n/m = 4/4,
4/6

749924-57-0

1b

CnF2n+1SO2ON(CmF2mH)
C13H10

n=4

1a

1-Alkanone, 1-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-perfluoro-, O-[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]oxime2a

CnF2n+1SO2ON(CmF2m)C13
H10

U

1-Alkanone, 1-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-perfluoro-, O-[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]oxime2b

82

 2a

PFAS as quencher in the photoresist

2b

Chemically amplified resist compositions comprising an acid generator and capable of generating an acid upon exposure to light or EB include chemically amplified positive resist
compositions wherein deprotection reaction takes place under the action of acid and chemically amplified negative resist compositions wherein polarity switch or crosslinking
reaction takes place under the action of acid. Quenchers are often added to these resist compositions for the purpose of controlling the diffusion of the acid to unexposed region
to improve the contrast (CAS 2019 (US20200073237, 2020)). Some patented quencher that contain PFAS are shown in Table 39.

2 C13H16I3NO2 C4H2F4O4

-

2412106-51-3

2412106-69-3

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)
2412106-73-9

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (US20200073237))

(CAS 2019 (US20200073237))

(CAS 2019 (US20200073237))

Type Reference

C14H16I3NO2 C6HF11O3

-

Molecular formula

C22H21I6NO4 C4H2F9NO2S

Table 39: PFAS patented as quencher in a photoresist. Patent number (date, legal status): US20200073237 (2020, assigned). P under type stands for patent. Additional
explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
Butanedioic acid, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-, compd. with 2(diethylamino)ethyl 2,3,5-triiodobenzoate (1:2)1a
Benzoic acid, 2,3,6-triiodo-, (1-methyl-3-piperidinyl)methyl ester,
compd. with 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro
propoxy)propanoate (1:1)1b
Benzoic acid, 2,3,5-triiodo-, 2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)[2-[(2,3,6triiodobenzoyl)oxy]ethyl]amino]ethyl ester, compd. with
1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonamide (1:1)1c

83

 1a

1.18.2 PFAS in the anti-reflective coating

1b

1c

Absorbing antireflective coatings and underlayers in photolithography are used to diminish back reflection of light from highly reflective substrates (CAS 2019 WO2009066169,
2009). The major disadvantages of back reflectivity are thin film interference effects and reflective notching. Thin film interferences occur when light waves reflected by the upper
and lower boundaries of a thin film interfere with one another, either enhancing or reducing the reflected light. Reflective notching are caused by scattered light from the
substrate (e.g. silicon wafer). An antireflective coating coated beneath a photoresist and above a reflective substrate provides significant improvement in lithographic performance
of the photoresist. The antireflective coating is cured to prevent intermixing between the antireflective coating and the photoresist. The photoresist is exposed image-wise and
developed. The antireflective coating in the exposed area is then typically dry etched using various etching gases, and the photoresist pattern is thus transferred to the substrate
(CAS 2019 (WO2009066169, 2009)). PFAS that have been patented for use as or in anti-reflective coatings are listed in Table 40.

Molecular formula

n=4
n=8
polymer

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)

P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (JP2009145658))
(CAS 2019 (JP2009145658))
(CAS 2019 (US7544750))

Type Reference

Table 40: PFAS patented for use as or in anti-reflective coating. Patent number (date, legal status): JP2009145658 (2009, active), US7544750 (2009, active), JP2000221689 (2000,
withdrawn), JP2010102128 (2010, active). P under type stands for patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

OHC(O)CnF2nCOOH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H
-(C14H9F17O3)x-(C12H10)y(C3H4O2)m-

336-08-3
39108-34-4
934505-67-6

Top antireflective coating
Alkanedioic acid, perfluoro-1a
(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSA)1b
2-Propenoic acid, polymer with 2-ethenylnaphthalene and 4,4,5,
5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11-heptadecafluoro-2-hydroxyundecyl
2-propenoate1c

84

 1a

2b

1b

Antireflective undercoat layer
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)2a
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)2b
2-Propenoic acid, 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-nonafluoro-2-hydroxyheptyl
ester, polymer with 2-propene-1-sulfonic acid2c
2a

2-Propenoic acid, 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-nonafluoro-2-hydroxyheptyl
ester, polymer with 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino]-1propane sulfonic acid3a
2-Propenoic acid, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadeca
fluorodecyl ester, polymer with 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propen-1yl)amino]-1-propane sulfonic acid and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 2propenoate3b
3a

n=4
n=4
polymer

910114-98-6

2706-90-3
375-73-5
910114-99-7

P

P

P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (JP2010102128))

(CAS 2019 (JP2010102128))

(CAS 2019 (JP2000221689))
(CAS 2019 (JP2000221689))
(CAS 2019 (JP2010102128))

1c

polymer

172083-53-3

CnF2n+1COOH
CnF2n+1SO3H
-(C10H9F9O3)x-(C3H6O3S)y-

-(C10H9F9O3)x-(C7H13NO4S)y-

polymer

2c

-(C13H7F17O2)x-(C7H13NO4S)y(C5H5F3O2)m-

3b

85

 1.18.3 PFAS in developers or edge bead removers

Photosensitive lithographic plates are processed by a developer. A cationic surfactant, e.g. 1-propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, iodide (1:1),
CAS No. 1652-63-7 in the developer can facilitate the control of the development process (Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (JP63175858)).

1.18.4 Rinsing solutions

The developed photoresist layer may be rinsed by immersing the wafer in a liquid that can contain PFAS (CAS 2019 (US20080299487)). Examples of those PFAS are shown in Table
41.

Molecular formula
CnF2n+2
N(CnF2n+1)3
N(C4F9)2(CF3)

Specification of chemical(s)
n=6
n = 4, 5
-

CAS No.
355-42-0
311-89-7, 338-84-1
514-03-4

Type
P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (US20080299487))
(CAS 2019 (US20080299487))
(CAS 2019 (US20080299487))

Reference
(CAS 2019 (US20080299487))
(CAS 2019 (US20080299487))
(CAS 2019 (US20080299487))

(CAS 2019 (US20080299487))

1f

P
P
P

297730-93-9

1e

375-03-1, 163702-07-6
163702-08-7
163702-05-4
1d

n = 3, 4 (part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7200)
1c

C3F7CF(OCH2CH3)CF(CF3) CF3

P

CnF2n+1OCH3
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3
C4F9OCH2CH3

Table 41: PFAS patented as rinsing agents for manufacturing semiconductor devices. HFE-7100 and HFE-7200 are commercial products. Patent number (date, legal status):
US20080299487 (2008, discontinued). Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

1b

Chemical name
Linear perfluoroalkanes1a
Perfluorotrialkyl amine1b
1-Butanamine, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro-N-(1,1,2,
2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)-N-(trifluoromethyl)-1c
Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether1d
Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether1e
Ethyl perfluorobutyl ether1f
1a

3-Ethoxy-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-2(trifluoromethyl) hexane2a

86

 2a

1.18.5 PFAS used for etching the silicon dioxide coating of the semiconductor device

Circuits are produced on the semiconductor wafers by etching a fine pattern in the silicon dioxide coating of the semiconductor device. Inadequate wetting during acid etching
may cause an entrapment of small air bubbles which mask the area to be etched. A fluorinated surfactant in the etching bath can facilitate the complete wetting of the entire area
and can help to produce a sharp detail of the pattern (Kissa 2001). The fluorinated surfactant also reduces the reflection of the etching solution, which is important for achieving
the accuracy and precision required to manufacture miniaturised high-performance semiconductor chips (POPRC 2019). Historically, PFOS was used in the etching solutions;
however the Semiconductor Industry Association reported that the semiconductor industry globally has successfully completed the phase-out of PFOS (POPRC 2019). Other PFAS
molecules that have been patented as wet etching agents are shown in Table 42. There is also a second etching method which uses a processing gas for etching (CAS 2019
(WO2016068004, 2016)). This method is called plasma etching or dry etching. PFAS in a plasma with oxygen generate a variety of reactive species that breakdown chemical
deposits to make volatile products, which are readily removed under vacuum (F2_Chemicals 2019a). PFAS that have been used or have been patented for use in plasma etching
are listed in Table 43.

Molecular formula

n =7
n=6
n=6
n=8

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)

P
P
P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (EP133584))
(CAS 2019 (EP133584))
(CAS 2019 (EP133584))
(CAS 2019 (EP133584))
(CAS 2019 (US4620934))

Type Reference

Table 42: PFAS used or patented as wet etching agents for manufacturing semiconductor devices. Patent number (date, legal status): EP133584 (1985, expired), US4620934 (1986,
expired), US20040089840 (2004, active), JP59056482 (1984, expired), WO2009021005 (2009, not yet active), US4620934 (1986, expired). The types stand for U use, U* - current
use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

NH4+ CnF2n+1COO
HCnF2nCOOH
NH4+ HCnF2nCOO
NH4+ CF3CF(CF3)C4F8COO
K+ CnF2n+1SO3

3825-26-1
1546-95-8
376-34-1
19742-57-5
2795-39-3

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs)
Ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate1a
-Hydroperfluoroalkanoates1b
Ammonium -hydroperfluoroalkanoate(1b)
Alkanoic acid, perfluoro-n-(trifluoromethyl)-, ammonium salt (1:1)1c
Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonate1d

87

 Cycloalkanesulfonic acid, perfluoro-, potassium salt (1:1)1e

K+ c-CnF2n-1SO3
n=6

3107-18-4

P

P

(CAS 2019 (US20040089840))

(CAS 2019 (US4620934))

(CAS 2019 (US20040089840))
(CAS 2019 (JP59056482))
(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017)
(CAS 2019 (US20040089840))
(CAS 2019 (US20040089840))
(CAS 2019 (US20040089840))
(CAS 2019 (US20040089840))

1f

30334-69-1
1e

n=4
1d

CnF2n+1SO2NH2
1c

K

Perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride (PASF)-based substances
Perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs)1e
1b

P
P
U

1a

289042-19-9
94817-83-1
484024-67-1

NH

n=4
n = 13
n=4

3

K+ CnF2n+1SO2NH2
HCl CnF2n+1SO2NHC3H7
NH4+ CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2O

NH3
Potassium perfluoroalkane sulphonamides3a
1-Alkanesulfonamide, perfluoro-N-propyl-, hydrochloride (1:1)3b
Ammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanol3c

P
P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (JP59056482))

3e

P

(CAS 2019 (EP133584))

688738-73-0
688738-74-1
688361-68-4
178094-76-3
3d

Na

94797-81-6

P

n=4
n=4
n=4
n=4
)(CH3)2
3c

NH3

n=9

96513-97-2

K+ CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2O
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2COO
Na+ K+ CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2COO
CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N(=O

3b

HCl

CnF2n+1C(O)[(OCH2CH2)xOCH3]

-

Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanol(3c)
Sodium perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoacetic acid3d
Sodium potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoacetic acid(3d)
Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido amine oxide (PFASNO) 3e
3a

K

Perfluoroalkanoyl fluoride (PACF)-based substances
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)- -methoxy-4a

Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) - based substances
Propanoic acid, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(perfluoroalkoxy)-, ammonium NH4+ C4F9OCF(CF3)COO
salt (1:1)4b

88

 4b

Fluorotelomer-based substances
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(perfluoro-2-hydroxyalkyl)- -(3hydroxypropoxy)-4c
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(perfluoro-2-hydroxyalkyl)- -methoxy4d

4a

NH3

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-(acetyloxy)-perfluoroalkyl]- -(4nonylphenoxy)-5a
1-Alkanamine, N,N-dibutyl-perfluoro-, nitrate (1:1)5b
2-Alkanol, perfluoro-1-[(1-methylpropyl)amino]-5c
5a

6b

2-Alkanol, perfluoro-1-[(1-methylpropyl)amino]- (2)6a
n:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSA)6b
Ammonium n:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate(6b)
6a

CnF2n+1CH2CH(OH)CH2(OCH2C
H2)xOCH2CH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1CH2CH(OH)CH2(OCH2C
H2)xOCH3
4c

5b

n=9

85643-63-6

94817-10-4

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP59056482))

(CAS 2019 (JP59056482))

94817-80-8

94817-82-0
94817-79-5

94797-96-3

P
P

P

P
P

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2009021005))
(CAS 2019 (WO2009021005))

(CAS 2019 (JP59056482))

(CAS 2019 (JP59056482))
(CAS 2019 (JP59056482))

(CAS 2019 (JP59056482))

4d

27619-97-2
314057-01-7

5c

n=9

CnF2n+1CH2CH[OC(=O)CH3]CH2 n = 13
(OCH2CH2)xOC6H4C9H19
NO3H CnF2n+1CH2CH2N(C4H9)2 n = 13
CnF2n+1CH(OH)CH2NHCH(CH3) n = 9
CH2CH3

CnF2n+1CH2CH(OH)CH2NHCH(C n = 9
H3)CH2CH3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H
n=6
NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3
n=6

89

 Chemical name
c-CnF2n
c-CnF2n-2
CnF2n+2

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=4
n = 4, 5
n = 3, 4, 5, 9

1e

115-25-3
697-11-0, 559-40-0
76-19-7, 355-25-9,
678-26-2, 375-96-2
2252-84-8
64028-06-4

CAS No.

U
U
U

P
P

(3M 2014)
(3M 2008)
(Tsay 2005)

Coburn 1982)
(CAS 2019 (US6602434))
(F2_Chemicals 2019; Coburn 1982;
CAS 2019 (JP2018195678))
(CAS 2019 (US6183655))
(CAS 2019 (WO2018212045))

Type Reference
U
P
U, P

375-03-1
297730-93-9
2356-62-9

Table 43: PFAS patented as dry/plasma etching agents for manufacturing semiconductor devices. HFE-7000 and HFE-7500 are commercial products. Patent number (date, legal
status): US6602434 (2003, discontinued), JP2018195678 (2018, active), WO9916110 (1999, active), US6183655 (2001, discontinued), WO2018212045 (2018, active),
WO2016068004) (2016, pending). The types stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this
document.

Perfluorocycloalkane1a
Perfluorocycloalkene1b
Linear perfluoroalkanes1c

1d

n=2
-

1c

CnF2n+1CF2H
CF3O(CF2CF2O)4CF3

1b

CnF2n+1OCH3
C3F7CF(OCH2CH3)CF(CF3)CF3
CF3OCFHCF3
2c

n = 3 (HFE-7000)
(HFE-7500)
-

1H-Polyfluoroalkane1d
2,5,8,11,14-Pentaoxapentadecane, 1,1,1,3,3,4,4,6,6,7,7,
9,9,10,10,12,12,13,13,15,15,15-docosafluoro-1e
1a

2b

Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether2a
Ethyl perfluoroisobutyl ether2b
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)ethane2c
2a

90

 1.18.6 Cleaning compositions for silicon wafers

The most frequent processing steps in manufacturing semiconductors are wafer-cleaning steps, accounting for over 10% of the total processing steps (CAS 2019 (US20050197273,
2005)). These cleaning steps are normally either oxidative and etch steps (or a combination of the two). During oxidative cleaning steps, oxidative compositions are used to oxidize
the silicon or polysilicon surface, typically by contacting the wafer with aqueous peroxide or ozone solution. During etch cleaning steps, etching compositions are used to remove
native and deposited silicon oxide films and organic contaminants from the silicon or polysilicon surface before gate oxidation or epitaxial deposition, typically by contacting the
wafer with aqueous acid (CAS 2019 (US20050197273, 2005)). Historically, PFOS was used as part of the cleaning solutions (POPRC 2019). There are also other PFAS that have been
patented for this application (see Table 44).

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)

P
P
P
P

1e

P
P
P
P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))
(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))
(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))
(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

1f

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))
(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))
(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))
(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))
(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))
(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

Type Reference

Table 44: PFAS patented for use in cleaning compositions for silicon wafers: Patent number (date, legal status): US20050197273 (2005, active), JP05275407 (1993, expired),
JP2012211949 (2012, withdrawn). P under type stands for patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Molecular formula

864069-37-4
68555-68-0
864069-46-5
864069-35-2

68298-12-4
40630-67-9
864069-33-0
40630-68-0
606966-46-5
34454-99-4

Chemical name

1d

n=4
n=4
n=4
n=4
n=4
n=4

1c

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH3
CnF2n+1SO2NHC2H5
CnF2n+1SO2NHC4H9
CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2OCH3
CnF2n+1SO2NHC6H13
CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2OH

1b

Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2COO
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH3)CH2COO
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2CH3)CH2COOH
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2CH3)CH2
COO

n=4
n=4
n=4
n=4

Perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride (PASF)-based substances
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (MeFASAs)1a
N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (EtFASAs)1b
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-butyl-perfluoro-1c
1-Alkanesulfonamide, perfluoro-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-1d
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-hexyl-perfluoro-1e
Perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanols (FASEs)1f
1a

Sodium N-methyl perfluorobutane sulfonamidoacetate2a
Sodium N-ethyl perfluorobutane sulfonamidoacetate2b
Glycine, N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-N-propyl-2c
Glycine, N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-N-propyl-, sodium salt
(1:1)(2c)

91

 2b

Na

Butanoic acid, 4-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propylamino]-,
potassium salt (1:1)2d
Hexanoic acid, 6-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propylamino]-,
potassium salt (1:1)2e
2a

Na

3b

Glycine, N-butyl-N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-3a
Glycine, N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-,
sodium salt3b
Glycine, N-hexyl-N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-, potassium salt3c
Ethanaminium, 2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, sulfate (1:1)3d

3a

Na
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, chloride (1:1)4a
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, sulfate (1:1)(4a)
1-Propanaminium, N,N,N-triethyl-3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-, sulfate (1:1)4b
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]methylamino]N,N,N-trimethyl-, sulfate (1:1)4c

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2CH2
COO
K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)[(C5H10)COO
2c

CnF2n+1SO2N(C4H9)CH2COOH
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2OCH3)CH2
COO
K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C6H13)CH2COO
SO4H CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2
N+(CH3)3

3c

K
Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)3
SO4H CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH N+
(CH3)3
SO4H CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+
(CH2CH3)3
SO4H CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2CH2
N+(CH3)3

n=4

n=4

864069-34-1

864069-32-9

P

P

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

n=4
n=4

864069-53-4
153968-00-4

864069-45-4
864069-36-3

P

P
P

P
P

(CAS 2019 (JP05275407))

(CAS 2019 (JP05275407))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))
(CAS 2019 (JP05275407))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))
(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

2e

n=4
n =8

38006-74-5

P

(CAS 2019 (JP05275407))

2d

n =8

153968-01-5

P

(CAS 2019 (JP05275407))

K

n =8

153968-03-7

P

K

n =8

153968-05-9

3d

n =8

92

 4a

Cl‒

5b

Na

1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[methyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-, lithium salt (1:1)5a
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[methyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-, sodium salt (1:1)5b
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[ethyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino], lithium salt (1:1)5c
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[ethyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]2-hydroxy-, sodium salt (1:1)5d
5a

Li

1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propyl
amino]-, lithium salt (1:1)6a
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
propylamino]-, ammonium salt (1:1)6b
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
propylamino]-, sodium salt (1:1)(6b)
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[butyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino], lithium salt (1:1)6c
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[butyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]2-hydroxy-, ammonium salt (1:1)6d
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[(2-hydroxyethyl)[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]amino]-, lithium salt (1:1)6e

4b

Li+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2CH2
SO3
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH(OH)
CH2SO3
Li+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2CH2
SO3
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH(OH)
CH2SO3
5c

Li
Li+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2CH2
SO3
NH4+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH(OH)
CH2SO3
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH(OH)
CH2SO3
Li+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C4H9)CH2CH2CH2
SO3
NH4+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C4H9)CH2CH(OH)
CH2SO3
Li+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2OH)CH2CH2
CH2SO3

n=4

n=4

n=4

864069-39-6

864069-41-0

864069-38-5

864069-44-3

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

4c

n=4

n=4

n=4

n=4

n=4

864069-48-7

864069-43-2

864069-40-9

864069-49-8

864069-42-1

P

P

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

5d

n=4

864069-50-1

Na

n=4

93

 6a

Li

6b

7b

NH3

1-Butanesulfonic acid, 4-[(2-hydroxyethyl)[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]amino]-, lithium salt (1:1)7a
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[hexyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-2-hydroxy-, ammonium salt (1:1)7b
1-Propanaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-[3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]propyl]-3-sulfo-7c
Propanoic acid, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-[1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2(trifluoromethoxy)propoxy]-, ammonium salt (1:1)7d
7a

Li

6c

Li

7c

Li+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2OH)CH2CH2
CH2CH2SO3
NH4+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C6H13)CH2 CH
(OH)CH2SO3
CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2C
H2CH2CH2SO3H
NH4+ CF3OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)
COO

NH3

1.18.7 Cleaning composition for integrated circuit modules

864069-51-2

P

P

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

(CAS 2019 (US20050197273))

6e

n=4

606967-06-0

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2012211949))

6d

n=4

864069-52-3

P

Li

n=4

510774-77-3

NH3

-

7d

NH3

Alcohols containing small amounts of fluorinated surfactants (e.g. potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoacetate, CAS No. 2991-51-7) may be used to remove cured epoxy
resins from integrated circuit modules (Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (EP32179, 1981)).

1.18.8 Chemical vapour deposition chamber cleaning

Chemical vapour deposition chambers are cleaned to remove dielectric film build up (F2_Chemicals 2019a). One substance that has been used extensively for this application is
perfluoropropane (CAS No. 76-19-7). In a plasma with oxygen, it generates a variety of reactive species that breakdown chemical deposits to make volatile products, which are
readily removed under vacuum (F2_Chemicals 2019a).

94

 1.18.9 Wafer thinning

The wafer thinning process often requires bonding a wafer that will undergo thinning to a carrier wafer that supports the first wafer during the thinning process (CAS 2019
(US20130201635, 2013)). Fluorinated silane coatings are patented for non-stick coatings of the carrier wafer.

Molecular formula

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=6
n = 6, 8
n = 6, 8
n=6
n = 6, 8
1d

CAS No.

P
P
P
P
P
P

Type Reference

1f

(CAS 2019 (US20130201635))
(CAS 2019 (US20130201635))
(CAS 2019 (US20130201635))
(CAS 2019 (US20130201635))
(CAS 2019 (US20130201635))
(CAS 2019 (US20130201635))

51851-37-7
85857-16-5, 83048-65-1
102488-47-1, 74612-30-9
73609-36-6
78560-45-9, 78560-44-8
15538-93-9
1e

Table 45: PFAS patented for coating carrier wafer during wafer thinning. Patent number (date, legal status): US20130201635 (2013, active). P under type stands for patent.
Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

1c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OCH2CH3)3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OCH3)3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(CH3)2Cl
CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(CH3)Cl2
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SiCl3
CF3CF(CF3)OCH2CH2CH2SiCl3
1b

Perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane1a
Perfluoroalkyltrimethoxysilane1b
Silane, chlorodimethyl(perfluoroalkyl)-1c
Silane, dichloromethyl(perfluoroalkyl)-1d
Silane, trichloro(perfluoroalkyl)-1e
Silane, trichloro[3-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1(trifluoromethyl)ethoxy]propyl]-1f
1a

1.18.10 Working fluid for pumps

CTFE telomers and higher molecular weight perfluoropolyethers have been used as working fluid in vacuum pumps used in plasma etching (Costello, Flynn, and Owens 2000; R. E.
Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). An example for such a perfluoropolyether oil is Demnum® S, poly[oxy(1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoro-1,3-propanediyl)] -(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro
propyl)- -(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoro-ethoxy)- (CAS No. 105060-59-1) (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

1.18.11 Technical equipment

Fluoropolymers such as PTFE, PFA, FEP and ETFE have been used for high purity inert moulds and piping (Gardiner 2015). Perfluoroelastomers have been used in semiconductor
processing equipment where the elastomers are in direct contact with dry process chemicals and reactive plasma such as O 2, C2F6/O2, CF4/O2 and NF3, and/or aggressive wet
chemical environments (Marshall 1997). PVDF bottles have been used for shipping or storing high purity chemicals in the semiconductor industry (Dohany 2000).

95

 1.18.12 Others

PTFE can be used in a bonding ply in a low loss mulitlayer printed circiut board (CAS 2019 (WO2003026371, 2003)). Wafer baskets made out of PFA have been used to handle
corrosive liquids and gases in the semiconductor industry, where requirements for very pure materials have been paramount (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

1.19 Textile production

PFAS that are used in the textile production are described in this Section, PFAS that are used in the produced materials themselves are either described in Section 2.5 Apparel or
Section 2.40 Textile and upholster respectivel

1.19.1 Dyeing and bleaching of textiles

PFAS have been used as wetting agents to enhance dyeing and as penetration aids for bleaches (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005). PFOA-related compounds have been used
as antifoaming agent in the dyeing process using sulfur dyes (POPRC 2016b). Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[[ethyl[(heptadecafluorooctyl)sulfonyl]amino] acetyl]- -hydroxy- (CAS No.
109636-63-7) and poly[oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[[[(heptadecafluorooctyl)sulfonyl]methylamino]acetyl]- -hydroxy- (CAS No. 114672-54-7) are useful in a
release agent for dye-transfer material (CAS 2019 (EP227092, 1987)).
The SPIN database of the Nordic countries discloses that PTFE and PVDF were used in dyestuff and pigments in the past (Norden 2020).

1.19.2 Other textile treatments

PFAS have been used as antifoaming agents in textile treatment baths and as emulsifying agents for fibre finishes (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005). A quaternary ammonium
compound - dieth lmeth l - -perfluoro-C8-14- -alkenyl), tetrafluoroborates (CAS No. 153325-45-2) - was used in the past in the manufacturing of textiles (Norden 2020).

1.20 Watchmaking industry

PFPEs have been used as lubricants in Rolex® watches (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). PFAS are also used as drying solutions after aqueous cleaning in the jewellery and
watchmaking industries, e.g. pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro- (CAS No. 138495-42-8) (Chemours 2019e).

1.21 Wood processing

Molecular formula

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=8

24448-09-7

CAS No.

U

Type

(Norden 2020)

Reference

PFAS have been used for the manufacturing of wood and products of wood and cork (Norden 2020). The SPIN database of the Nordic countries lists a few PFAS that were used in
this application in the past (Table 46).

Chemical name

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH

Table 46: PFAS used in the past for the manufacturing of wood and products of wood and cork.

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanols (MeFASE) 1a

96

 1b

Na

Butanedioic acid, 2-sulfo-, 1,4-bis(perfluoroalkyl) ester, sodium salt
(1:1)1b
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1c
Polysiloxanes, di-Me, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-trideca fluorooctyl
Siloxanes and Silicones, (3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10, 10,10heptadecafluorodecyl)oxy Me, hydroxy Me, Me octyl, ethers with
polyethylene glycol mono-Me ether
1a

1.21.1 Bleaching of wood

Na+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)CH2CH(SO3 )C
(O)OCH2CH2CmF2m+1
-(CF2CF2)x-

1c

polymer
n=6
n=6

n=6

9002-84-0
115340-95-9
143372-54-7

54950-05-9

U
U
U

U

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

PVDF, woven into coarse fabric, has been used widely for drum filtration during bleaching of wood pulp with chemicals (Dohany 2000).

1.21.2 Coating for wood substrate

A co-polymer of 65% vinylidene fluoride, 25% TFE, and 10% vinyl ester (e.g., vinyl butyrate) has been useful as weather-resistant, clear coating for wood substrates (R. E. Banks,
Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

1.21.3 Others

Table 47: PFAS detected by Bečanová et al

Chemical group name

CnF2n+1COOH
CnF2n+1COOH
CnF2n+1SO3H

Molecular formula

and Janousek, Lebertz, and Knepper (2019) in different wooden building materials.

2706-90-3, 375-85-9
375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 307-24-4, 375-85-9
335-77-3

CAS No.

Wood particle board bonded with urea formaldehyde adhesive resins shows improved cold-water swelling and internal bond strength when treated with fluorinated surfactants
(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012). PFAS have also been detected in oriented strand boards, wooden boards, chipboards and Formica (see Table 47).

Wooden building material

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 4, 6
n=3-6
n = 10

Formica
Oriented strand boards
Oriented strand boards

97

 Wooden boards
Wooden boards
Chipboards
Chipboards

2 Other use categories
2.1 Aerosol propellants

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids

CnF2n+1COOH
CnF2n+1SO3H
CnF2n+1COOH
CnF2n+1SO3H

n=4-6
n = 7, 8
n=4-7
n=6

The SPIN database of the Nordic countries discloses that PTFE is currently used in or as aerosol propellants (Norden 2020).

2.2 Air conditioning

2706-90-3, 307-24-4, 375-85-9
375-92-8, 1763-23-1
2706-90-3, 307-24-4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1
355-46-4

1H-pentafluoroethane (CAS No. 354-33-6) was used in 2016 and 2017 in the Nordic countries in the manufacture of non-domestic cooling and ventilation equipment (Norden
2020). 1H-pentafluoroethane was also used in the US between 2012 and 2015 in air conditioner/refrigeration (USEPA 2016).

2.3 Antifoaming agent

PFAS have been used as antifoaming agents in various applications. One example is photographic processing solutions (see Section 1.16.1). Perfluoroalkyl phosphonic and
phosphinic acids have also been patented as antifoaming agents for detergent solutions (CAS 2019 (DE2233941, 1974), Table 48). 6:2 Fluorotelomer-based siloxanes and silicones
(CAS No. 115340-95-9) were used as antifoaming agent in the Nordic countries between 2014 and 2016 (Norden 2020).

Perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs)1a

Chemical name

CnF2n+1P(CmF2m+1)(=O)OH

CnF2n+1P(=O)(OH)2

Molecular formula

n = 4/4, 6/6, 8/8, 10/10

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 4, 6, 8, 10

CAS No.
52299-24-8, 40143-76-8, 40143-78-0,
52299-26-0
52299-25-9, 40143-77-9, 40143-79-1,
52299-27-1

P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (DE2233941))

(CAS 2019 (DE2233941))

Reference

Table 48: PFAS patented as antifoaming agent for detergent solutions. Patent number (date, legal status): DE2233941 (1974, expired). P under type stands for patent. Additional
explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs)1b

98

 1a

2.4 Ammunition

1b

Fluoropolymers have been added to ammunition to make the final product rubbery. The fluoropolymers in ammunition reduce the likelihood of an unplanned explosion due to
shock (CSWAB 2019).

2.5 Apparel

Fluoropolymers are used as breathable membranes and side-chain fluorinated polymers as long-lasting durable water repellent (DWR) finishes in apparel. DWRs provide water and
oil repellency, stain and soiling resistance to outdoor- and sportswear, military clothing, and work wear for medical staff, pilots and firemen (UNEP 2017; FluoroIndustry 2019).
Side-chain fluorinated polymers based on acrylic, methacrylic or polyurethane backbones and copolymerised with non-fluorinated monomers are the main technology used in
DWR (Holmquist et al. 2016). Prior to the 3M phase out, perfluorooctane sulfonyl- and fluorotelomer-based substances were used. After the 3M phase out, side-chain fluorinated
polymers were mostly based on a mixture of 8:2 and longer fluorotelomer-based side chains. 3M now manufactures side-chain fluorinated polymers containing perfluorobutane
sulfonyl side chains, and the fluorotelomer manufacturers have transitioned from a mixture of 8:2 and longer to 6:2 fluorotelomer-based side chains. A list of PFAS that have been
used, are still used, or have been detected in apparel is provided in Table 49.

Chemical name

CnF2n+1COOH

Molecular formula

n = 4, 6, 7, 8

n = 3 - 11

Specification
of chemical(s)

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 307-24- D
4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1, 37595-1, 335-76-2, 2058-94-8,
307-55-1
375-73-5, 355-46-4, 375-92- D
8, 1763-23-1

CAS No.

(X. Liu et al. 2014)

(X. Liu et al. 2014; Guo, Liu, and Krebs
2009)

Reference

Table 49: PFAS historically or currently used or detected in apparel. The types stand for U use, U* current use, and D - detected. Additional explanations to the table are
provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Membranes for apparel
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

CnF2n+1SO3H

Typ
e

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1b

99

 Treated apparel (rain- and outerwear)
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Sportswear/Sportssocks
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1b

CnF2n+1SO3H

CnF2n+1COOH

CnF2n+1SO3H

n=8
n=8
n=8

n = 4, 6 , 8

n = 3 - 13

n=8

polymer

1691-99-2

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 307-244, 375-85-9, 335-67-1, 37595-1, 335-76-2, 2058-94-8,
307-55-1, 72629-94-8, 37606-7
375-73-5, 355-46-4, 1763-231
754-91-6
31506-32-8
24448-09-7

1763-23-1

9002-84-0
-

D

D
D
D

D

D

D

U
U

(Schulze and Norin 2006)

(Schulze and Norin 2006)

(Schulze and Norin 2006)
(Schulze and Norin 2006)
(Berger and Herzke 2006)

(X. Liu et al. 2014)

(X. Liu et al. 2014; Guo, Liu, and Krebs
2009; Kotthoff et al. 2015)

(UNEP 2017)

(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)
(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)

PTFE (mostly expanded PTFE)
-(CF2CF2)nPerfluoropolyethers as a pendant group or in a polymer backbone

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1b

n=8

D

1g

(Kotthoff et al. 2015; Borg and
Ivarsson 2017)
(Schulze and Norin 2006)
(Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström
2005)

1f

30389-25-4
1e

n = 10
1d

CnF2n+1SO2NH2
CnF2n+1SO2NHCH3
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2
OH
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH
2OH
CnF2n+1CH=CH2
1c

Perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs)1c
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (MeFASAs)1d
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanols
(MeFASE)1e
N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanols
(EtFASEs)1f
(n:2) Fluorotelomer olefins1g
1b

647-42-7, 678-39-7, 865-86-1 D

1a

n = 6, 8, 10

27619-97-2, 39108-34-4
-

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)2a

n = 6, 8
polymer

D
U*

(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSAs)2b
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H
Side-chain fluoirinated polymers based on fluorinated acrylates and
methacrylates

100

 Side-chain fluorinated polymers with PFBS-related side chains

polymer
polymer

polymer

949581-65-1, 940891-99-6,
923298-12-8

949581-65-1, 940891-99-6,
923298-12-8

U*
U

U

(Case 2011)
(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017; Z. Wang et al. 2013)

(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017; Z. Wang et al. 2013)

(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency
2015b; Peaslee et al. 2020)

Military clothing
Side-chain fluorinated acrylate polymers
Side-chain fluorinated polymers with PFBS-related side chains

D

(Peaslee et al. 2020)
(Peaslee et al. 2020)
(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017; Z. Wang et al. 2013)

n = 3 - 11

CnF2n+1COOH

D
D
U*

(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

Workwear for medical staff, pilots and firemen
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

U

(X. Liu et al. 2014; Guo, Liu, and Krebs
2009)

154380-34-4

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 307-244, 375-85-9, 335-67-1, 37595-1, 335-76-2, 2058-94-8,
307-55-1
375-73-5
27619-97-2, 39108-34-4
949581- 65-1, 940891-99-6,
923298- 12-8

n = 3 - 11

(POPRC 2018a)
(POPRC 2019)

n=4
n = 6, 8
polymer

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH n = 5

CnF2n+1COOH

polymer
polymer

2Si(OCH3)3

-(CF2CF2)x-

2c

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 307-24- D
4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1, 37595-1, 335-76-2, 2058-94-8,
307-55-1
9002-84-0
U*
U*

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1b
CnF2n+1SO3H
(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSAs)2b
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H
Side-chain fluorinated polymers with PFBS-related side chains

2b

Cotton
Alkanamide, perfluoro-N-[3-(trimethoxy silyl)propyl]2c

Surgical gown/non-woven medical garments
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Side-chain fluorinated polymers
2a

101

 2.6 Automotive

PFAS have been and are used in various parts of automobiles. According to the FluoroCouncil (2019) and Dohany (2000), PFAS have been or are used in the car body, automobile
engines, electronics, environmental systems, fuel systems, interiors, steering systems, suspension/brakes, and transmission (FluoroIndustry 2019; Dohany 2000). Many of these
specific applications are covered in other sections of this report. Therefore, we only briefly list the components that contain PFAS here and refer readers to the specific sections for
more information.

2.6.1 General use

In 2018, twelve PFAS were listed on the Global Automotive Declarable Substance List (GADSL) (POPRC 2018a). This list contains pure substances potentially used or may be found
in automotive parts. The listed PFAS are shown in Table 50. The specific uses of these PFAS are not stated. Additionally, pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro- (CAS No 13849542-8) is used as drying solution in the automotive tool manufacturing (Chemours 2019e).

Molecular formula

n = 6 and 8

n=8
n=8

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=7
n=7
n=7
n=7
n=7
n=7
n=8

185701-89-7

160336-09-4
206886-57-9

335-67-1
3825-26-1
2395-00-8
335-93-3
335-95-5
335-66-0
122402-79-3

CAS No.

(POPRC 2018a)

(POPRC 2018a)
(POPRC 2018a)

(POPRC 2018a)
(POPRC 2018a)
(POPRC 2018a)
(POPRC 2018a)
(POPRC 2018a)
(POPRC 2018a)
(POPRC 2018a)

Reference

Table 50: PFAS listed in the Global Automotive Declarable Substance List. The substances may be used or found in automotive parts. Additional explanations to the table are
provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)
CnF2n+1COOH
Ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate
NH4+ CnF2n+1COO
Potassium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate
K+ CnF2n+1COO
Silver perfluoroalkyl carboxylate
Ag+ CnF2n+1COO
Sodium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate
Na+ CnF2n+1COO
Perfluoroalkane carbonyl fluoride (PACFs)
CnF2n+2COF
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9, 10,10,11,11,11-hepta
CnF2n+1CH2CH(OH)CH2(OCH2CH2)mOCH2
decafluoro-2-hydroxyundecyl)- -[(4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11CH(OH)CH2CnF2n+1
heptadeca fluoro-2-hydroxyundecyl)oxy]
2-Propenoic acid, C16-18-alkyl esters, polymers with 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate
Cyclotetrasiloxane, 2-(4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11-heptadecafluoroundecyl)-2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-, Si-[3(oxiranylmethoxy)propyl] derivs.
Trisiloxane, 3,3'-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-dodecafluoro-1,10-decanediyl)bis[3-[(dimethylsilyl)oxy]-1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-,
reaction products with 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11-heptadecafluoro-1-undecene

The SPIN Database of the Nordic countries lists additional substances that have been used in the maintenance and repair of motor vehicles (Norden 2020).

102

 Type

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

Reference

Table 51: PFAS listed in the SPIN Database of the Nordic countries for the maintenance and repair of motor vehicles. HFE-7100 is a commercial product. The types stand for U
use and U* current use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
CAS No.

U
U
U
U
U

Molecular formula

2795-39-3
67584-53-6, 2991-51-7
65530-66-7
65530-69-0
51851-37-7

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=8
n = 6, 8
undefined
undefined
n=6

1e

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

1d

U*
U*
U
U
U

Chemical name

1c

138495-42-8
65530-85-0
163702-07-6
163702-08-7
60164-51-4

Li+

undefined
(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7100)

(Norden 2020)

K+ CnF2n+1SO3
K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)C(CH3)=CH2
Li+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2COO
CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OCH2CH3)3

1b

K+

C2F5(CFH)2CF3
HCnF2nCH2C6H11
CnF2n+1OCH3
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3
4 -F -CF3 CF3CF2[O(C3F6O)]nOCC

U*

2f

9002-84-0
2e

polymer
2d

-(CF2CF2)x2c

Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonate1a
Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetate1b
(n:2) Fluorotelomer methacrylates (FTMACs)1c
Lithium (n:2) fluorotelomer thioether propionate1d
Perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane1e
1a

2b

Pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2a
Pol difluorometh lene -(cyclohexylmethyl)- -hydro-2b
Methyl perfluorobutyl ether2c
Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether2d
Poly[oxy[trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-ethanedi l
-(1,1,2,2,2pentafluoroethyl)- -[tetrafluoro(trifluoromethyl)ethoxy]-2e
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2f
2a

103

 3b

Polyperfluoromethylisopropyl ether3a
-CF3O[CF(CF3)CF2O]x-(CF2O)yCF32-Propenoic acid, 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-hepta -[(C17H16F17NO4S)x-(C16H16F15NO4S
decafluorooctyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl ester, telomer with 2)y-(C3H6O)m-(C2H4O)w-(C3H4O2)u[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3, 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-pentadecafluoroheptyl)
(C8H18S)vsulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2-prope noate, 2-methyloxirane polymer
with oxirane di-2-propenoate, 2-methyl oxirane polymer with
oxirane mono-2-propenoate and 1-octanethiol3b
3a

2.6.2 Car body

polymer
polymer

69991-67-9

U*
U

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

PVDF film has been used for body trim by the principal automobile manufacturers (Dohany 2000). A high weather resistance paint finish based on fluoroolefin-vinyl ether (FEVE)
copolymers (Lumiflon) has been marketed for usage as no-wax brilliant top coat for automobiles (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

Fluorinated surfactants in windshield wiper fluids can prevent icing of the windshield (Kissa 2001). An analysed windshield fluid contained 4:2, 6:2, 8:2 and 10:2 FTOHs (CAS No.
2043-47-2, 647-42-7, 678-39-7, 865-86-1, respectively) (Dinglasan-Panlilio and Mabury 2006).

Fluorinated surfactants in automotive waxes aid spreading and improve the resistance of the polish to water and oil (Kissa 2001). Some PFAS that have been used, or have been
detected in automotive waxes and polish are shown in Table 52.

104

 Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate monoester1c

(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)1b

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Chemical name

2 NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3

NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3H

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

CnF2n+1COOH

Molecular formula

undefined

undefined

undefined

n = 6, 8

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 5, 7

9002-84-0

65530-70-3

65530-72-5

65530-71-4

647-42-7, 678-39-7

307-24-4, 335-67-1

CAS No.

U

U

U

U

D

D

Type

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Blom and Hanssen 2015;
Borg and Ivarsson 2017)
(Blom and Hanssen 2015)

Reference

Table 52: PFAS historically or currently used or detected in automotive waxes and polish. The types stand for U use and U* current use. Additional explanations to the table are
provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Diammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate monoester(1c)

polymer

1e

NH4+ OP(O )(OCH2CH2Cn F2n+1)2

1d

-(CF2CF2)x1c

NH3

Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate diester1d

1b

NH3

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1e
1a

2.6.3 Engines

Fluoropolymers are used in crankshaft seals, front cover seals, cylinder head gaskets, O-rings, valve stem seals, camshaft seals, oil pan seals, EGR valve seals, water pump seals,
bearings, back-up rings, valve packings, engine oil coolers, and gaskets (FluoroIndustry 2019). PFAS have also been used as motor oil additives (Herzke, Posner, and Olsson 2009).
Cylinder head coatings and hoses made with PFAS increase the fuel efficiency and reduce the fugitive gasoline vapor emissions (FluoroIndustry 2019). PFOA-related compounds
have been used in engine linings (POPRC 2018a). The use of PFAS in seals is described in more detail in Section 2.35 Sealants and adhesives`.

2.6.4 Electronics

PFAS are also used in engine, transmission and under-hood wiring, and fiber optic cables (FluoroIndustry 2019). The use of PFAS in cable and wire insulation is described in more
detail in Section 2.43 Wire and cable

2.6.5 Environmental Systems

Fluoropolymers are also used in hood, door and trunk hinges, bearings, push/pull cables, power door lock seals, seat adjustment systems, and active headlight seals
(FluoroIndustry 2019). Furthermore, PFOA-related compounds have been used in windshield washer arms (POPRC 2018a). The use of PFAS in seals is described in more detail in
Section 2.35, and the use of PFAS in cables and wire insulations in Section 2.43.

105

 2.6.6 Fuel Systems

PFAS are used in the fuel system in seals, oil coolers, valve bodies, liquid and vapor lines, the fuel tank, the filler neck, connectors and oxygen sensors (FluoroIndustry 2019).

2.6.7 Interior

PFAS are used in the interior of automobiles FluoroIndustr
Bečanová et al
. Bečanová et al
analyzed interior materials from different automobiles and
detected PFCAs and PFSAs in plastic materials, foams, textiles and carpets from the car interior. Pigmented PVDF and ABS laminates have been used in Europe for thermoformed
automotive dash panels (Dohany 2000). More information on PFAS in plastic is provided in Section 2.32 Plastic and rubber` and Section 1.17 Production of plastic and rubber ,
more information on carpets is provided in Section 2.16.1 Carpets`, and more information on PFAS in textiles in Section 2.40 Textile and upholstery` and Section 1.19 Textile
production

2.6.8 Lubricants and greases

C4-C12 PFCAs and C4, C6, C8, and C10 PFSAs were detected in automotive greases (Zhu and Kannan 2020). More information on PFAS in lubricants and greases is provided in Section
2.21 Lubricants and greases .

2.6.9 Safety restraint systems
PFOA-related compounds have been used in vehicle safety restraint systems and air bag systems (POPRC 2018a).

2.6.10 Steering Systems

Fluoropolymers are used in the steering system in gear seals and mounts, earings, column adjustment, and pump and steering rack seals (FluoroIndustry 2019). More information
on seals is provided in Section 2.35 Sealants and adhesives`.

2.6.11 Suspension/Brakes

PFAS are used in strut and piston seals, shock absorbers, and brake pad additives (FluoroIndustry 2019). PVDF organosol dispersions have been used to coat steel hydraulic brake
tubes for corrosion protection (Dohany 2000).

2.6.12 Transmissions

Fluoropolymers are also used in seals and bearings, piston, shaft and fluid transfer seals, gaskets, O-rings, and sensor modules (FluoroIndustry 2019; S. Ebnesajjad and Snow 2000).

2.7 Cleaning compositions

Fluorinated surfactants lower the surface tension and improve wetting and rinse-off in a variety of industrial and household cleaning products (POPRC 2016a). Examples are
dishwashing liquids, car wash products, floor cleaning products, carpet spot cleaner, and cleaning solutions for optical devices. They can also be used for surfaces such as wood
and concrete (Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012; POPRC 2016a). Additionally, fluorinated surfactants can be used in cleaners containing strong acids or alkali due to their chemical
stability (POPRC 2016a). An application where high acid resistance is required is in strippers for floor polish removal s stems (Chemours 2019a). The performance depends on
the ability of the stripper to completely wet and penetrate the layer(s) of old polish/wax, so that they can be separated from the substrate. The fluorinated surfactants aid wetting

106

 the old floor polish (Chemours 2019a). Additionally, PFAS can be used as solvents for dry cleaning. PFAS that have been used or patented for or have been detected in cleaning
compositions in general are shown in Table 53. The use of PFAS for more specific applications is described in Subsections 2.7.1 to 2.7.6.

Reference

CAS No.

Type

Specification of
chemical(s)

(Norden 2020)

Molecular formula

U, U*

n=4-8

(CAS 2019 (DE3236114))

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO

P

67584-51-4, 6758452-5, 67584-53-6, 67
584-62-7, 2991-51-7
29117-08-6

U

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon
2012)
(Kotthoff et al. 2015)

n=8

D

(Norden 2020)

n = 4, 6, 8

U

(Norden 2020)

CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)n
OH
I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

54950-05-9

U

(Norden 2020)

1d

67939-95-1, 6895758-4, 1652-63-7
647-42-7, 678-39-7,
865-86-1

n=6

65530-83-8

U*

(Norden 2020)

n = 6, 8, 10

undefined

65530-69-0

U*

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

Na+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)CH2CH(SO3
)C(O)OCH2CH2CmF2m+1
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2COOH

undefined

65530-71-4

1c

Li+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2COO

undefined

I

NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3H

Table 53: PFAS historically or currently used or patented for or detected in cleaning compositions in general. Patent number (date, legal status): DE3236114 (1983, rejected),
JP10152452 (1998, withdrawn). The types stand for U use, U* current use, P patent, and D - detected. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of
this document.
Chemical name
Fluorinated surfactants
Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido
acetate1a

1b

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[ethyl [(perfluoro
alkyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-2b
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, iodide (1:1)2c
(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)2d
1a

K+

Butanedioic acid, 2-sulfo-, 1,4-bis(perfluoroalkyl)
ester, sodium salt (1:1)2a
(n:2) Fluorotelomer thioether propanoic acid2b
Lithium (n:2) fluorotelomer thioether
propionate(2b)
Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
monoester2c

107

 354-33-6

65530-70-3

U*

U*

U

U*

U*

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
diester3a

(CAS 2019 (JP10152452),
Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

Fluorinated solvents

65530-72-5

undefined

138495-42-8

U*
3e

(Norden 2020)

undefined

n=1

422-56-0

2 NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3

NH4+ OP(O )(OCH2CH2Cn F2n+1)2

-

507-55-1

Diammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
monoester(2c)

CnF2n+1CF2H

-

U*

(Norden 2020)

2c

C2F5(CFH)2CF3

-

3d

U*

2b

1H-Perfluoroalkane3b
CF3CF2CHCl2

2a

Pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3c
CF2ClCF2CFHCl

22410-44-2, 375-031, 163702-07-6
163702-08-7

U*

NH3

3,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane3d

Na

1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane3e

163702-05-4

3c

n = 2, 3, 4 (part of HFE7100)
(part of HFE-7100)

163702-06-5

3b

CnF2n+1OCH3

(part of HFE-7200)

3a

CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3

(part of HFE-7200)

NH3
Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether4a

C4F9OCH2CH3

P, U*

Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether4b

CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH2CH3

(Norden 2020)

Ethyl perfluorobutylether4c

U*

Ethyl perfluoroisobutyl ether4d

15290-77-4

c-C5H3F7

-

Cyclopentane, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4-heptafluoro-4e
Others

108

 U*

U*

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

9002-84-0

U

polymer

56357-87-0

U*

-(CF2CF2)x-

68412-68-0

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)4f

polymer

86508-42-1

4f

n = 6 - 12

4e

-(C3F6O)x-(C2H2F2)y-(C2F4)m-

n = 5 - 18

4d

-

4c

-

4b

Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-, polymer with 1,1difluoroethene and 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(trifluoro
methoxy)ethene5a
Phosphonic acid, perfluoro-C6-12-alkyl derivs.

4a

Perfluoro compounds, C5-18
5a

2.7.1 Cleaning compositions for hard surfaces

PFAS have been particularly useful for cleaning hard surfaces like wood, glass, countertops, and flooring (Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012). PFAS that have been used, are currently
used, have been patented, or have been detected for these applications are shown in Table 54.

Molecular formula

Specification
of chemical(s)

CAS No.

Type

Reference

Table 54: PFAS that have been used, are currently used, have been patented, or have been detected for cleaning hard surfaces. Patent number (date, legal status): JP57119999
(1982, expired), BE861660 (1978, expired), US5750488 (1998, discontinued), DE2636993 (1978, withdrawn), US4511489 (1985, expired). The types stand for U use, U* current
use, D detected, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
Glass

109

 Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido betaine1c

Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide acetate1b

Ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate1a

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH
2COO
NH4+ CnF2n+1C(O)NHC5H10COO

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO

NH4+ CnF2n+1COO

n=8

n = 10

n = 10

n=8

n = 6, 8

n=8

83952-10-7

83952-09-4

83952-11-8

67584-53-6, 2991-517
75046-16-1

4149-60-4

D

P

P

P

P

U

P

(Blom and Hanssen 2015;
Borg and Ivarsson 2017)
(Blom and Hanssen 2015)

(CAS 2019 (JP57119999))

(CAS 2019 (JP57119999))

(CAS 2019 (JP57119999))

(CAS 2019 (JP57119999))

(Norden 2020)

(CAS 2019 (JP57119999))

CnF2n+1COOH

Dishes and glasses
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)(1a)

n = 6, 8

NH2+(CH2CH2OH)2 CnF2n+1C(O)NH
C5H10COO
CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)9O
H

D

Alkanoic acid, 6-[(perfluoro-1-oxoundecyl)amino]-,
ammonium salt (1:1)1d
Alkanoic acid, 6-[(perfluoro-1-oxoundecyl)amino]-,
compd with
-iminobis[ethanol] (1:1)(1d)
Alkamide, perfluoro-N-(29-hydroxy-3,6,9,12,
15,18,21,24,27-nonaoxanonacos-1-yl)-too large to show

n = 3, 7, 9

375-22-4, 335-67-1,
335-76-2
647-42-7, 678-39-7

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

67304-23-8

P

P

(CAS 2019 (BE861660))

(CAS 2019 (BE861660))

(CAS 2019 (BE861660))

1e

n=8

P

(CAS 2019 (US5750488))

1d

n = 6, 8

67296-32-6, 6729633-7
67304-22-7

P

(CAS 2019 (US5750488))

1c

Li+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2COO

n=7

382-28-5

P

1b

(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)1e
1a

CnF2n+1CH2C(=O)(OCH2CH2)nOH

-

678-26-2

NH3

CnF2n+1CF=CHCH2N+(CH2CH3)2CH2C(
CH3)2CH2OPH(=O)Oc-C5F11NO

n=5

K+

Lithium (n:3) fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acids2a

CnF2n+2

Metal surfaces
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(perfluoro-1-oxodecyl)- hydroxy-2b
2-Alken-1-aminium, N,N-diethyl-perfluoro-N-[3-[(hydro
xylphosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-, inner salt2c
Morpholine, 2,2,3,3,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-4-(trifluoro
methyl)-2d
Linear perfluoroalkanes2e

110

 2a

Li

CnF2n+1SO3H

C2F5(CFH)2CF3

n/m = 6/6,
6/8, 6/10,
6/12, 8/8,
8/10

n = 6, 8, 10

n=8

-

2991-51-7

67906-42-7

40143-76-8, 4014378-0, 52299-26-0
40143-77-9, 6108 0034-5, 1240600-40-1,
1240600-41-2, 4014
3-79-1, 500776-81-8

1763-23-1

138495-42-8

P

P

P

U

U

P

P

(CAS 2019 (US4511489))

(CAS 2019 (US4511489))

(CAS 2019 (US4511489))

(Z. Wang et al. 2016)

(Z. Wang et al. 2016)

(CAS 2019 (DE2636993))

(CAS 2019 (US5750488))

2e

CnF2n+1P(=O)(OH)2

n = 10

52584-45-9

2d

Perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs)3c

CnF2n+1P(CmF2m+1)(=O)OH

n=8

2c

Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs)3d

NH4+ CnF2n+1SO3

-

2b

Ammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonate(3b)

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO

Pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3a

Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoacetate(1b)

Na+ CF3CF2C(CF3)(C2F5)C(CF3)=C(CF3)
OC6H4SO3

Plastic surfaces

Tile, tub and bowl

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)3b

Steel screws after Ni plating

Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-3(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)-1,2,3-tris(trifluoromethyl)-1penten-1-yl]oxy]-, sodium salt (1:1)3e

111

 3a
3b

2.7.2 Carpet and upholstery cleaners

3c
3d

3e

Na

Fluorinated surfactants in carpet spot cleaners and upholstery cleaners provide stain resistance and repel soil. The principle of soil repellence is based on the reduction of the
surface energy of the fibre by the fluoroalkyl chains of PFAS. These chains repel both water and oil so that soil particles cannot enter the carpet (RPA 2004). Table 55 shows two
fluorinated surfactants that have been used in carpet and upholstery cleaners.

Chemical name

CnF2n+1P(=O)(OH)2

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 6, 8, 10
n/m = 6/6, 6/8, 6/10,
6/12, 8/8, 8/10

40143-76-8, 40143-78-0,
52299-26-0
40143-77-9, 610800-34-5,
1240600-40-1, 1240600-41-2,
40143-79-1, 500776-81-8

CAS No.

U

U

Type

(Z. Wang et al. 2016)

(Z. Wang et al. 2016)

Reference

Table 55: PFAS used in carpet and upholstery cleaners. U under type stands for use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs)1a

CnF2n+1P(CmF2m+1)(=O)OH

1b

Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs)1b

1a

112

 2.7.3 Cleaning compositions for adhesives

Fluorinated surfactants (e.g. glycine, N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-N-propyl-, potassium salt (1:1), CAS No. 55910-10-6) in non-aqueous cleaning compositions aid the removal of
adhesives (Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (JP59071398, 1984)).

2.7.4 Dry cleaning fluids

PFAS can be used for dry cleaning of textiles, metals, glass, ceramics, and natural and synthetic polymers (CAS 2019 (WO2000065018, 2000), (BE861660, 1978)). The PFAS
described in patent WO2000065018 can be used as stabilizer, the PFAS described in patent BE861660 to improve the removal of hydrophilic soil by the solvents. Table 56 lists
some PFAS that have been used or patented as dry cleaning fluids.

Molecular formula

n = 6, 8

n=8

Specification
of chemical(s)

67304-23-8

CAS No.

P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (BE861660))

(CAS 2019 (BE861660))

Reference

Table 56: PFAS used or patented as dry cleaning fluids. Patent number (date, legal status): WO2000065018 (2000, active), BE861660 (1978, expired). The types stand for U use,
U* current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
Dry cleaning of textiles
Li+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2COO

(CAS 2019 (BE861660))

CnF2n+1CH2C(=O)(OCH2CH2)nOH

Lithium n:3 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acids1a

P

67296-32-6,
67296-33-7
67304-22-7

P, U

n=7
3)2CH2OPH(=O)O

n = 3, 4

(CAS 2019 (WO2000065018);
3M 2009a)
(CAS 2019 (WO2000065018);
3M 2009b)

1e

P, U

1d

375-03-1,
163702-07-6
163702-05-4

CnF2n+1CF=CHCH2N+(CH2CH3)2CH2C(CH

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(perfluoro-1-oxodecyl)- hydroxy-1b
2-Alken-1-aminium, N,N-diethyl-perfluoro-N-[3-[(hydroxyl
phosphinyl)oxy]-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-, inner salt1c

CnF2n+1OCH3

Dry cleaning of metals, glass, ceramics, natural and synthetic polymers, and fabrics
Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether1d

n=4

1c

CnF2n+1OCH2CH3

1b

Ethyl perfluoroalkyl ether1e

1a

Li

113

 2.7.5 Cleaning optical devices

Chemours promotes some of his Vertrel specialt fluids for the cleaning of optical devices For example, pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro- (CAS No. 138495-42-8) is
marketed for clean and spot-free optical assemblies and lenses (Chemours 2019e) Vertrel specialt fluids are also promoted for cleaning optical fibers to ensure that the are
joined properly after being spliced, to prevent signal loss (Chemours 2019e) Additionall Vertrel specialt fluids are marketed for cleaning flat screen panels for example for
plasma TVs (Chemours 2019e).

2.7.6 Others

Calcium sulfate can be removed from reverse osmosis membranes by fluorinated surfactants (e.g. Zonyl FSN, Zonyl FSP or Zonyl FSA) (Kissa 2001). A cationic fluorinated surfactant
(unknown idendity) can facilitate wetting and the removal of oily soil on concrete (Kissa 2001).

2.8 Coatings, paints, and varnishes

Fluorinated surfactants provide exceptional wetting, levelling and flow control for paints and coatings (Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012). They also provide various properties to
paints and coatings including anti-crater, improved surface appearance, better flow and levelling, reduced foaming, decreased block, open-time extension, oil repellency, and dirt
pickup resistance (Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012). Fluorinated surfactants can overcome wetting and dewetting problems caused by contaminants on the surface, such as film or
hydrocarbon or silicone oil (Kissa 2001). An additional feature is that fluorinated surfactants are able to form a second coat on a first coat, which requires the surface tension of the
second coat to be lower than that of the first coat (Kissa 2001).

2.8.1 Paints

Fluorinated surfactants in paints can function as an emulsifier for the binder, as dispersant for the pigment, and as wetting agent. Additionally, they can also be used to impart oiland water repellency to the paint or coating. However, in the dried film, the fluorinated surfactant acts as an external plasticizer, imparting softness and flexibility (Kissa 2001;
Holmberg et al. 2002). One possibility to get around this problem are surfactants that are polymerizable after hydrolysis. Table 57 lists surfactants that are polymerizable after
hydrolysis and can be useful for oil- and water repellent coatings or paints.

Chemical name

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH3)CH2CH2CH2Si(OC
H3)3
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH3)CH2CH2CH2Si(OC
H2CH3)3

Molecular formula

Specification
of
chemical(s)
n = 4, 8
n=8

154380-33-3, 6166012-6
127193-07-1

CAS No.

P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (US5274159))

(CAS 2019 (US5274159))

Reference

Table 57: Fluorinated surfactants patented for oil- and water-repellent coatings and paints having a hydrolysable group. Patent number (date, legal status): US5274159 (1993,
expired). P under type stands for patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-ethyl-perfluoroalkyl-N-[3-(tri
methoxysilyl)propyl]-1a
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-ethyl-perfluoroalkyl-N-[3-(tri
ethoxysilyl)propyl]-1b

114

 Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[dimethoxy[3-[(perfluoro-1oxooctyl)amino]propyl]silyl]- -[[dimethoxy[3-[(perfluoro-1oxooctyl)amino]propyl]silyl]oxy]-1c
1b

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2Si(OCH3)2(O
CH2CH2)xOSi(OCH3)2CH2CH2CH2NHC(O
)CnF2n+1
1c

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2Si(OCH3)3

1a

Alkanamide, perfluoro-N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-2a

CnF2n+1CH2OCH2CH2CH2Si(OCH2CH3)3
CnF2n+1CH2OCH2CH2CH2SiCl3
CnF2n+1CH2OCH2CH2CH2Si[(OCH2CH2)2
OCH3]3
CnF2n+1CH2OCH2CH2CH2Si[(OCH2CH2)3
OCH3]3

2b

2Si(OCH3)3

CF3CF2OCF2CF2OCF2C(O)NHCH2CH2CH

Silane, triethoxy[3-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]propyl]-2b
Silane, trichloro[3-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]propyl]-2c
2,5,8,10,13,16-Hexaoxa-9-silaheptadecane, 9-[2-(2methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-9-[3-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]propyl]-2d
2,5,8,11,13,16,19,22-Octaoxa-12-silatricosane, 12-[2-[2-(2methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]-12-[3-[(perfluoroalkyl)
oxy]propyl]-not shown
2a

Acetamide, 2,2-difluoro-2-[1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,2pentafluoroethoxy)ethoxy]-N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-3a

n=7
n=7
n=7

n = 5, 7, 9

n=7

154380-34-4, 9804676-5, 154380-29-7
19116-62-2
755-08-8
154380-27-5

154380-30-0

P
P
P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (US5274159))

(CAS 2019 (US5274159))
(CAS 2019 (US5274159))
(CAS 2019 (US5274159))

(CAS 2019 (US5274159))

(CAS 2019 (US5274159))

(CAS 2019 (US5274159))

2d

P

P

154380-28-6

2c

154380-35-5

n=7

-

115

 3a

The second option is the use of a polymerizable surfactant that may either undergo homopolymerization or copolymerize with some other component of the system (Holmberg et
al. 2002). A monolayer of surfactant may homopolymerize when adsorbed at an interface. The palisade layer may either form by adsorption from an aqueous solution or by
migration through a film. Copolymerization may take place in a bulk phase (Holmberg et al. 2002). An example for a polymerizable surfactant is C8F17SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2OC(=O)
(CnH2n+1), a graft copolymer with an acrylic main chain and a molecular weight of 2600 Da (Torstensson, Ranby, and Hult 1990).

PFAS such as perfluorinated urethanes, PTFE, and PVDF enhance the protective properties of anticorrosive paints (Norden 2020; Kissa 2001). PFAS are also used in antifouling
paints on ships (see Table 58).

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1d

Fluorinated acrylate homopolymer (HPFA)1c

Fluorinated acrylate bipolymer (BPFA)1b

Fluorinated acrylate quadripolymer (QPFA)1a

Chemical name

-

-(CF2CF2)x-

see graphic

see graphic

see graphic

Molecular formula

polymer

polymer

polymer

polymer

Specification of
chemical(s)
polymer

1260733-08-1

9002-84-0

-

-

-

CAS No.

U

U*

U

U

U

Type

(Z. Wang et al. 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Zhang et al. 2015)

(Zhang et al. 2015)

(Zhang et al. 2015)

Reference

Table 58: PFAS used in antifouling paints on ships. The types stand for U use and U* current use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this
document.

Ethanol
-[oxybis(2,1-ethanediyloxy)]bis-, ethers with
ethoxylated reduced Me esters of reduced polymd. oxidized
tetrafluoroethylene

116

 1a

1b

1c
1d

There is a variety of other PFAS that have been or are also used in paints in general. Table 59 lists some of them. As mentioned above, the substances may be used as an emulsifier
for the binder, as dispersant for the pigment, as wetting agent, or to impart water- and oil repellency.

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Chemical name

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH3

NH4+ CnF2n+1SO3

CnF2n+1COOH

Molecular formula

n=4

n = 4, 8

n=4

n = 10

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=7

2991-51-7

34454-97-2,
24448-09-7
67584-55-8

68298-12-4

67906-42-7

335-67-1

U

U

U

U

P

Ty
pe
U

(Norden 2020)

(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017;
Norden 2020)
(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017)

(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017)

(CAS 2019 (US4208496))

(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b)

Table 59: Other PFAS historically or currently used or patented for use in paints in general. Patent number (date, legal status): US4208496 (1980, expired). The types stand for U
use, U* current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Ammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonate1b

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH

n=8

Reference

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (MeFASAs)1c

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OC(O)C
H=CH2
K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO

CAS No.

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanols
(MeFASEs)1d
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethyl acrylates
(MeFASEACs)1e
Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamid oacetate1f

117

 1b

1c

1d

CnF2n+1SO2N(C4H9)CH2CH2OC
(=O)CHCH2
NH4+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C6H13)CH2CH
(OH)CH2SO3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

1a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-[butyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]ethyl ester2a
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[hexyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-2-hydroxy-, ammonium salt (1:1)2b
(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)2c

Na+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)CH2
CH(SO3 )C(O)OCH2CH2CmF2m+1

NH4+

Butanedioic acid, 2-sulfo-, 1,4-bis(perfluoroalkyl) ester,
sodium salt (1:1)2d

n=8

647-42-7

606967-06-0

383-07-3

U

U*

U

U

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017)

(Norden 2020)

1f

n=4

54950-05-9

1e

n=6

K+

n=6

undefined

65530-72-5

65530-71-4

U

U*

U*

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

2d

undefined

65530-74-7

U

(Norden 2020)

2c

undefined

65530-63-4

U*

2b

NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3H

undefined

65530-70-3

2a

2 NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3

undefined

Na

Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate monoester3a

NH2+(CH2CH2OH)2 CnF2n+1CH2CH2
OPO3H
NH2+(CH2CH2OH)2 1/2
CnF2n+1CH2 CH2OPO3
NH4+ OP(O )(OCH2CH2Cn F2n+1)2

NH3

Diammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
monoester(3a)
Ethanol,
-iminobis- compd with -fluoro- -[2-(phos
phonooxy)ethyl]poly(difluoromethylene) (1:1)3b
Ethanol
-iminobis- compd with -fluoro- -[2-(phos
phonooxy)ethyl]poly(difluoromethylene) (2:1)(3b)
Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate diester3c

118

 3b

Ethanol
-iminobis- compd with
-[phosphinicobis
(oxy-2,1-ethanedi l bis -fluoropoly(difluoromethylene)]
(1:1)3d
3a

NH3

NH2+(CH2CH2OH) (O)P(O )(OCH2
CH2CnF2n+1)2
3c

(Norden 2020)

4956-89-1

52550-44-4

U*

P

U

(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(CAS 2019 (US4208496))

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

U

n = 6, 8, 10

9002-84-0

U

65530-64-5

n=7

U

undefined

polymer

24937-79-9

3d

CnF2n+1CH2CH2O(CH2CH2O)mH
m = 10 to 20
Li+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2COO

-

NH3

-(CF2CF2)x-

polymer

-(perfluoroalkyl)- -hydroxy-4a

Lithium n:2 fluorotelomer thioether propionate4b

polymer

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)4c
-(CH2CF2)x-

68298-62-4

4d

-

4c

polymer

(Norden 2020)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)4d
4b

Li

-[(C17H16F17NO4S)x-(C16H16F15
NO4S)y-(C3H6O-C2H4O)m-(C3H6OC2H4O)w-2C3H4O2-C3H4O2]uC8H18S-

U

Terpolymer composed of CH2=CF2, C2F4, and C3F6
4a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,
8,8-heptadeca fluorooctyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl ester,
telomer with 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7pentadecafluoroheptyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2-prope
noate, 2-methyloxirane polymer with oxirane di-2propenoate, 2-methyl oxirane polymer with oxirane
mono-2-propenoate and 1-octanethiol5a

119

 5a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, dodecyl ester, polymer with
-fluoro- -[2-[(2-methyl-1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)oxy]ethyl]
poly(difluoromethylene)6a
1-Butanol, 4-(ethenyloxy)-, polymer with 1-chloro-1,2,2-tri
fluoroethene, (ethenyloxy)cyclohexane and
ethoxyethene6b
Siloxanes and Silicones, di-Me, Me 3-(1,1,2,2-tetra fluoro
ethoxy)propyl, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8tridecafluorooctyl
Polysiloxanes, di-Me, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-trideca
fluorooctyl
Siloxanes and Silicones, (3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,
10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl)oxy Me, hydroxy Me, Me
octyl, ethers with polyethylene glycol mono-Me ether
Alcohols, C8-14, perfluoro, reaction products with di-Me,
Me hydrogen siloxanes and polyethylene glycol mono-Me
ether
6a

-

-

-

-

-(C8H14O)x-(C6H12O2)y-(C4H8O)m(C2ClF3)w-

-(C16H30O2)x-[(CF2)nC6H9FO2]y-

polymer

polymer

polymer

polymer

polymer

polymer

162567-79-5

143372-54-7

115340-95-9

104780-70-3

88795-12-4

65605-58-5

U

U

U*

U*

U

U

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

6b

A polymer developed by Asahi Glass is shown in Figure 1. The combination of several kinds of vinyl monomers provides the polymer with various properties necessary for a paint,
such as solubility, compatibility with pigments, crosslinking reactivity and good adhesion, hardness, and flexibility of the final finish. The polymer can be used in paints on plastics,
cements, metals, glass, etc. and its field of application includes skyscraper side walls and other architectural structures, bridges (top-layer protective paint), and automobiles (nowax brilliant top coat) (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

120

 Figure 1: Fluoroolefin-vinyl ether copolymers (Lumiflon®) (adapted from Banks, Smart, and Tatlow (1994)).

2.8.2 Coatings in general

Coatings may be decorative, functional, or both. Additionally, a coating needs to have the same or a lower surface tension than the substrate to which it is applied. Water-borne
systems are therefore more demanding with regard to wetting and adhesion than solvent-based systems because water has a very high surface tension (Poulsen, Jensen, and
Wallström 2005). This is particularly the case for non-adsorbing substrates like metal and plastics which have also a low surface tension (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005).
PFAS are used in coatings, even though they are generally much more expensive than other surfactants because they can lower the surface tension of the coating (POPRC 2016a).

Fluoropolymers used for coatings are PTFE, PCTFE, HFP, or PVDF, for example as coatings on glass, ceramic, and metal. Coatings out of PTFE, FEP, or ETFE have mainly been used in
antistick and anticorrosive applications (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). A heat resistant coating containing OBS (CAS No. 70829-87-7) has been patented (CAS 2019
(JP56152870, 1980)).

Other examples for coatings containing fluorinated surfactants are pigment dispersions used in automotive coatings (CAS 2019 (US3839254, 1974)). Table 60 lists some PFAS that
have been used or detected in coatings. Coatings described specifically for metals (or steel) are not included in Table 60 as they are described in detail in Section 1.11.3 under
Metal finishing

Ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate(1a)

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Chemical name

CnF2n+1P(=O)(OH)2

NH4+ CnF2n+1COO

CnF2n+1COOH

Molecular formula

n = 6, 8, 10

n=7

Specification
of chemical(s)
n = 3 - 13

CAS No.
375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 307-24-4,
375-85-9, 335-67-1, 375-95-1,
335-76-2, 2058-94-8, 307-55-1,
72629-94-8, 376-06-7
3825-26-1
40143-76-8, 40143-78-0, 5229926-0

U

D

Ty
pe
D

(Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström
2005)
(Z. Wang et al. 2016)

(Janousek, Lebertz, and Knepper
2019)

Reference

Table 60: PFAS historically or currently used, or detected in coatings. The types stand for U use and D detected. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and
3 of this document.

Perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs)1b

121

 (n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)1e

(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSA)1d

Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs)1c

-

-

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H

CnF2n+1P(CmF2m+1)(=O)OH

-

-

n = 6, 8, 10

n = 6/6, 6/8,
6/10, 6/12,
8/8, 8/10
n=6

-

1224429-82-6

65545-80-4

647-42-7, 678-39-7, 865-86-1

40143-77-9, 610800-34-5,
1240600-40-1, 1240600-41-2,
40143-79-1, 500776-81-8
27619-97-2

U

U

U

D

D

U

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

(USEPA 2016)

(Janousek, Lebertz, and Knepper
2019)
(Janousek, Lebertz, and Knepper
2019)
(USEPA 2016)

(Z. Wang et al. 2016)

9002-84-0
25038-71-5

U
U

U
U

(Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)
(Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)

(Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)
(Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)

1f

polymer
polymer

25067-11-2
26655-00-5

1e

-(CF2CF2)x-(CH2CH2)x-(CF2CF2)y-

polymer
polymer

1d

polymer

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -hydro- -hydroxy-,
ether with -fluoro- -(2-hydroxyethyl)poly
(difluoromethylene) (1:1)
Phosphoric acid, mixed esters with poly
ethylene glycol and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8tridecafluoro-1-octanol, ammonium salts
-1f

1b

-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)]y-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(OC3F7)]y-

1c

-F(C3F6O)n-C2F4C(O)O(CH2CH2
O)mH- n = 2 to 200, m = 2 to
500

1a

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2a
Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
(ETFE)2b
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)2c
Perfluoralkoxy polymer (PFA)2d

122

 2a
2b

Hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylenevinylidene fluoride copolymer (THV)3a
Propane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-3-[(1,2,2trifluoroethenyl)oxy]-, polymer with 1-chloro1,2,2-trifluoroethene and ethene3b
3a

2c

-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)]y(CF2CH2)m-(CF2CFCl)x-[CF2CF(OC3F7)]y(CH2CH2)m3b

2.8.3 Coatings for food contact materials others than paper

polymer

35397-13-8

25190-89-0

U

U

(USEPA 2016)

(Gardiner 2015)

2d

polymer

Food contact materials can be made out of many different materials. For applications where the packaging needs to be made oil and water repellent, PFAS are often used. The use
of PFAS in paper and packaging as food contact materials is described in Section 2.26.1. Coatings of other materials are included here. Patent CN109370426 describes for example
a coating composition for food contact materials and/or cookware (CAS 2019 (CN109370426, 2019)). Patent DE2549243 describes a coating for polyethylene (PE) film used e.g. for
packaging toys and foodstuff (CAS 2019 (DE2549243, 1977)). The PE film with fluorinated coating is used as a primary packaging and prevents adhesion to a secondary film
subsequently used for multiple packaging.

Chemical name

c-CnF2n
CnF2n+2
CF3CF(CF3)CF2CF2CF2CF2CF(CF3)CF3

NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OSO3

Molecular formula

n=8
n=5
-

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 6, 8, 10, 12

63225-56-9, 63225-57-0,
63255-58-1, 63225-59-2
306-98-9
678-26-2
3021-63-4

CAS No.

P
P
P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (CN109370426))
(CAS 2019 (CN109370426))
(CAS 2019 (CN109370426))

(CAS 2019 (DE2549243))

Reference

Table 61: PFAS that have been patented for use in food contact materials other than paper. Patent number (date, legal status): DE2549243 (1977, expired),CN109370426 (2019,
not yet active). P under type stands for patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

1-Alkanol, perfluoro-, 1-(hydrogen sulfate),
ammonium salt (1:1)1a
Perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcycloalkane1b
Linear perfluoroalkanes1c
Perfluoro-2,7-dimethyloctane1d

123

 1b

Perfluoro-3,4-dimethylhexane1e
Hexane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,5,5,6,6,6-tridecafluoro-1f
1a

NH3
2,5,8,11,14-Pentaoxapentadecane, 1,1,1,3,3,4,4,
6,6,7,7,9,9,10,10,12,12,13,13,15,15,15docosafluoro-2a
3,6,9,12,15,18-Hexaoxaheneicosane, 1,1,1,2,4,
4,5,7,7,8,10,10,11,13,13,14,16,16,17,19,19,20,20,2
1,21,21-hexacosafluoro-5,8,11,14,17-pentakis
(trifluoromethyl)-2b
2a

CF3CF2(CF(CF3))2CF2CF3
C3F7CFHCF2CF3

-

1735-48-4
1998-67-0

P
P

(CAS 2019 (CN109370426))
(CAS 2019 (CN109370426))

(CAS 2019 (CN109370426))

1f

P

(CAS 2019 (CN109370426))

1e

64028-06-4

P

1d

-

55154-18-2

1c

CF3O(CF2CF2O)4CF3

-

2b

CF3CFH(OCF2CF(CF3)5OCF2CF2CF3

2.9 Conservation of books and manuscripts
Expanded PTFE (Gore-tex) has been used to preserve historical manuscripts (Gardiner 2015).

2.10 Cook- and baking ware

Polymeric PFAS can be used in the undercoat and overcoat of cookware such as frying pans, but also in large-scale commercial baking. The coating prevents the food from sticking
to the pan and facilitates the cleaning of the cookware. The treated products are also abrasion and temperature resistant (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b). The most
common fluoropolymer for this application has been PTFE (CAS No. 9002-84-0), but FEP (CAS No. 25067-11-2) and PFA (CAS No. 26655-00-5) can also be used (CAS 2019
(WO2006066027, 2006)).

124

 PFOA (CAS No. 335-67-1) and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS, CAS No. 375-73-5) have been detected in reusable baking liner (Blom and Hanssen 2015). PFBS has also been
detected in non-stick cupcake baking ware and 6:2 and 8:2 FTOH (CAS No. 647-42-7 and 678-39-7, respectively) have been detected in non-stick silicon baking ware, non-stick
cupcake baking ware, and reusable baking liner (Blom and Hanssen 2015). The detection of PFBS did most probably not originate from the fluoropolymers itself but is rather a
contamination of the sample.

2.11 Dispersions

Fluorinated surfactants can be used to disperse various particles. For example, ferromagnetic metal oxide particles have been dispersed with potassium N-ethyl perfluorooctane
sulfonamidoacetate (CAS No. 2991-50-6) to make magnetic fluids (Kissa 2001). Conductive carbon black particles have been dispersed with nonionic or cationic hydrocarbon-type
or fluorinated surfactants for use in polymer blends of poly(vinyl chloride) pipes (Kissa 2001). Also, dispersions of cells in clinical laboratories can be prepared with potassium Nethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetate (CAS No. 2991-50-6) to diagnose cell abnormalities (Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (JP52105208, 1977)). Fluorinated surfactants can also be used
to disperse lubricating greases (see Table 62) (CAS 2019 (EP95825, 1983)). The SPIN database of the Nordic countries discloses that PTFE has also been used as a dispersion agent
(Norden 2020).

K+ CnF2n+1OC2F4SO3

-

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=4

88750-33-8

88707-87-3

88707-88-4

CAS No.

P

P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (EP95825))

(CAS 2019 (EP95825))

(CAS 2019 (EP95825))

Reference

Molecular formula

2 Na+ CO2 CF2OCF2CF2OCF2CF2(OCF2)3COO

-

2 Na

P[C6H4CH2OCH2(CF2OCF(CF3))3CF2OCF3]3

Table 62: Fluorinated surfactants patented as dispersants for lubricating greases. Patent number (date, legal status): EP95825 (1983, expired). P under type stands for patent.
Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

1b

Ethanesulfonic acid, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-[(perfluoro alkyl)oxy]-,
potassium salt (1:1)1a
3,5,7,10,13-Pentaoxapentadecanedioic acid, 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,9,9,
11,11,12,12,14,14-hexadecafluoro-, sodium salt (1:2)1b
Phosphine, tris[4-[4,4,6,7,7,9,10,10,12,13,13,15, 15,15-tetradeca
fluoro-6,9,12-tris(trifluoromethyl)-2,5,8,11,14pentaoxapentadec-1-yl]phenyl]-(too large to show)
1a

K

125

 2.12 Electronic devices
2.12.1 Printed circuit boards

Printed circuit boards, which are laminates of copper on a fibre-reinforced fluoropolymer layer, take advantage of the low dielectric constant provided by the fluoropolymer (R. E.
Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Two fluoropolymers that have been disclosed in a patent for this application are PTFE (CAS No. 9002-84-0) and ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-,
pol mer with
-oxybis[ethene] (CAS No. 102646-47-9) (CAS 2019 (US20030203174, 2003)). 6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (CAS No. 27619-97-2), perfluorooctane sulfonamide
(CAS No. 754-91-6), PFOS (CAS No. 1763-23-1) and perfluorobutanoic acid (CAS No. 375-22-4) were detected in circuit board samples (Herzke, Olsson, and Posner 2012).

2.12.2 Capacitors

Perfluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons (e.g. pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-, CAS No. 138495-42-8) are used in applications requiring separation of high voltage
components such as capacitors, because they have high dielectric breakdown strength and (unlike oil) are not flammable (F2_Chemicals 2019a; Chemours 2019e). PFAS that have
been used as liquid impregnants for capacitors are shown in Table 63.

Molecular formula

1d

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=6
n = 6, 7
n=8
n=4
-

CAS No.

U
U
U
U
U

Type Reference

(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)
(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)
(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)
(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)
(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)

355-42-0
1805-22-7, 355-02-2
335-27-3
311-89-7
-

Table 63: PFAS used as liquid impregnants for capacitors. U under type stands for use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

1c

CnF2n+2
CnF2n+2
CnF2n
N(CnF2n+1)3
-

1b

Linear perfluoroalkanes1a
Perfluoromethylcycloalkane1b
Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcycloalkane1c
Perfluorotrialkyl amine1d
Perfluorinated cyclic ethers
1a

Ionic liquid gel polymer electrolytes based on ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate (CAS No. 123199-69-9) immobilized in
vinylidenfluorid-hexafluorpropylen copolymer (CAS No. 9011-17-0) has been used to fabricate supercapacitors (Pandey and Hashmi 2013).

126

 2.12.3 Acoustic equipment

Applications in the acoustic field depend mostly on the piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of PVDF films (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994) PVDF films in the form can
provide an electrical signal in response to mechanical or thermal signals or, inversely, mechanical motion or a change in heat content in response to an applied electrical field.
Copolymers with trifluoroeth lene are of particular interest due to their spontaneous cr stalli ation in the phase Applications include speakers, transducers, hydrophones, and
electromagnetic radiation detectors (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

2.12.4 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)

Liquid crystal displays are part of smartphones, PC monitors, flat-panel displays for TVs, tablet computers and notebooks (Kirsch and Bremer 2010). In most of these applications,
the active matrix technology has been applied (Yamada et al. 2017). There are different driving modes in the active matrix technology, i.e. twisted nematic-mode, super-twisted
nematic-mode and electrically controlled birefringence-mode (Yamada et al. 2017). The nematic liquid-crystalline materials that were developed in the early 1990s contained
fluorine itself or short fluorinated functional groups as polar terminal groups (e.g. -OC2F5 or -OCF2CHFCF3) (Kirsch 2015). Their main function was to provide the liquid crystal with
a dipole moment, which is essential for switching by an applied electrical field. More recently, many liquid crystals in practical use or under development contain fluorinated
aliphatic bridges, linking the cyclic subunits of their mesogenic core structure (Kirsch and Bremer 2010). In particular, insertion of a -CF2CF2- or a -CF2O- bridge leads to a dramatic
increase of the nematic phase range and clearing temperature (Kirsch 2015). The -CF2O- bridge, moreover, causes a sharp reduction of the rotational viscosity (Kirsch 2015).
Fluorine-containing organic molecules (e.g. tricyclic compounds with a 5,5,6,6-tetra-fluorocyclohexa-1,3-diene moiety in the mesogen) have also been applied in the electrically
controlled birefringence-mode, which is current state of the art technology (Yamada et al. 2017). For more information, see Yamada et al. (2017) and Kirsch (2015). PCTFE is used
in coatings to protect the moisture-sensitive LCD panels (Gardiner 2015).

2.12.5 Flat panel display

Flat panel displays which are backlight display devices use light management films to control the light intensity of the display. These light management films comprise a
thermoplastic base layer, such as polycarbonate or polyethylene terephthalate, and a microstructure prismatic layer. Tetrabutylphosphonium perfluorobutane sulfonate (CAS No.
220689-12-3) has been patented for use in these light management films to reduce static electricity build-up and dust attraction during fabrication (CAS 2019 (WO2006031507,
2006)).

2.12.6 Household equipment

Teflon strips (PTFE) have been used on razors (Gardiner 2015). PFCAs and PFSAs were detected in switches (not clear what kind of switches), vacuum cleaners, coffee makers,
keyboards, screens, and TVs Bečanová et al
. For more detailed information (which specific PFAAs were detected in which product), see Bečanová et al
.

2.12.7 Others
PCTFE has been used for coating electroluminescent lamps in commercial signage and safety exit signs (Gardiner 2015).

127

 2.13 Fingerprint development

HFE-7100 (CAS No. 219484-64-7) has been used as a replacement for chlorofluorocarbon solvents in fingerprint development (Hansen and Joullié 2005). HFE-7100 is a mixture
composed out of methyl nonafluoroisobutyl ether (CAS No. 163702-08-7) and methyl nonafluorobutyl ether (CAS No. 16302-07-6).

2.14 Fire-fighting foams

Fire-fighting foams with fluorinated surfactants are used for extinguishing liquid fires (Class B fires) (UNEP 2017) Examples are fires in flammable liquids like oil petrol other non
water soluble h drocarbons and flammable water-soluble liquids like alcohols and acetone (UNEP 2017). There are two major Class B foam subtypes: synthetic foams and protein
foams. Examples for synthetic foams are aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs) and alcohol-resistant aqueous film-forming foams (AR-AFFFs), and examples for protein foams are
fluoroprotein (FP) foams, film-forming fluoroprotein (FFFP) foams, alcohol-resistant fluoroprotein (AR-FP) foams, and alcohol-resistant film-forming fluoroprotein (AR-FFFP) foams.

All of these fire-fighting foams float on the flammable liquid and form a foam barrier which inhibits evaporation and reigniting (Kissa 2001). Various fluorinated surfactant have
been added in the past (i) as film formers in AFFFs and FFFPs, (ii) as fuel repellents in FPs, and (iii) as foam stabilizers in FFFPs and AR-AFFFs (Z. Wang et al. 2013). The types of PFAS
in fire-fighting foams vary by year of production and manufacturer (Dauchy et al. 2017).

AFFFs can be divided into three main types: legacy POSF-based AFFFs, legacy fluorotelomer-based AFFFs and modern fluorotelomer-based AFFFs (ITRC 2020). Legacy POSF-based
AFFFs were manufactured in the US from the late
s until
exclusivel b M and sold under the brand name Lightwater Legac POSF-based AFFFs contain PFOS and
various precursors that could potentially break down in the environment to PFOS and shorter chain PFSAs such as perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS, CAS No. 355-46-4) (ITRC
2020). Legacy fluorotelomer-based AFFFs were manufactured and sold in the US from the 1970s until 2016 and encompass all other brands of AFFF besides 3M Lightwater (ITRC
2020). Legacy fluorotelomer-based AFFF foams have historically contained predominantly short-chain (C6) PFAS with formulations ranging from about 50 98% short-chains, but
also contained some longer chain PFAS content. The longer chain PFAS content of these foams has the potential to break down in the environment to PFOA and other PFCAs
(Weiner et al. 2013). Modern fluorotelomer-based AFFFs contain almost exclusively short-chain PFAS in response to the USEPA voluntary PFOA Stewardship Program. However,
stockpiles of legacy perfluorinated fire-fighting foams still exist (POPRC 2018a) and as fire-fighting foams have a long shelf life (10 to 20 years), these legacy perfluorinated firefighting foams, which contain longer chain PFAS content, may still be used around the world in Class B fires (POPRC 2016a). It has also been noticed that many companies
preferred to remain with their standard processes and mixture of shorter and longer chain PFAS content. One example is the use of C8-C20- - -perfluorotelomer thiols with
acrylamide (CAS number 70969-47-0) (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b).

There are also other non foam based fire protection fluids. 3M markets a perfluoroketone compound (perfluoro-2-methyl-3-pentanone, CAS No. 756-13-8) for use as fire
protection fluid (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005). Perfluoro-2-methyl-3-pentanone was used in the Nordic countries as fire extinguishing agent in 2016 and 2017 (Norden
2020) and in the US between 2012 and 2015 (USEPA 2016).

2.14.1 Fluoroprotein (FP) foams

Protein foam concentrates are produced from products such as hoof and horn meal, chicken feathers, or fish meal (Kissa 2001). Fluorinated surfactants added to protein foams
enhance the fire-extinguishing efficiency by repelling hydrocarbon fuel when the foam is covered with fuel (Kissa 2001). The fluoroprotein foam can e.g. be introduced to the base
of a burning fuel tank, rises then through the fuel and extinguishes the fire. Also, the low surface tension allows fluoroprotein foams to move rapidly over a hydrocarbon fuel

128

 surface (Kissa 2001). Fluoroprotein foams have been used for hydrocarbon storage tank protection and marine applications (POPRC 2016a). Examples of fluorinated surfactants
used in fluoroprotein foams are given in Table 64.

A Chinese patent discloses that gases like perfluoropropane (CAS No. 76-19-7), perfluorobutane (CAS No. 355-25-9), 1H-pentafluoroethane (CAS No. 354-33-6), and
hexafluoroethane (CAS No. 76-16-4) are useful foaming agents for protein foams (CAS 2019 (CN101371944, 2009)).

C6H6 C8F17OSO3H

NH4+ CnF2n+1COO
K+ CnF2n+1COO
CnF2n+1CH2CH2S(CH2CH2(CONH2))mH

Molecular formula

n=7
n=9
m = 10 - 20,
n = 6, 8, 10
-

97746-87-7

41674-07-1

3825-26-1
51604-85-4
-

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)

P

P

P
P
U

Type

(CAS 2019 (JP60060865))

(CAS 2019 (DE2240263))

(CAS 2019 (US3475333))
(CAS 2019 (JP55146172))
(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

References

D

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

1d

D

x Ca

-

n = 6, 8
n=6

1513864-10-2,
1513864-12-4
1513864-03-3

x Ca2+ C6H4(COO )2C8F17O

3)3

CnF2n+1CH2CH2S(O)CH2CH2C(O)NHC(CH3
)2CH2SO3H
CnF2n+1CH2CH2S(O)CH2CH(OH)CH2N+(CH

1c

Table 64: PFAS historically or currently used in, patented for use, or detected in FP, FFFP, and AR-FFFP. Patent number (date, legal status): US3475333 (1969, expired), JP55146172
(1980, expired), DE2240263 (1973, expired), JP60060865 (1985, expired). The types stand for U use, U* current use, P patent, and D detected. Additional explanations to
the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

1b

Fluoroprotein foam (FP)
Ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate1a
Potassium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate(1a)
(n:2) Fluorotelomer thioether acetamide
derivative1b
Benzenesulfonic acid, [(heptadecafluorooctyl)oxy], sodium salt1c
1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, [(heptadecafluoro
octyl)oxy]-, calcium salt1d
1a

Film forming fluoroprotein (FFFP) foam
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-[[3-[(perfluoro
alkyl)sulfinyl]-1-oxopropyl]amino]-2-methyl-2a
1-Propanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfinyl]2b

129

 2a

(1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-[[3-[(perfluoroalkyl)
thio]-1-oxopropyl]amino]-2-methyl-2c

3a

1-Propanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]-3a
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-2-[1,
2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-1,3bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-buten-1-yl]oxy]-, sodium salt
(1:1)3b

n=6

70829-87-7

88992-46-5

D

U*

D

D

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

(Bao et al. 2017)

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

62880-95-9

-

34455-22-6

D

(Dauchy et al. 2017)
(Dauchy et al. 2017)

n=6

n=6

34455-29-3

D
D

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2C(O)NHC(CH3)2C
H2SO3H

n=6

27619-97-2
1513864-10-2

D

2c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH(OH)CH2N+(CH3)3

n=6
n=6

1513864-18-0

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

2b

Na+ C9F17OC6H4SO3

n=6

D

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

3b

n = 4, 6

D

n=6

1333933-57-5,
62880-95-9
-

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)
2CH2COOH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H
CnF2n+1CH2CH2S(O)CH2CH2C(O)NHC(CH3
)2CH2SO3H
CnF2n+1CH2CH2S(O)CH2CH(OH)CH2N+(CH
3)3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2C(O)NHC(CH3)2C
H2SO3H
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2COOH

Alcohol-resistant film forming fluoroprotein (AR-FFFP) foam
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-[3-(dimethylamino)
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2
propyl]-perfluoro-4a
(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonamide betaine (FTAB)4b
(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSA)4c
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-[[3-[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfinyl]-1-oxopropyl]amino]-2-methyl-2a
1-Propanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfinyl]2b
(1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-[[3-[(perfluoroalkyl)
thio]-1-oxopropyl]amino]-2-methyl-2c
(n:2) Fluorotelomer thioether acetic acid4d

130

 5b

1-Propanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]- 3a

4a

(n:1:2) Fluorotelomer betaine5a
(n:3) Fluorotelomer betaine5b
Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido amine5c
5a

4b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH(OH)CH2N+(CH3)3

5c

CnF2n+1CFHCH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2COOH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2COOH
CnF2n+1SO2NCH2CH2CH2N+H(CH3)2

2.14.2 Film-forming fluoroprotein (FFFP) foam

n = 4, 6, 8,
10

n=7
n=7
n=8

4c

1513864-16-8,
88992-46-5,
727351-53-3,
1513864-17-9

171184-03-5
171184-15-9
13417-01-1

D

D
D
D

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

4d

(Dauchy et al. 2017)
(Dauchy et al. 2017)
(Dauchy et al. 2017)

FFFP foams are based on natural proteins as foaming agents. They have been used for aviation and shallow spill fires (POPRC 2016b). The fluorinated surfactants in FFFP act as
foam stabilizer and film former (Cousins et al. 2016). Examples of PFAS which have been or are still used in FFFP are provided in Table 64.

2.14.3 Alcohol-resistant film forming fluoroprotein (AR-FFFP) foam

AR-FFFP foams are also based on natural proteins as foaming agents and are suitable for polar solvent liquid fires (Angusfire 2019). Examples of PFAS which have been or are still
used in AR-FFFP are also provided in Table 64.

2.14.4 Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF)

AFFFs are complex mixtures containing fluorocarbon- and hydrocarbon- based surfactants (Rotander et al. 2015). The fluorinated AFFF agents are synthetic chemicals that lower
the surface tension of water and form an aqueous film on the fuel surface (Kissa 2001). This water film, which is located between the fuel and the foam, cools the surface of the
fuel, acts as a vapor barrier, supports the spreading of the foam on the fuel and promotes the self-healing of the foam blanket after injuries (POPRC 2016a). AFFFs have been used
for petroleum fires in, for example, chemical plants, fuel storage facilities, airports, underground parking facilities, tunnels and the marine sector (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency

131

 2015b; POPRC 2016a). Table 65 lists more than 90 groups of PFAS that have been or are still used, have been detected, or have been patented for use in AFFF. The groups include
perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride (PASF)-based substances, fluorotelomer-based substances, other non-polymeric groups and perfluoropolyether (PFPE).

AFFF concentrates used by the US military must meet the requirements set forth in military specification MIL-F-24385 (Korzenioswski et al. 2019). No perfluorobutane sulfonyl
based fluorosurfactants have been qualified under the MIL-F-24385; however, perfluorohexane sulfonyl based surfactants did meet the requirements (Korzenioswski et al. 2019).

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs)
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCAs)1a

Chemical name

K+ CnF2n+1COO
CnF2n+1SO3H

CnF2n+1COOH

Molecular formula

n=7
n = 2 - 10

n = 3 - 11

Specification CAS No.
of chemical(s)

P
D

D

Type

(CAS 2019 (US5085786))
(Norden 2013)

(CAS 2019 (JP58112565))
(Barzen-Hanson and Field 2015;
Backe, Day, and Field 2013)

(Backe, Day, and Field 2013; Weiner
et al. 2013; Mumtaz et al. 2019)

Reference

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)
(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

P
U

Table 65: PFAS historically or currently used, patented or detected in AFFF. Patent number (date, legal status): JP58112565 (1983, expired), US5085786 (1992, expired),
JP58038571 (1983, expired), JP2001079108 (2001, pending), JP61076175 (1986, expired), WO9746283 (1997, expired), WO9929373 (1999, active), JP54141100 (1979, expired),
WO2001083037 (2001, active), DE2315326 (1973, expired), JP09173498 (1997, pending), EP1013311 (2000, discontinued). The types stand for U use, U* current use, P
patent, and D detected. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Potassium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate(1a)
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1b

n=8
n=8

1651215-29-0, 165125-26-7 D
2254560-25-1, 2254560-26- D
2, 2254560-27-3, 16521527-8

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 30724-4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1,
375-95-1, 335-76-2, 205894-8, 307-55-1
2395-00-8
354-88-1, 423-41-6, 37573-5, 2706-91-4, 355-46-4,
375-92-8, 1763-23-1,
474511-07-4, 335-77-3
2795-39-3
56773-42-3
K+ CnF2n+1SO3
N(C2H5)4+ CnF2n+1SO3

1d

n = 2 to 7
n = 3 to 8

1c

CnF2n+1CFClSO3H
CF3C(O)CnF2nSO3H

1b

Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonate(1b)
Tetraethylammonium perfluoroalkane
sulfonate(1b)
1-Alkanesulfonic acid, 1-chloro-perfluoro-1c
1-Alkanesulfonic acid, perfluoro-n-oxo-1d

1a

132

 41997-13-1, 754-91-6

(CAS 2019 (JP58038571); Herzke,
Posner, and Olsson 2009)
(Herzke, Posner, and Olsson 2009)
D Agostino and Mabur
Place
and Field 2012)

P, D

n = 6, 8

Perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride (PASF)-based substances
Perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs)2a
CnF2n+1SO2NH2

2e

D
U, D

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

n=8
n=3-8

D

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+H(CH3)2

D, P

Perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanol (FASE)2b
Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido amine (PFASAA)2c

D, P

(CAS 2019 (JP2001079108); POPRC
2016a)
(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017; CAS 2019 (JP61076175))
(CAS 2019 (JP2001079108))

n=3-8

53518-00-6, 38006-74-5

P

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

n = 4, 8

73149-44-7

1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-2d

n=8

2089109-07-7, 2089109-08- D
8, 2089109-09-9, 142519-

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017;
D Agostino and Mabur
CAS
2019 (WO9746283, WO9929373)

n = 4 - 10

2d

178094-76-3, 178094-75-2, D, P
30295-56-8, 178094-74-1,
30295-51-3, 1513864-26-0,
200636-64-2

I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3 n = 4, 8
Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)3
Br CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)3
CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2O

2c

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH(CH2OH)CH2CH2N+( n = 3 - 6
CH3)(CH3)CH2CH(OH)CHOH

n=2-8

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH(OH)CH2N+(CH3 n = 4 - 6
)2CH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2C
H2CH2OH

2089108-83-6, 2089108-84- D
7, 2089108-85-8, 208910886-9
2089109-04-4, 2089109-05- D
5, 2089109-06-6

10116-92-4
1513864-23-7, 68555-77-1,
68555-78-2, 50598-28-2,
67584-54-7, 13417-01-1
1966131-51-0, 70225-21-7,
70225-23-9, 70248-51-0,
70225-19-3, 70225-25-1
67939-95-1, 1652-63-7

2b

1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, iodide (1:1)(2d)
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1)(2d)
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, bromide (1:1)(2d)
Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido amine oxide
(PFASNO)2e

2a

1-Butanaminium, N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-3[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl] amino]-3a
1-Propanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N-(2hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-3b
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,Ndimethyl-3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]- 3c

133

 1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
methylamino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-3d
3a

1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
ethylamino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, bromide (1:1)4a
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
ethylamino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, ethansulfate
(1:1)(4a)
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-[(2hydroxyethyl)[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]N,N-dimethyl- 4b

28-6, 736877-37-5,
2089109-10-2, 71864-97-6
2089109-11-3, 2089109-12- D
4, 765219-81-6, 208910913-5, 153968-04-8

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

3d

(CAS 2019 (JP2001079108))

3c

P

331755-01-2

n=8

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

D Agostino and Mabur
2019 (JP54141100))

4d

(CAS 2019 (JP2001079108))

134

CAS

U

n=2-8

4c

98900-84-6

P

2089108-97-2, 2089108-98- D
3, 2089108-99-4, 208910900-0, 2089109-01-1, 2089
109-02-2, 2089109-03-3
2089109-21-5, 2089109-22- D
6, 2089109-23-7, 208910924-8
89148-24-3, 1513864-21-5, D, P
1513864-22-6, 81190-41-2,
73469-65-5

n = 4, 6, 8, 10 -

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3 n = 4 - 8
)3
3b

Br CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2CH2
N+(CH3)3
CH3CH2SO4 CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)
CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CHOH)CH2CH2CH2
N+(CH3)2CH2CH2OH

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2C n = 3 - 6
H2COOH

n=8

n = 3 6, 8

Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido betaine4c

Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2COO )C3H6
N(CH3)2

4b

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2C
H2CH2COO

-

1-Propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-N,Ndimethyl-3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-,
inner salt 4d
4a

Br

Glycine, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N[(heptadecafluorooctyl)sulfonyl]-, sodium salt5a

 -Alanine, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N[(perfluoroalkyl) sulfonyl]-5b

Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2COO )CH2
CH2CH2N(CH3)2
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2COO )CH2CH2
CH2N+(CH3)3

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2COO )CH2CH2
CH2NH+(CH3)2

n=3-8

n=6
n=3-6

n=3-6

-Alanine, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-, sodium salt(5b)
1-Propanaminium, 3-[(2-carboxyethyl)[(per
fluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-5c
n=4-6

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2COO )CH2CH2
CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH2COO

n=3-6

5c

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2SO3H

n=3-8

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2COOH)CH2CH2
CH2N+(CH3)2CH2COOH

5b

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2C
H2CH2CH2SO3H

1-Propanaminium, N-(2-carboxymethyl)-3-[(2carboxyethyl)[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]N,N-dimethyl-5d
5a

Na

1-Propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-3-[(2carboxyethyl)[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]N,N-dimethyl-, inner salt, ion(1-)6a
3-[[(Perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-1-propane
sulfonic acid6b
1-Propanaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-[3-[[(per
fluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]propyl]-3-sulfo-6c

1513864-20-4, 172616-045, 1383438-83-2, 14160732-1, 1432486-91-3, 14324
86-92-4
98900-70-0

P

U, D

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

(CAS 2019 (JP2001079108))

D Agostino and Mabur
and Field 2012)

D

D

U, D

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

D Agostino and Mabur
Place and Field 2012)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

2089109-14-6, 2089109-15- D
7, 2089109-16-8, 208910917-9
D

5d

1513864-24-8, 1513864-259, 1383438-84-3, 138343885-4
2089108-61-0, 2089108-621, 2089108-63-2, 208910864-3
2089108-65-4, 2089108-665, 2089108-67-6, 208910868-7, 2089108-69-8

Place

135

 6a

1-Propanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-N[3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]propyl]-3sulfo-7a
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-Nmethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-3[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl] amino]-7b
Ethanesulfonic acid, 2-[[3-[[perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]amino]propyl]amino]-, sodium salt
(1:1)7c
7a

1-Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N-methylN-(3-sulfopropyl)-3-[[(perfluoroalkyll)sulfonyl]
amino]-, chloride, sodium salt (1:1:2)8a
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[methyl[3-[[(perfluoro
alkyl)sulfonyl]amino]propyl]amino]-, sodium salt
(1:1)8b
1-Propanaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-sulfo
propyl)-3-[(3-sulfopropyl) [(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]amino]-8c

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)(C
H2CH2OH)CH2CH2CH2SO3H

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2C
H2CH(OH)CH2SO3H

n=6

n=4-6

n=3-9

6b

Na+ CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2NH
CH2CH2SO3

6c

2089108-70-1, 2089108-712, 2089108-72-3, 208910873-4, 133082-79-8
2089108-74-5, 2089108-756, 2089108-76-7

P

D

D

(CAS 2019 (JP58038571))

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017; CAS
2019 (WO2001083037))

(CAS 2019 (JP58038571))

80621-18-7

P

(CAS 2019 (JP58038571,
JP2001079108))

7c

86402-38-2

P

7b

Cl 2 Na+ CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2 CH2
N+(CH2COO )(CH3)CH2CH2CH2SO3

80621-17-6, 85665-65-2

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

Na

Na+ CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N(CH3) n = 6, 8
CH2CH2CH2SO3

D

n=6

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2CH2SO3H)CH2C n = 3 - 8
H2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3H

2089108-77-8, 2089108-789, 2089108-79-0, 208910880-3, 2089108-81-4, 2089
108-82-5

136

 8a

Na

8b

Na

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2CH2SO3H)CH(C n = 2 - 6
H2OH)CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH(OH)C
H2OH
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2CH2SO3H)CH2C n = 2 - 8
H2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH2OH

Na Cl-

1-Butanaminium, N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(3-sulfopropyl)
[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-9a
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,Ndimethyl-3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl](3sulfopropyl)amino]-, inner salt9b

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH2CH2SO3 )CH2C
H2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OH

Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH(OH)CH2
SO3 )CH2CH(OH)CH2N(CH3)2

9b

1-Propanaminium, N-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)
ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(3-sulfopropyl)
[(perfluoroalkyl) sulfonyl]amino]-, inner salt9c
9a

1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[[3-(dimethylamino)2-hydroxypropyl][(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-2-hydroxy-, sodium salt (1:1)10a

8c

P

2089108-87-0, 2089108-88- D
1, 2089108-89-2, 208910890-5, 2089108-91-3
2267980-92-5, Anions
D
(2089108-92-7, 2089108-938, 2089108-94-9, 208910895-0, 2089108-96-1, 6829811-3)
38850-57-6
P

9c

98900-72-2

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017; CAS
2019 (US5085786))

(CAS 2019 (DE2315326))

(CAS 2019 (JP2001079108))

137

 10a

Na

n = 3 - 12, 14

n = 7, 9, 11

-

11c

n=7-9

I CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)3
CnF2n+1C(=O)NHC3H6N(=O)(CH3)2

-

C11F19C(=O)NHC3H6N(=O)(CH3)2

11b

C6F13C(=O)NHC3H6N(=O)(CH3)2

Perfluoroalkane carbonyl fluoride (PACF)-based substances
Alkanamide, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2
perfluoro-11a

1-Propanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-3[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)amino]-, iodid (1:1)11b
Alkamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxidoamino)propyl]perfluoro-11c
Cyclopentanecarboxamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxido
amino)propyl]-1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5-octafluoro-5-(1,2,
2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-undecafluorocyclohexyl)-11d
11a

Cyclopentanecarboxamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxido
amino)propyl]-1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5-octafluoro-5-(1,2,
2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-undecafluorocyclohexyl)-12a

11d

64790-29-0, 153339-13-0,
153339-14-1, 103831-28-3,
376-23-8, 103831-29-4,
1245601-26-6, 1513863-789, 1513863-79-0, 151386380-3, 1513863-81-4
335-90-0, 62501-48-8,
2284-73-3
30295-53-5, 70674-76-9,
200636-70-0
200636-86-8

200636-77-7

P

P

P

P

D

(CAS 2019 (WO9746283))

(CAS 2019 (WO9746283))

(CAS 2019 (WO9746283))

(CAS 2019 (JP2001079108))

D Agostino and Mabur
2019 (JP09173498))

CAS

138

 1-Alkanaminium, 3-[(perfluoro-1-oxononyl)
amino]-N,N-dimethyl-N-[2-(1-methylethoxy)-2oxoethyl]- 12b
Pyridinium, 1-[2-[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)
amino]ethyl]-, bromide (1:1)12c
12a

n=7

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2C n = 8, 10, 12
H2C(O)OCH(CH3)2
Br CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2N+C5H5
12b

P

1513863-85-8, 1513863-86- D
9, 1513863-87-0
331755-02-3
12c

Br

D Agostino and Mabur

(CAS 2019 (JP2001079108))

98900-76-6

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2001079108))

(CAS 2019 (JP2001079108))

-

D Agostino and Mabur

n=7

98900-75-5

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

Na+ CnF2n+1C(O)N(C3H6NH2)CH2CH
(OH)CH2SO3

n=7

130114-31-7, 90179-39-8, D
77958-18-0, 70674-74-7,
77968-31-1, 1513863-82-5,
167997-08-2, 1513863-84-7
119131-05-4
U

Na+ CnF2n+1C(O)N(C3H6NHCH3)CH2
C6H4SO3

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2C n = 6, 8, 10
H2CH2COO

1-Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,NCnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2C n = 6 - 12, 14
dimethyl-3-[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)amino]-, inner H2COO
salt13a
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-3[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)amino]-N,N-dimethyl-,
inner salt13b
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[(3-aminopropyl)
(perfluoro-1-oxooctyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-,
sodium salt (1:1)13c
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[[3-(methylamino)
propyl](perfluoro-1-oxooctyl)amino]methyl]-,
sodium salt (1:1)13d

139

 Fluorotelomer-based substances
(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)14a
CnF2n+1CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2COOH

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

n = 5, 7, 9,
11, 13

n = 4, 6, 8

n = 6, 8, 10

13b

(n:2) Fluorotelomer betaine (FTB)14b
CnF2n+1CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CO
OH

n = 5, 7, 9,
11, 13, 15

13a

(n:3) Fluorotelomer betaine14c

CnF2n+1CFHCH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CO
OH

n = 4, 6, 8,
10
n = 4, 6, 8

n = 5, 7
n = 6, 8, 12,
14

n = 6, 8, 10

(n:1:2) Fluorotelomer betaine14d

14c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2
COOH
CnF2n+1CH2SO3H
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H

14b

(n:1) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid15b
(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSs)15c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2COOH

14a

(n:2) Fluorotelomer thioether acetic acid15d

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2COOH

(n:4) Fluorotelomer betaine15a

(n:2) Fluorotelomer thioether propanoic acid15e

13c

Na

647-42-7, 678-39-7, 86586-1
2089109-25-9, 208910926-0
171184-14-8, 171184-159, 171184-16-0, 17118417-1, 1513864-13-5
171184-02-4, 171184-035, 171184-04-6, 17118405-7, 1513864-14-6,
1513864-15-7
14d

2089109-29-3, 208910930-6
678-66-0, 812-79-3
27619-97-2, 39108-34-4,
149246-64-0, 1377603-172
1254468-15-9, 149339-571, 54207-62-4

D
D

D

U, D

U, D

D

D

D Agostino and Mabur

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)
(Mumtaz et al. 2019; Barzen-Hanson
et al. 2017)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

D Agostino and Mabur
and Field 2012)

D Agostino and Mabur
and Field 2012)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

Place

Place

(Herzke, Posner, and Olsson 2009)

13d

D

D Agostino and Mabur

Na

D

140

 CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH(OH)CH2N+(
CH3)3

Li+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2COOH

15b

n = 4, 6, 8,
10, 12

n = 4, 6, 8,
10

n=6

15c

433333-62-1

15d

Lithium (n:2) fluorotelomer thioether
propionate(15e)
1-Propanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl3-[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]-16a
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2C(O)NHCH2CH2
CH2N(CH3)2

15a

(n:2) Acetamide, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]2-[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]-16b

n = 6, 8, 10

1513864-16-8, 88992-465, 727351-53-3, 151386417-9
1513863-89-2, 151386390-5, 1513863-91-6, 151
3863-92-7, 1513863-93-8
1513864-00-0, 704870-519, 1513864-01-1

17c

1513863-94-9, 513863-950, 1513863-96-1,
1513863-97-2, 151386398-3, 1513863-99-4
1383438-88-7, 138343889-8, 1383438-90-1
-

16c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2C(O)NHCH2CH2
CH2N+H(CH3)3

undefined

n = 6, 8, 10

n = 4, 6, 8,
10, 12, 14

(n:2) 1-Propanaminium, 3-[[2-[(perfluoroalkyl)
thio]acetyl]amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-16c
16b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2C(O)NHCH2CH2
CH2N+(CH3)2CH2COO

16a

1-Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-3-[[2[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]acetyl]amino]-N,Ndimethyl-, inner salt17a

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH(COO )CH2C(O)
NHCH2CH2CH2NH+(CH3)2
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH(OH)CH2N(C
H3)CH2COOH
17b

Butanoic acid, 4-[[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]
amino]-2-[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]-4-oxo-17b
Glycine, N-[3-[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]-2-hydroxy
propyl]-N-methyl-17c
17a

D

D

D

U, D

U

(Place and Field 2012)

D Agostino and Mabur

D Agostino and Mabur

D Agostino and Mabur

D Agostino and Mabur
and Field 2012)

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

15e

U

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

Place

U

141

 - 18b

1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-[[3-[(perfluoroalkyl)
thio]-1-oxopropyl]amino]-2-methyl-18a

Na+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2C(O)NH
C(CH3)2CH2 CH2SO3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2S(O)CH2C(O)NHCH2
CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2C(O)NHC(C
H3)2CH2SO3H

1-Propanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-3-[[2[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfinyl]acetyl]amino]-18c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2S(O)CH2CH(OH)CH2
N+(CH3)3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2S(O)CH2CH2C(O)NH
C(CH3)2CH2SO3H

18b

1-Propanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl3-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfinyl]-19a
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-[[3-[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfinyl]-1-oxopropyl]amino]-2-methyl-19b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2Cl
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N(
O)(CH3)2

18a

1-Alkanesulfonyl chloride, perfluoro1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-[3(dimethyloxidoamino) propyl]-perfluoro-19d

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2C
H2N(O)(CH3)2
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N(
CH3)2

19b

1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxido
amino)propyl]-perfluoro-N-methyl-20a
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-[3-(dimethylamino)
propyl]-perfluoro-20b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2C
H2N(CH3)2

19a

1-Akanesulfonamide, N-[3-(dimethylamino)
propyl]-perfluoro-N-methyl-20c

1333933-57-5, 62880-959, 755698-73-8, 69094760-5, 1513864-07-7,
1513864-08-8
-

D

U

D, U

D Agostino and Mabur

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

D Agostino and Mabur
Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017; Place
and Field 2012)

n = 2, 4, 6, 8,
10, 12, 14

n=6

1513864-03-3

U
U, P

D

D

(USEPA 2016)
(Norden 2020; Z. Wang et al. 2013;
CAS 2019 (FR2477144))

D Agostino and Mabur

D Agostino and Mabur

18c

n=6

n = 6, 8
n = 4, 6, 8,
10

1513864-18-0, 151386419-1
1513864-09-9, 151386410-2, 1513864-12-4,
1513864-11-3
27619-89-2
80475-32-7, 80475-33-8

P

(CAS 2019 (FR2477144))

n=6
n = 6, 8

80475-34-9

U, D,
P

D Agostino and Mabur
Z
Wang et al. 2013; Barzen-Hanson et
al. 2017; CAS 2019 (FR2477144))
(CAS 2019 (FR2477144))

19d

n=8

P

19c

n = 4, 6, 8,
10, 12

34455-17-9, 34455-22-6,
34455-23-7, 34455-24-8,
861642-40-2
66618-52-8
n=6

142

 1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-[3-(dimethylamino)
propyl]-perfluoro-N-hydroxy-20d
20a

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2N(OH)CH2CH2CH

n=6

958822-85-0

n = 4, 6, 8,
10, 12, 14,
16

34455-27-1, 34455-29-3,
34455-21-5, 34455-35-1,
278598-45-1, 278598-473, 278598-49-5
161278-39-3

20c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)2CH2COO

-

-

20b

2N(CH3)2

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)2CH2COO

-

(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonamide betaine
(FTAB)21a

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2N+(CH

n=3-9

3)2CH2CH2COO

SF5CnF2nSO3H

n=6-8

21c

98900-53-9

SF5CnF2nCOOH

n = 2 - 10

2089109-32-8, 208910933-9, 2089109-34-0,
2089109-35-1
-

n=8

2 K+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHC6H12N
(CH2CH2COO )2

CF3CFCFCnF2nSO3H

21b

Pol difluorometh lene -[2-[[[3-[(carboxy
methyl)dimethylammonio]propyl]amino]sulfon
yl]ethyl]- -fluoro-, inner salt (21a)
Ethanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-2[[(perfluoro alkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,Ndimethyl-, inner salt21b
-Alanine, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-N-[6-[[(perfluoro
alkyl)sulfonyl]amino]hexyl]-, dipotassium salt21c
21a

Other non-polymers
(N-Pentafluoro(5)sulfide)-perfluoroalkane
sulfonate22a
(N+1)-Pentafluoro(5)sulfide-perfluoroalkanoic
acid22b
Perfluoro-n-alkene-1-sulfonic acid22c

2089109-40-8, 208910941-9, 2089 109-42-0,
2089109-43-1, 2089109-

(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency
2015a)

D Agostino and Mabur
Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017; CAS
2019 (EP1013311); USEPA 2016)

D

U, D,
P

(Norden 2020)

20d

U

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

(CAS 2019 (JP2001079108))

D

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

P

D

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

2K

D

143

 Polyfluoro-n-alkene-1-sulfonic acid22c

CF3CFHCnF2nSO3H

CF3CFCFCFHCnF2nSO3H

n=2-8

n=2-6

22c

44-2, 2089109-45-3,
2089109-46-4, 2089 10947-5, 2089109-48-6
2089109-50-0, 208910951-1, 2089 109-52-2,
2089109-53-3
2089109-54-4, 208910955-5, 2089109-56-6, 2089
109-57-7, 2089109-58-8,
2089109-59-9, 208910960-2

D

D

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

-

CnF2n+1CF=CHCH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH2
OSO3
Cl CnF2n+1CF=CHCH2N+(CH3)2(CH2
CH2OH)
-

-

-

-

n=7

n=7

65545-80-4

68187-47-3

1078715-61-3

68140-18-1
68140-20-5
70969-47-0

71248-41-4

70846-84-3

U

U

U

U
U
U

P

P

(USEPA 2016)

(USEPA 2016, Norden 2020)

(USEPA 2016)

(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016, Norden 2020)

(CAS 2019 (DE2749331))

(CAS 2019 (DE2749331))

22e

-

-

22d

-

22b

Polyfluoro-1-alkanesulfonic acid22e

22a

2-Alken-1-aminium, perfluoro-N,N-dimethyl-N[2-(sulfooxy)ethyl]-, inner salt23a
2-Decen-1-aminium, perfluoro-N-(2-hydroxy
ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride (1:1)23b
Thiols, C4-10, - -perfluoro
Thiols, C6-12, - -perfluoro
Thiols, C8-20 - -perfluoro, telomers with
acrylamide
1-Propanaminium, 3-amino-N-(carboxymethyl)N,N-dimethyl-, N-[2- - -perfluoro-C4-20-alkyl)
thio]acetyl] derivs., inner salts
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-[[1-oxo-3- -perfluoro-C4-16-alkyl)thio]propyl]amino]
derivs., sodium salts
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -hydro- -hydroxy-,
ether with -fluoro- -(2-hydroxyethyl)poly
(difluoromethylene) (1:1)

144

 23a

24b

Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) -based substances
Perfluoro-n-(trifluoromethoxy)-1-alkanesulfonic
acid24a
Propanamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxidoamino)
propyl]-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-3-[(1,1,2,2,3,
3,4,4,5,5,5-undecafluoropentyl)oxy]-24b
Propanamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxidoamino)
propyl]-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-[1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoro-2-[1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutoxy)
propoxy]propoxy]-24c
24a

Cyclohexanecarboxamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxido
amino)propyl]-1,2,2,3,3,4,5,5,6,6-decafluoro-4(trifluoromethoxy)-25a
Cyclohexanecarboxamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxido
amino)propyl]-1,2,2,3,3,4,5,6,6-nonafluoro-4,5bis(trifluoromethoxy)-25b
Cyclohexanecarboxamide, N-[3-(dimethyloxido
amino)propyl]-1,2,2,3,4,5,6,6-octafluoro-3,4,5tris(trifluoromethoxy)-25c

CF3OCnF2nSO3H

-

-

n=2-9

200636-89-1

200636-74-4

1651215-28-9, 914070-830
200636-96-0

P

P

P

P

D

(CAS 2019 (WO9746283))

(CAS 2019 (WO9746283))

(CAS 2019 (WO9746283))

(CAS 2019 (WO9746283))

(CAS 2019 (WO9746283))

(Barzen-Hanson et al. 2017)

23b

C5F11OCF2CF2C(O)NHC3H6C(=O)CH

-

200636-91-5

P

2

C6F9(OCH3)2C(O)NHC3H6C(=O)CH3)

2

C6F10(OCH3)C(O)NHC3H6C(=O)CH3)

C4F9O[CF(CF3)CF2]2OCF(CF3)C(O)N
HC3H6C(=O)CH3)2

3)2

-

200636-93-7

24c

-

C6F8(OCH3)3C(O)NHC3H6C(=O)CH3)
2

145

 25a

25b

2.14.5 Alcohol-resistant aqueous film forming foam (AR-AFFF)

25c

Typical AFFF foams are not effective on fires caused by water-miscible fuels, such as low molecular weight alcohols, ketones, and esters and the like, because the miscibility of the
fuel and water in the foam leads to dissolution and destruction of the foam by the fuel (CAS 2019 (US20150251035)). AR-AFFFs (sometimes called universal foam) have been
developed by adding high molecular weight polymers such as polysaccharide (e.g. xanthum gums) or artificial polymer gel types. The polymers are water soluble and precipitate on
contact with a water-miscible fuel, creating a protective layer between the fuel and the foam (CAS 2019 (US20150251035)). AR-AFFF foams are effective on both hydrocarbon and
water-soluble fules. Fluorinated surfactants are used as foam stabilizer in AR-AFFF (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b) (see Table 66). Polymeric PFAS are used sometimes in
AR-AFFF because they have the same polar fuel performance as xanthan gums, but with much lower viscosity increase (CAS 2019 (US20150251035)). Two patented side-chain
fluorinated polymers that may be used in AR-AFFF are shown in Table 67.

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2COOH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2S(O)CH2CH2C(O)NHC(CH3)2CH2SO3H

Molecular formula

n=6

n=6
n=6

1513864-18-0

34455-29-3
1513864-10-2

Specification of CAS No.
chemical(s)

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

(Dauchy et al. 2017)
(Dauchy et al. 2017)

Reference

CnF2n+1CH2CH2S(O)CH2CH(OH)CH2N+(CH3)3

Table 66: PFAS detected in AR-AFFF. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
AR-AFFF
(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonamide betaine (FTAB)1a
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-[[3-[(perfluoroalkyl) sulfinyl]-1oxopropyl]amino]-2-methyl-1b
1-Propanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfinyl]-1c

146

 1a

1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-[[3-[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]-1oxopropyl]amino]-2-methyl-2a
1-Propanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]-2b
2a

n=6

88992-46-5

62880-95-9

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

(Dauchy et al. 2017)

1c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2C(O)NHC(CH3)2CH2SO3H

n=6

1b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH(OH)CH2N+(CH3)3
2b

Molecular formula
-(C13H12F13NOS)x-(C3H5NO)y(C3H4O2)m-(C13H12F13NOS)x-(C3H5NO)y-

Specification of
chemical(s)
polymer

1584680-13-6

1584680-14-7

CAS No.

P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (US20150251035))

(CAS 2019 (US20150251035))

Reference

1b

polymer

Table 67: Side-chain fluorinated polymers patented for AR-AFFF. Patent number (date, legal status): US20150251035 (2015, active). Additional explanations to the table are
provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
2-Propenoic acid, polymer with 2-propenamide and N-[2[(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)thio]ethyl]-2propenamide1a
2-Propenamide, N-[2-[(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-trideca
fluorooctyl)thio]ethyl]-, polymer with 2-propenamide1b
1a

147

 2.15 Flame retardants

Potassium perfluorobutane sulfonate (K-PFBS, CAS No. 29420-49-3) and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS, CAS No. 375-73-5) have been used as flame retardants for
polycarbonate resins, mainly in electrical and electronic equipment (Norwegian Environment Agency 2017; CAS 2019 (CN101891943)). K-PFBS might also be used as flame
retardant in other plastics (as indicated on product data sheets), but no products have been identified so far (Norwegian Environment Agency 2017). Hubei Hengxin has marketed
potassium perfluorohexane sulfonate (CAS No. 3871-99-6) and N-methyl perfluorohexane sulfonamide (CAS No. 68259-15-4) for potential use as flame retardants (POPRC 2018b).

2.16 Floor covering including carpets and floor polish

PFAS have been used and are used in carpets, aftermarket carpet protection products, resilient linoleum, laminated plastic floor coverings and floor polish. Table 68 shows some
PFAS that are listed in the SPIN database of the Nordic countries for floor and wall coverings (Norden 2020). More information on PFAS in floor coverings and floor polish are
provided in the Subsections 2.16.1 to 2.16.4.

Chemical name

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO

Molecular formula

polymer

n=8

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=4-8

115340-95-9

67584-51-4, 67584-52-5, 6758453-6, 67584-62-7, 2991-51-7
383-07-3

CAS No.

U

U

U

Type

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

Reference

Table 68: PFAS included in the SPIN database of the Nordic countries for floor and wall coverings. U under type stands for use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on
Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Potassium N-ethyl perfluoro alkane sulfonamidoacetate1a

CnF2n+1SO2N(C4H9)CH2CH2OC
(=O)CHCH2
-

1b

2-Propenoic acid, 2-[butyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]
ethyl ester1b
1-Propene, 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-, oxidized, polymd.
1a

K+

148

 2.16.1 Carpet

The most common carpet fibers are nylon 6, nylon 6,6, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (FloorDaily 2016; HBN 2017). However, nylon as well as other synthetic
fibers are both oleophilic and hydrophobic. This means that they have a great affinity for soils, and soil removal is more difficult than on natural fibers. Many synthetic carpets
contain therefore PFAS to impart water and oil repellency, stain resistance and soil release to carpet face fibers (HBN 2017). They also ensure that abrasion is minimized
(FluoroIndustry 2019). The soil-release finishes that are used on the fibres are hydrophilic and facilitate removal of fatty or oily soils containing solid matter from fabric (R. E. Banks,
Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Major manufacturers in conjunction with global regulators have agreed to discontinue the manufacture of long-chain fluorinated products and move to
short-chain fluorinated products Both short-chain fluorotelomer-based and perfluorobutane sulfonyl-based products have been applied in carpets (POPRC 2016a). PFAS that have
been used or are still used in (synthetic) carpets are shown in Table 69.

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1b

Carpets in general
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Chemical name

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H
K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO

CnF2n+1SO3H

CnF2n+1COOH

Molecular formula

n = 6, 8, 10
n=6
n=8

n = 4, 6, 8

n = 3 11, 13

Specification
of chemical(s)

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 307-244, 375-85-9, 335-67-1, 37595-1, 335-76-2, 2058-94-8,
307-55-1, 376-06-7
375-73-5, 355-46-4, 1763-231
647-42-7, 678-39-7, 865-86-1
27619-97-2
2991-51-7

CAS No.

D

D

Ty
pe

(Guo, Liu, and Krebs 2009; Kotthoff
et al. 2015)

Reference

D
D
P

(Herzke, Posner, and Olsson 2009;
Kotthoff et al. 2015)
(Herzke, Posner, and Olsson 2009)
(Herzke, Posner, and Olsson 2009)
(CAS 2019 (US4043964))

Table 69: PFAS historically or currently used, detected in, or patented for (synthetic) carpets. Patent number (date, legal status): Patent number (date, legal status): US4043964
(1977, expired), EP160402 (1985, expired). The types stand for U use, U* current use, P patent, and D detected. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2
and 3 of this document.

(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)1c
(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSAs)1d
Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane
sulfonamidoacetate1e

1e
1d

1b

1c

1a

149

 n = 3, 5 11

n=8

n=8

n=8

375-22-4, 307-24-4, 375-85-9,
335-67-1, 375-95-1, 335-76-2,
2058-94-8, 307-55-1
29117-08-6

949581-65-1, 940891-99-6,
923298-12-8
-

38006-65-4

38006-74-5

25268-77-3

P

P

D

U

U

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (EP160402))

(CAS 2019 (EP160402))

(X. Liu et al. 2014)

(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency
2015b)
(POPRC 2016a)

(CAS 2019 (US4043964))

(CAS 2019 (US4043964))

(CAS 2019 (US4043964))

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethyl
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2O
acrylates2a
C(O)CH=CH2
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)
Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2
sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride
N+(CH3)3
(1:1)2b
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-ethyl-per fluoro-NCnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)(CH2CH2
[2-[[2-[[2-[(3,4,5,6-tetra hydro-4,6-di oxoNH)3C3N3H2O2
1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino]ethyl]amino]
ethyl]amino] ethyl]-2c
Side-chain fluorinated polymers based on derivatives of PBSF

CnF2n+1COOH

n=8

100155-24-6

2b

Cl

-

CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2
(OCH2CH2)mOH

n=8

2c

C6H4[NHC(O)NHC6H4NHC(O)
OCH2CH2N(C2H5)SO2CnF2n+1]2

Acrylate, methacrylate, adipate and urethane side-chain fluorinated polymers of
N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol
2a

Nylon carpets
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[ethyl
[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino] ethyl]- hydroxy-3a
Carbamic acid, [(methyl-1,3-phenylene)
bis[iminocarbony limino(me thyl-3,1phenylene)]]bis-, bis[2-[ethyl[(per
fluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl]ester3b

150

 3a

Ethanaminium, N-ethyl-2-[[[[3-[[[[3-[[[[3-[[[2[ethyl[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino] ethoxy]
carbonyl]amino]methylphenyl]
amino]carbonyl]amino]methylphenyl]
amino]carbonyl]amino] methylphenyl]
amino]carbonyl]oxy]-N,N-dimethyl-, ethyl
sulfate (1:1)4a
4a

Ethanaminium, N-ethyl-2-[[[[3-[[[[3-[[[[3[[[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]carbonyl]amino]
methylphenyl]amino]carbonyl]amino] methyl
phenyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]
methylphenyl]amino] carbonyl]oxy]-N,Ndimethyl-, ethyl sulfate5a

C2H5OSO3 3 -CH2 CnF2n+1SO2
N(C2H5)CH2 CH2O[C(O)NHC6H4
NH]3C(O)OCH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2
CH3

n=8

n=8

100155-23-5

100066-53-3

P

P

(CAS 2019 (EP160402))

(CAS 2019 (EP160402))

3b

C2H5OSO3 3 -CH2 CnF2n+1CH2
CH2O[C(O)NHC6H4NH]3C(O)
OCH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH3

151

 5a

Carbamic acid, [(methyl-1,3-phenylene)
bis[iminocarbonylimino(methyl-3,1-phe
nylene)]]bis-, bis(perfluoroalkyl) ester6a
6a

Ethanaminium, N-ethyl-2-[[[[3-[[[3-[[[3[[[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]carbonyl]amino]
methylphenyl] carbonimidoyl]amino]
methylphenyl]carbonimidoyl]amino]
methylphenyl]amino] carbonyl]oxy]-N,Ndimethyl-, ethyl sulfate7a
7a

C2H5OSO3 3 -CH2 CnF2n+1CH2
CH2OC(O)NHC6 H4[N=C=NC6
H4]2NHC(O)OCH2CH2N+(CH3)2
CH2CH3

3-CH2 C6H4[NHC(O)NHC6H4NH
C(O)OCH2CH2CnF2n+1]2

n=8

n=6

100107-48-0

100107-45-7

P

P

(CAS 2019 (EP160402))

(CAS 2019 (EP160402))

152

 Carbamic acid, [(methyl-1,3-phenylene) bis
[nitrilomethane tetraylnitrilo(methyl-3,1phenylene)]]bis-, bis(perfluoroalkyl) ester8a
8a

3 -CH2 C6H4[N=C=NC6H4
NHC(O)OCH2CH2CnF2n+1]2

2.16.2 Aftermarket carpet protection products

n=6

100107-46-8

P

(CAS 2019 (EP160402))

PFAS have also been used in aftermarket carpet protection products (POPRC 2018b) as well as in carpet shampoo and carpet care products (X. Liu et al. 2014; Guo, Liu, and Krebs
2009). PFAS that have been detected in carpet protectors include 6:2, 8:2, and 10:2 FTOHs (CAS No. 647-42-7, 678-39-7, 865-86-1, respectively), N-ethyl perfluorooctane
sulfonamidoethanol (CAS No. 1691-99-2) (Dinglasan-Panlilio and Mabury 2006), and PFHxS (CAS No. 355-46-4) (Norwegian Environment Agency 2018).

2.16.3 Other floor coverings

PFOS (CAS No. 1763-23-1) and PFDS (CAS No. 335-77-3) have been detected in resilient linoleum, and PFPeA (CAS No. 2706-90-3), PFHxA (CAS No. 307-24-4), PFHpA (CAS No. 37585-9), PFOS and PFDS have been detected in laminated plastic floor covering Bečanová et al
.

1-Disiloxanol, 1,3,3-tris(1-methylethoxy)-1,3-bis(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)- (CAS No. 1240203-10-4) has been detected in nano sprays for non-absorbing floor
material coatings (Nørgaard, Wolkoff, and Lauritsen 2010). N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (CAS No. 4151-50-2) has been detected in wash and care agents for vinyl and cork
linoleum (Vejrup, Kark and Lindblom 2002).

2.16.4 Floor polish

Liquid floor polishes are used to give the floor a shiny appearance. However, some polymer resin formulations do not wet the floor completely and dry to a rough finish, especially
on vinyl floors (Kissa 2001). Fluorinated surfactant added to the formulation eliminate streaks and improve the appearance of the dried floor significantly due to improved wetting
and levelling (Kissa 2001). Fluorinated surfactants can be used in all types of polishes, including styrene, acrylic, or wax-based floor polishes (Kissa 2001). Table 70 lists some PFAS
that have been or are used in floor polish.

153

 CAS No.

Type

Reference

Table 70: PFAS historically or currently used, or detected in floor polishes. The types stand for U use, U* current use, and D detected. Additional explanations to the table are
provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Specification of
chemical(s)

Molecular formula

(X. Liu et al. 2014)

Chemical name

D

CnF2n+1COOH

n = 3 - 11

Non-polymers
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

n = 4, 8, 10

U, D

CnF2n+1SO3H

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 307-24-4, 37585-9, 335-67-1, 375-95-1, 335-76-2,
2058-94-8, 307-55-1
375-73-5, 1763-23-1, 335-77-3

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1b

(X. Liu et al. 2014;
Boucher et al. 2019)
(Z. Wang et al. 2016)
(Z. Wang et al. 2016)

n = 6, 8, 10
n = 6/6, 6/8, 6/10,
6/12, 8/8, 8/10

U
U

CnF2n+1P(=O)(OH)2
CnF2n+1P(CmF2m+1)(=O)OH

(Norden 2020)

Perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs)1c
Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs)1d

U

(Borg and Ivarsson 2017)

n=4-8

D

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO

40143-76-8, 40143-78-0, 52299-26-0
40143-77-9, 610800-34-5, 124060040-1, 1240600-41-2, 40143-79-1,
500776-81-8
67584-51-4, 67584-52-5, 67584-53-6,
67584-62-7, 2991-51-7
647-42-7
n=6

undefined

65530-72-5

65530-71-4

U*

U*

U*

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

1f

NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3H

undefined

65530-70-3

1e

2 NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3

undefined

1d

NH4+ OP(O )(OCH2CH2CnF2n+1)2

1c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

1b

Potassium N-ethyl perfluoro alkane
sulfonamidoacetate1e
(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)1f
1a

Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
monoester2a
Diammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer
phosphate monoester(2a)
Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
diester2a

154

 2a

2b

C = 4 - 20

NH3

polymer

NH3

(Meth)acrylate polymers
-(CF2CF2)n-

Polymers

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

2.17 Glass
2.17.1 Surface treatment of glass

9002-84-0

U
U

(KEMI Swedish Chemical
Agency 2015b)
(Norden 2020)

PFAS have been used to make glass surfaces hydrophobic and oleophobic (Kissa 2001). Examples are optical glass lenses for cameras or optical instruments which can be made
resistant to fingerprints (Kissa 2001). PFAS have also been used in dirt-repellent coatings for glass surfaces on smartphones and solar cells (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b;
CAS 2019 (WO2013012753)). A compound that has been patented for coatings on the outer glass of solar cells is silane, trimethoxy(3,3,4,4,5,5,6, 6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)(CAS No 85857-16-5). Additionally, PFAS are very effective in preventing misting of glass surfaces exposed to humid atmospheres, such as mirrors in bathrooms, automobile
windshields, eyeglass lenses, and greenhouse windows (Kissa 2001). An example is OBS (CAS No. 70829-87-7). Fluoropolymers, such as PTFE and PVDF, can be used as surface
treatments in various building materials (for example, tiles and glass material) to impart fire- or weather-resistant properties (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b). The
mentioned PFAS and others that have been used or are used in the surface treatment of glass are listed in Table 71.

2.17.2 Etching and polishing of glass

Fluorinated surfactants have also been used to polish and etch glass. They increase the speed of etching, acid polishing or frosting of flat glass with hydrofluoric acid (Kissa 2001).
PFAS that can be used as wetting agents in the etching and polishing of glass are also listed in Table 71.

Molecular formula

Specification
of chemical(s)

CAS No.

Type

Reference

Table 71: PFAS patented for the surface treatment of glass and in etching and polishing of glass. Patent number (date, legal status): JP58213057 (1983, expired), GB1588962 (1981,
expired), WO2013012753 (2013, active), WO2014038288 (2014, active), DE3038985 (1982, expired), DE2556429 (1977, expired). The types stand for U use, U* current use, and
P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
Surface treatment of glass

155

 Carbamic acid, (4-methyl-1,3-phenylene)bis-, bis[2[[(perfluroroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl] ester1a
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, iodide (1:1)1b
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphat monoester
(monoPAPs)1c
Perfluoroalkyltrimethoxysilane1d
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OP(=O)(OH)2

C6H3(CH3)[NHC(O)OCH2CH2NHSO2CnF2n+1
]2
I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3
n=8

n=8

n=8

85857-16-5,
83048-65-1

57678-03-2

1652-63-7

89946-29-2

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2013012753,
WO2012041661))

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

(CAS 2019 (GB1588962))

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

1d

n = 6, 8

Cl-

(CAS 2019 (WO2013012753,
WO2012041661))
(CAS 2019 (WO2010127034))

1c

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2010127034))
(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

n =7

89932-73-0

89932-71-8

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

I

51851-37-7,
101947-16-4
156048-38-3

P
P

P
polymer

102488-47-1
89932-72-9

n = 6, 8

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OCH3)3
1b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OC2H5)3

1a

Perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane2a

n=6
n=8

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)4OH

n=6

2d

Cl CnF2n+1C(O)NC4H8N+(CH3)CH2CH2OH

2c

-[Si(CH3)2(OH)2]x-(CnF2n+1CH2CH2
Si(OH)2CH3)CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(CH3)2Cl
Cl CnF2n+1C(O)N(C3H7)CH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)2 CH2C6H5

2b

Silanediol, dimethyl-, polymer with methyl(3,3,4,4,
5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)silanediol2b
Silane, chlorodimethyl(perfluoroalkyl)-2c
Benzenemethanaminium, N-[3-[(perfluoro-1oxoalkyl)propylamino]propyl]-N,N-dimethyl-,
chloride (1:1)2d
2a

Alkanamide, perfluoro-N-(14-hydroxy-3,6,9,12tetraoxatetradec-1-yl)-3a
Piperazinium, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methyl-4(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)-, chloride (1:1)3b

156

 Alkanamide, perfluoro-N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)
propyl]-3c
3a

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2Si(OCH3)3

n=5
3b

U

(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))
(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))
(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

154380-34-4

P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (JP58213057))

3c

89932-69-4
89932-76-3
89932-75-2

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2014038288))

Cl-

89932-68-3

P

n=8
n=8
n=8

n=8

70829-87-7

U

(KEMI Swedish Chemical
Agency 2015b)
(KEMI Swedish Chemical
Agency 2015b)

CnF2n+1C6H4C(O)NHCH3
CnF2n+1OC6H4SO2NH2
CnF2n+1OC6H4SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2
CH2COO

K+ CnF2n+1OC6H4COO

-

9002-84-0

U

Benzamide, 4-(perfluoroalkyl)-N-methyl-4a
Benzenesulfonamide, 4-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-4b
1-Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-3-[[[4[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]phenyl]sulfonyl]amino]-N,Ndimethyl-, inner salt4c

Na+ CF3CF(CF3)C[CF(CF3)2]=C(CF3)OC6
H4SO3

polymer

24937-79-9

P
P

4c

-(CF2CF2)n-

polymer

2795-39-3
56773-42-3

4b

Benzoic acid, 4-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-, potassium
salt (1:1)5a
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-2[1,2,2,2 -tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-1,3bis(trifluoro methyl)-1-buten-1-yl]oxy]-, sodium salt
(1:1) (OBS)5b
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

-(CH2CF2)n-

n=8
n=8

4a

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)

K+ CnF2n+1SO3
N(C2H5)4+ CnF2n+1SO3

(CAS 2019 (DE3038985))
(CAS 2019 (DE2556429))

Etching and polishing of glass
Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonate(5c)
Tetraethylammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonate5c

157

 K

Ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate5d
Carbamic acid, [(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-, 3,6,9,12,
15,18,21,24,27,30-decaoxatetratriacont-1-yl ester
5a

2.17.3 Drying of glass

NH4+ CnF2n+1COO
CnF2n+1SO2NHC(O)(OCH2CH2)11CH2CH3

5b

Na

5c

n=7
n=8

3825-26-1
64309-62-2

P
P
5d

(CAS 2019 (DE2556429))
(CAS 2019 (DE2556429))

The dewatering of processed parts is an important production step in glass finishing. There are a number of processes that can be used for this purpose, whereby solvent
displacement drying is one of the most common ones (Chemours 2019d). PFAS used in solvent displacement drying need to have a higher density and lower surface tension than
water so that they are able to penetrate underneath the water droplet and lift the droplet away from the glass surface (Chemours 2019d). A PFAS marketed by Chemours for this
purpose is pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro- (CAS No. 138495-42-8) (Chemours 2019d).

2.18 Household applications
Teflon tape (PTFE) has been used for sealing of threads and joints for domestic piping and plumbing applications (Gardiner 2015).

2.19 Laboratory supplies, equipment and instrumentation
2.19.1 Consumable materials

Various fluoropolymer (e.g. PTFE) and fluoroelastomer-based products (e.g. Viton) have been used in research laboratories. Examples include the use of fluoropolymer-based vials,
caps and tape, and fluoropolymers in the solvent degassers of liquid chromatography (LC) instruments (Cousins et al. 2019). Also, specialty LC-columns are based on fluorinated
materials. Personal protective equipment, including protective gloves can also contain PFAS (Cousins et al. 2019). There are also particle filters in the laboratory that are made of
or are coated with PFAS to minimize the sorption of compounds to the filter itself (Cousins et al. 2019). PFAS like PFBA (CAS No. 375-22-4) are added to reversed phase LC-MS
solvents (Cousins et al. 2019). Other laboratory agents are listed in Table 72.

158

 Specification of
chemical(s)
n=4

67584-55-8

CAS No.

U

Type

(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017)
(Norden 2020)
(3M 2008)
(Z. Wang et al. 2020)

(Hodgkins 2018)

Reference

Molecular formula
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OC(O)CH=CH2

U
U
U
U
1d

36913-91-4
336-59-4
375-03-1
69991-61-3
1c

n=4
n=3
n = 3 (HFE-7000)
polymer

1b

(CnF2n+1SO2)2O
[CnF2n+1C(O)]2O
CnF2n+1OCH3
-

Table 72: PFAS historically or currently used in laboratory agents. U under type stands for use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethyl
acrylates (MeFASEACs)1a
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic anhydride1b
Perfluorobutanoic acid,
-anhydride1c
Perfluoroalkyl methyl ether1d
Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-, oxidized,
polymd.
1a

Ionic liquids containing a tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate anion (e.g., CAS No. 713512-19-7) can be used as ultra hydrophobic solvents for the extraction
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using single drop microextraction (Yao, Pitner, and Anderson 2009).

2.19.2 Parts of technical equipment

PFAS-containing products have also been used in analytical instruments in the laboratory (Cousins et al. 2019). Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography instruments (UPLCs),
autoclaves, and ovens contain fluoroelastomers as seals and membranes (Cousins et al. 2019; R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). UPLCs also contain PTFE as inert surfaces and
sometimes in tubings (Cousins et al. 2019). Perfluoropolyether-based lubricants are used as oils and greases in pumps and equipment (Cousins et al. 2019).

2.19.3 Vapor sterilization of laboratory/medical equipment

Perfluorocarbons and perfluorotributylamine have been used to sterilize an insulated vessel in a hospital in Hastings, U.K. between 1970 and 1976 (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow
1994). There is no information on whether PFAS are still used in vapor sterilization today. The historically applied PFAS are listed in Table 73.

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)

CAS No.

Type

Reference

Table 73: PFAS historically used in vapor sterilization of laboratory/medical equipment. U under type stands for use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2
and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

159

 Perfluorodecalin1a
Perfluoromethyldecalin1b
Perfluorotetradecahydrophenanthrene1c
Perfluoroperhydrofluoranthene1d
Perfluoroperhydrofluorene1e
Perfluorotrialkyl amine1f
1a

2.19.4 Others

1b

C10F18
C11F20
C14F24
C16F26
C13F22
N(CnF2n+1)3
1c

Flutec PP6
Flutec PP9
Flutec TG PPHP
Flutec TG PPHF
Flutec PPIO
n=4
1d

306-94-5
306-92-3
306-91-2
662-28-2
307-08-4
311-89-7

U
U
U
U
U
U
1e

(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)
(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)

1f

PVDF protein-sequencing membranes can be used for electroblotting procedures in protein research (Dohany 2000). PVDF membranes are also suitable for analyzing the
phosphoamino content in proteins under acidic and basic conditions or in solvents (Dohany 2000).

2.20 Leather
2.20.1 Genuine leather

PFAS have been used in the leather manufacturing process as well as in repellent treatments of tanned leather (Kissa 2001). In the production of leather, fluorinated surfactants
improve the efficiency of hydrating, pickling, degreasing and tanning. They also reduce the process time and increase the quality of the product (CAS 2019 (EP422954, 1991)). PFAS
that are patented for the leather manufacturing process are listed in Table 74.

Molecular formula

Specification
of chemical(s)

CAS No.

Type

Reference

Table 74: PFAS patented for use in leather manufacturing. Patent number (date, legal status): EP422954 (1991, expired). P under type stands for patent. Additional explanations to
the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

160

 1b

Ammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonate1a
Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonate(1a)
Ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate1b
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,Ndimethyl-3-[(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)[(perfluoro
alkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-, inner salt1c
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl) sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1)1d
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl) sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, iodide (1:1)(1d)
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[ethyl[(perfluoro
alkyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-1e
1a

Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido
acetate2a
2a

I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

NH4+ CnF2n+1SO3
K+ CnF2n+1SO3
NH4+ CnF2n+1COO
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH(OH)CH2SO3H)CH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)2CH2 CH2OH

n=8

n=6

n = 10
n=8
n=7
n=6

1652-63-7

38006-74-5

67906-42-7
2795-39-3
3825-26-1
112972-61-9

P

P

P

P
P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (EP422954))

(CAS 2019 (EP422954))

(CAS 2019 (EP422954))

(CAS 2019 (EP422954))
(CAS 2019 (EP422954))
(CAS 2019 (EP422954))
(CAS 2019 (EP422954))

1e

P

(CAS 2019 (EP422954))

29117-08-6

Cl

2991-51-7

n=8
1d

n=8

CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH
1c

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO

PFAS are also used to impregnate leather against dirt, water and greases while still allowing water vapor to escape (Kissa 2001; UNEP 2017). The PFAS are applied in the drum at
the tanneries, either before or after the introduction of the fat liquor (Norwegian Environment Agency 2017). PFAS have been used in leather for shoes, handbags, office furniture,

161

 and upholsteries (Herzke, Olsson, and Posner 2012; Norwegian Environment Agency 2017; COP 2015). A list with PFAS that have been used, or are still used for leather
impregnation, or detected in leather is provided in Table 75. The tables shows that polymers and non-polymers have been used as impregnation agents. There is a general trend
(at least in the western countries) to use nowadays PFAS with shorter chain length. Instead of side chains consisting of fluorotelomers with 6 to 14 perfluorinated carbons or POSFbased derivatives, PFAS with six and less perfluorinated carbons are now being used (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b; Z. Wang et al. 2013; POPRC 2019).

Non-polymers
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1a

Chemical name

K+ CnF2n+1SO3
CnF2n+1COOH

CnF2n+1SO3H

Molecular formula

n=8
n = 3 - 13

n = 4, 6 - 8, 10

Specification
of chemical(s)

375-73-5, 355-46-4, 375-928, 1763-23-1, 335-77-3
2795-39-3
375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 30724-4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1,
375-95-1, 335-76-2, 205894-8, 307-55-1, 72629-94-8,
376-06-7
28959-69-5

CAS No.

P

P
D

D

Type

(CAS 2019 (DE1952762))

(CAS 2019 (DE1952762))

(CAS 2019 (DE1952762))
(Kotthoff et al. 2015)

(Kotthoff et al. 2015)

Reference

Table 75: PFAS historically or currently used to impregnate leather or detected in impregnated leather. Patent number (date, legal status): DE1952762 (1970, expired). The types
stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonates(1a)
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1b

C6H6 C[C8F17SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2OC(O)NH]2

P

1d

28959-68-4

1c

C6H6 CH2[C8F17SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OC(O)H]2

1b

Carbamic acid, (methylphenylene)bis-, bis[2-[ethyl
[(heptadecafluorooctyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl] ester 1c
Carbanilic acid, methylenedi-, diester with 1,1,
2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptadeca fluoro-N-(2hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl-1-octanesulfonamide1d
1a

162

 (building block)

Alkanamide, perfluoro-N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl]-2a

-[C8F17SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OC(O)C
HCH2]x-[C4H9OC(O)CHCH2]y-

3

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2SI(OCH3)

polymer

polymer

n=5

27119-23-9

29133-22-0

154380-34-4

P

P

U

(CAS 2019 (DE1952762))

(CAS 2019 (DE1952762))

(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

2c

949581-65-1, 940891-99-6,
923298-12-8
142636-88-2

U

U
U

-[C8F17SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OC(O)C
HCH2]x2b

polymer
polymer
polymer

(POPRC 2019)
(KEMI Swedish Chemical
Agency 2015b)
(USEPA 2016)

Polymers
2-Propenoic acid, butyl ester, polymer with 2[[(heptadecafluorooctyl)sulfonyl]methylamino] ethyl
2-propenoate2b
2-Propenoic acid, 2-[[(heptadecafluorooctyl) sul
fonyl]methylamino] ethyl ester, homopolymer2c
2a

-(C22H42O2)x-(C17H7F25O2)y-(C15H7
F21O2)m-(C13H7F17O2)w-

Perfluoropolyether (PFPE)
Side-chain fluorinated polymers based on derivatives of PBSF
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, octadecyl ester, polymer
with 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10, 11,11,12,12,12heneicosafluoro dodecyl 2-propenoate, 3,3,4,4,5,5,
6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl 2propenoate and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,
11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,14-pentacosafluorotetradecyl
2-propenoate3a
3a

163

 Side-chain fluorinated polymers, with side chains containing a mixture of 6:2 14:2
fluorotelomer moieties (CnF2n+1C2H4 n
14) or moieties derived from POSF
Fluorinated urethane polymers

2.20.2 Synthetic leather

C = 8 - 14,
polymer

polymer

U

U

(KEMI Swedish Chemical
Agency 2015b)

(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

PFAS are also used in the manufacturing of synthetic leather as polymer melt additives (Norwegian Environment Agency 2017). During the manufacturing process (the polymer
melt process), a side-chain fluorinated polymer may be added to impart oil and water repellency to the finished fibres. Table 76 lists PFAS that have been found in M Protective
Material PM 1000 which is used to manufacture synthetic leather and resins utilized in the production of synthetic leather (Norwegian Environment Agency 2017).

Molecular formula

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=4
n=4
n=4

68298-12-4
34454-97-2
67584-55-8

CAS No.

D
D
D

Type

(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017)
(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017)
(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017)

Reference

Table 76: PFAS detected in M Protective Material PM 1000 that is used in the manufacturing of synthetic leather and resins utilized in the production of synthetic leather. D
under type stands for detected. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

1c

CnF2n+1SO2NH(CH3)
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OC(O)
CH=CH2

1b

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (MeFASAs)1c
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanols (MeFASEs)1a
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethyl acrylates
(MeFASEACs)1b
1a

2.20.3 Shoe brightener

Fluorinated surfactants can improve the leveling of shoe brighteners (Kissa 2001). A Chinese patent discloses a perfluoroalkyl betaine (unknown identity) that is used in an
aqueous wax emulsion to increase the brightness of leather (CAS 2019 (CN104087183, 2014)). The SPIN database of the Nordic countries lists three PFAS that have been used to

164

 polish leather, including leather of shoes (Norden 2020). These three PFAS are shown in Table 77. PFHxA (CAS No. 307-24-4) and PFOA (CAS No. 335-67-1) have been detected in
shoe wax (Borg and Ivarsson 2017).

-(C21H40O2)x-(C10H10F9NO4S)y-(C5H8O3)m-

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OC(O)CH=CH2

n = 8-14

n=4

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=4

203743-03-7

1190367-98-6

67584-55-8

CAS No.

U

U

U

Type

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

Reference

Molecular formula

-

Table 77: PFAS used in polish for leather, including leather for shoes. U under type stands for use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this
document.
Chemical name

1b

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethyl acrylates
(MeFASEACs)1a
2-Propenoic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, polymer with 2-[methyl
[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2propenoate and octadecyl 2-propenoate1b
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, hexadecyl ester, polymers with 2h drox eth l methacr late - -perfluoro-C10-16-alkyl acrylate and
stearyl methacrylate
1a

2.20.4 Impregnation spray

PFAS have also been detected in impregnation sprays for leather and textiles (Kotthoff et al. 2015; Herzke, Olsson, and Posner 2012; Vejrup, Kark and Lindblom 2002) (see Table
78).

Chemical name

CnF2n+1COOH

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 3, 5-13

CAS No.

D

Type

(Kotthoff et al. 2015)

Reference

Table 78: PFAS detected in impregnation spray. D under type stands for detected. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA)1a

375-22-4, 307-24-4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1,
375-95-1, 335-76-2, 2058-94-8, 307-55-1,
72629-94-8, 376-06-7

165

 1b

Perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs)
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSA)1c
(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH)1d
1a

2.21 Lubricants and greases

CnF2n+1SO2NH2
CnF2n+1SO3H
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

2.21.1 Sintered bearings, gearboxes and seals

1c

n=8
n=4
n = 4, 6, 8, 10
1d

754-91-6
375-73-5
2043-47-2, 647-42-7, 678-39-7, 865-86-1

D
D
D

(Vejrup, Kark and Lindblom 2002)
(Herzke, Olsson, and Posner 2012)
(Kotthoff et al. 2015)

PFAS are used as lubricants in a variety of sintered bearing applications such as lubed-for-life sintered roller and roll-neck bearings in electric motors, automotive components,
computer peripherals and other machinery (Chemours 2019b). The PFAS form a film layer that decreases wear on bearings. Additionally, they do not oxidize and are resistant to
corrosion and rust during storage and in wet environments (Chemours 2019b). Fluorinated lubricants are also used in gearboxes where they have the advantage that they do not
degrade at high temperatures and do not form sludge or varnish that is often the cause of bearing and gear failures (Chemours 2019b). PFAS are also used to lock down seals that
provide the barrier integrity required for superior performance (Chemours 2019b). PFAS that have been described, detected, or patented for use as lubricants are shown in Table
79. There are some more perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) that are marketed for use as lubricants, but the CAS numbers cannot be related to a specific chemical structure, and the
chemical names are also very vague (e.g. CAS No. 200013-65-6 diphosphoric acid, polymers with ethoxylated reduced Me esters of reduced polymd. oxidized tetrafluoroethylene). Examples for those PFPEs used as lubricants are CAS Nos. 76415-97-9, 156559-18-1, 161075-02-1, 161075-14-5, 200013-65-6, 370097-12-4, 69991-67-9 (Z. Wang et al. 2020).

(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)1a

Chemical name

C4F9OCH3
CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3
C4F9OCH2CH3

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

Molecular formula

(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7100)
(part of HFE-7200)

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 6, 8, 10

647-42-7, 67839-7, 865-86-1
163702-07-6
163702-08-7
163702-05-4

CAS No.

U
U
U

D

Type

(Fiedler, Pfister, and
Schramm 2010)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

Reference

Table 79: PFAS used, detected or patented as lubricants. HFE-7100 and HFE-7200 are commercial products. Patent number (date, legal status): CN104611101 (2015, rejected),
DE102011104507 (2012, withdrawn due to failure to request examination), CN108264956 (2018, not yet active). The types stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent.
Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Methyl perfluorobutyl ether1b
Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether1c
Ethyl perfluorobutyl ether1d

166

 1a
1b

Ethyl perfluoroisobutyl ether1e
Pol difluorometh lene -chloro- -(2,2-dichloro1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-1f
Poly(difluorometh lene -(cyclohexylmethyl)- hydro-1g

Poly[oxy[trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-ethane
di l
-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropyl)- (1,1,2,2,2-penta fluoroethoxy)-2a
Cycloalkanesulfonic acid, perfluoro(pentafluoro
ethyl)-, potassium salt (1:1)2b
Propylene tetrafluorethylene copolymer2c
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2d
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)2e
2a

Poly[oxy[trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-ethane
di l
-[phosphinidynetris[oxy[1-fluoro-1-(
trifluoro methyl)-2,1-ethanedi l tris -(1,1,2,2,
3,3,3-heptafluoro propoxy)-3a

1c

HCnF2nCH2C6H11

CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH2CH3
CFCl2CF2CnF2nCl
undefined

(part of HFE-7200)
undefined

65530-85-0

163702-06-5
79070-11-4

U*

U*
U

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

P

(USEPA 2016)

(CAS 2019 (CN104611101))

1g

52700-35-3

U

1f

polymer

67584-42-3

1e

CF3CF2CF2(OC3F6)nOCF2CF3

n=8

(CAS 2019 (CN104611101))
(Norden 2020)
(USEPA 2016)

1d

K+ c-CnF2n-1SO3

P
U*
U

(CAS 2019 (CN108264956))

2e

27029-05-6
9002-84-0
9002-83-9

2247153-51-9

2d

polymer
polymer
polymer
2c

polymer

P

(CH3CHCH2)x-(CF2CF2)y
-(CF2CF2)x-(CF2CFCl)x2b

P[OCH2CF(CF3)(OC3F6)nOC3F7]3

167

 -3b
3a

Poly[oxy[trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-ethane
diyl]], -(1-carboxy-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)- [tetrafluoro (trifluoromethyl)ethoxy]-4a
Poly[oxy[trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)-1,2ethanedi l
-(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)- [tetrafluoro(trifluoro methyl)ethoxy]-4b
Polyperfluoromethylisopropyl ether4c
4a

2.21.2 Others

U*

U

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon
2012)

-

51798-33-5

U*

(Norden 2020)

n = 2 to 200,
m = 2 to 500

polymer

60164-51-4

U*

F(C3F6O)nC2F4C(O)O(CH2CH2O)mH

(C3F6O)nC6HF11O3

polymer

69991-67-9

3b

(C3F6O)nC5F12O

polymer
4c

-CF3O[CF(CF3)CF2O]x(CF2O)yCF34b

Chemours uses PFPE-based lubricants in their Krytox series (Chemours 2019b). In the light mechanical arena, PFPEs show superior performance in plastic-to-metal or plastic-toplastic lubrication in typewriters or photocopying machines (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). PFPEs (e.g. CAS No. 88645-29-8) have also been used to lubricate push-buttom

168

 and sliding-switch contacts. Poly(hexafluorooxetane) has been shown to work effectively as a lubricant for pumps, valves, and compressors for oxygen and halogens (R. E. Banks,
Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

Some PFAS, e.g. poly(difluoromethylene), .alpha.-(cyclohexylmethyl)-.omega.-hydro- (CAS No. 65530-85-0) or PTFE are also used as additives to lubricating agents. However, the
function is not always clear (Norden 2020). Ionic liquids with phosphate(1-), trifluorotris(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)- (CAS No. 429679-87-8) have been investigated as base oil
additives in the lubrication of titanium nitride coatings (Blanco et al. 2011).

2.22 Medical utensils
2.22.1 Electronic devices for medical applications

Fluoropolymers serve as high dielectric insulators for electronic devices that rely on high frequency signals such as defibrillators, pacemakers, cardiac resynchronization therapy
(CRT), positron-emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices (FluoroIndustry 2019) (see also Section 2.12.2 under Electronic devices`).

2.22.2 CCD colour filter in video endoscopes

PFOS (CAS No. 1763-23-1) has been used in charge-coupled device (CCD) colour filters in video endoscopes. A video endoscope is a long, thin, flexible tube that has light and a
camera at one end. Thus, images from the inside of the body are shown on a screen outside. It is estimated that around 70% of the video endoscopes used worldwide, or about
endoscopes contain a CCD colour filter that contains a small amount (150 ng) of PFOS (POPRC 2019). The use of PFOS in new CCD colour filters is not longer allowed (COP
2019).

2.22.3 Contrast agent
Microbubble-based ultrasound contrast agents

Microbubble-based ultrasound contrast agents have a diameter usually smaller than 10 µm and contain a fluorinated gas inner core, which provides osmotic stabilization and
contributes to interfacial tension reduction (Dichiarante, Milani, and Metrangolo 2018). Due to the low solubility of fluorinated gases in aqueous media (if compared to air, oxygen
or nitrogen), fluorinated gases dissolve more slowly, and thus create longer lived microbubbles. Their gas core can resonate when exposed to ultrasounds, making the
microbubbles useful contrast agents for ultrasound imaging (especially for the detection and treatment of cardiovascular diseases), or targeted drug and gene delivery
(Dichiarante, Milani, and Metrangolo 2018). Gaseous PFAS that habe been used in the gas inner core are perfluoropropane (CAS No. 76-19-7) and perfluorobutane (CAS No. 35525-9) (Dichiarante, Milani, and Metrangolo 2018).

X-Ray imaging

Perfluorocarbons and their brominated analogues are radio-opaque, especially the latter. Compounds such as 1-bromoperfluorooctane (CAS No. 423-55-2) have been used
extensively for X-ray imaging of the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and RES tissues (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

169

 Magnetic resonance imaging

1-Bromoperfluorooctane has also been used as contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (NIH 2019). F-based MRI using perfluoropolymer labelled cells has recently
entered the clinic offering new insights into cell imaging. Fluoropolymer-tagged cells showed excellent contrast and resolution due to the lack of fluorine in organs and tissue and it
was even possible to quantify them using 19F NMR spectroscopy (Gardiner 2015).

Other techniques

1-Bromoperfluorooctane and other perfluorocarbons have also been used effectively as contrast agents for both proton and 19F NMR imaging studies of various tissues. 1Bromoperfluorooctane has additionally been used as a contrast agent in computed tomography and sonography. The uptake of perfluorocarbon emulsion particles by
macrophages of malignant tissues has provided a convenient method for localizing tumors (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

2.22.4 Radio-opaque materials
ETFE (CAS No. 25038-71-5) has been used as radio-opaque material (POPRC 2016a).

2.22.5 Surgical drapes and gowns

Surgical drapes and gowns are treated with PFAS (for example side-chain fluorinated polymers or PTFE) to enhance water-, oil- and dirt-resistance (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency
2015b) (see also Section 2.4. Apparel`).

2.22.6 X-Ray films
Photographic industry`)

Fluorinated surfactants have been used in the manufacture of x-ray films for photoimaging with medical equipment (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b) (see also Section 1.16

2.22.7 Dispersant in medical applications

PFOS (CAS No. 1763-23-1) and PFBS (CAS No. 375-73-5) have been used as dispersant to incorporate contrast agents into an ETFE copolymer layer (UNEP 2017). Fluorinated
surfactants such as potassium N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetate (CAS No. 2991-51-7) can be used to disperse cell aggregates to diagnose cell abnormalities (CAS 2019
(JP52105208, 1977)).

2.22.8 Ophthalmology
Eye drops

A disorder in the tear film homeostasis can lead to the dry eye syndrome (DES) (Chachaj-Brekiesz et al. 2019). Perfluorohexyloctane (CAS No. 133331-77-8) is used as delivery
agent for one of the most effective DES treatments (cyclosporine A cyclic polypeptide) (Chachaj-Brekiesz et al. 2019). Perfluorohexyloctane is used, for example, in eye drops
from Novaliq (Novaliq 2020).

Contact lenses

Contact lenses are manufactured with PFAS as raw materials. Side-chain fluorinated (meth)acrylate polymers have been of particular interest for this application (R. E. Banks,
Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Table 80 lists PFAS polymers that habe been patented or marketed for contact lenses. Additionally, a research article (Qin et al. 2017) describes a method

170

 to load drugs into commercially available contact lenses. The method was demonstrated by using model compounds including fluorous-tagged fluorescein and antibiotic
ciprofloxacin. The tags were fluorocarbon chains with 2 to 6 perfluorocarbons (Qin et al. 2017).

Copolymer of 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-,
2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl ester

Copolymer of 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-,
2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl ester

Chemical name

-(C26H58O9Si6)x-(C16H38O5Si4)y-(C13H30O5Si3)m-(C10H14O4)n(C8H7F7O2)w-(C7H11O2.C4H6O2)u-

-(C26H58O9Si6)x-(C16H38O5Si4)y-(C13H30O5Si3)m-(C10H14O4)n(C8H7F7O2)w-(C5H8O2)u-(C4H6O2)v-

-(C26H58O9Si6)x-(C16H38O5Si4)y-(C13H30O5Si3)m-(C10H14O4)n(C8H7F7O2)w-(C4H6O2)u-

Molecular formula

polymer

polymer

Specification
of chemical(s)
polymer

109550-15-4

109550-12-1

109550-14-3

CAS No.

P

P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (US4661573))

(CAS 2019 (US4661573))

(CAS 2019 (US4661573))

Reference

Table 80: PFAS polymers that have been patented or marketed for contact lenses. Patent number (date, legal status): US4661573 (1987, expired), US5346976 (1994, expired). The
types stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Copolymer of 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-,
2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl ester

171

 Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-, oxidized,
polymd., reduced, Me esters, reduced

Copolymer of 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-,
2-[ethyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro
butyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl ester

-

-(C26H58O9Si6)x-(C16H38O5Si4)y-(C13H30O5Si3)m-(C12H14F9NO4S)n(C10H14O4)w-(C5H8O2.C4H6O2)u-

polymer

polymer

88645-29-8

109550-13-2

U

P

(Z. Wang et al. 2020)

(CAS 2019 (US4661573))

Retinal detachment surgery and proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Perfluoroethane (CAS No. 76-16-4), perfluoropropane (CAS No. 76-19-7), perfluorooctane (CAS No. 307-34-6) and perfluorodecalin (CAS No. 306-94-5) are used as
endotamponades in retinal detachment surgeries (Spandau, Tomic, and Ruiz-Casas 2018; F2_Chemicals 2019a). Perfluorotripropylamine (CAS No. 338-83-0) and perfluorooctane
have been used as intraoperative tools during vitreoretinal surgery for trauma-induced retinal detachment (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). A review on perfluorocarbon
liquids in vitreoretinal surgery and related ocular inflammation additionally mentions the use of perfluorotetradecahydrophenanthrene (CAS No. 306-91-2), perfluorotributylamine
(CAS No. 311-89-7), and 1-bromoperfluorooctane (CAS No. 423-55-2) (Yu et al. 2014) The review describes the use of perfluorocarbons for relocating and stabilizing the detached
retina for further maneuvers floating the foreign bodies in the vitreous body protecting the macula and suprachoroidal haemorrhage For more detailed information see
Yu et al. (2014). PFAS that have additionally been patented for retinal deployment are listed in Table 81.

172

 Semifluorinated n-alkanes

Semifluorinated n-alkanes

Semifluorinated n-alkanes

Semifluorinated n-alkanes

Semifluorinated n-alkanes

Semifluorinated n-alkanes

Semifluorinated n-alkanes

Semifluorinated n-alkanes

Semifluorinated n-alkanes

Semifluorinated n-alkanes1a

Chemical name

CnF2n+1(CH2)mCnF2n+1
CnF2n+1CH2CH2CH(CH3)2
CnF2n+1CH2CH(CH3)2

CnF2n+1(CH2)mCnF2n+1

CnF2n+1(CH2)mCnF2n+1

CnF2n+1(CH2)mCnF2n+1

CnF2n+1(CH2)mCnF2n+1

CnF2n+1(CH2)mCnF2n+1

CnF2n+1(CH2)mH

CnF2n+1(CH2)mH

CnF2n+1(CH2)mH

CnF2n+1(CH2)mH

CnF2n+1(CH2)mH

Molecular formula

n = 8, m = 4, 8
n = 6, 8
n = 6, 8

n = 6, m = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

n = 5, m = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

n = 4, m = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

n = 3, m = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

n = 2, m = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

n = 10, m = 2 10

n = 8, m = 2 - 10

n = 6, m = 2 - 10

n = 4, m = 2 - 10

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 2, m = 2 - 10

37826-35-0, 154381-43-8, 94099-50-0,
118559-22-1, 1287702-49-1, 1824054-32-1,
1024003-30-2, 1823562-65-7, 69125-77-5
38436-17-8, 154381-51-8, 253342-14-2,
1190430-21-7, 1190430-19-3, 1190430-22-8,
69125-79-7, 234433-63-7, 214196-02-8
80793-17-5, 168834-06-8, 154478-86-1,
1287702-48-0, 69125-80-0, 1835249-87-0,
133331-77-8, 113659-13-5, 147492-59-9
77117-48-7, 1835250-28-6, 182130-12-7,
1835250-47-9, 182130-14-9, 182130-15-0,
6145-05-7, 931415-52-0, 138472-76-1
154478-87-2, 1835251-22-3, 1244062-17-6,
250738-42-2, 116177-54-9, 200817-54-5,
93454-70-7, 125635-85-0, 90499-29-9
95576-25-3, 1835251-87-0, 1835251-86-9,
69125-81-1, 1835251-85-8
1835251-92-7, 377-06-0, 69125-82-2,
1835251-91-6, 168169-26-4
142083-52-1, 345944-97-0, 1835252-03-3,
1835252-00-0, 1835251-99-4
1835255-38-3, 1835255-26-9, 1835255-25-8,
1835255-24-7, 1835252-07-7
53749-64-7, 76597-99-4, 959462-53-4,
959462-54-5, 1835255-18-9
133299-41-9, 100550-08-1
212957-52-3, 212957-55-6
212957-45-4, 212957-49-8

CAS No.

P
P
P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (DE19536504))
(CAS 2019 (DE19719280))
(CAS 2019 (DE19719280))

(CAS 2019 (DE19536504))

(CAS 2019 (DE19536504))

(CAS 2019 (DE19536504))

(CAS 2019 (DE19536504))

(CAS 2019 (DE19536504))

(CAS 2019 (DE19536504))

(CAS 2019 (DE19536504))

(CAS 2019 (DE19536504))

(CAS 2019 (DE19536504))

(CAS 2019 (DE19536504))

Reference

Table 81: PFAS that have been patented for retinal deployment. Patent number (date, legal status): DE19536504 (1997, expired), DE19719280 (1998, expired). P under type stands
for patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Semifluorinated n-alkanes
Alkane, perfluoro-n-methyl-1b
Alkane, perfluoro-n-methyl-(2)1c

173

 1a

2.22.9 Dialysis

1b

1c

Fluoropolymers are used in protein-resistant and sterile filters, tubings, O-rings, seals and gaskets for kidney dialysis machines and immuno-diagnostic instruments (FluoroIndustry
2019). The water permeability of dialysis membranes containing fluorocarbon polymers can be increased by surface treatment with a cationic fluorinated surfactant (unknown
identity) (Kissa 2001).

2.22.10 Catheters, stents and needles

Fluoropolymers provide low-friction and clot-resistant coatings for catheters, stents and needles (FluoroIndustry 2019). PTFE is used in surgical patches and vascular catheters
(POPRC 2018a). Expanded PTFE has been used as surgical sutures, arterial and stent grafts as well as preformed subcutaneous implants in reconstructive and cosmetic facial
surgery (Gardiner 2015). 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, polymer with 1,1-difluoroethene and 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1-propene (CAS No. 215653-67-1) has been patended to coat
drug delivery stents (CAS 2019 (US20060047095, 2006)) and Teflon AF (CAS No. 37626-13-4) to coat vascular stents (CAS 2019 (US20050131527, 2005)).

2.22.11 Oxygen carrier
Supplement conventional blood transfusion and artificial blood

PFAS have been used as vehicles for respiratory gas transport, primarily as O2-carrying resuscitation fluids designed to supplement conventional blood transfusion (R. E. Banks,
Smart, and Tatlow 1994). PFAS have also been used as oxygen carrier in artificial blood also termed white blood (Dichiarante, Milani, and Metrangolo 2018). Table 82 lists some
of the PFAS that have been used or have been patented as oxygen carrier for (artificial) blood.

Chemical name

CnF2n+1CH2CH2CH(CH3)2
CnF2n+1CH2CH(CH3)2
N(CnF2n+1)3
BrCnF2n+1
-

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 6, 8
n = 6, 8
n=3
n = 8, 10
Oxyfluor

212957-52-3, 212957-55-6
212957-45-4, 212957-49-8
338-83-0
423-55-2, 307-43-7
-

CAS No.

P
P
U
U
U

Type

(CAS 2019 (DE19719280))
(CAS 2019 (DE19719280))
(Dichiarante, Milani, and Metrangolo 2018)
(Dichiarante, Milani, and Metrangolo 2018)
(Dichiarante, Milani, and Metrangolo 2018)

Reference

Table 82: PFAS that have been or are currently used or have been patented as oxygen carrier for (artificial) blood. Patent number (date, legal status): DE19719280 (1998, expired).
The types stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Alkane, perfluoro-ω-methyl-1a
Alkane, perfluoro-ω-methyl-(2)
Perfluorotrialkyl amine 1b
1-Bromoperfluoroalkanes1c
Perfluoro-dichlorooctane

174

 Perfluoro(tert-butylcyclohexane)1d
Perfluorodecalin1e
Perfluoromethyldecalin1f
Perfluorodimethyl-adamantane
1a

Perfusion of isolated organs

1b

c-C10F20
c-C10F18
c-C11F20
1c

1d

84808-64-0
306-94-5
306-92-3
-

1e

U
U
U
U

(Dichiarante, Milani, and Metrangolo 2018)
(Dichiarante, Milani, and Metrangolo 2018)
(Clark et al. 1974)
(Clark et al. 1974)

1f

PFAS emulsions have been employed for the perfusion of isolated organs including the heart, liver, kidney, lung, pancreas and testis (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). The
PFAS that have been used are the same ones used as oxygen carrier for (artificial) blood (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994; F2_Chemicals 2019a).

Angioplasty

PFAS emulsions (e.g. Fluosol, which contains perfluorotripropyl amine (CAS No. 338-83-0) and perfluorodecalin (CAS No. 306-94-5)) have been used as oxygen-carrying fluid to
overcome ischemic myocardial damage during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

2.22.12 Dentistry

A dental caries-inhibiting composition, such as a toothpaste or mouthwash, has been patetented with a fluorinated surfactant which increases the formation of fluorapatite from
enamel-fluoride interactions (CAS 2019 (US4353892, 1982)). 6:2 and 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohols (CAS No. 647-42-7 and 678-39-7) and C5, C7 -C9, C11 and C12 perfluorocarboxylic
acids have been detected in dental floss (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b; Guo, Liu, and Krebs 2009). PFAS that have been patetend for UV-hardened dental restorative
materials are listed in Table 83.

Molecular formula

Specification
of chemical(s)

CAS No.

Type

Reference

Table 83: PFAS that have been patented for UV-hardened dental restorative materials. Patent number (date, legal status): WO2009079534 (2009, active), US8962708 (2015,
active). P under type stands for patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

175

 1b

Ethanol, 2,2-difluoro-2-[1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-[1,1,2,2tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]-1a
Poly[oxy[trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-ethanedi l
(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropyl)- -[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-[[(2hydroxyethyl) amino]carbonyl]ethoxy]-1b
1a

2.22.13 Ventilation of the respiratory airways

CF3CF[C(O)NHCH2CH2OH]O[(C3F6)O]

CF3O(CF2CF2O)2CF2CH2OH
-

-

627909-42-6

147492-57-7

P

P

(CAS 2019 (US8962708))

(CAS 2019 (WO2009079534))

nCF2CF2CF3

Studies using fetal lambs and miniature pigs have shown that ventilation of the respiratory airways with perfluorocarbon liquids can improve lung compliance and increase arterial
O2 tensions. In addition, the small quantity of perfluorocarbons remaining in the alveoli after evaporation acted as a wetting agent enabling subsequent ventilation to occur at
lower pressures (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Alkanes, perfluoro- -methyl (CAS No. 212957-52-3, 212957-55-6, 212957-45-4, 212957-49-8) have been patented for the
regeneration of lung tissue by rinsing the lungs (CAS 2019 (DE19719280, 1998)).

2.22.14 Others

Nafion membranes have been used to dry or humidify breath for anaesthesia and respiratory care as well as for biomedical inserts (Gardiner 2015). Fluorine-containing segmented
polyurethanes have superior blood compatibility and durability for use in an artificial heart pump (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Alkanes, perfluoro- -methyl- (CAS No.
212957-52-3, 212957-55-6, 212957-45-4, 212957-49-8) have been patented as a component of a liquid implant and medical aid in wound care, in particular burns for cleaning burn
residues (CAS 2019 (DE19719280, 1998)). Fluoropolymers are suitable materials for implants, and enzyme immobilization and bioaffinity separation systems (R. E. Banks, Smart,
and Tatlow 1994).

2.23 Metallic and ceramic surfaces

A patent discloses fluorinated surfactants that can be used to treat metalic or ceramic surfaces (hot plates, metallic moulds and the like) at a high temperature of 200° C or above,
wherein organic treating agents (finishes, release agents and the like) will not form a tar or sludge (CAS 2019 (US4497720, 1984)). The patented PFAS are listed in Table 84.

176

 Specification
of chemical(s)
n=8
n=8
n=8
n=8

2795-39-3
70281-93-5
2991-51-7
52550-45-5

CAS No.

P
P
P
P

Type

(CAS 2019 (US4497720))

(CAS 2019 (US4497720))
(CAS 2019 (US4497720))
(CAS 2019 (US4497720))
(CAS 2019 (US4497720))

Reference

Molecular formula
K+ CnF2n+1SO3
K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2COO
K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2COO
CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)xOH

P

n=8

n=8
n=8

30381-98-7

90168-34-6

75046-16-1
90179-38-7

P

P

P
P

(CAS 2019 (US4497720))

(CAS 2019 (US4497720))

(CAS 2019 (US4497720))
(CAS 2019 (US4497720))

1e

38006-74-5
1d

n=8

Cl

n=8

1c

2c

NH4+ [CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2O]2PO2

Cl

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2COO
Cl CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2CH2SO2 N+
(CH3)2CH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2O(CH2CH2O)n
SO3H

K+

Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

Table 84: PFAS patented for surface treatment of metalic or ceramic surfaces. Patent number (date, legal status): US4497720) (1984, expired). P under type stands for patent.
Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

1b

Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonate1a
Potassium N-methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoacetate1b
Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoacetate1c
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[[(pentadecafluoroheptyl)
sulfonyl]propylamino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-1d
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, chloride (1:1)1e
1a

2b

Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido betaine2a
Ethanaminium, N-[[3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propylamino]
propyl]sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride2b
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -sulfo- -[2-[[(perfluoro
alkyl)sulfonyl]propylamino]ethoxy]-2c
2a

1-Alkanesulfonamide, N,N -[phosphinicobis(oxy-2,1-ethane
diyl)]bis[N-ethyl-perfluoro-, ammonium salt (1:1)3a

177

 Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[ethyl(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)
amino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-3b
1-Propanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-3-[(perfluoro-1oxoalkyl)amino]-, chloride (1:1)3c
1-Propanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-3-[(perfluoro-1oxoalkyl)amino]-, iodide (1:1)(3c)
1-Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)amino]-, inner salt3d
3a

ּ NH3

4b

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(perfluoro-2-hydroxy-2methylalkyl)- -hydroxy-4a
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[1-[(diethylamino)methyl]perfluoroalkyll]- -hydroxy-4b
2-Alkanol, perfluoro-, dihydrogen phosphate, potassium salt4c
1-Heptanol, 4,4,5,5,6,7,7,7-octafluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-,
dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium salt 4d
4a

xK

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2
COO

I CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

Cl CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

CnF2n+1C(O)N(C2H5)CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH

n=7

n=7

n=7

n=7

90179-39-8

335-90-0

53517-98-9

115633-66-4

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (US4497720))

(CAS 2019 (US4497720))

(CAS 2019 (US4497720))

(CAS 2019 (US4497720))

P

(CAS 2019 (US4497720))

(CAS 2019 (US4497720))

3d

90168-35-7

P

3c

n=9

90168-36-8

(CAS 2019 (US4497720))
(CAS 2019 (US4497720))

3b

CnF2n+1C(OH)(CH3)CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH

n=9

P
P

Cl

CnF2n+1CH2CH[(OCH2CH2)nOH]CH2N(C2H5)2

90179-37-6
63295-21-6
4d

n=8
4c

x K+ CnF2n+1CH2CH(CH3)OPO3
2 NH4+ CF3CF(CF3)C2F4CH2CH2CH2OPO3

2.24 Musical instruments and related equipement

Elixir (a related ePTFE product) has been used to coat guitar strings to prevent loss of vibration due to residue build up (Gardiner 2015). A recent patent decribes piano keys which
contain PVDF (CAS No. 24937-79-9) (CAS 2019 (CN109280339, 2019)). According to the information on the product, the TFL-50 dry lubricant used by piano tuners to eliminate
squeaking in piano keys contains fluorocarbons.

178

 2.25 Optical devices
2.25.1 Optical lenses

Teflon-AF (CAS No. 37626-13-4) has excellent thermal, chemical, and electrical properties, also possess outstanding optical clarity and the lowest refractive index of all known
organic materials. This makes it ideal for optical lenses, fibreoptic applications, and high quality transparent coatings (Gardiner 2015). A low refractive index and high transparency
are also provided when perfluoro(allyl vinyl ether) homopolymer (CAS No. 101182-88-1) or 1-butene, 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-4-[(1,2,2-trifluoroethenyl)oxy]-, homopolymer (CAS No.
122817-52-1) are used (CAS 2019 (JP01147501, 1989)).

2.25.2 Resin composition for optical materials (e.g. optical fibers)

Transparent and flexible resin compositions with low refractive index are needed for optical materials (CAS 2019 (JP2002212261, 2002)). Table 85 gives some example of PFAS that
have been patented for those resin compositions. R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow (1994) stated that side-chain fluorinated (meth)acrylate polymers are of particular interest as
cladding materials for optical fibers.

Reference

Table 85: PFAS that have been patented for resin compositions for optical materials. Patent number (date, legal status): JP2002212261 (2002, active), JP2003292536 (2003,
rejected), JP2004168840 (2004, rejected), JP2004043671 (2004, pending). The types stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are
provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Type

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=8
n = 6, 8

CAS No.

Chemical name

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)CH=CH2
CnF2n+1CH2CH(CH2OH)OC(O)CH=CH2

P

P
P

(n:2) Fluorotelomer acrylates (FTACs)1a
2-Propenoic acid, perfluoro-1-(hydroxymethyl)alkyl ester1b

n = 6, 8

(CAS 2019 (JP2002212261))
(CAS 2019 (JP2002212261,
JP2004168840))
(CAS 2019 (JP2002212261,
JP2004168840))
(CAS 2019 (JP2003292536))
CnF2n+1CH2CH(OH)CH2OC(O)CH=CH2

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2003292536))

2-Propenoic acid, perfluoro-2-hydroxyalkyl ester1c

27905-45-9
146955-23-9,
146955-29-5
146955-22-8,
76962-34-0
147187-54-0

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2002212261))

1d

145756-59-8

P

n=6
1c

n=6

38565-53-6

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2CH(CH2OH)OC
(O)CH=CH2
1b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2CH(OH)CH2O
C(O)CH=CH2
CnF2n+1CH2C2OH3

n=8

2-Propenoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[perfluoroalkyl)oxy]ethyl
ester1d
1a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]propyl ester2a
Oxirane, 2-(perfluoroalkyl)-2b

179

 2b

Oxirane, 2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]methyl]-2c
1,10-Decanediol, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9-hexadecafluoro-2d
2a

3b

Hexane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,5,5-octafluoro-6-isocyanato-2-(isocyanato
methyl)-4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3a
Hexane, 1,1,1,3,3,4,5,5-octafluoro-6-isocyanato-2-(isocyanato
methyl)-2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3b
Ethanol, 2,2-difluoro-2-[1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-[1,1,2,2-tetra
fluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]-3c
Ethanol, 2,2-difluoro-2-[1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-[1,1,2,2-tetra
fluoro-2-[1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro
butoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]-3d
3a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 7,7,9,9,10,10,12,12,13,13,15,
15,16,16,17,17,18,18,18-nonadecafluoro-4-oxo-5,8,11,14tetraoxa-3-azaoctadec-1-yl ester4a
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 7,7,9,9,10,10,12,12,13,13,15,15,16,
16,18,18,19,19,20,20,21,21,21-tricosafluoro-4-oxo-5,8,11,14,17pentaoxa-3-azaheneicos-1-yl ester4b

444122-27-4

P

P

P
P

(CAS 2019 (JP2004043671))

(CAS 2019 (JP2002212261))

(CAS 2019 (JP2002212261))

(CAS 2019 (JP2004168840))
(CAS 2019 (JP2002212261))

122193-68-4
754-96-1

-

444122-26-3

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2004043671))

(CAS 2019 (JP2004043671))

n=6
n=8

-

317817-24-6

P

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2C2OH3
HOCH2C8F16CH2OH

-

653573-80-9

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2004043671))

2d

CF3CF(CH2N=C=O)CF2C(CF3)2CF2
CH2N=C=O
CF3C(CF3)(CH2N=C=O)CF2CF(CF3)CF2CH2
N=C=O
CF2CF2(CF2CF2O)3CF2CH2OH

-

549549-24-8

P

2c

CF2CF2(CF2CF2O)4CF2CH2OH

-

653573-81-0

3c

CF2CF2(CF2CF2O)3CF2CH2OC(O)NHCH2CH2
OC(O)C(CH3)=CH2

-

3d

CF2CF2(CF2CF2O)4CF2CH2OC(O)NHCH2
CH2OC(O)C(CH3)=CH2

180

 2,2-Bis(trifluoromethyl)propyl methacrylate
4a

2.25.3 Other optical devices

4b

-

-

U

(R. E. Banks, Smart, and
Tatlow 1994)

Fiber optics are increasingly employed in long distance communications metropolitan network and local access communications and there is an increasing need for efficient,
compact optical amplification. Optical communication systems based on glass optical fibers allow communication signals to be transmitted not only over long distances with low
attenuation but also at extremely high data rates, or bandwidth capacity (CAS 2019 (WO2003082884, 2003)). Optical network near the end user, starting at the LAN stage, are
characterized by numerous fiber connections, splices, and couplings, especially those associated with splitting of the input signal into numerous channels. All of these introduce
optical loss. To compensate for the loss penalty, current solutions rely on expensive erbium-doped fiber amplifier that are bulky at fiber lengths of about 40 m. One of the most
critical components in the module is the erbium doped silica fiber (EDF). Present EDF is limited by low concentrations of erbium atoms (maximum is about 0.1%) (CAS 2019
(WO2003082884, 2003)). Compositions of PFAS with reare earth atoms overcome these limitation (see Table 86). Additionally, Teflon AF (CAS No. 37626-13-4), Cytop, and Hyflon
AD (CAS No. 161611-79-6) have been used as core and cladding for a new generation of optical fibres (Gardiner 2015). PFAS have also been used in optical elements such as
waveguides (e.g., optical fibers and films), optical amplifiers, lasers, compensated optical splitters, multiplexers, isolators, interleavers, demultiplexers, filters, photodetectors, and
switches (CAS 2019 (WO2003018592, 2003)). PFAS that are used in those optical devices are also shown in Table 86.

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=8
n/m = 2/2, 4/4,
4/8, 6/6, 6/8,
7/7, 8/8, 8/10,
10/10, 12/12

CAS No.
40143-78-0
103321-11-5, 52299-25-9,
610800-35-6, 40143-77-9,
610800-34-5, 158986-675, 40143-79-1, 500776-818, 52299-27-1, 63225-54-7
500776-86-3, 500776-727, 500776-71-6, 50077694-3, 500776-92-1

P

P
P

Type

(CAS 2019 (WO2003018592))

(CAS 2019 (WO2003018592))
(CAS 2019 (WO2003082884))

Reference

Table 86: PFAS that have been patented for optical devices. Patent number (date, legal status): WO2003018592 (2003, active), WO2003082884 (2003, active), US20030189193
(2003, abandoned application). The types stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

CnF2n+1P(=O)(OH)2
CnF2n+1P(CmF2m+1)(=O)OH

1/3 Yb3+ CnF2n+1P(CmF2m+1)O2

Perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs)1a
Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs)1b

Phosphinic acid, perfluoroalkyl-, ytterbium (3+) salt(1b)

n/m = 4/4, 6/6,
8/8, 8/10, 10/10

181

 n/m = 4/4, 6/6,
8/8, 8/10, 10/10

(CAS 2019 (WO2003018592))

1/3 Er3+ CnF2n+1P(CmF2m+1)O2

P

Phosphinic acid, perfluoroalkyl-, erbium (3+) salt(1b)

n=6
n=8
n = 4, 6, 11

P
P
P

(CnF2n+1)2P(=O)OCH3
(CnF2n+1)2P(=O)SH
[CF3CF(CF3)CnF2n]2P(=O)OH

(CAS 2019 (WO2003082884))
(CAS 2019 (WO2003082884))
(CAS 2019 (WO2003082884),
(US20030189193))
(CAS 2019 (WO2003018592))

Phosphinic acid, bis(perfluoroalkyl)-, methyl ester1c
Phosphinothioic acid, bis(perfluoroalkyl)-1d
Phosphinic acid, bis[perfluoro-n-(trifluoromethyl)alkyl]1e

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2003018592))

500776-85-2, 500776-738, 500776-70-5, 50077693-2, 500776-91-0
610800-37-8
610800-36-7
610800-33-4, 500776-761, 610800-82-3
500776-88-5

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2003082884))

n=6

500776-87-4

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2003018592))

1/3 Yb3+ [CF3CF(CF3)CnF2n]2PO2

Phosphinic acid, bis[perfluoro-n-(trifluoromethyl)alkyl]-,
ytterbium (3+) salt (3:1) (1e)

n=6

500776-78-3

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2003018592))

1e

n=6

500776-90-9

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2003082884))

1d

n=6

500776-89-6

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2003082884))

1/3 Yb3+ [CF(CF3)2OCF2CF2]2PO2

1c

1/3 Er3+ [CF3CF(CF3)CnF2n]2PO2

n=6

500776-74-9

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2003082884))

-

1b

[CF3CF(CF3)CnF2n]2P(=O)SH

-

800776-84-1

P

1/3 Er3+ [CF(CF3)2OCF2CF2]2PO2

-

1a

1/3 Yb3+ [CF3CF(CF3)CnF2n]2
P(=O)S
1/3 Er3+ [CF3CF(CF3)CnF2n]2
P(=O)S
[CF(CF3)2OCF2CF2]2P(=O)OH

-

500776-83-0

C3F7(OCF(CF3))10COOH

polymer
polymer

U
U

U

Phosphinic acid, bis[perfluoro-n-(trifluoromethyl) alkyl]-,
erbium (3+) salt (3:1) (1e)
Phosphinothioic acid, bis[perfluoro-n-(trifluoromethyl)
alkyl]-2a
Phosphinothioic acid, bis[perfluoro-n-(trifluoromethyl)
alkyl]- , ytterbium (3+) salt (3:1)(2a)
Phosphinothioic acid, bis[perfluoro-n-(trifluoromethyl)
alkyl]- , erbium (3+) salt (3:1) (2a)
Phosphinic acid, bis[1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-[1,2,2,2-tetra
fluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl) ethoxy]ethyl]-2b
Phosphinic acid, bis[1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-[1,2,2,2-tetra
fluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl) ethoxy]ethyl]-, ytterbium(3+)
salt(2b)
Phosphinic acid, bis[1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-[1,2,2,2-tetra
fluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethoxy]ethyl]-, erbium (3+)
salt(2b)
-2c

-(CF2CF2)x-[C(CF3)2O2C2F2]y-

37626-13-4
-

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon
2012)
(Gardiner 2015)
(Gardiner 2015)

Teflon AF2d
Cytop

182

 Hyflon AD3a

2a

3a

2.26 Paper and packaging

-(CF2CF2)x-(CF2O2C2FOCF3)y-

2b

polymer

2c

161611-79-6

U

2d

(Gardiner 2015)

PFAS have been used in the paper industry to produce water and greaseproof paper (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005). PFAS can be added to the pulp slurry, applied to the
paper surface, or included in pigment coatings. The surface treatment process has been the most effective mode of PFAS application and has been easier to control than the
internal application process (Kissa 2001). Fluorinated surfactants have also been used as release agents for paper-coating compositions (Kissa 2001). Cast-coated paper is produced
by coating the paper with pigment- and adhesive-containing solutions, air drying the paper, rewetting a polyethylene emulsion, and pressing the wet surface with a PFAS-coated
hot drum to yield a paper with a high gloss.

2.26.1 Food-contact articles

PFAS have been use in food contact articles since the early 1960s (POPRC 2016a). Perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol-based phosphate esters were the first substances used to
provide grease repellency to food contact papers. In 2000, 3M ceased its production of POSF-based side-chain fluorinated polymers (e.g., CAS No. 92265-81-1) and phosphate
diesters (e.g. CAS No. 30381-98-7, 67969-69-1, 1691-99-2, 2250-98-8) that were used in food contact materials (see Table 88). Products based on 6:2 fluorotelomers [both sidechain fluorinated polymers and phosphate diesters (diPAPs)] took over the market share left by 3Ms phase-out (Z. Wang et al. 2013). Examples of 6:2 florotelomer-based sidechain fluorinated polymers are provided in Table 89. 6:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate esters (PAPs) may be still used in food-contact paper products and as leveling and wetting
agents (POPRC 2016a). If phosphate-based fluorinated surfactants are used, they are added to the paper through the wet end press where cellulosic fibers are mixed with paper
additives before entering the paper forming table of a paper machine. This is necessary because paper fibers and phosphate-based fluorinated surfactants are both anionic, and
cationic bridge molecules need to be used in order to ensure the electrostatic adsorption of the surfactant onto the paper fiber. The wet end press treatment provides excellent

183

 coverage of the fiber with the surfactant and results in good folding resistance. An alternative treatment method uses fluorinated polymers which are applied at the size press and
film press stage to the surface of the formed paper face treatment (POPRC 2016a).

Phosphate-based fluorinated surfactants provide good oil repellency, but have limited water repellency. Side-chain fluorinated acrylate polymers derived from perfluoroalkane
sulfonamido alcohols or fluorotelomer alcohols have been the most widely used polymers in this application because they deliver oil, grease, and water repellency. Additionally,
perfluoropolyether-based phosphates and polymers have become widely used treatments for food contact paper and paper packaging (POPRC 2016a). An example of a product
based on PFPEs is Solvera® from Solvay. The chemical structure ist likely similar to HO(=O)(OH)PO-(CH2CH2O)n-CH2CF2-(OCF2)p-(OCF2CF2)q-OCF2CH2-(OCH2CH2)n-OP(=O)(OH)2 (Z.
Wang et al. 2013; Trier, Granby, and Christensen 2011).

Examples for food-contact articels with PFAS are plates, food containers, cupcake forms, popcorn bags, pizza boxes, baking paper, and candy & fast food wrappers (Poulsen,
Jensen, and Wallström 2005; UNEP 2017; Blom and Hanssen 2015). Table 87 shows PFAS that have been detected in food paper and packaging. The treatment of paper and
paperboards used for food and pet food packaging in the US requires approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Table 88 lists PFAS that were approved in the past by the US FDA for food contact materials. It is to be noted that some of these PFAS might have been used in other packaging
materials than paper (e.g. plastic), but they might also have been used in paper and packaging. Table 89 lists PFAS that are currently approved by the US FDA for food contact
materials. Again, these substances might have been used in other packaging materials than paper. More information on PFAS in paper and board for food contact is available in
Trier et al. (2017), including information on allowed PFAS in paper and board by the German Bundesamt für Risikobewertung (BfR) 2016, the Council of Europe, the EU Commission
regulation on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food (Regulation (EU) no 10/2011), the Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, and the People s Republic of
China.

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Chemical name

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OP(=O)(OH)2

CnF2n+1SO3H
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

CnF2n+1COOH

Molecular formula

n/m = 6/6, 6/8, 6/10,
6/12, 8/8, 8/10

n = 6, 8, 10

n=8
n = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,
16, 18

CAS No.

D

D
D

D

Type

(Gebbink et al. 2013)

(Gebbink et al. 2013)

(Blom and Hanssen 2015)
(Blom and Hanssen 2015;
Trier et al. 2017)

(Gebbink et al. 2013; Blom
and Hanssen 2015)

Reference

184

D

Table 87: PFAS that have been detected in paper and packaging for food-contact articels. D under type stands for deteced. Additional explanations to the table are provided on
Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)
(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)1b

(O)P(OH)(OCH2CH2CnF2n+1)(O
CH2CH2CmF2m+1)

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 3 - 13

(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphate monoester
(monoPAPs)1c
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphate diester
(diPAPs)1d

375-22-4 , 2706-90-3, 307-24-4,
375-85-9, 335-67-1, 375-95-1,
335-76-2, 2058-94-8, 307-55-1,
72629-94-8, 376-06-7
1763-23-1
647-42-7, 678-39-7, 865-86-1,
39239-77-5, 60699-51-6, 6510467-8, 65104-65-6
57678-01-0, 57678-03-2, 5767805-4
57677-95-9, 943913-15-3,
1578186-50-1, 1578186-69-2,
678-41-1, 1158182-60-5

 (n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphate triester1e
OP(OCH2CH2CnF2n+1)(OCH2CH2
CmF2m+1)OCH2CH2CpF2p+1

1c

(OH)2OPO(C2H4O)n(C2H2F2O)o
(C2F4O)p(CF2O)qPO (OH)2
1b

PFPE
1a

n/m/p = 6/6/6,
6/6/8, 6/8/8, 6/8/10,
6/6/10, 8/8/8
polymer
1d

165325-62-2, 1578186-53-4,
1578186-56-7, 1578186-64-7,
1578186-57-8, 149790-22-7
-

D

D

(Dimzon et al. 2016)

(Gebbink et al. 2013)

1e

Chemical name

N(CH2CH2OH)3 CnF2n+1CH2CH2OP(=O)
(OH)OP(=O)(OH)2
NH2CH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OP(=O)(OH) OP(=O)(OH)2
(O)P(OH)(OCH2CH2CnF2n+1)2

1/2 NH4+ HCnF2nCH2OPO3

x NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3

2 NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3

NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPHO3

Molecular formula

n = 8, 10

n=8

n=8

n = 10

n=6

n=7

Specificatio
n of
chemical(s)
n=6

678-41-1,
1895-26-7

98005-84-6

98005-85-7

100738-12-3

92401-44-0

63439-39-4

2353-52-8

CAS No.

AP

AP

AP

AP

AP

AP

AP

Typ
e

(Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (US3083224))

(Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (JP60064990))

(Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (JP60064990))

(Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (US3096207))

(Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (US3083224))

(Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (US3083224))

(Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (US3083224))

Reference

Table 88: PFAS that were approved in the past by the US FDA for food contact materials. It is to be noted that some of these PFAS might have been used in other packaging
materials than paper (e.g. plastic). AP approved in the past. Patent number (date, legal status): US3083224 (1963, expired), US3096207 (1963, expired), JP60064990 (1985,
expired). Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
monoester1a
Diammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
monoester(1a)
1-Alkanol, perfluoro-, dihydrogen phosphate,
ammonium salt(1a)
1-Alkanol, perfluoro, phosphate, ammonium salt
(2:1)1b
Diphosphoric acid, mono(perfluoroalkyl) ester,
compd with
-nitrilotris[ethanol] (1:3)1c
Diphosphoric acid, mono(perfluoroalkyl) ester, with 2aminoethanol (1:3)
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphat diester (diPAPs)1d

185

 Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate diester

NH4+ PO2 (OCH2CH2CnF2n+1)2

1895-79-0

AP

(Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (US3083224))

(Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (US3096207))

n=7

AP

(Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (US3096207))

1d

1555-33-5

AP

(Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (US3083224))

1c

n=7

AP

(Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (US3083224))

1b

NH4+ PO2 (OCH2CnF2n+1)2

n = 8, 10

7757-53-1,
1765-83-9
3803-40-5

AP

1a

NH4+ PO2 (OCH2CnF2nH)2

n=4

2342-53-5

ּ 1/2 NH3

NH4+ PO2 (OCH2CH2CH2CH2CnF2n+1)2

n=8

CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2OH

n=8

n=8

30381-98-7

67969-69-1

1691-99-2

U

AP,
U

U

U

(3M 1999)

(Z. Wang et al. 2013; 3M 1999)

(3M 1999)

(3M 1999)

2c

2 NH4+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2OPO3

n=8

2250-98-8

2b

NH4+ [CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2O]2PO2

n=8

NH3

[CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2O]3P(=O)

NH3

OP(OH)[O(CH2)11CnF2n+1]2

NH3
1-Alkanol, perfluoro-, phosphate (2:1), ammonium
salt2a
1-Alkanol, perfluoro-, hydrogen phosphate,
ammonium salt2b
1-Alkanol, perfluoro,
-(hydrogen phosphate),
ammonium salt (1:1)2c
1-Alkanol, perfluoro-, dihydrogen phosphate

2a

NH3
N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanols
(EtFASEs)3a
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-ethyl-perfluoro-N-[2(phosphonooxy)ethyl]-, ammonium salt (1:2)3b
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N,N -[phosphinicobis(oxy-2,1ethanediyl)]bis[N-ethyl-perfluoro-, ammonium salt
(1:1)3c
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N,N N -[phosphinylidynetris
(oxy-2,1-ethanediyl)]tris[N-ethyl-perfluoro-3d

186

 3a
3b

2 NH3

Ethanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-2-[(2-methyl-1-oxo-2propenyl)oxy]-, chloride, polymer with 2-ethoxyethyl
2-propenoate, 2-[[(heptadecafluor ooctyl)sulfonyl]
methylamino]ethyl 2-propenoate and oxiranylmethyl
2-methyl-2-propenoate4a
4a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, polymer with 2-hydroxy
ethyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate -(1-oxo-2-propen-1yl)- -hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) and
3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6, 7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl 2propenoate5a
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester,
polymer with 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 2-propenoic
acid and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl 2propenoate5b

3c

NH3

3d

AP,
U

(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

AP

(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

92265-81-1

1158951-85-9

AP

polymer

polymer
(Daikin)

1206450-09-0

-(C14H10F17NO4S)x-(C9H18NO2)y-(C7H12O3
)m-(C7H10O3)n-Clw-

-(C11H7F13O2)x-(C6H10O3)y-(C4H6O2)m-[
(C2H4O)nC3H4O2]n-

polymer
(Daikin)

Cl-

-(C11H7F13O2)x-(C6H10O3)y-(C6H9NO)m(C3H4O2)n-

187

 5a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, polymer with 2-(diethyl
amino)ethyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate, 2-propenoic acid
and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-trideca fluorooctyl 2methyl-2-propenoate6a
Diethanolamine salts of mono- and bis (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H
perfluoroalkyl) phosphates
Pentanoic acid, 4,4-bis [(gamma-omega-perfluoro-C820-alkyl)thio] derivatives, compounds with diethanol
amine (CAS No: 71608-61-2)
Perfluoroalkyl substituted phosphate ester acids,
ammonium salts formed by the reaction of 2,2bis[([gamma], [omega]-perfluoro C4-20 alkylthio)
methyl]-1,3-propanediol, polyphosphoric acid and
ammonium hydroxide
6a

-

-(C12H9F13O2)x-(C10H19NO2)y-(C4H6O2)m(C3H4O2)n-

-

-

polymer
(DuPont)

AP

AP

AP

AP

(POPRC 2016a)

(POPRC 2016a)

(POPRC 2016a)

(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

5b

-

-

1071022-25-7

-

Chemical name

-

Molecular formula

Manufacturer/supplier,
effective date
polymer (AGC Chemicals
Americas, Inc.), Jul 17, 2019

CAS No./FCN
No.
FCN No. 1958

A

Type

(FDA 2020b)

Reference

Table 89: PFAS that are currently approved by the FDA for food contact materials. It is to be noted that some of these PFAS might have been used in other packaging materials
than paper (e.g. plastic). A currently approved. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Fluorocarbon cured elastomer produced by copolymerizing
tetrafluoroethylene (CAS No. 116-14-3) and propylene (CAS No. 115-071) and subsequent curing with triallylisocyanurate (CAS No. 1025-15-6)

188

 or triallylcyanurate (CAS No. 101-37- and
-bis(tert-butylperoxy)
diisopropylbenzene (CAS No. 25155-25-3).
Tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene-3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene
terpolymer1a
-

-(C6H3F9)x-(C2H4)y(C2F4)m-

(C11H7F13O2)x-(C8H15NO2
)y-(C6H9NO)m-(C2H4O2)w-

-

-(C5H3F7)x-(C2H4)y(C2F4)m-(CH2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)]y-

-(C12H9F13O2)x-(C6H10O3)y(C3H4O2)m-xNa-

-(C6H3F9)x-(C2F4)y-

-

Siloxanes and silicones, methyl-phenyl, methyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropyl

A polymer produced from tetrafluoroethylene (CAS No. 116-14-3) and
1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-((1,2,2-trifluoroethenyl)oxy)ethanesulfonyl fluoride
(CAS No. 29514-94-1). The polymer is hydrolyzed and may optionally be
further neutralized to its ammonium salt.
1-Hexene, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-, polymer with 1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethene1b

1b

2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, polymer with 2propenoic acid and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl 2-methyl2-propenoate, sodium salt1c
1a

2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Heptafluoro-1-pentene polymer with ethene and
tetrafluoroethene2a
Vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropene copolymer2b

Copolymer of 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate with
3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl methacrylate, N-oxide,
acetate
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester, polymer with
1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl
2-propenoate, acetate2c

polymer (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.
AGC Chemicals Europe), Dec
13, 2018
polymer (Dow Silicones
Corporation DDP Specialty
Electronic Materials US 9,
LLC), Dec 1, 2017
polymer (Solvay Specialty
Polymers USA, LLC), Dec 20,
2017
polymer (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.
AGC Chemicals Europe and
Americas, Inc), Jan 13, 2017
polymer (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.
AGC Chemicals Americas,
Inc.), Sep 21, 2016

polymer (Daikin Industries,
LTD), Mar 5, 2016
polymer (Arkema, Inc;
Arkema, Inc.; 3M), Sep 18,
2015
polymer (Archroma
Management GmbH), Dec 31,
2014
polymer (Daikin America,
Inc.), Sep 4, 2014

1878204-24-0

82606-24-4

FCN No. 1805

1643944-25-5

68258-85-5

A

A

A

A

A

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

9011-17-0

94228-79-2

A

A

A

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

1c

1440528-04-0

A

Na

1334473-84-5

189

 2a
2b

Butanedioic acid, 2-methylene-, polymer with 2-hydroxyethyl 2-methyl2-propenoate, 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8tridecafluorooctyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate, sodium salt3a
Tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride
copolymers3b
3a

Na
A copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (CAS No. 116-14-3) and
trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether (CAS No. 1187-93-5), and optionally
employing a halogenated alkene.
Hexane, 1,6-diisocyanato- homopol mer -[1-[[[3-[[3
(dimethylamino)propyl]amino]propyl]amino]carbonyl]-1,2,2,2tetrafluoroethyl]- -(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropoxy)
poly[oxy[trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl]]-blocked
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester polymer with 1ethyenyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 2-propenoic acid and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8tridecafluorooctyl 2-propenoate sodium salt4a
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, polymer with 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 2methyl-2-propenoate, 2-propenoic acid and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8tridecafluorooctyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate, acetate4b

FCN No. 1116

25190-89-0

345817-52-8

A

A

A

A

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

2c

1279108-20-1

A

(FDA 2020b)

(C12H9F13O2)x-(C6H10O3)y-(
C5H6O4)m-(C4H6O2)n-xNa

1206450-10-3

A

-

-

polymer (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.
AGC Chemicals Americas,
Inc.), Sep 21, 2012
polymer (3M, Dyneon LLC),
Jan 17, 2012

polymer (Daikin America,
Inc.), Feb 16, 2011

1071022-26-8

-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)]y(CF2CH2)m-

(C11H7F13O2)x-(C6H10O3)y-(
C6H9NO)m-(C3H4O2)n-xNa

polymer (The Chemours
Company FC), Jan 12, 2011

polymer (Dupont Specialty
Products USA, LLC), Nov 24,
2011
polymer (Archroma U.S.,
Inc.), Aug 24, 2011

3b

-(C12H9F13O2)x-(C10H19
NO2)y-(C4H6O2)m(C3H4O2)n-(C2H4O2)w-

190

 Na

4a

Diphosphoric acid, polymers with ethoxylated reduced methyl esters of
reduced polymerized oxidized tetrafluoroethylene
Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-, polymer with 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,2pentafluoroethoxy)ethene5a
Copolymer of hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4),
tetrafluoroethene (CAS No. 116-14-3), and perfluoroethyl vinyl ether
(CAS No. 10493-43-3)5b
Hexane, 1,6-diisocyanato-, homopolymer, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8tridecafluoro-1-octanol-blocked
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, polymer with 2-hydroxyethyl 2-methyl-2propenoate -(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)- -hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethane diyl)
and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl 2-propenoate, sodium
salt5c
5a

Fluorocarbon cured elastomer produced by copolymerizing
tetrafluoroethylene (CAS No. 116-14-3) and propylene (CAS No. 115-0701) and subsequent curing of the copolymer with triallylisocyanurate
(CAS No. 1025-15-6) and 2,2'-bis(tert-butylperoxy)diisopropylbenzene
(CAS Reg. No 25155-25-3)

5b

-(CF2CF2)x[CF2CFO(C2F5)]y-

-(C11H7F13O2)x-(C6H10O3)y(C4H6O2)m-[(C2H4O)n
C3H4O2]w-xNa-

-

4b

polymer (Solvay Specialty
Polymers USA), May 11, 2010
polymer (The Chemours
Company FC), Apr 6, 2010
polymer (The Chemours
Company FC), Apr 30, 2010
polymer (The Chemours
Company FC), Apr 3, 2010
polymer (Daikin America,
Inc.), Dec 30, 2009

5c

polymer (Process
Technologies, Inc.), Jul 23,
2009

357624-15-8

-

31784-04-0

200013-65-6

A

A

A

U, A

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b;
USEPA 2016)
(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

Na

A

A

1158951-86-0

-

191

 2-propenoic acid, 2-h drox eth l ester pol mer with -(1-oxo-2-propen1-yl)- -hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), -(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)- -[(1oxo-2-propen-1-yl)oxy]poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) and
3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl 2-propenoate6a
6a

2-Propenoic acid, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl ester,
pol mer with -(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)- -hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2ethanediyl)
2-propen-1-ol, reaction products with 1,l,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6tridecafluoro-6-iodohexane, dehydroiodinated, reaction products with
epichlorohydrin and triethylenetetramine
1-Propene,1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-, polymer with 1,1-difluoroethene (CAS
No. 9011-17-0) modified with a halogenated ethylene as described in the
food contact notification
Copolymer of perfluorohexylethyl methacrylate, 2-N,Ndiethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and 2,2'ethylenedioxydiethyl dimethacrylate, malic acid salt7a

7a

Copolymer of perfluorohexylethyl methacrylate, 2-N,Ndiethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and 2,2'ethylenedioxydiethyl dimethacrylate, acetic acid salt8a

-(C14H22O6)x-(C12H9F13O2
)y-(C10H19NO2)m-(C6H10
O3)n-(C2H4O2)w-

-(C14H22O6)x-(C12H9F13O2
)y-(C10H19NO2)m(C6H10O3)n-(C4H6O5)w-

-

-

-

-(C11H7F13O2)x-(C5H8O3)y-[
(C2H4O)nC6H6O3]w-[
(C2H4O)nC3H4O2]u-

polymer (Asahi Glass
Company, Ltd.
(Manufacturer) AGC
Chemicals Americas,
Incorporated) Aug 5, 2006

polymer (Asahi Glass
Company, Ltd.
(Manufacturer) AGC
Chemicals Americas,
Incorporated), Aug 5, 2006

polymer (Dyneon), Oct 26,
2007

polymer (Solenis LLC), Mar 6,
2008

polymer (Daikin America,
Inc.), Jul 31, 2008

polymer (Daikin America,
Inc.), Jun 18, 2009

863408-20-2

1225273-44-8

-

464178-94-7

-

1012783-70-8

A

A

A

A

A

A

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

192

 8a

A copolymer of propylene (CAS No. 115-07-1), tetrafluoroethylene (CAS
No. 116-14-3), and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (CAS No. 677-21-4) cured with
a salt of a quarternary ammonium compound and phenol, 4,4'-(2,2,2trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethylidene)bisCopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoromethylvinylether and 1iodo-2-bromotetrafluoroethane intended to be cross-linked with
triallylisocyanurate
A copolymer of 4-bromo-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene, ethylene,
tetrafluoroethylene and trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether optionally
cured with triallyl isocyanurate and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tertbutylperoxy)hexane9a
9a

Perfluoropolyether dicarboxylic acid (CAS No. 69991-62-4), ammonium
salt
2-propen-1-ol, reaction products with pentafluoroiodoethanetetrafluoroethylene telomer, dehydroiodinated, reaction products with
epichlorohydrin and triethylenetetramine
Copolymer of 1,1-difluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoro methyl
trifluorovinyl ether and a halogenated alkene, optionally cured with
triallyl isocyanurate and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane
Copolymer of 1,1-difluoroethylene, hexafluoropropene,
tetrafluoroethylene, and a halogenated alkene, optionally cured with
triallyl isocyanurate and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane
A copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoromethylvinyl ether (CAS
No. 26425-79-6) \ modified with 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-dodecafluoro1,9-diene and 1,3,5-triallyl cyanurate or 1,3,5-triallyl isocyanurate

-

-

polymer (Unimatec Com
pany, Ltd.), Mar 30, 2006

polymer (The Chemours
Company FC), Apr 29, 2006

-

-

A

A

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

A

(FDA 2020b)

A

-

A

(FDA 2020b)

105656-63-1

464178-90-3

A

(FDA 2020b)

polymer (The Chemours
Company FC), Nov 22, 2005

-

A

(FDA 2020b)

-(C4H3BrF4)x-(C3F6O)y(C2H4)m-(C2F4)n-

polymer (The Chemours
Company FC), Oct 13, 2005

-

A

-

-

polymer (The Chemours
Company FC), Oct 13, 2005

-

polymer (Solvay Specialty
Polymers Italy S.p.A.), Nov
19, 2005
polymer (Solenis LLC), Oct 20,
2005

-

polymer (Precision Polymer
Engineering, Ltd.), Jul 2, 2004

-

-

193

 A perfluorocarbon cured elastomer (PCE) produced by terpolymerizing
tetrafluoroethylene, (CAS No. 116-14-3), perfluoro-2,5-dimethyl-3,6dioxanonane vinyl ether (CAS No. 2599-84-0), and perfluoro-6,6-dihydro6-iodo-3-oxa-1-hexene (CAS No. 106108-22-9), and subsequent curing of
the terpolymer (CAS No. 106108-23-0) with triallylisocyanurate (CAS No.
1025-15-6) and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane (CAS No. 7863-7).
Fluorocarbon cured elastomer produced by copolymerizing
tetrafluoroethylene (CAS No. 116-14-3) and propylene (CAS No. 115-0701) and subsequent curing of the copolymer (CAS No. 27029-05-6) with
triallylisocyanurate (CAS No. 1025-15-6) and 2,2'-bis(tertbutylperoxy)diisopropylbenzene (CAS No. 25155-25-3).
A perfluorocarbon cured elastomer (PCE) produced by terpolymerizing
tetrafluoroethylene, (CAS No. 116-14-3), perfluoromethyl vinyl ether
(CAS No. 1187-93-5), and perfluoro-6,6-dihydro-6-iodo-3-oxa-1-hexane
(CAS No. 106108-22-9), and subsequent curing of the terpolymer (CAS
No. 193018-53-0) with triallylisocyanurate (CAS No. 1025-15-6) and 2,5dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane (CAS No. 78-63-7).
Fluorinated polyurethane anionic resin (CAS No. 328389-91-9) prepared
by reacting perfluoropolyether diol (CAS No. 88645-29-8), isophorone
diisocyanate (CAS No. 4098-71-9), 2,2-dimethylolpropionic acid (CAS No.
4767-03-7), and triethylamine (CAS No. 121-44-8).
Ethene, tetrafluoro-, polymer with 1,1-difluoroethene and
trifluoro(trifluoromethoxy)ethene (CAS No. 56357-87-0) modified with
1,3,5-triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8dodecafluoro-1,9-diene, manufactured and characterized as further
described in the notification
A copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and perfluoromethylvinyl ether
(PFMVE) (CAS No. 26425-79-6) modified with 1,3,5-triallyl isocyanurate
(TAIC) and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-dodecafluoro-1,9-diene, manufactured
and characterized as further described in the notification
1-Propene,1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-, polymer with 1,1-difluoroethene and
tetrafluoroethene (CAS No. 25190-89-0) modified with triallyl
isocyanurate and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-dodecafluoro-1,9-diene,
manufactured and characterized as further described in the notification
1,9-Decadiene,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-dodecafluoro-, polymer with
tetrafluoroethene and trifluoro(trifluoromethoxy)ethene (CAS No.
190062-24-9), manufactured and characterized as further described in
the notification
-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

polymer (Solvay Specialty
Polymers Italy S.p.A.), Jul 21,
2001

polymer (Solvay Specialty
Polymers Italy S.p.A.), Jul 21,
2001

polymer (Solvay Specialty
Polymers Italy S.p.A.), Jul 21,
2001

polymer (Solvay Specialty
Polymers Italy S.p.A.), Jul 21,
2001

polymer (Solvay Specialty
Polymers Italy S.p.A.), Mar
23, 2002

polymer (Greene, Tweed and
Company, Inc.), Aug 13, 2002

polymer (Greene, Tweed and
Company, Inc.), Aug 13, 2002

polymer (Greene, Tweed and
Company, Inc.), Aug 13, 2002

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

194

 Perfluorocarbon cured elastomers produced by polymerizing perfluoro
(methyl vinyl ether) (CAS No. 1187-93-5) with tetrafluoroethylene (CAS
No. 116-14-3) and perfluoro(8-cyano -5-methyl -3,6-dioxa -1-octene)
(CAS No. 69804-19-9), followed by curing with trimethylallyl
isocyanurate (CAS No. 6291-95-8) and/or triallyl isocyanurate (CAS No.
1025-15-6), and with 2,5 -dimethyl -2,5-di (t-butylperoxy) hexane (CAS
No. 78-63-7) and as further described in this notification
A perfluorocarbon-cured elastomer produced by terpolymerizing
tetrafluoroethylene (CAS No. 116-14-3), perfluoro(2,5-dimethyl-3,6dioxanone vinyl ether) (CAS No. 2599-84-0) and perfluoro (6,6-dihydro-6iodo-3-oxa-1-hexene) (CAS No. 106108-22-9) and subsequent curing of
the terpolymer (CAS No. 106108-23-0) by crosslinking with
triallylcyanurate (CAS No. 101-37-1) and vulcanizing with 2,5-dimethyl2,5-di(t-butylperoxy) hexane (CAS No. 78-63-7), as a 68% dispersion on
finely divided silica

2.26.2 Non-food contact articles

-

-

polymer (Greene, Tweed and
Company, Inc.), Mar 30, 2000

polymer (Dupont Specialty
Products USA, LLC), Dec 19,
2000

-

-

A

A

(FDA 2020b)

(FDA 2020b)

Similar to food-contact articles made out of paper, the types of PFAS used to protect paper and board for non-food articles have changed over time. Long-chain PFAS were used in
the early 1960s and were phased out in the 2000s. Current PFAS-treated paper and board products are largel based on short-chain fluorotelomer-based polymeric products,
typically with six perfluorinated carbons, and poly- and perfluoropolyethers. Examples for non-food contact articels with fluorinated chemicals are folding cartons, containers,
carbonless forms, masking papers, table cloths and wall papers (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005; UNEP 2017).

Information from the Swedish Products Register, the IUCLID database and various inventory lists shows that on the global paper industry market there has been a large number of
polymers and polymer raw materials, mainly side-chain fluorinated polymers based on fluorinated acrylates and methacrylates and their monomers. Table 90 shows some PFAS
that have been used or patented for paper and board not in contact with food (CAS 2019 (JP03213595, 1991)).

Chemical name

NH4+ CnF2n+1COO
K+ CnF2n+1SO3
Na+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)COO

Molecular formula

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=8
n=8
n=4

4149-60-4
2795-39-3
138473-78-6

CAS No.

P
P
P

Type

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))
(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))
(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

Reference

Table 90: PFAS that have been patented for paper packaging of non-food articels. Patent number (date, legal status): JP03213595 (1991, expired). P under type stands for patent.
Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate1a
Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonate1b
Carbamic acid, [(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propyl-, sodium salt1c

195

 1b

1c

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[[(pentadecafluoroheptyl)
sulfonyl]propylamino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-1d
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,Ntrimethyl-, chloride (1:1)1e
1-Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-diethyl-3-[propyl
[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-, inner salt1f
1a

Na

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propyl
amino]ethyl]- -[2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]propylamino]ethoxy]-2a
1-Alkanesulfonamide, perfluoro-N-[2-(phosphonooxy)ethyl]-Npropyl-2b
Glycine, N-ethyl-N-(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)-, ammonium salt2c
Piperazinium, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methyl-4-(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)-,
chloride (1:1)2d
2a

2b

1-Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(perfluoro-1oxoalkyl)amino]-, inner salt3a
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -sulfo- -[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-, sodium
salt3b
Ethanol, 2-[methyl(perfluoroalkyl)amino]-, hydrogen phosphate
(ester), ammonium salt3c

CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2(OCH2
CH2)xOH
Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)3
CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2CH2N+(C2
H5)2CH2COO
1d

CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)O(CH2CH2O)x
CH2CH2N(C3H7)SO2CnF2n+1
CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2OP(=O)
(OH)2
NH4+ CnF2n+1C(O)N(C2H5)CH2 COO
Cl CnF2n+1C(O)NC4H8N+(CH3)CH2CH2
OH
2c

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2
CH2COO
Na+ CnF2n+1CH2O(CH2CH2O)nSO3
NH4+ PO2 (OCH2CH2N(CH3)CH2CH2
CnF2n+1)2

n=6

n=8

n=7

138473-80-0

38006-74-5

138226-35-4

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

P

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

1f

138570-74-8

P

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))
(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

1e

n=8

64264-44-4

P
P

Cl

n=8

138473-79-7
103555-98-2

n=7

138226-34-3

90179-39-8

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

2d

n=7
n=7

Cl

n = 11

138473-76-4

NH3

n=5

196

 3a
3b

4b

Na
Ethanol
-iminobis- compd with -fluoro- -[2-(phosphonooxy)
ethyl]poly(difluoromethylene) (2:1)4a
Ethanol
-iminobis- compd with
-[phosphinicobis (oxy-2,1ethanedi l bis -fluoropoly(difluoromethylene)] (1:1)4b
Ethanol, 2-[2-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]ethoxy]-, dihydrogenphosphate,
disodium salt4c
4a

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[[4-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy] phenyl]methyl]-[[4-[(nonadecafluorononyl)oxy] phenyl]methoxy]-5a
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-, ammonium salt
(1:1)5b
5a

5b

3c

NH2+ (CH2CH2OH)CnF2n+1CH2CH2O
PO3H
NH2+(CH2CH2OH)(O)P(O )(OCH2CH2
CnF2n+1)2
2 Na+ CnF2n+1CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2
OPO3

CnF2n+1OC6H4CH2(OCH2CH2)xOCH2
C6H4OCnF2n+1
NH4+ CnF2n+1OC6H4SO3

not specified

not specified

138473-75-3

65530-64-5

65530-63-4

P

U

U

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

(USEPA 2016)

(USEPA 2016)

NH3

n = 10

138226-36-5

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

(CAS 2019 (JP03213595))

4c

n=9

138473-77-5

2 Na

n=8

197

 The SPIN database of the Nordic countries lists two substances for the manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products (Norden 2020). These are poly[oxy[trifluoro(trifluoro
methyl)-1,2-ethanedi l
-(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)- -[tetrafluoro(trifluoromethyl)ethoxy]- (CAS No. 60164-51-4) and PTFE (CAS No. 9002-84-0). PTFE is currently in use
(Norden 2020).

2.27 Particle physics

Perfluorocarbons have been used in detection assemblies for "atom-smashing" machines (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). When subatomic particles are accelerated at very
high velocities and then caused to collide with one another, mass is converted to energy according to Einstein's equation, E = mc2. The energy then reverts to new mass structures
in an analogous way to water droplets condensing to form steam. However, for some unknown reason, specifically structured particles are formed. The detection of those
particles has been one of the main reasons for building atom-smashing" machines (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). The Delphi detector at CERN incorporates gaseous
perfluoropentane and liquid perfluorohexane. The SLAC (Stanford University, California) detector uses a similar system (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

2.28 Personal care products and cosmetics

PFAS have been used in cosmetics as emulsifiers, lubricants, or oleophobic agents (Kissa 2001). PFAS in hair-conditioning formulations can enhance wet combing and render hair
oleophobic (Kissa 2001). PFAS have been used in creams e.g. to make the creams penetrate the skin more easily, make the skin brighter, make the skin absorb more oxygen, or
make the cosmetic product more durable and weather resistant (Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen 2018). PFAS have been identified in cosmetics and personal care products in
general, but also in anti-aging, anti-frizz, bar soap, BB/CC cream/foundation, blush/highlighter, body lotion/body cream, body oil, brow products, concealer/corrector,
cream/lotion, cuticle treatment, eye cream/eyeshadow, eye pencil/eyeliner, face cream, facial cleanser, hair creams and rinses/conditioner, hair spray/mousse, hair shampoo,
hand sanitizer, highlighter, lip balm/lip stick/lip gloss, lip liner, manicure products, makeup remover, mask, mascara/lashes, moisturer, nail polish/nail strenghtner/nail treatment,
powder, primer/fixer, scrub/peeling, shaving cream/shaving foam/shaving gel, sunscreen, and sunscreen makeup. Table 91 and Table 92 list some PFAS that have been used or
detected or have been patented for use in personal care products and cosmetics. The information is divided into 2 tables, as this has simplified subsequent changes in the tables.

Molecular formula

n = 3 - 13

Specification
of chemical(s)

CAS No.

D, P

Type

(Schultes et al. 2018; CAS 2019
(JP10130302))

Reference

Table 91: PFAS that have been used or detected or have been patented for the use in personal care products and cosmetics (1). HFE-7100 is a commercial product. Patent number
(date, legal status): JP10130302 (1998, discontinued), WO9427944 (1994, expired), WO9427960 (1994, expired), US3993745 (1976, expired), US4183367 (1980, expired),
US3993744 (196, expired), DE2816828 (1978, expired), US4176176 (1979, expired), DE2051523 (1971, expired). The types stand for U use, U* current use, P patent, and D
detected. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

Cosmetics and personal care products in general
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a
CnF2n+1COOH

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 30724-4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1,
375-95-1, 335-76-2, 205894-8, 307-55-1, 72629-94-8,
376-06-7

198

 -Hydroperfluoroalkanoate1b
Perfluoro-3,7-dimethyloctanoic acid1c

1b

(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSs)1d
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphate monoester
(monoPAPs)1e
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphate monoester
(monoPAPs)1e
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphate diester
(diPAPs)1f
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphate diester
(diPAPs)1f
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphate diester
(diPAPs)1f

1a

CF3CF(CF3)C3F6CF(CF3)CF3
COOH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OP(=O)(OH)2

CF2HCnF2nCOOH

n = 4, 6, 8, 10

n = 6, 8
not specified

-

n=5

27619-97-2, 39108-34-4
65530-61-2

172155-07-6

1546-95-8

D

D
U

D

D

(USEPA 2016)

(Schultes et al. 2018)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Schultes et al. 2018)
(USEPA 2016)

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OP(=O)(OH)2

U

not specified

150065-76-2, 57678-01-0,
57678-03-2, 57678-05-4
65530-62-3

OP(OH)(OCH2CH2CnF2n+1)2

(Schultes et al. 2018)

n = 4, 6, 8, 10

D

OP(OH)(OCH2CH2CnF2n+1)2

(Schultes et al. 2018)

135098-69-0, 57677-95-9,
678-41-1, 1895-26-7
1158182-59-2, 943913-15-3,
1578186-50-1, 1578186-692, 1158182-60-5, 157818642-1

D

OP(OH)(OCH2CH2CnF2n+1)
(OCH2CH2CmF2m+1)

n = 4/6, 6/8,
6/10, 6/12,
8/10, 8/12

P

(CAS 2019 (JP10130302))

1f

126814-93-5, 121500-31-0

P
P

(CAS 2019 (WO9427944))
(CAS 2019 (WO9427944,
WO9427960))
(CAS 2019 (WO9427944))

1e

n = 6, 8

122193-68-4
34451-26-8, 34143-74-3

P

1d

n=6
n = 6, 8

160819-46-5, 160819-47-6

1c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2CH(OH)
CH2OH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2C2OH3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SH

n = 6, 8

1,2-Propanediol, 3-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-2a
Oxirane, 2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]methyl]-2b
Perfluoro-1-alkanethiol2c

HOCH(CH2SCH2CH2CnF2n+1)
2

2-Propanol, 1,3-bis[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]-2d

199

 2a

2b

2-Propanol, 1-[(2-dodecylhexadecyl)oxy]-3[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]-3a
2-Propanol, 1-[(2-decyltetradecyl)oxy]-3[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]- 3b
Perfluorodecalin3c
Perfluorotetradecahydrophenanthrene
3a

2-Propanol, 1-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-3[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]-4a
1-Propanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,Ntrimethyl-3-[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]-, chloride
(1:1)4b
Perfluoropolyether
Phosphoric trichloride, reaction products with
ethylene oxide and reduced methanol-redu
ced polymd. oxidized 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro1-propene reaction product, hydrolyzed
Phosphoric trichloride, reaction products with
ethylene oxide and reduced methanolreduced polymd. oxidized 1,1,2,3,3,3-

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH(OH)
CH2OCH2CH(C14H29)C12H25
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH(OH)
CH2OCH2CH(C10H21)C12H25
c-C10F18
c-C14F24

n=8

160819-49-8

160819-50-1

U
U

P

P

(F2_Chemicals 2019b)
(F2_Chemicals 2019b)

(CAS 2019 (WO9427960))

(CAS 2019 (WO9427960))

2d

n=8

306-94-5
306-91-2

2c

-

n = 6, 8, 10

n=6

162567-74-0

88992-45-4, 71940-07-3

155604-47-0

U

U
U

U

P

(Z. Wang et al. 2020)

(Costello, Flynn, and Owens 2000)
(Z. Wang et al. 2020)

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

(CAS 2019 (WO9427944))

3c

polymer
polymer

162567-75-1

3b

-

polymer

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2CH(OH)
CH2 SCH2CH2CnF2n+1
Cl CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH
(OH)CH2N+(CH3)3

-

200

 Anti-aging cream
Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether4c
Linear perfluoroalkanes4d
Perfluorononyl dimethicone

-

CnF2n+1OCH3
CnF2n+2
-

-

n=4
n=6

259725-95-6

163702-07-6
355-42-0
259725-95-6

U
U

U
U
U

(GSP 2014)

(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

hexafluoro-1-propene reaction product,
hydrolyzed, compds. with diethanolamine

Anti-frizz
Perfluoroester
Perfluorononyl dimethicone

U

4e

(USEPA 2016)

214334-16-4

4b

U

n=5

Cl

65530-63-4

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)CH2
C(OH)[C(O)OCH2CH(C8H17)
C10H21]CH2CH(C8H17)C10H21

4a

4d

NH2+(CH2CH2OH)
CnF2n+1CH2 CH2OPO3H

not spec ified

Bar soap
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-,
1,2-bis(2-octyldodecyl) 3-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,
7,7,7-undecafluoro heptyl) ester4e

4c

Ethanol
-iminobis-, compd. with -fluoro-[2-(phosphonooxy)ethyl]poly(difluoro
methylene) (2:1)(1e)

201

 Perfluoroalkyl dimethicone
Perfluorononyl octyldodecyl glycol
Dea-C8-18 perfluoroalkylethyl phosphate

Fluoroalcohol phophate

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5b

-

-(CF2CF2)n-

-

-

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OCH2
CH3)3
-(CF2CF2)n-

CF3CF(CF3)C3F6CF(CF3)CF3
COOH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H

CnF2n+1COOH

-

-

NH2+(CH2CH2OH) OP(O )(O
CH2CH2CnF2n+1)2

-

-

polymer

n=2-8
-

n = 9 - 15

polymer

n = 6, 8

n=6

-

n = 3 - 13

-

-

not spec ified

-

-

9002-84-0

-

-

9002-84-0

51851-37-7, 101947-16-4

27619-97-2

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 30724-4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1,
375-95-1, 335-76-2, 205894-8, 307-55-1, 72629-94-8,
376-06-7
172155-07-6

68412-68-0
68412-69-1

65545-80-4

65530-64-5

U
U

U

U

U
U
U

U

U

U

D

D

D

U
U

U

U

(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(USEPA 2016)
(USEPA 2016)

(USEPA 2016)

(USEPA 2016)

Ethanol
-iminobis- compd with
[phosphinicobis (oxy-2,1-ethanedi l bis fluoropoly(difluoromethylene)] (1:1)(1f)
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -hydro- -hydroxyether with -fluoro- -(2-hydroxyethyl)poly
(difluoromethylene) (1:1)
Phosphonic acid, perfluoro-C6-12-alkyl derivs
Phosphinic acid, bis(perfluoro-C6-12-alkyl)
derivs.

Blush/highlighter
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5b

-

Perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane5a

(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSs)1d

Perfluoro-3,7-dimethyloctanoic acid1c

BB/CC cream, foundation
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Perfluorononyl octyldodecyl glycol
meadowfoamate
Fluoro octyldodecyl meadowfoamate
Perfluorononyl octyldodecyl glycol

202

 Concealer/corrector
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Perfluorononyl dimethicone

Brow products
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5b

Polyfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5b

Perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane5a

(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSs)1d

Body lotion/ body cream/ body oil
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H

CF2HCnF2nCOOH

CnF2n+1COOH

-

-(CF2CF2)n-

-

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OCH2
CH3)3
-(CF2CF2)n-

CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H

CnF2n+1COOH

-

polymer

n = 4, 6

n=5

n = 3 - 13

polymer

-

polymer

n=6

n=6

n = 3 - 13

-

-

9002-84-0

757124-72-4, 27619-97-2

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 30724-4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1,
375-95-1, 335-76-2, 205894-8, 307-55-1, 72629-94-8,
376-06-7
1546-95-8

259725-95-6

9002-84-0

-

9002-84-0

51851-37-7

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 30724-4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1,
375-95-1, 335-76-2, 205894-8, 307-55-1, 72629-94-8,
376-06-7
27619-97-2

-

U

U

D

D

D

U

U

U

U

U

D

D

U

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(GSP 2014)

Perfluorononyl octydodecyl glycol
grapeseedate

(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSs)1d

-(CF2CF2)n-

n = 9 - 15

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency
2015b)

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5b

-

-Hydroperfluoroalkanoate1b

Fluoroalcohol phophate

203

 Polyperfluoromethylisopropyl ether5c

Linear perfluoroalkanes4d
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5b

Eye cream/ eye shadow
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Cuticle treatment
Perfluorononyl octyldodecyl glycol
Perfluorononyl octyldodecyl glycol meadowfoamate

Polyperfluoroisopropyl ether

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5b

-CF3O[CF(CF3)CF2O]x (CF2
O)yCF3-

CnF2n+2
-(CF2CF2)n-

CnF2n+1COOH

-

-

CF3O[CF(CF3)CF2O]x(CF2O)y
CF3
-(CF2CF2)n-

n = 4, 13

polymer

n=6
polymer

n = 3 - 13

-

-

polymer

polymer

2706-90-3, 376-06-7

259725-95-6

69991-67-9

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 30724-4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1,
375-95-1, 335-76-2, 205894-8, 307-55-1, 72629-94-8,
376-06-7
355-42-0
9002-84-0

-

-

9002-84-0

69991-67-9

D

U

U

U
U

D

U
U

U

U

U

(GSP 2014)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

Creams/lotions
Polyperfluoromethylisopropyl ether5c

Perfluorononyl dimethicone

CnF2n+1COOH

U
U

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

Eye pencil/ eye liner
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

n = 9 - 15

259725-95-6

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
-

U

Fluoroalcohol phophate
Perfluorononyl dimethicone

9002-84-0

-(CF2CF2)n-

polymer

Face cream
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5b

204

 -CF3O[CF(CF3)CF2O]x (CF2
O)yCF3-

Polyperfluoromethylisopropyl ether5c
Fluoroalcohol phophate

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2
N+(CH3)2CH2CH2COO

6b

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2
SO3H
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2
OP(=O)(OH)2
CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N
(C2H5)2

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2
N+(C2H5)2CH2CH2COO

5c

CnF2n+1COOH
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2
COOH
I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2
N+(CH3)3

5b

Hair creams, rinses, and conditioner
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a
N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoacetic
acid (EtFASAAs)5d
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfo
nyl]amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, iodide (1:1)5e
5a

Ethanaminium, 2-carboxy-N,N-diethyl-N-[2[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl]-, inner
salt6a
1-Alkanesulfonamide, perfluoro-N-methyl-N[2-(sulfooxy)ethyl]-6b
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-ethyl-perfluoro-N-[2(phosphonooxy)ethyl]-6c
Alkanamide, N-[3-(diethylamino)propyl]perfluoro-6d
6a

1-Propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-3[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)amino]-N,N-dimethyl-,
inner salt7a

n=8

n=8
n = 10

n = 9 - 15

polymer

1652-63-7

375-95-1
61481-04-7

-

69991-67-9

P

P
P

U

U

(CAS 2019 (US4183367))

(CAS 2019 (US3993745))
(CAS 2019 (US3993745))

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)

5e

n=8

61481-06-9

61481-08-1

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (US3993745))

(CAS 2019 (US3993745))

(CAS 2019 (US3993744))

5d

n = 12

61481-05-8

I

n = 10

(CAS 2019 (US3993744))
6d

(CAS 2019 (US3993745))

P

P

61481-09-2
6c

5158-52-1

n=8

n=7

205

 H H

H-Perfluoroalkyl methacrylate7b

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(perfluoroalkyl)-hydroxy-7c
11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-Octaoxaocta
tetracontan-33-one, perfluoro11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-Octaoxaoctatetra
contan-33-one, 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,
6,6,7,7,8,8-heptadecafluoroLithium (n:2) fluorotelomer thioether
propionate7d
7a

CF2HCnF2nCH2OC(O)C(CH3)
=CH2
CnF2n+1CH2CH2O(CH2CH2O
)18H
CnF2n+1(CH2CH2O)8C(O)C15
H31
CnF2n+1(CH2CH2O)8C(O)C15
H31
Li+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2SCH2CH2
COO
7b

-

n=8

n=8

n=6

n=3

65530-69-0

67549-47-7

67549-47-7

-

355-93-1

U

U

U

U

U

(Kissa 2001)

(Kissa 2001)

(Kissa 2001)

(Kissa 2001)

(GSP 2014)

n=7

-

-

-

U
U

U

U

U

(Kissa 2001)
(Kissa 2001)

(Kissa 2001)

(Kissa 2001)

(Kissa 2001)

7d

(Zonyl FSP)

-

U

7c

(Zonyl FSP)

-

Li

(Zonyl FSP)
x+y+z=3
(Zonyl FSE)
-

CnF2n+1(CH2)yS(CH2)xCOOM,
where x=1-20, y=1-4, M=
alkali metal or ammonium
Diammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
2 NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OP
monoester8a
O32
Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
NH4+ PO2 (OCH2CH2Cn
diester8b
F2n+1)2
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphate triester
(O)P(OCH2CH2CnF2n+1)3
(n:2) Fluorotelomer phosphate ester
(CnF2n+1CH2CH2O)xPO(O
derivates
NH4+)y(OCH2CH2OH)m
Perfluoroalkylethyl thiohydroxypropyl trimonium chloride

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
-

U
U
U
U
U
-

259725-95-6
-

Perfluoroester
Perfluorononyl dimethicone
Perfluorononylethyl carboxydecyl peg- 10 dimethicone
Polyperfluoroethoxymethoxy difluoroethyl peg phosphate
Polytetrafluoroethylene acetoxypropyl betaine

206

 8a

ּ2 NH3
Hair spray/ mousse
H H H-Perfluoroalkyl methacrylate7b
(n:2) Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSs)1d

8b

ּNH3

Perfluoroester
Perfluorononyl dimethicone
Polyperfluoroethoxymethoxy difluoroethyl
peg phosphate
Hair shampoo
Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane
sulfonamidoacetate9a
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfo
nyl]amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, iodide (1:1)5e
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-ethyl-perfluoro-N-[2(phosphonooxy)ethyl]-6c
Alkanoic acid, perfluoro-, ethyl ester
H H H-Perfluoroalkyl methacrylate7b
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-,
1,2-bis(2-octyldodecyl) 3-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,
7,7-undecafluoro heptyl) ester4e
2-Propenoic acid, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8pentadecafluorooctyl ester, homopolymer 9c
2-Propenoic acid, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7dodecafluoroheptyl ester, homopolymer 9d
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,
5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-pentadecafluorooctyl ester,
homopolymer9e

polymer

n=5

n = 10
n=3

n = 8, 10

n=8

n=8

-

-

n=6

n=3

26246-67-3

26337-50-8

214334-16-4

41506-11-0
355-93-1

3820-83-5, 61481-05-8

1652-63-7

2991-51-7

259725-95-6
-

27619-97-2

355-93-1

P

P

P

U

P
U

P

P

P

U
U
U

D

U

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

(GSP 2014)

(CAS 2019 (DE2816828,
US4176176))
(CAS 2019 (US4176176))
(GSP 2014)

(CAS 2019 (DE2816828))

(CAS 2019 (DE2816828))

CF2HCnF2nCH2OC(O)C(CH3)
=CH2
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO3H

K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2
COO
I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2
CH2N+(CH3)3
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2
OP(=O)(OH)2
CnF2n+1C(O)OCH2CH3
CF2HCnF2nCH2OC(O)C(CH3)
=CH2
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)CH2
C(OH)[C(O)OCH2CH(C8H17)
C10H21]CH2CH(C8H17)C10H21
-(C11H5F15O2)x-

polymer

29014-57-1

-

-(C10H6F12O2)x-

polymer

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

-(C7F15CH2OC(O)C(=CH2)
CH3)x-

207

 9a

ּK+

9b

2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,
5,6,6 ,7,7-dodecafluoroheptyl ester,
homopolymer10a
Methacrylic acid, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,
8,8,9,9-hexadecafluoroheptadecyl ester,
polymers10b
Methacrylic acid, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester,
polymer with 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8pentadecafluorooctyl acrylate10c
10a

Methacrylic acid, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester,
polymer with 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-dodeca
fluoroheptyl acrylate11a
Methacrylic acid, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester,
polymer with 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9hexadecafluorononyl acrylate11b

polymer

34482-06-9

25656-09-1

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

9e

-(C11H8F12O2)x-

polymer

34482-03-6

9d

-(C21H24F16O2)x-

polymer

9c

-(C11H5F15O2.C10H19NO2)x-

10c

-(C10H19NO2)x-(C10H6F12
O2)y-

polymer

polymer

34514-87-9

34438-56-7

P

P

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))
(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))
(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

10b

-(C12H6F16O2)x-(C10H19N
O2)y-

208

 11a

Methacrylic acid, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester,
polymer with butyl methacrylate and 2,2,3,3,
4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-pentadecafluorooctyl
acrylate12a
Methacrylic acid, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester,
polymer with 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl
methacrylate12b
12a

Methacrylic acid, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8pentadecafluorooctyl ester, polymer with 2(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate13a
Methacrylic acid, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7dodecafluoroheptyl ester, polymer with 2(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate13b
13a

Methacrylic acid, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,
7,7,8,8,9,9-hexadecafluorononyl ester,
polymer with 2-(diethylamino)ethyl
methacrylate14a
Perfluoroester

polymer

34482-04-7

P

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))
(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

11b

-(C11H5F15O2)x-(C10H19NO2
)y-(C8H14O2)m-

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))
(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))
(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

P

P

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))
(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

34438-55-6

34438-51-2

P

polymer

polymer

34438-59-0

-(C8H7F7O2)x-(C10H19NO2)y-

-(C12H7F15O2)x-(C10H19N
O2)y-

polymer

12b

-(C11H8F12O2)x-(C10H19N
O2)y-

-(C13H8F16O2)x-(C10H19N
O2)y-

-

polymer

-

34447-80-8

U

P

(GSP 2014)

(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))
(CAS 2019 (DE2051523))

13b

-

209

 14a

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1b

Highlighter
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Hand sanitizer
Tea-C8-18 perfluoroalkylethyl phosphate

Chemical name

CnF2n+1COOH

-(CF2CF2)n-

CnF2n+1COOH

-

Molecular formula

polymer

n=6
n=5

n = 7- 13

polymer

n = 5 - 13

-

Specification
of chemical(s)

-

69991-67-9

335-67-1, 375-95-1, 335-76-2,
2058-94-8, 307-55-1, 7262994-8, 376-06-7
51851-37-7
259725-95-6
214334-16-4

307-24-4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1,
375-95-1, 335-76-2, 2058-948, 307-55-1, 72629-94-8, 37606-7
9002-84-0

-

CAS No.

U

U

U
U
U

D

U

D

U

Typ
e

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)

(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(GSP 2014)

Reference

Table 92: PFAS that have been used or detected or have been patented for the use in personal care products and cosmetics (2). The types stand for U use, U* current use, and
D detected. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Lip balm/lip stick/lip gloss
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

-

Perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane1c
Perfluorononyl dimethicone
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-,
1,2-bis(2-octyldodecyl) 3-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,
7,7,7-undecafluoro heptyl) ester1d
Polyperfluoromethylisopropyl ether1e

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OCH2 CH3)3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)CH2C
(OH)[C(O)OCH2CH(C8H17)
C10H21]CH2CH(C8H17)C10H21
-CF3O[CF(CF3)CF2O]x
(CF2O)yCF3-

Fluoro octyldodecyl meadowfoamate

210

 1b

Polyperfluoroethoxymethoxy difluoroethyl
peg phosphate
Perfluorononyl octyldodecyl glycol
Perfluorononylethyl stearyl dimethicone
Perfluorononyl dimethicone crosspolymer
1a
1c

-

-

-

U
U
U

U

(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

(GSP 2014)

1e

1d

(GSP 2014)

259725-95-6

U

-

Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

-

D

(GSP 2014)

Lip liner
Perfluorononyl dimethicone

U

n = 5 - 13

163702-07-6

CnF2n+1COOH

n=4

Manicure product
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

CnF2n+1OCH3

307-24-4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1,
375-95-1, 335-76-2, 2058-948, 307-55-1, 72629-94-8, 37606-7

Makeup remover/ facial cleaner
Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether2a
Mask

211

 Mascara/lashes
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1b

Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether2a
Ethyl perfluoroalkyl ether2b
Linear perfluoroalkanes2c
Perfluorononyl dimethicone

-(CF2CF2)n-

CnF2n+1OCH3
CnF2n+1OCH2CH3
CnF2n+2
-

polymer

n=4
n=4
n=6
-

9002-84-0

163702-07-6
163702-05-4
355-42-0
259725-95-6

U

U

U
U
U
U

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)

(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

-

U
U

(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

-

51851-37-7
214334-16-4

U
U
U
U

(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

-

n=6
n=5

163702-07-6
355-42-0
-

U
U

(GSP 2014)

n=4
n=6
n = 9 - 15
-

-

D

U

-

U

-

n=3-6

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 307-244, 375-85-9
9002-84-0

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

n = 9 - 13

Nail polish/nail strenghtner/nail treatment
Fluoroaliphatic polymeric esters
Perfluorononyl octyldodecyl glycol meadowfoamate

Moisturer
Perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane1c
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-,
1,2-bis(2-octyldodecyl) 3-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,
7,7,7-undecafluoro heptyl) ester1d
Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether2a
Linear perfluoroalkanes2c
Fluoroalcohol phophate
Polytetrafluoroethylene acetoxypropyl betaine

CnF2n+1COOH

polymer

U
U
U
U
U

-

Powder
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

-(CF2CF2)n-

-

Polytetrafluoroethylene acetoxypropyl
betaine
Fluoroalcohol

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1b

n = 9 - 15
-

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OCH2 CH3)3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)CH2C
(OH)[C(O)OCH2CH(C8H17)
C10H21]CH2CH(C8H17)C10H21
CnF2n+1OCH3
CnF2n+2
-

Fluoroalcohol phophate
Fluoro octyldodecyl meadowfoamate
Perfluorononyl octyldodecyl glycol meadowfoamate
Polyperfluoroethoxymethoxy difluoroethyl peg phosphate
Perfluorononyl octyldodecyl glycol
-

212

 Sunscreen
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Perfluorononylethyl carboxydecyl peg- 10 dimethicone

Srub/peeling
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Methyl perfluoroisobutyl ether2d

Primer/fixer
Methyl perfluorobutyl ether2a

CnF2n+1COOH

Perfluorononyl dimethicone
Polytetrafluoroethylene acetoxypropyl betaine -

Shaving cream/shaving foam/shaving gel
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OCH2 CH3)3
-

CnF2n+1COOH

CF3CF(CF3)CF2OCH3

C4F9OCH3

polymer

-

n=6
-

n = 6 - 14

-

polymer

-

n=3-6

(part of HFE-7100)

(part of HFE-7100)

259725-95-6
-

9002-84-0

-

375-85-9, 335-67-1, 375-95-1,
335-76-2, 2058-94-8, 307-551, 72629-94-8, 376-06-7,
141074-63-7
51851-37-7
259725-95-6
-

259725-95-6
-

9002-84-0

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 307-244, 375-85-9
-

163702-08-7

163702-07-6

U
U

U

U
U

U
U
U

D

U
U

U

U

U

U

(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)
(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency
2015b)
(GSP 2014)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(GSP 2014)
(GSP 2014)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)
(Brinch, Jensen, and Christensen
2018)

Polytetrafluoroethylene acetoxypropyl betaine Polyperfluoroethoxymethoxy difluoroethyl peg phosphate

Perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane1c
Perfluorononyl dimethicone
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids

-(CF2CF2)n-

n=2-8
n = 9 - 15

D

Sunscreen makeup
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1b

-

-(CF2CF2)n-

Perfluorononyl dimethicone
Fluoroalcohol phophate

213

 2b

Perfluorononyl octyldodecyl glycol
2a

2.29 Pesticides

2c

2d

-

-

PFOA (CAS No. 335-67-1) has been detected in pesticide solutions (Fiedler, Pfister, and Schramm 2010).

2.29.1 PFAS as active ingredients

U

(GSP 2014)

PFAS can be used as insecticides against the common housefly and the carmine mite (Kissa 2001). The mechanism of insecticidal activity appears to be suffocation of the insect by
the adsorbed PFAS (Kissa 2001). Patents that describe the use of PFAS for insect control are US758856, BR8301452, or US455727 (CAS 2019).

The insecticide sulfluramid (N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide, CAS No. 4151-50-2) was developed for control of ants and cockroaches. Registrations for this insecticide have
been withdrawn in the United States but are still permitted in many developing countries (Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012). The use of sulfluramid for control of leaf-cutting ants
Atta spp. and Acromyrmex spp. is listed as an acceptable purpose for the production and use of PFOS, its salts and PFOSF in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention (COP 2019).
Other PFAS that have been used against invasive ants, red fire ants, and cockroaches are flursulamid (CAS No. 31506-34-0) and lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate (CAS No. 2945772-5) (Ogawa et al. 2020). The stuctures of these PFAS are shown in Table 93. Lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate is also known as Super-Arinosu-Korori, and has been a popular
component of commercially available insecticides in Japan for the control of household pest ants (Ogawa et al. 2020). No specific information is available on EL-499-1 and EL-4992, so it is not clear if these substances have been in use or have just been registered. Novaluron is an insecticide which inhibits chitin synthesis, affecting the moulting
stages of insect development (FAO 2004). Novaluron was used in the European Union until 2012 but is no longer permitted. However, Novaluron is still permitted in the US und
Canada (PPDB 2019). No information is available for Nifluiridide.

Chemical name

Li+ CnF2n+1SO3
CnF2n+1SO2NHC2H5
CnF2n+1SO2NHC4H9

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
n=8
n = 8 (Sulfuramid)
n = 8 (Flursulamid)

29457-72-5
4151-50-2
31506-34-0

CAS No.

U
U*
U

Type

(Ogawa et al. 2020)
(COP 2019)
(Ogawa et al. 2020)

Reference

Table 93: PFAS that have been used as insecticides. The names in brackets under specification of chemical s are the ISO common names for pesticides. The types stand for U
use, U* current use, and ? unclear. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Lithium perfluoroalkane sulfonate1a
N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (EtFASAs)1b
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-butyl-perfluoro-1c

214

 1b

Cyclohexanecarboxamide, N-(2-bromo-4-nitrophenyl)-1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,
6,6-undecafluoro-1d
Cyclohexanecarboxamide, N-(2-bromo-4-nitrophenyl)-1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,
6-decafluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1e

1a

Benzamide, N-[[[3-chloro-4-[1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)ethoxy]
phenyl]amino]carbonyl]-2,6-difluoro-2a
Propanamide, N-[2-amino-3-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2,2,3,3tetrafluoro-2b
2a

c-C6F11C(O)NHC6H3BrNO2
(EL-499-2)

(EL-499-1)

107351-23-5

107349-85-9

?

?

(Ogawa et al. 2020)

(Ogawa et al. 2020)

(Nifluridide)

(Novaluron)

61444-62-0

116714-46-6

U

U

(Ogawa et al. 2020)

(Ogawa et al. 2020)

1d

c-C7F13C(O)NHC6H3BrNO2

1c

C6H3F2C(O)NHC(O)NHC6H3
ClOCF2CFHOCF3
HCF2CF2C(O)NHC6H2(NH2)(
NO2)CF3
2b

Another substance that has been marketed for potential use in pesticides is N-methyl perfluorohexane sulfonamide (POPRC 2018b).

2.29.2 PFAS as formulation additives

Perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs) and perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs) have been used as anti-foaming agents in various pesticide formulations and adjuvants (Z.
Wang et al. 2016). The Chemical Data Reporting database under the TSCA lists that phosphonic acid, perfluoro-C6-12-alkyl derivs. (CAS No. 68412-68-0) and phosphinic acid,
bis(perfluoro-C6-12-alkyl) derivs. (CAS No. 68412-69-1) were used above 11.3 t in the US as surface active agents in pesticide, fertilizer and other agricultural chemical

215

 manufacturing in the US between 2012 and 2015 (USEPA 2016). PFAS have also been used in pesticides as dispersants, to facilitate the spreading of plant protection agents on
insects and plant leaves and to increase uptake by insects and plants (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b). An example for a PFAS that aids wetting and penetration of
insecticides into the insect is potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoacetate (CAS No. 2991-51-7) (Kissa 2001; CAS 2019 (JP51035436, 1976)). Currently, this chemical,
PFPAs and PFPiAs are no longer permitted as pesticide additives, at least in the US (POPRC 2016a; Z. Wang et al. 2016).

Table 94 lists additional substances that have been approved in the past as inert additives in pesticide formulations in the United States, but are no longer permitted.

CnF2n+1P(=O)(OH)2
CnF2n+1P(CmF2m+1)(=O)OH
K+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2 COO

n=8

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=8

38006-74-5

1652-63-7

2991-51-7

CAS No.

P

U

U
U
U
U

Type

(CAS 2019 (WO9817113))

(POPRC 2016a)

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)
(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)
(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)
(POPRC 2016a)

Reference

Molecular formula

I CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2 CH2N+(CH3)3

n=8
1c

Cl-

CI CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2 CH2N+(CH3)3

Table 94: PFAS that were approved in the past as inert additives in pesticide formulations in the United States, but are no longer permitted in the US. Patent number (date, legal
status): WO9817113 (1998, active). The types stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this
document.
Chemical name

1b

I-

Perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs)
Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs)
Fluorotelomer alcohol-based phosphates
Potassium N-ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido
acetate1a
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl) sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, iodide (1:1)1b
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1)1c
1a

K+

216

 2.30 Pharmaceuticals
2.30.1 PFAS as active ingredients

There are only a few drugs that have the moiety CF2CF2-. We have checked the list of active ingredients in approved drugs in the US from the FDA, but none of the chemcials had
the moiety -CF2CF2- (FDA 2020a; Mei et al. 2019). J. Wang et al. (2014) listed fluorine-containing drugs which were introduced in the market between 2001 and 2011. The only drug
with the moiety -CF2CF2- was Fulvestrant (CAS No. 129453-61-8). Fulvestrant is an estrogen antagonist and inhibits the growth stimulus that estrogen exerts on cells. Fulvestrant
has been used to treat breast cancer (J. Wang et al. 2014). Many drugs contain the moiety -CF3 and thus are PFAS, according to Buck et al. (2011); however, they are outside the
working scope of this study, as defined in the methods section of the main text. Beside the approved drugs, there are drugs that have been withdrawn from the market or have
not (yet) been approved (Zhou et al. 2016). Many of them are described in patents. An example of a patented drug with the moiety -CF2CF2- is 1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole, 2-[[[4(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutoxy)-2-pyridinyl]methyl]sulfinyl]- (CAS No. 121617-11-6). The chemical can be used in a pharmaceutical combination of dabigatran (an agent that
thins the blood) and proton pump inhibitors (CAS 2019 (TR2014004232, 2015)).

2.30.2 PFAS as formulation additives

PFAS can be used as dispersants in self-propelling aerosol pharmaceuticals (CAS 2019 (US4352789, 1982)). Some exemplary molecules are listed in Table 95.

CnF2n+1SO2N(C4H8COOH)2

n=8

n=8

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=8

3820-83-5

14513-26-9

83903-90-6

CAS No.

P

P

P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (US4352789))

(CAS 2019 (US4352789))

(CAS 2019 (US4352789))

(CAS 2019 (US4352789))

Reference

Molecular formula

Br CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2
C10H21
CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2OP(=O)(OH)2

67939-92-8, 2965-528, 83903-91-7

1d

n = 6, 8, 10

1c

[CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2O]2P(=O)OH

Table 95: PFAS that have been patented as dispersants in self-propelling aerosol pharmaceuticals. Patent number (date, legal status): US4352789 (1982, expired).
Chemical name

1b

Pentanoic acid
-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
imino]bis-1a
1-Decanaminium, N-[3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]propyl]-N,N-dimethyl-, bromide (1:1)1b
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-ethyl-perfluoro-N-[2(phosphonooxy)ethyl]-1c
1-Alkanesulfonamide, N,N -[phosphinicobis(oxy2,1-ethanediyl)]bis[N-ethyl-perfluoro- 1d
1a

Br

217

 2b
2c

1-Alkanesulfonamide, N,N -[phosphinicobis(oxy2,1-ethanediyl)]bis[N-ethyl-perfluoro-, ammonium
salt (1:1)(1d)
Perfluorocycloalkane2a
Linear perfluoroalkanes2b
Perfluorotrialkyl amine2c
2a

c-CnF2n
CnF2n+2
N(CnF2n+1)3

NH4+ [CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2O]2PO2

n=4
n=3
n=4

n=8

115-25-3
76-19-7
311-89-7

30381-98-7

P
P
P

P

(CAS 2019 (US4352789))
(CAS 2019 (US4352789))
(CAS 2019 (US4352789))

(CAS 2019 (US4352789))

Furthermore, PFAS can be used as solvents in pharmaceuticals. Examples are semifluorinated n-alkanes (SFAs) with F(CF2)n(CH2)mH n/m = 4/5 (CAS No. 1190430-21-7), n/m = 6/6
(CAS No. 69125-80-0) or n/m = 6/8 (CAS No. 133331-77-8) (CAS 2019 (US8796340, 2014)).

2.31 Pipes, pumps, fittings and liners

Fluoropolymers like PVDF (CAS No. 24937-79-9) have been used to make solid and lined pipes, fittings, valves, pumps, tower packing, and tank and trailer linings for fluid-handling
applications (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994; Dohany 2000). Additional information on the fluoropolymers used in pipes and pipe linings are provided in Section 1.4.7
Technical equipment in the chemical process industry` and in Section 1.14.4 Oil and gas transport`.

Another fluoropolymer used in pump impellers and casings, pipe linings, and valves is ETFE. ETFE is most suitable for electrostatic powder coating for anticorrosive, antistick, and
electrical applications in both the home and industries (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

CTFE telomers and perfluoropolyethers are used (or have been used) as working fluid/vacuum pump oils in the electronics industry where reactive gases and aluminum chloride
would be harmful to hydrocarbon oils (see also Section 1.18.10 Working fluids for pumps in the semiconductor industry).

2.32 Plastic, rubber and resins

218

PFAS that are used in the production of plastic and rubber are described in Section 1.17. PFAS that are used as additives in plastic, rubber and resins are described in this Section.

 2.32.1 Plastic

PTFE micropowders are used as additives in plastics (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Lower molecular weight-PCTFE oils, waxes, and greases are used as plasticizers for
thermoplastics (Millet and Kosmala 2000).

2.32.2 Rubber

The most commercially available fluoroelastomers (in 1994) were copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene (VDF-HFP, CAS No. 9011-17-0) and, optionally,
terpolymers with tetrafluoroethylene (THV, CAS No. 25190-89-0) (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Fluorinated surfactants added to rubber allows adhesive less bonding of
rubber to steel (Kissa 2001). Rubber insulation in a fridge contained PFHxS (CAS No. 355-46-4) and PFOS (CAS No. 1763-23-1) Bečanová et al
.

2.32.3 Antistat in rubber and plastic

Antistats prevent the buildup of static electricity and dissipate the electric charge formed on the substrate (Kissa 2001). Antistatic agents can be applied to the surface (external
antistat) or incorporated into the bulk (internal antistat) of an otherwise insulating material. Antistats for plastic are commonly employed as internal antistat and have to be
thermally stable to withstand polymer melt processing temperatures, which can be as high as 250 to 400 °C or more (CAS 2019 (WO2001025326, 2001)). Since static buildup is
typically a surface phenomenon, internal antistats that are capable of migrating to and enriching the surface of a material are generally most effective. Table 96 shows fluorinated
surfactants that hae been used or patented as antistats in plastic or rubber.

Reference

Table 96: PFAS that have been used or patented as antistat in plastic or rubber. Patent number (date, legal status): WO2001025326 (2001, active), US20050228194 (2005, active),
JP57133060 (1982, expired). The types stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Type

Molecular formula

CAS No.

Chemical name

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=6
n = 4, 8

P, U

(CAS 2019 (WO2001025326))
(CAS 2019 (WO2001025326))

Li+ CnF2n+1COO
CnF2n+1SO3H

n = 4, 6

220689-12-3

P
P

P
P

Lithium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate1a
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1b

Li+ CnF2n+1SO3

n=4

334529-64-5
334529-62-3,
334529-63-4

P, U

Lithium perfluoroalkane sulfonate(1b)

P+H(C4H9)4 CnF2n+1SO3

n=4
n = 4, 8

60871-90-1
375-73-5, 176323-1
131651-65-5,
55120-77-9

Tetrabutylphosphonium perfluoroalkane sulfonate1c

C4H9N+C5H5 CnF2n+1SO3
C16H33N+C5H5 CnF2n+1SO3

(CAS 2019 (WO2001025326);
Norwegian Environment Agency
2018)
(CAS 2019 (US20050228194);
Hodgkins 2018)
(CAS 2019 (WO2001025326))
(CAS 2019 (WO2001025326))

Pyridinium, 1-butyl-, perfluoro-1-alkanesulfonate (1:1)1d
Pyridinium, 1-hexadecyl-, perfluoro-1-alkanesulfonate
(1:1)(1d)

219

 1a

Li+

1b

1c

(CnF2n+1SO2)2NH
Li+ (CnF2n+1SO2)2N

n=2

n=2
n = 2, 4

334529-59-8

152894-10-5
132843-44-8,
119229-99-1
334529-61-2

P

P

P
P

(CAS 2019 (WO2001025326))

(CAS 2019 (WO2001025326))

(CAS 2019 (WO2001025326))

(CAS 2019 (WO2001025326))
(CAS 2019 (WO2001025326))

1d

C16H33N+C5H5 (CnF2n+1SO2)2N

n=4

P

Bis(perfluoroalkane-sulfonyl)imide2a
Lithium bis(perfluoroalkane-sulfonyl)imide(2a)

HOCH2CH2N+(CH3)3 (CnF2n+1
SO2)2N

70225-25-1

(CAS 2019 (JP57133060))

n=8

P

(CAS 2019 (JP57133060))

(CAS 2019 (WO2001025326))

52584-45-9

P

P

-

29117-08-6

38006-74-5

Na+ CF3CF2C(CF3)(C2F5)C(CF3)
=C(CF3)OC6H4SO3

n=8

2c

CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2(OC
H2CH2)mOH

n=8

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(C
H3)3
Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2
N+(CH3)3

2b

Pyridinium, 1-hexadecyl-, salt with perfluoro-N[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]alkanesulfonamide (1:1) 2b
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, salt with
perfluoro-N-[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]-1-alkane
sulfonamide (1:1)(2b)
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl] amino]N,N,N-trimethyl-2c
1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl] amino]N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1)(2c)
2a

Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-3-(1,1,2,
2,2-pentafluoroethyl)-1,2,3-tris(trifluoromethyl)-1penten-1-yl]oxy]-, sodium salt (1:1)3a
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[ethyl[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]amino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-3b

220

 3a

2.32.4 Resins

Na

3b

Resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that can be converted to polymers. Fluorinated surfactants are incorporated in this polymer to improve
weatherability, elasticity, or flammability.

Potassium perfluorobutane sulfonate (K-PFBS, CAS No. 29420-49-3) and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS, CAS No. 375-73-5 ) are marketed as flame retardant for
polycarbonate resins (Z. Wang et al. 2013; CAS 2019 (CN101891943, 2010)). For more information, see Section 2.15 Flame retardants

2.33 Printing (inks)

PFAS have been used or have been patented for use in toner and printer inks, ink-jet recording heads, recording and printing paper and lithographic printing plates. Additionally,
PFOS (CAS No. 1763-23-1) has been found in tested intermediate transfer belts of colour copiers and printers (POPRC 2019).

2.33.1 Toner and printer inks

Many ink formulations contain fluorinated surfactants to enhance ink flow and leveling, to improve cylinder life, and to eliminate snowflaking or nonuniform printing (R. E. Banks,
Smart, and Tatlow 1994). Fluorinated surfactants also improve wetting which is essential for printing on difficult-to-wet surfaces such as plastics and metals (Kissa 2001).
Additionally, fluorinated surfactants aid pigment dispersion and control problems such as pigment flooding and flotation. They also impart water resistance to water-based inks
(Kissa 2001) and improve the storage stability (CAS 2019 (JP2007056175)). Fluorinated surfactants are added to inks for ballpoint pens, marking pens, anticlogging jet recording
inks, and printing inks for plastics (Kissa 2001).

The Chemical Data Reporting database under the TSCA lists poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) -hydro- -hydroxy- ether with -fluoro- -(2-hydroxyethyl)poly(difluoromethylene) (1:1)
(CAS No. 65545-80-4) as a processing aid for printing ink manufacturing (USEPA 2016).

221

 CnF2n+1SO2NH(R) R = CmH2m+1
(m = 1, 2, 4)
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH

CnF2n+1SO3H
CnF2n+1SO2NHCH3

Molecular formula

n=4

n=4

n=4

n=4-9

n=6-8
n=4

Specificatio
n of
chemical(s)

606967-06-0

67584-55-8

34454-97-2

-

1763-23-1
68298-12-4

CAS No.

P

U

U

U

U

D
U

Typ
e

(Herzke, Posner, and Olsson 2009)
(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017)
(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency
2015b)
(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017)
(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017)
(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017)

Reference

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OC(O)C
H=CH2
NH4+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C6H13)CH2CH
(OH)CH2SO3

150049-87-9
1d

n=8

678-39-7, 865-86-1
355-93-1

61660-12-6

D
P

U

(Herzke, Posner, and Olsson 2009)
(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))

(POPRC 2016a)

1f

n = 8, 10
n=3

NH3

(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))

n=9

CnF2n+1C(O)CH3
1c

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH2CH3)CH2CH2CH2
Si(OCH3)3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH
CF2HCnF2nCH2OC(O)C(CH3)=CH2

1e

Table 97: PFAS historically or currently used in, detected in, or patented for printing inks. Patent number (date, legal status): CN109810567 (2019, not yet active),
JP2003277664(2003, withdrawn), JP2007056175 (2007, refused). The types stand for U use, U* current use, P patent, and D detected. Additional explanations to the table
are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

Nonpolymers
Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1a
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamides
(MeFASAs)1b
N-Alkyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamides(1b)

1b

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido
ethanols (MeFASEs)1c
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethyl
acrylates (MeFASEACs)1d
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[hexyl[(perfluoro
alkyl)sulfonyl] amino]-2-hydroxy-, ammo
nium salt (1:1)1e
2-Alkanone, perfluoro-1f
1a

1-Alkanesulfonamide, N-ethyl-perfluoro-N-[3(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-2a
(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)2b
H H H-Perfluoroalkyl methacrylate2c

222

 Oxirane, 2-[[(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9hexadecafluorononyl)oxy]methyl]-2d

CFHC7F14CH2OCH2C2OH3

NH4+ OP(O )(OCH2CH2CnF2n+1)2

2 NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CH2OPO3

n=2 6

n = 6, 8, 10

n = 6, 8, 10

2c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(CH3)2OCH3

n=2 6

2b

Diammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
monoester3a
Ammonium (n:2) fluorotelomer phosphate
diester3b
Silane, methoxydimethyl(perfluoroalkyl)-3c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(CH3)2OCH2CH3

2a

Silane, ethoxydimethyl(perfluoroalkyl)-3d

n=2 6

3b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(CH2CH3)2OCH3

n=3 6

3a

Silane, methoxydiethyl(perfluoroalkyl)-4a

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(C3H7)2OCH3

n=6
n=2 6

NH3

Silane, methoxydipropyl(perfluoroalkyl)-4b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OCH2CH3)3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(C3H7)(OCH3)CH2
CH2CF3

2 NH3

Perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane4c
Silane, methoxy(perfluoroalkyl)propyl(3,3,3trifluoropropyl)-4d

3c

125370-60-7

1000852-37-8, 9385744-4, 93857-45-5
1764-95-0, 93776-20-6,
93776-21-7
252653-06-8, 608298-9
6-0, 608299-03-2, 608
299-08-7, 94237-08-8
608300-94-3, 608301-0
1-5, 608301-21-9, 608
301-28-6, 107978-57-4

608299-25-8, 608299-3
3-8, 608299-39-4, 608
299-46-3, 608299-52-1
608299-70-3, 60829976-9, 608299-82-7, 60
8299-88-3
51851-37-7
608300-04-5, 608300-1
0-3, 608300-17-0, 608
300-24-9, 608300-34-1

U

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))

U

(CAS 2019 (JP2003277664))

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2003277664))

2d

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))
(CAS 2019 (JP2003277664))

(CAS 2019 (JP2003277664))

(CAS 2019 (JP2003277664))

3d

P
P

223

 Silane, chlorodimethyl(perfluoroalkyl)-5b

Silane, (perfluoroalkyl)methoxybis(3,3,3trifluoropropyl)-5a

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(CH2CH3)2Cl

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(CH3)2Cl

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(CH2CH2CF3)2OC
H3

n=2 6

n=2 6

n=2 6

n=3 6

4c

Silane, chlorodiethyl(perfluoroalkyl)-5c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(C3H7)2Cl

n=2 6

4b

Silane, chlorodipropyl(perfluoroalkyl)-5d

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(C3H7)(Cl)CH2CH2
CF3

4a

Silane, chloro(perfluoroalkyl)propyl(3,3,3trifluoropropyl)-5e

n=2 6

5c

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(CH2CH2CF3)2Cl

n=6
n = 6, 7
n=5
-

5b

Silane, chloro(perfluoroalkyl)bis(3,3,3trifluoropropyl)-6a

c-CnF2n
c-C13F22
CnF2n+2
CnF2n+1CF2H
C2F5(CFH)2CF3

5a

Perfluorocycloalkane6b
Perfluoroperhydrofluorene6c
Linear perfluoroalkanes6d
1H-Polyfluoroalkane6e
Pentane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-6f

4d

5d

608300-52-3, 608300-6
6-9, 608300-73-8, 608
300-81-8
648-51-1, 32523-11-8,
119386-82-2, 1425 1542-2, 102488-47-1
608295-57-4, 608295-7
0-1, 608295-76-7, 608
295-82-5, 60829 5-89-2
608296-02-2, 608296-0
7-7, 608296-13-5, 608
296-18-0, 608296-24-8
608296-34-0, 608296-4
0-8, 608296-47-5, 608
296-53-3, 608296-60-2

608296-74-8, 608296-8
1-7, 608296-86-2, 608
296-92-0, 608296-98-6
355-68-0
307-08-4
355-42-0, 335-57-9
355-37-3
138495-42-8

P

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2003277664))

(CAS 2019 (JP2003277664))

(CAS 2019 (JP2003277664))

(CAS 2019 (JP2003277664))

(CAS 2019 (JP2003277664))

P

(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))
(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))
(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))
(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))
(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))

(CAS 2019 (JP2003277664))

5e

P
P
P
P
P

224

 6a

Hexane, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-dodecafluoro7a

7b

1-Bromoperfluoroalkanes7b
Hexane, 1,6-dibromo-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6dodecafluoro-7c
Hexane, 1-bromo-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6dodecafluoro-7d
Hexane, 6-bromo-1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-7e
7a

Hexane, 1,6-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6dodecafluoro-8a
Benzenaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-di
methyl-4-[[3,3,3-trifluoro-1-(1,1,2,2,2-penta
fluoroethyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propen-1yl]oxy]-, inner salt8b
Benzoic acid, 4-[[3,3,3-trifluoro-1-(1,1,2,2,2pentafluoroethyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1propen-1-yl]oxy]-, sodium salt (1:1)8c

6b

BrCnF2n+1
BrC6F12Br

CFHCF2CF2CF2CF2CFH

-

n = 6, 8
-

-

128454-91-1

355-36-2

335-56-8, 423-55-2
918-22-9

336-07-2

P

P

P
P

P

6e

(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))

(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))

(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))
(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))

(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))

6f

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2007056175))

(CAS 2019 (CN109810567))

6d

CFHC5F10Br

-

355-40-8

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2007056175))

6c

C3F7C(CF3)2CH2CH2Br

-

927408-20-6

P

7e

ClC6F12Cl

-

927408-18-2

7d

CF3C(CF3)=C(C2F5)OC6H4N+(CH3)2
CH2COO

-

7c

Na+ CF3C(CF3)=C(C2F5)OC6H4
COO

225

 Benzenaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,Ndimethyl-4-[[3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-2-[1,2,2,2tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-1,3-bis
(trifluoromethyl)-1-buten-1-yl]oxy]-, inner
salt8d
8a

Benzenaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,Ndimethyl-4-[[3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-2-[1,2,2,2tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-1,3bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-buten-1-yl]oxy]-,
sodium salt9a
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[3,3,3-trifluoro-1(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)-2-(trifluorome
thyl)-1-propen-1-yl]oxy]-, sodium salt (1:1)9b
Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-[[3,4,4,4-tetrafluo ro2-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)
ethyl]-1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-buten-1yl]oxy]-, sodium salt (1:1)9c

CF3CF(CF3)C[CF(CF3)2]=C(CF3)OC
+
(CH3)2CH2COO
6H4N

927408-19-3

(CAS 2019 (JP2007056175))

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2007056175))

(CAS 2019 (JP2007056175))

P

123088-71-1

P

(CAS 2019 (JP2007056175))

8d

-

85284-17-9

P

8c

Na+ CF3CF(CF3)C[CF(CF3)2]=C
(CF3)OC6H4N+(CH3)2CH2COO

-

70829-87-7

8b

Na+ CF3C(CF3)=C(C2F5)OC6H4SO3

-

Na

Na+ CF3CF(CF3)C[CF(CF3)2]=C
(CF3)OC6H4SO3

226

 9a

Na+

Polymers
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)10a
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)10b
Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
(ETFE)10c
2-Propenoic acid, 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,
6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptadeca fluorooctyl)sulfonyl]
amino]ethyl ester, telomer with 2-[butyl[(1,1,
2,2,3,3, 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-pentadecafluoro
heptyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2-prope noate, 2methyloxirane polymer with oxirane di-2-pro
penoate, 2-methyl oxirane polymer with
oxirane mono-2-propenoate and 1octanethiol10d
2-Propenoic acid, 2-[methyl[(nonafluoro
butyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl ester, telomer
with methyloxirane polymer with oxirane di2-propenoate and methyloxirane polymer
with oxirane mono-propenoate

9002-84-0
24937-79-9
25038-71-5

U

U*
U
U

(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017)

(Norden 2020)

(Gardiner 2015; Norden 2020)
(Dohany 2000; Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

9c

polymer
polymer
polymer

68298-62-4

U

9b

-(CF2CF2)x-(CH2CF2)x-(CH2CH2)x-(CF2CF2)y-

polymer

1017237-78-3

Na

-(C17H16F17NO4S)x-(C16H16F15N
O4S)y-(C3H6O)m-(C2H4O)n(C8H18S)w-

polymer

Na

-

227

 10a
10
b

2.33.2 Ink-jet recording heads

10c

10d

A patent discloses that 2-[[(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)oxy]methyl]oxirane (CAS No. 122193-68-4) can be used in ink-jet recording heads to make them ink
repellent (CAS 2019 (JP2010120390, 2010)).

2.33.3 Recording and printing paper
Fluorinated surfactants have been used in the manufacture of heat-sensitive recording paper and ink-jet printing paper (Kissa 2001).

2.33.4 Lithographic printing plates

A patent discloses that PFAS can be used in printing plates for waterless lithography (CAS 2019 (JP02062543, 1990)). The patented PFAS are shown in Table 98. Buck, Murphy, and
Pabon (2012) stated that 1-alkanaminium, 2-(acetyloxy)-N-(carboxymethyl)-perfluoro-N,N-dimethyl-, inner salts (CAS No. 80234-02-2, 80234-03-3, 80244-66-2) have been used for
lithographic printing (but without giving further details). The three substances are fluorotelomer-based PFAS with 6, 8, and 10 perfluorocarbons, respectively.

Molecular formula

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=8
n=6
n=6

130043-47-9
126814-93-5
122193-68-4

29117-08-6

CAS No.

P
P
P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (JP02062543))
(CAS 2019 (JP02062543))
(CAS 2019 (JP02062543))

(CAS 2019 (JP01048849))

Reference

Table 98: PFAS that can be used in lithographic printing plates. Patent number (date, legal status): JP01048849 (1989, expired), JP02062543 (1990, expired). P under type stands
for patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2Si(O CH3)3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2CH(OH)CH2OH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2C2OH3

CnF2n+1SO2N(C2H5)CH2CH2(OCH 2CH2)nOH

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -[2-[ethyl[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]amino]ethyl]- -hydroxy-1a
Alkanamide, perfluoro-N-[3-(trimethoxy silyl)propyl]-1b
1,2-Propanediol, 3-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-1c
Oxirane, 2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]methyl]-1d

228

 1a

2.34 Refrigerant systems

1b
1c

1d

PFAS are used in refrigerants as heat transfer fluids and refrigerant blends (USEPA 2016). Possibly used substances are listed in Table 99. Perfluoropolyethers have also been used
in refrigerant compressors as lubricants (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994).

Type
U
U
U
U

(Ashrae 2019)

Reference
(Ashrae 2019)
(Ashrae 2019)
(Ashrae 2019)
(Ashrae 2019)

Table 99: PFAS that can be used as refrigerants. Patent number (date, legal status): JP10152452 (1998, expired). The types stand for U use, U* current use, and P patent.
Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

U

Molecular formula
c-CnF2n
c-C4Cl2F6
c-C4ClF7
CnF2n+2

CAS No.
115-25-3
356-18-3
377-41-3
76-16-4, 76-19-7, 355-259, 678-26-2, 355-42-0
6792-31-0

Chemical name
Perfluorocycloalkane1a
Dichloroperfluorocyclobutane1b
Chloroperfluorocyclobutane
Linear perfluoroalkane1c

Specification of chemical(s)
n=4
R-C316
R-C317
n = 2 (R-116), 3 (R-218), 4 (R-3-1-10), 5
(R-4-1-12), 6 (R-5-1-14)
R-1218

Hexafluoropropene trimer1d

U

CF3CF(CF3)CF=C(CF3)C
F(CF3)2
CnF2n+1CF2H

n = 1 (R-125), 2 (R-227ca), 3 (R-329ccb)

1H-Perfluoroalkane1e

1g

(Ashrae 2019; USEPA
2016)
(Ashrae 2019)
(Ashrae 2019)
1f

U
U
1e

354-33-6, 2252-84-8, 37517-7
662-00-0
76-15-3, 422-86-6
1d

n = 3 (R-247ccd)
n = 2 (R-115), 3 (R-217)
1c

CnF2n+1CH3
ClCnF2n+1
1b

N-Methylperfluoroalkane2a
1-Chloroperfluoroalkane2b
1a

229

 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane2a
Methyl perfluoroalkyl ether2b

2b

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)
ethane2c
1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethoxy)
ethane2d
2a

2.35 Sealants and adhesives

CF3OCFHCF3

CF2ClCF2CF2H
CnF2n+1OCH3

R-227ca2

-

R-226cb
n = 2, 3 (R-347mcc)

2356-61-8

2356-62-9

422-55-9
22410-44-2, 375-03-1

U

U

U
U, P

(Ashrae 2019)

(Ashrae 2019)
(Tsay 2005; CAS 2019
(JP10152452))
(Tsay 2005)

2d

CF2CF2OCF3
2c

The Chemical Data Reporting database under the TSCA lists three substances that were used in sealants and adhesives in the US between 2012 and 2015: poly(difluoromethylene),
-fluoro- -[2-(phosphonooxy) ethyl]-, ammonium salt (1:2) (CAS No. 65530-72- pol difluorometh lene
-[phosphinicobis(oxy-2,1-ethane di l bis -fluoro-, ammonium
salt (1:1) (CAS No. 65530-70-3), and poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -hydro- -hydroxy- ether with -fluoro- -(2-hydroxyethyl)poly(difluoromethylene) (1:1) (CAS No. 65545-80-4)
(USEPA 2016).

2.35.1 Sealants

Fluoroelastomers are used in the chemical processing industry, semiconductor inducstry, aircraft/aerospace applications, oil/gas production, and chemical plant valve applications
(Marshall 1997) where they have to resist acid environments and high temperatures. Elastomeric seals are mostly O-rings of all sizes, V-rings, flat or lathe-cut gaskets, and lip-type
rotating or reciprocating shaft seals. Coated fabrics for diaphragms, sheet goods, expansion joints, chimney, and duct coatings accounted also for considerable sales (R. E. Banks,
Smart, and Tatlow 1994). An example of a fluoropolymer that is currently marketed as sealant is perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether)-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (CAS No. 26425-796) (Solvay 2020). The SPIN database of the Nordic countires lists PTFE as currently used sealing compound (Norden 2020). In addition, not only polymeric PFAS have been used in
seals, but also non-polymeric PFAS. A patent decribes the use of fluorinated surfactants in soiling-resistant silicone rubber sealants (CAS 2019 (JP58167647, 1983)). Table 100 lists
the patented PFAS. Furthermore, X. Liu et al. (2014) detected C4 - C8 perfluorocarboxylic acids and C6 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates in thread sealant tape. Guo, Liu, and Krebs (2009)
detected C5 - C12 perfluorocarboxyl acids in thread seal tapes and pastes. 8:2 and 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohols were detected in one of two investigated sealants by Janousek,
Lebertz, and Knepper (2019).

230

 Specification
of chemical(s)
n=3

89148-24-3

89148-26-5

CAS No.

P

P

P

Type

(CAS 2019 (JP58167647))

(CAS 2019 (JP58167647))

(CAS 2019 (JP58167647))

Reference

Table 100: PFAS patented for soiling-resistant silicone rubber sealants. Patent number (date, legal status): JP58167647 (1983, expired). P under type stands for patent. Additional
explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

n=3

89148-25-4

Molecular formula
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OCH2CH2OH

n=3

(CAS 2019 (JP58167647))

Chemical name

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2
CH2COOCl CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3

P

1d

89148-23-2

Cl

n=3
1c

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2C
H2COO

1b

1-Propanesulfonamide, perfluoro-N-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)
ethyl]-N-methyl-1a
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]amino]-, inner salt1b
1-Propanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-3-[(perfluoro-1oxoalkyl)amino]-, chloride (1:1)1c
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-3-[(perfluoro-1oxoalkyl)amino]-N,N-dimethyl-, inner salt1d
1a

2.35.2 Adhesives

Adhesive applications exist in many forms, such as adhesives for tape, for hot-melt, for wood and other porous surfaces (Chemours 2019a). Fluorinated surfactants improve the
levelling and spreading of adhesives and assure a complete contact between the joining surfaces (Kissa 2001). They also improve the penetration of the adhesive into the pore
structure of the substrates, thus strengthening the bond (Chemours 2019a). Some patented PFAS for adhesives are shown in Table 101. Table 101 shows additionally two PFAS
that have been listed in the SPIN database under adhesives .

Molecular formula

K+ CnF2n+1SO3
CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2OP(=O)(OH)2
CnF2n+1CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)mOH

Specification
of
chemical(s)
n=8
n=8
m = 10 - 20,
n=6

52550-44-4

2795-39-3
64264-44-4

CAS No.

U

P
P

Type

(Kissa 2001)

(CAS 2019 (JP58074771))
(CAS 2019 (JP58074771))

Reference

Table 101: PFAS used or patented for adhesives. Patent number (date, legal status): JP58074771 (1983, expired), EP2719737 (2014, active). The types stand for U use, U*
current use, and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

Potassium perfluoroalkane sulfonate1a
1-Alkanesulfonamide, perfluoro-N-[2-(phosphonooxy)
ethyl]-N-propyl-1b
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -(perfluoroalkyl)- -hydroxy(Zonyl FSN 100)1c

231

 1b

1-Pentyn-3-ol, 5-[[dimethyl(perfluoroalkyl)silyl]oxy]-3methyl-1d
1a

Cyclotetrasiloxane, 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2-[3-(2-oxiranyl
methoxy)propyl]-4,6-bis(perfluoroalkyl)-2a
3,6,9,12,15-Pentaoxaheptadecanoic acid, 2,2,4,4,5,5,7,7,
8,8,10,10,11,11,13,13,14,14,16,16,17,17,17-tricosafluoro, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-pentyn-1-yl ester2b
Propanoic acid, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-[1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropoxy)propoxy], 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-pentyn-1-yl ester2c
2a

6,11,14-Trioxa-7-silaheptadec-1-yn-3-ol, 10,12,12,13,
15,15,16,16,17,17,17-undecafluoro-3,7,7-trimethyl-10,13bis(trifluoromethyl)-3a
6,11,14,17-Tetraoxa-7-silaeicos-1-yn-3-ol, 7,7-dibutyl13,15,15,16,18,18,19,19,20,20,20-undecafluoro-3-methyl13,16-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3b

CnF2n+1C3H6Si(CH3)2OCH2CH2C(CH3)(OH)C
C
1c

OSi(CH3)(C3H6OCH2C2H3O)OSiH(CH3)[OSi(
CH3)(C3H6CnF2n+1)]2
CF3(CF2OCF2)5C(=O)OCH2CH2C(CH3)(OH)C
CH
C3F7OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)C(=O)OCH2CH2C
(CH3)(OH)C CH

1428232-90-9

1592562-42-9

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (EP2719737))

(CAS 2019 (EP2719737))

(CAS 2019 (EP2719737))

n=6

n=6

1592562-41-8

1d

-

(CAS 2019 (EP2719737))

(CAS 2019 (EP2719737))

P

P

(CAS 2019 (EP2719737))

1592562-40-7

1592562-45-2

P

-

-

717825-76-8

2b

C3F7OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)CH2CH2Si(CH3)2[
OCH2CH2C(CH3)(OH)C CH]

-

2c

C3F7OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)CH2OC3H6Si(C4H
CH]
9)2[OCH2CH2C(CH3)(OH)C

232

 3a

Cyclotetrasiloxane, 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2-[3-(2-oxiranyl
methoxy)propyl]-4,6-bis[3-[2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2[1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3heptafluoropropoxy)propoxy] propoxy]propyl]-4a

4a

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5a
2-Propenoic acid, 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,
8-heptadecafluorooctyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl ester,
telomer with 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7pentadecafluoro heptyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2propenoate, 2-methyloxirane polymer with oxirane di-2pro penoate, 2-methyl oxirane polymer with oxirane
mono-2-propenoate and 1-octanethiol5b

OSi(CH3)(C3H6OCH2C2H3O)OSiH(CH3)[OSi(
CH3)(C3H6OCH2CF(CF3)OCF2CF(CF3)OC3F7)
]2

polymer
polymer

-

9002-84-0
68298-62-4

1428232-89-6

U*
U

P

(Norden 2020)
(Norden 2020)

(CAS 2019 (EP2719737))

3b

-(CF2CF2)x(C17H16F17NO4S)x-(C16H16F15NO4S)y(C3H6O)m-(C2H4O)n-(C8H18S)w-

233

 5a

5b

PFAS can also be used as antistatic agent in adhesives. Patent WO2003011958 discloses several fluorinated compounds as antistatic agents, two of them with the moiety CF2CF2-.
These are 1-octanaminium, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonate (1:1) (CAS No. 334529-55-4) and 1-octanaminium, N-methyl-N,Ndioctyl-, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonate (1:1) (CAS No. 495417-51-1) (CAS 2019 (WO2003011958, 2003)).

Another patent describes the use of a PFAS (N-methyl perfluorobutane sulfonamidoethyl acrylate, CAS No. 67584-55-8) in a light absorbing adhesive (CAS 2019 (WO2005062081,
2005)). The adhesive is used in an optical element such as a rear projection screen that incorporates internally reflecting structures to disperse the light passing through the
screen. N-Methyl perfluorobutane sulfonamidoethyl acrylate was choosen as an additive due to its low refrective index and good mechanical properties (CAS 2019
(WO2005062081, 2005)).

2.36 Soldering
2.36.1 PFAS as vapor phase fluids for vapor phase soldering

There are different reflow soldering methods, one of them is vapor phase soldering. Vapor phase soldering uses the condensation heat released during the phase change of a heat
transfer medium from a gaseous to a liquid state to heat the assembly (Hwang 1989). Condensation takes place on the surface of the workpiece until the entire assembly has
reached the temperature of the vapour. When the liquid boils, a saturated, chemically inert vapour zone is formed above it, the temperature of which is largely identical to the
boiling point of the liquid, so that an optimum protective gas atmosphere is formed and oxidation is ruled out.

The first PFAS used as vapor phase fluids/heat transfer medium in the 1970s were perfluorocarbons, fluoropolyethers, perfluorotrialkyl amines (e.g. CAS No. 311-89-7, 338-84-1,
432-08-6) and perfluorophenanthrene (CAS No. 306-91-2) (Hwang 1989). During the 1980s, perfluoropolyether (commercially available under the brand name Galden) were
introduced as alternatives to the first-mentioned PFAS (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). F2 Chemicals Ltd is currently offering perfluoroperhydrofluorene (CAS No. 307-08-4)
and perfluorophenanthrene (CAS No. 306-91-2) for vapour phase soldering (F2_Chemicals 2019a).

234

 2.36.2 PFAS as fluxing agents in solder paste

Solder paste for soldering is obtained from powdery solder which is mixed with a fluxing agent (Almit 2020). Fluorinated surfactants have been used as low-foaming noncorrosive
wetting agents in solders for electronic parts (Kissa 2001). PFAS that have been or are currently still used in solder paste are shown in Table 102. The SPIN database of the Nordic
countries lists polyperfluoromethylisopropyl ether (CAS No. 69991-67-9) as a welding and soldering agent (Norden 2020). However, the exact function is not specified.

Molecular formula

Specification
of chemical(s)
n=4
n=4

606967-06-0

484024-67-1
67584-55-8

U

U

Typ
e
U
U

(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017)

(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017)

(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017)
(Norwegian Environment Agency 2017)

Reference

n=4

1017237-78-3

CAS No.

n=4

Table 102: PFAS historically or currently used in solder paste. U under type stands for use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Chemical name

1c

NH4+ CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2O
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OC(O)
CH=CH2
NH4+ CnF2n+1SO2N(C6H13)CH2
CH(OH)CH2SO3
-

1b

Ammonium perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanol1a
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethyl
acrylates (MeFASEACs)1b
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-[hexyl[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]amino]-2-hydroxy-, ammonium salt (1:1)1c
2-Propenoic acid, 2-[methyl[(nonafluorobutyl)
sulfonyl]amino]ethyl ester, telomer with methyl
oxirane polymer with oxirane di-2-propenoate and
methyloxirane polymer with oxirane monopropenoate
1a

NH3
NH3

When using leaded soldering tin, it is necessary to use a soldering flux to prepare the surface for the plumbing (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005). Data from the Danish
Product Register from around 2005 showed that ammonium perfluorooctane sulfonate (CAS No. 29081-56-9) and 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (CAS No. 678-39-7) were used as
fluxing agents for plumbing with leaded soldering tin (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005). However, leaded solder is not allowed anymore in Europe because the European
Directive 2002/95/EC of January 27 2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment stated that after July 1st 2006, lead is
no longer permitted in electrical and electronic equipment (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005). Lead-free soldering tin can use use water-based fluxing agents instead of the
solvent based fluxing agents with PFAS (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005).

235

 2.37 Soil remediation

1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-heptadecafluoro octyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1) (CAS No. 38006-74-5) has been patented for use
in a vapor barrier material for soil remediation (CAS 2019 (US5782580, 1998)). The vapor barrier material is placed on top of the contaminated soil and thus reduces the amount of
volatile hydrocarbon contaminants which can volatilize into the atmosphere during subsequent remediation activities.

Experiments with PCB contaminated soil showed that PCBs in soil can be effectively photodegraded in a dispersion containing ammonium perfluorooctanoate (CAS No. 3825-26-1)
and TiO2 (Huang and Hong 2000). The anionic fluorinated surfactant may form semimicelles and/or admicelles on the surface of positively charged TiO 2. The hydrophobic surface
of TiO2 provides then a nonpolar phase that acts as a partioning medium for hydrophobic PCBs (Huang and Hong 2000).

PFAS have been used in various sport articles like skiwax, (sailing) boat equipment, tennis rackets, bycicle lubricants, climping ropes, and fishing lines.

2.38 Sport articles
2.38.1 Ski and ski wax

Patent information disclose that the first generation of PFAS in ski wax consisted of semifluorinated n-alkanes (KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency 2015b). Examplary PFAS are
disclosed in patent EP444752 (CAS 2019 (EP444752, 1991)). Fluoropolymers and other non-polymeric PFAS appeared in later patents. Some of them are shown in Table 103. Skies
made out of PTFE (CAS No. 9002-84-0) which require no wax are disclosed in patent US20100102533 (CAS 2019 (US20100102533, 2010)).

Table 103: PFAS currently or historically used or patented for ski wax or detected in ski wax. Patent number (date, legal status): EP444752 (1991, expired), RU2500705 (2013,
invalid), JP2005132943 (2005, discontinued), EP2107063 (2009, withdrawn), US6465398 (2002, active), EP1626073 (2006, withdrawn). P under type stands for patent. Additional
explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Reference

CAS No.

Type

Specification
of chemical(s)

D

(Blom and Hanssen
2015; Plassmann and
Berger 2013)

Molecular formula

D

(Blom and Hanssen
2015)
(Blom and Hanssen
2015)

Chemical name

D

n = 3 - 21

n=8

647-42-7, 678-39-7

CnF2n+1COOH

CnF2n+1SO3H

n = 6, 8

In general
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

375-22-4, 2706-90-3, 30724-4, 375-85-9, 335-67-1,
375-95-1, 335-76-2, 205894-8, 307-55-1, 72629-948, 376-06-7, 141074-63-7,
67905-19-5, 57475-95-3,
16517-11-6, 133921-38-7,
68310-12-3, 2153498-16-7
1763-23-1

(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)1c

236

 P
P

(CAS 2019 (EP444752))
(CAS 2019 (EP444752))

n = 6, m = 16
n = 8, m = 16,
18, 20, 22, 24

(CAS 2019 (EP444752))

CnF2n+1(CH2)mH
CnF2n+1(CH2)mH

P

First generation ski wax
Semifluorinated n-alkanes1d
Semifluorinated n-alkanes1d

133310-71-1
117146-18-6, 133310-733, 137338-39-7, 13733840-0, 137338-41-1
137338-42-2

(CAS 2019 (RU2500705))
(CAS 2019 (RU2500705))

n = 16, m = 16

P
P

1d

307-59-5, 24768-65-8
89375-44-0, 83579-63-9

1c

n = 12, 18
n = 6, 8

CnF2n+1(CH2)mH
1b

CnF2n+2
Cl CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2
N+(CH3)2CH2CH2OH

(CAS 2019 (RU2500705))

(CAS 2019 (RU2500705))

P

Cl

P

137506-17-3

2c

141056-27-1

2OH

Cl

Cl C3F7[OCF(CF3)CF2]2OCF(CF3)
C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2C
H2OH

-

Cl C3F7OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)C
(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH

Semifluorinated n-alkanes1d
1a

2b

Second generation ski wax
Linear perfluoroalkanes2a
1-Propanaminium, 3-[(perfluoro-1-oxononyl)
amino]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride
(1:1)2b
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl3-[[2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-[1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropoxy)propoxy]-1-oxo
propyl] amino]-, chloride (1:1)2c
2a

4,7,10-Trioxa-13-azahexadecan-16-aminium,
1,1,1,2,2,3,3,5,6,6,8,9,9,11-tetradecafluoro-N-(2hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-12-oxo-5,8,11tris(trifluoromethyl)-, chloride3a

237

 2-Propenoic acid, 2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
propylamino]ethyl ester3b
Silane, tetrakis[2-[(perfluoroalkyl)thio]ethyl]-3c
3a

Cl

Perfluoralkoxy polymer (PFA)4a
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)4b
Ethene, chlorotrifluoro-, polymer with ethene,
diblock4c
Ethene, chlorotrifluoro-, polymer with
tetrafluoroethene, diblock4d
1-Propene, polymer with chlorotrifluoroethene,
diblock4e
4a

2.38.2 (Sailing) boat equipment

4b

CnF2n+1SO2N(C3H7)CH2CH2OC(=O
)CHCH2
Si(CH2CH2SCH2CH2CnF2n+1)4
n=8

n=8
1189587-64-1

2357-60-0

P

P

26655-00-5
9002-83-9
875919-63-4

P

P
P
P

(CAS 2019 (EP1626073))

(CAS 2019 (US6465398))
(CAS 2019 (EP1626073))
(CAS 2019 (EP1626073))

(CAS 2019
(JP2005132943))
(CAS 2019 (EP2107063))

polymer
polymer
polymer

875919-64-5

(CAS 2019 (EP1626073))

3c

-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(OC3F7)]y-(CF2CFCl)x-(CF2CFCl)x-(CH2CH2)y-

polymer

P

3b

-(CF2CFCl)x-(CF2CF2)y-

875906-95-9

4e

polymer

4d

-(CF2CFCl)x-(CH3CHCH2)y4c

PFAS such as PFHxA (CAS No. 307-24-4), PFOA (CAS No. 335-67-1) and 6:2, 8:2 and 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohols (CAS No. 647-42-7, 678-39-7, 865-86-1) have been detected in
various textiles for maritime applications. These included bimini tops, console housings, seat covers, sail covers, weather protection for wooden boats and complete covers
(Janousek, Lebertz, and Knepper 2019). Boat sails might also contain side-chain fluorinated polymers (POPRC 2019). The SPIN database of the Nordic countries discloses that
siloxanes and silicones, di-Me, Me 3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl (CAS No. 104780-70-3), polysiloxanes, di-Me, Me

238

 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl (CAS No. 115340-95-9), and PTFE were used for the building and repairing of ships and boats in the past (Norden 2020). PTFE has also
been used for stores for boats and boating accessories (Norden 2020).

Additonally, PFAS are also used as anti-fouling protection of ships hulls. More information on PFAS in anti-fouling protection is provided in Section 2.8.1 (Paints).

2.38.3 Tennis rackets
PTFE (Teflon) (CAS No. 9002-84-0) has been used as coating for tennis rackets (Lerner 2015).

2.38.4 Bicycle lubricants

PTFE (Teflon) (CAS No. 9002-84-0) has also been used as bicycle lubricant (Lerner 2015). C4, C7, and C8 PFCAs (CAS No. 375-22-4, 375-85-9, and 335-67-1, respectively) and 6:2
fluorotelomer alcohol (CAS No. 647-42-7) have been detected in bicycle lubricants (Blom and Hanssen 2015).

2.38.5 Climping ropes
PFAS have been and are currently used in climbing ropes to impart water- and stain resistance (Edelrid 2020).

2.38.6 Fishing lines

PVDF monofilaments for fishing lines do not display water absorption, are not visible in water, and have high knot strength and high specific gravity. They are mostly used in Japan
(Dohany 2000). A patent from Japan discloses fishing lines that are prepared by coating steel wires with fluoropolymers (CAS 2019 (JP01160443, 1989)). The patented
fluoropolymers are listed in Table 104.

Chemical name

-(CF2CF2)x-(CF2CH2)x-(CF2CFCl)x-(CH2CH2)x-(CF2CF2)y-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)]y-(CF2CFCl)x-(CH2CH2)y-

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
polymer
polymer
polymer
polymer
polymer
polymer

9002-84-0
24937-79-9
9002-83-9
25038-71-5
25067-11-2
25101-45-5

CAS No.

P
P
P
P
P
P

Type

(CAS 2019 (JP01160443))
(CAS 2019 (JP01160443))
(CAS 2019 (JP01160443))
(CAS 2019 (JP01160443))
(CAS 2019 (JP01160443))
(CAS 2019 (JP01160443))

Reference

Table 104: PFAS patented as coatings for fishing lines. Patent number (date, legal status): JP01160443 (1989, expired). P under type stands for patent. Additional explanations to
the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1a
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)1b
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)1c
Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE)1d
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)1e
Chlorotrifluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer (ECTFE)1f

239

 1a

2.38.7 Golf gloves

1b

1c

1d

1e

1f

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (CAS No. 375-73-5) has been patetend for the use as antifouling coating material in golf glove comprises a natural sheep leather (CAS 2019
(KR2002532, 2019)).

2.39 Stone, concrete and tile

PFAS can be used for surface treatments of natural stone and other porous hard surfaces such as concrete, grout, unglazed tile, granite, clay, slate, limestone, sandstone, marble
and terracotta (Norwegian Environment Agency 2017). The treatments are mostly done to impart oil and water repellency to the surfaces. The repellent agents can be used either
as penetrating sealers or as additives in various coating and sealer formulations (Norwegian Environment Agency 2017). Table 105 lists some PFAS that have been or are still used
for the surface treatment of porous surfaces.

It has also been mentioned that fluoro-functionalized poly(lactic acid) polymers are able to delay the oxidation and ageing of stone surfaces (Giuntoli et al. 2012). Fluoroalkylsilanes are used to to achieve low-energy surfaces with easy-to-clean, anti-graffiti and anti-fouling properties (Weißenbach, Standke, and Jenkner 2003). An example for such a
fluorinated acrylic copolymer with silane groups is Faceal oleo HD from Ecograffiti. Coatings out of this material e.g. on concrete can repell water and stain and at the same time
are permeable for water vapor (Eco-Graffiti 2012).

Chemical name

CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2Si(OCH3)3

CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH

Molecular formula

n=5

n=4

Specification
of chemical(s)

-

154380-34-4

34454- 97-2

CAS No.

U

U

U

Type

(Buck et al. 2011)

(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017)
(Z. Wang et al. 2013)

Reference

Table 105: PFAS historically or currently used or patented for surface treatments of porous hard surfaces. Patent number (date, legal status): US20080113200 (2008, active). The
types stand for U use and P patent. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.

Natural stone
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanols
(MeFASEs) 1a
Alkanamide, perfluoro-N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-

polymer

1b

-CF2O(CF2CF2O)m(CF2O)nCF2

Perfluoropolyether

240

 PFBS-related polymers, such as fluoroacrylate
modified urethane and fluorochemical acrylate
polymer

1b

Ceramics, tile, cement or stone
1-Alkanol, polyfluoro-, 1-(dihydrogen phosphate),
ammonium salt (1:2)1c
1-Alkanol, polyfluoro-, 1-(dihydrogen phosphate),
compd with
-iminobis[ethanol] (1:2)
1-Alkanol, polyfluoro-, 1-(dihydrogen phosphate),
ammonium salt (1:2)1d
1-Alkanol, polyfluoro-, 1-(dihydrogen phosphate),
compd with
-iminobis[ethanol] (1:2)
1a

Ceramic tile treatment
-2a

Concrete
C8-C20- - -perfluorotelomer thiols with acrylamide
2a

P

U

(CAS 2019 (US20080113200))

(CAS 2019 (US20080113200))

(Norwegian Environment Agency
2017)

polymer

P

(CAS 2019 (US20080113200))

-

P

(CAS 2019 (US20080113200))

n = 4, 6

P

(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

2 NH4+ CnF2n+1CH2CF2CH2CH2OPO3

U

(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency
2015b)

1c

n = 4, 6

n = 4, 6

n = 4, 6

-

U

1025044-20-5,
1025044-22-7
1025044-02-3,
1025044-12-5
1025044-24-9,
1025044-26-1
1025044-15-8,
1025044-18-1

x = 4 - 30

70969-47-0

NH2+(CH2CH2OH) CnF2n+1CH2CF2CH2
CH2OPO3
2 NH4+ CnF2n+1(CH2CF2)2CH2CH2O
PO3
NH2+(CH2CH2OH) CnF2n+1(CH2CF2)2
CH2CH2OPO3

C3F7(OCF(CF3)CF2)xC(O)NHCH2CH2C
H2N+(CH3)2O

-

1d

-

241

 2.40 Textile and upholstery
2.40.1 Textile and upholstery itself

Fluorinated surfactants impart water and oil repellency, stain resistance and soil release to textiles and upholstery (Poulsen, Jensen, and Wallström 2005). PFAS and expecially
PFCAs and PFSAs have been detected in awnings, seat covers (public tansport and furnitures), truck trailer covers, stain resistant upholstery material, curtains, pillow fills, textile
foams, textile bed covers, teddy bear fillings, teddy bear covers, table cloths, and blankets Janousek Lebert and Knepper
Bečanová et al
. Other textiles in which
PFAS are or were used are antiballistic fabrics, backpacks/bags, car seats, ropes, sleeping bags, tents and umbrellas (Norwegian Environment Agency 2017; POPRC 2019;
Greenpeace 2016). The most frequently used PFAS in textiles are side-chain fluorinated polymers, where long-chain fluorotelomer- or POSF-based derivatives on side-chains have
(largely) been replaced with shorter-chain homologues (Z. Wang et al. 2013). Table 106 lists some PFAS that have been used or are still used or have been detected or patented for
use in textiles and upholstery.

Reference

Table 106: PFAS historically or currently used, detected in, or patented for textiles and upholstery. Patent number (date, legal status): JP04164990 (1992, expired), WO9748780
(1997, expired), DE2120868 (1971, expired), KR2016012293 (2016, active), WO2002095121 (2002, active), DE2208020 (1977, expired). The types stand for U use, U* current
use, P patent, and D detected. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this document.
Typ
e

CAS No.

(Berger and Herzke 2006; Herzke,
Posner, and Olsson 2009; Guo,
Liu, and Krebs 2009; Janousek,
Lebertz, and Knepper 2019)

Specification
of chemical(s)

D

Bečanová et al

Molecular formula

D

Chemical name

U
U

(POPRC 2018b)
(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency
2015b)
(POPRC 2018b; Hodgkins 2018)

n = 2 -14

68259-15-4
-

U

(POPRC 2018b)

n = 4, 6 - 8, 10

n=6
n=4-8

68555-75-9

U

CnF2n+1COOH

CnF2n+1SO3H

n=6

67584-57-0

PFAAs
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1b

CnF2n+1SO2NHCH3
CnF2n+1SO2NH(R) R = CmH2m+1
(m = 1, 2, 4)
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OC(O)
CH=CH2

n=6

422-64-0, 375-22-4,
2706-90-3, 307-24-4,
375-85-9, 335-67-1,
375-95-1, 335-76-2,
2058-94-8, 307-55-1,
72629-94-8, 376-06-7,
141074-63-7
375-73-5, 355-46-4,
375-92-8, 1763-23-1,
335-77-3

PASF-based substances
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamides1c (building block)
N-Alkyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamides(1c)
N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethanols1d
(building block)

N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethyl
acrylates1e (building block)

242

 N-Alkyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamidoethyl acrylates(1e)

1b

1-Propanaminium, 3-[[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]
amino]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1)1f
1a

2b

PACF-based substances
1-Propanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-3-[(perfluoro-1oxoalkyl)amino]-, chloride (1:1)2a
Pyridinium, 1-[2-[(perfluoro-1-oxoalkyl)amino]ethyl]-,
chloride (1:1)2b
1-Propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-3-[(perfluoro-1oxoalkyl)amino]-N,N-dimethyl-, inner salt2c
2a

1c

CnF2n+1SO2N(R)CH2CH2OC(O)CH
= CH2 R = CmH2m+1 (m = 1, 2)
Cl CnF2n+1SO2NHCH2CH2CH2N+
(CH3)3
1d

Cl CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2
N+(CH3)3
Cl
CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2N+C5H5
CnF2n+1C(O)NHCH2CH2CH2N+(CH
3)2CH2CH2COO

-

-

P

U

(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow
1994)
(CAS 2019 (JP04164990))

(CAS 2019 (JP04164990))

38006-74-5

P

(CAS 2019 (JP04164990))

n=8

53517-98-9

P

(CAS 2019 (WO9748780))

1f

n=7

308-01-0

P

1e

n=7

119131-05-4

Cl

n=8
2c

D

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH

Cl

647-42-7, 865-86-1

Fluorotelomer-based substances
(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)3a

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)CH=CH2

Cl

n = 6, 10

(Herzke, Posner, and Olsson
2009; Norden 2013)
(CAS 2019 (WO9748780); R. E.
Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994)

(n:2) Fluorotelomer acrylates (FTACs)3b

P, U

n = 8, 10, 12,
14

U

-

(R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow
1994)

27905-45-9, 17741-605, 34395-24-9, 3436249-7
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OC(O)C(CH3)=CH
2

(n:2) Fluorotelomer methacrylates (FTMACs)3c

243

 3b

Oxirane, 2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]methyl]-3d

3a

1-Aminium, perfluoroalkyl-2-hydroxy-N,N-bis(2hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl-, iodide (1:1)4a
2-Propanol, 1-(butylamino)-3-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-4b

4b

2-Propanol, 1-(octylamino)-3-[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-4c

4a

I
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -hydro- -hydroxy-, ether
with 1-[(2-hydroxyethyl)octylamino]-3[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]-2-propanol (2:1)5a
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -hydro- -hydroxy-, ether
with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-[2-hydroxy-3[(perfluoroalkyl)oxy]pro pyl]-N-methyloctanaminium,
methanesulfonate (2:1:1)5b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2C2OH3
3c

I CnF2n+1CH2CH(OH)CH2N+(CH3)
(CH2CH2OH)2
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2CH(OH)CH2
NHCH2CH2CH2CH3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2CH(OH)CH2
NHC8H17

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2CH[(OCH2C
H2)mOH][CH2N(C8H17)(CH2CH2(
OCH2CH2)mOH)
CH3SO3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2CH
[(OCH2CH2)mOH][CH2N+(CH3)(C
8H17)(CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)mOH)]

n=8

1874268-14-0

93776-18-2

P

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (KR2016012293))

(CAS 2019 (KR2016012293))

(CAS 2019 (KR2016012293))

(CAS 2019 (WO9748780))

(CAS 2019 (KR2016012293))

384828-82-4, 12219368-4

n=4

1874268-12-8

P

(CAS 2019 (KR2016012293))

n = 4, 6

n=6

1874268-13-9

P

3e

n=6

1874268-16-2

4c

n=6

244

 5a

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanedi l -hydro- -hydroxy-, ether
with 1-[butyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-3-[(perfluoro
alkyl)oxy]-2-propanol (2:1)6a
Ethanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-[[(perfluoroalkyl)
sulfonyl]amino]-N,N-dimethyl-, inner salt4a
1-Alkanol, perfluoro-, hydrogen phosphate,
ammonium salt6c
6a

1-Alkanol, perfluoro-, phosphate (2:1), ammonium
salt7a
1-Alkanol, perfluoro, phosphate, ammonium salt
(2:1)7b
Perfluoroalkyltrimethoxysilane7c
Disiloxane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3bis(polyfluoroalkyl)- 7d

5b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2OCH2CH[(OCH2C
H2)mOH][CH2N(C4H9)(CH2CH2(O
CH2CH2)mOH]
CnF2n+1CH2CH2SO2NHCH2CH2N+(
CH3)2CH2CH2COO
NH4+ PO2 (OCH2CnF2nH)2

n = 6, 8, 10

n=4

34695-30-2, 34695-299, 34695-31-3
7757-53-1, 1765-83-9

1905409-72-4

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (US3096207))

(CAS 2019 (DE2120868))

(CAS 2019 (KR2016012293))

P

(CAS 2019 (US3096207))

(CAS 2019 (US3096207))

n = 8, 10

1555-33-5

P

6c

n=7

100738-12-3

(CAS 2019 (WO2012041661))

6b

NH4+ PO2 (OCH2CnF2n+1)2

n = 10

P

NH3

1/2 NH4+ HCnF2nCH2OPO3

n = 6, 8

(CAS 2019 (WO2012041661))

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OCH3)3

P

n=6

85857-16-5, 83048-651
71363-70-7
O[Si(CH3)2CH2CH2CnF2n+1]2

245

 7a

NH3

7b

ּ1/2 NH3

7c

(CAS 2019 (WO2012041661))

7d

P

n = 6, 8

(CAS 2019 (WO2012041661))

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OC2H5)3

P

Perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane8a

51851-37-7, 10194716-4
521069-00-1

(CAS 2019 (JP04164990))

n=6

P

SiH(CH3)[OSi(CH3)2CH2CH2CnF2n

144930-59-6

+1]2

-

8c

-[CF2CF(OC3F7)]x-[CF2CF(OCF2CF(CF3)OC3F7)]x-

polymer
polymer

polymer
polymer

9011-17-0
80975-16-2

70087-25-1
98973-10-5

P
P

P
P

(CAS 2019 (WO2002095121))
(CAS 2019 (WO2002095121))

(CAS 2019 (WO2002095121))
(CAS 2019 (WO2002095121))

Cl

-(CH2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)]y-(CH2CF2)x-(CF2CFOCF2CF(CF3)O
C3F7)y-

8b

Cl CF3CF(CF3)OCF2CF2CF2CH2
CH2N+C5H5

Trisiloxane, 1,1,3,5,5-pentamethyl-1,5bis(polyfluoroalkyl)-8b
Others
Pyridinium, 1-[3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluoro-5-[1,2,2,2-tetra
fluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethoxy]pentyl]-, chloride
(1:1)8c
8a

Polymers
Perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether)9a
Propane, 1-[1-[difluoro[(1,2,2-trifluoroethenyl)
oxy]methyl]-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy]-1,1,2,2,3,3,3heptafluoro-, homopolymer9b
Vinylidenfluorid-Hexafluorpropylen copolymer9c
Propane, 1-[1-[difluoro[(1,2,2-trifluoroethenyl)oxy]
methyl]-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy]-1,1,2,2,3,3,3heptafluoro-, polymer with 1,1-difluoroethene9d

246

 9a

9b

Hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene-vinylidene
fluoride copolymer10a
Propane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-3-[(1,2,2trifluoroethenyl)oxy]-, polymer with 1,1-difluoro
ethene and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene10b
Ethene, 1-bromo-2,2,2-trifluoro-, polymer with
1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2(trifluoromethoxy)ethene10c
10a

Ethene, tetrafluoro-, polymer with 1,1-difluoroethene
and 1-[1-[difluoro[(trifluoroethenyl)oxy]methyl]-1,2,
2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy]-1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro
propane11a
Propane, 1-[1-[difluoro[(trifluoroethenyl)oxy]methyl]1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy]-1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-,
polymer with 1,1-difluoroethene, 1,1,1,2,2,3,3heptafluoro-3-[(trifluoroethenyl)oxy]propane and
tetrafluoroethene11b

polymer

polymer

60917-27-3

74499-68-6

25190-89-0

P

P

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2002095121))

(CAS 2019 (WO2002095121))

(CAS 2019 (WO2002095121))

9d

-(CF2CF2)x-[CF2CF(CF3)]y(CF2CH2)m-(C5F10O)x-(C2H2F2)y-(C2F4)m-

polymer

9c

-(C3F6O)x-(C2BrF3)y-(C2F4)m-

polymer

477198-48-4

349118-39-4

P

P

(CAS 2019 (WO2002095121))

(CAS 2019 (WO2002095121))

10c

-(C8F16O2)x-(C2H2F2)y-(C2F4)m-

polymer

10
b

-(C8F16O2)x-(C5F10O)y-(C2H2F2)m(C2F4)n-

247

 11a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, octadecyl ester, polymer
with 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10, 11,11,12,12,12heneicosafluoro dodecyl 2-propenoate, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,
6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadeca fluorodecyl 2propenoate and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10, 10,11,
11, 12,12,13,13,14,14,14-pentacosafluorotetradecyl
2-propenoate12a
12a

2,5-Furandione, polymer with 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,
6,7,7-pentadecafluoro-8-[(2-methyl-2-propenyl)oxy]
octane13a
2,5-Furandione, polymer with 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,
6,7,7-pentadecafluoro-8-(2-propenyloxy)octane13b
13a

-(C12H9F15O)x-(C4H2O3)y-

-(C22H42O2)x-(C17H7F25O2)y(C15H7F21O2)m-(C13H7F17O2)n-

polymer

polymer

polymer

38467-12-8

38467-14-0

142636-88-2

P

P

U

(CAS 2019 (DE2208020))

(CAS 2019 (DE2208020))

(USEPA 2016)

11b

-(C11H7F15O)x-(C4H2O3)y-

13a

248

 2,5-Furandione, polymer with 2-methyl-3-[1,2,2,2tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethoxy]-1-propene and
1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-pentadecafluoro-8-[(2methyl-2-propenyl)oxy]octane14a
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)14b
14a

15a

2-Propenoic acid, 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,
8,8,8-heptadecafluorooctyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl
ester, telomer with 2-[butyl[(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,
7,7-pentadecafluoro heptyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl 2propenoate, 2-methyloxirane polymer with oxirane
di-2-pro penoate, 2-methyl oxirane polymer with
oxirane mono-2-propenoate and 1-octanethiol15a

-(CF2CF2)x-

-(C12H9F15O)x-(C7H7F7O)y(C4H2O3)m-

polymer

polymer

9002-84-0

38467-13-9

U*

P

(Norden 2020)

(CAS 2019 (DE2208020))

-

-

n=4

n=8

n=8

n=8

polymer

949581-65-1, 94089199-6, 923298-12-8

-

143372-54-7

160336-09-4

68298-62-4

U

U

U

U*

U

(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency
2015b)

(UNEP 2017)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

(Norden 2020)

14b

-

-

-(C17H16F17NO4S)x-(C16H16F15
NO4S)y-(C3H6O)m-(C2H4O)n(C8H18S)w-

2-Propenoic acid, C16-18-alkyl esters, polymers with
3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadeca fluorodecyl acrylate
Siloxanes and Silicones, (3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10heptadecafluorodecyl)oxy Me, hydroxy Me, Me octyl, ethers with
polyethylene glycol mono-Me ether
Acrylate, methacrylate, adipate and urethane polymers of N Eth l
perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol
Side-chain fluorinated polymers based on derivatives of PBSF

249

 Side-chain fluorinated polymers based on 3:1 and 5:1 fluorotelomer
alcohols
Per- and polyfluorinated polyether silanes
-

-

n = 3,5
-

-

U

U

(KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency
2015b)
(Buck, Murphy, and Pabon 2012)

Additionally, polyester yarn containing C6 C8 perfluoroalkanecarboxylic acid, poly(vinyl alcohol), and an acrylic polycarboxylate make yarns easy to weave. When the fluorinated
surfactant was replaced by potassium lauryl phospate, the weavability was poor (Kissa 2001).

2.40.2 Textile impregnation spray
The substances shown in Table 107 have been detected in impregnation spray for special textile coating (Nørgaard et al. 2014).

Chemical name
CnF2n+1COOH

Molecular formula

Specification of
chemical(s)
n = 3, 5, 7, 9

CAS No.
375-22-4, 307-24-4,
335-67-1, 335-76-2
335-77-3
647-42-7
1531633-11-0
1531633-12-1

185911-29-9

D

1e

D
D
D
D

Typ
e
D

(Nørgaard et al. 2014)

(Blom and Hanssen 2015; Borg
and Ivarsson 2017)
(Vejrup, Kark and Lindblom 2002)
(Borg and Ivarsson 2017)
(Nørgaard et al. 2014)
(Nørgaard et al. 2014)

Reference

Table 107: PFAS detected in impregnation spray for special textile coatings. D under type stands for detected. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of
this document.

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)1a

n = 10
n=6
n=6
n=6
1d

CnF2n+1SO3H
CnF2n+1CH2CH2OH
CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OH)2OCH3
CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OH)2OSi(OCH3)2CH2CH
1c

2CnF2n+1

1b

CnF2n+1CH2CH2Si(OH)3

n=6

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs)1b
(n:2) Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)1c
Silanediol, 1-methoxy-1-(polyfluoroalkyl)-1d
1,1-Disiloxanediol, 3,3-dimethoxy-1,3bis(polyfluoroalkyl)-1e
1a

Silanetriol, (polyfluoroalkyl)-2a

250

 2a

2.41 Tracing and tagging

Perfluorocarbons are used in tracing and tragging applications because they are non-radioactive, are chemically and thermally stable, do not occur naturally and have very low
atmospheric background concentrations (F2_Chemicals 2019a). Applications areas include tracking of air-borne pollutants, testing ventilation systems, mapping oil fields, detecting
leaks in cables, pipelines, landfill waste and underground storage tanks, tracking of marked items (F2_Chemicals 2019a). Perfluorocarbons that can be used in such tracing and
tagging applications are listed in Table 108, the specific applications are described in the subsequent sections.

Molecular formula
c-CnF2n
c-CnF2n
c-CnF2n
c-CnF2n
c-CnF2n
c-CnF2n
1c

Specification of chemical(s)
n = 6 (Flutec TG PMCP), 7 (Flutec PP2)
n = 8 (Flutec TG o-PDMCH)
n = 8 (Flutec TG m-PDMCH)
n = 8 (Flutec TG p-PDMCH)
n = 9 (Flutec TG-PTMCH)
n = 8 (Flutec TG-PECH)
1d

1e

1f

CAS No.
1805-22-7, 355-02-2
306-98-9
355-27-3
374-77-6
374-76-5
335-21-7

Type
U
U
U
U
U
U

Reference
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)

Table 108: PFAS that can be used in tracing and tagging applications. U under type stands for use. Additional explanations to the table are provided on Page 2 and 3 of this
document.

1b

Chemical name
Perfluoromethylcycloalkane1a
Perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcycloalkane1b
Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcycloalkane1c
Perfluoro-1,4-dimethylcycloalkane1d
Perfluoro-1,3,5-trimethylcycloalkane1e
Perfluoroethylcycloalkane1f
1a

251

 2b

Perfluoro-1,3-diethylcycloalkane2a
Perfluoroproylcycloalkane2b
Perfluoro-iso-propylcycloalkane2c
Perfluoro-1,3-diisopropylcylcoalkane2d
Perfluorodecalin2e

2a

3b

Perfluoromethyldecalin3a
Perfluoroindane3b
Perfluoroperhydrofluorene3c
Perfluorotetradecahydrophenanthrene3d
Perfluoroperhydrobenzyl tetralin3e
3a

c-CnF2n
c-CnF2n
c-CnF2n
c-CnF2n
c-CnF2n-2

c-CnF2n-2
c-CnFn+1
c-CnF2n-3
c-CnF2n-4
c-CnF2n-4

2c

3c

n = 10 (Flutec TG m-PDECH)
n = 9 (Flutec TG n-PPCH)
n = 9 (Flutec TG i-PPCH)
n = 12 (Flutec TG m-PDIPCH)
n = 10 (Flutec TG PFD)
2d

n = 11 (Flutec TG PFMD)
n = 9 (Flutec TG-PFIND)
n = 13 (Flutec TG PPF)
n = 14 (Flutec TG PPHP)
n = 17 (Flutec PP25)
3d

335-23-9
374-59-4
423-02-9
75169-51-6
306-94-5

306-92-3
374-80-1
307-08-4
306-91-2
116265-66-8

2e

U
U
U
U
U

U
U
U
U
U

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)

3e

252

 Perfluoroperhydrofluoranthene4a
Linear perfluoroalkanes4b
c-CnF2n-6
CnF2n+2

4c

CF3CF(CF3)CF2CF2CF3
CF3CF2CF(C2F5)2
CF3CF2CF(C2F5)CF(CF3)2
CF3CF2CF[CF(CF3)2]2

4b

Perfluoro-2-methylpentane4c
Perfluoro-3-ethylpentane4d
Perfluoro-2-methyl-3-ethylpentane4e
Perfluoro-2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylpentane4f
4a

2.41.1 Tracking air-borne pollutants

n = 16 (Flutec TG PPHF/Flutec PP24)
n = 5 (Flutec TG PFP), 7 (Flutec TG
PFHEP), 8 (Flutec TG PFNO)
Flutec TG PFH
Flutec TG PEP
Flutec TG PMEP
Flutec TG PDMEP
4d

4e

662-28-2
678-26-2, 335-57-9,
307-34-6
355-04-4
2690-05-3
354-97-2
50285-18-2

U
U
U
U

U
U

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)

(F2_Chemicals 2019a)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a)

4f

Perfluorocarbons can be used to simulate industrial accidents and terrorism attacks with toxic gas. Numerous experiments have been performed since the 1980s across the world.
The most important issues are that the background concentration of the tracer is very low and that the sensitivity is very high. The extremely high stability of perfluorocarbons
means that with each experiment the background concentration will rise, and eventually that particular perfluorocarbon will no longer be usable as a tracer (F2_Chemicals 2019a).

2.41.2 Testing ventilation systems

Perfluorocarbons are also used to test whether buildings have adequate ventilation, and gases like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide do not build up (F2_Chemicals 2019a).

2.41.3 Mapping gas and petroleum reservoirs

To map oil and petroleum reservoirs, a tracer is introdcued at one site in the reservoir, and its presence in the extracted oil or gas at other sites shows a connected field. Also,
information regarding injector/producer communication, partitioning characteristics and cycle times can be obtained. Different kinds of tracers have been used in the past, but
perfluorocarbons replace more and more the traditional radioactive tracers (F2_Chemicals 2019a).

253

 2.41.4 Detection of leaks in cables, pipelines, landfill waste and underground storage tanks

Leak detection can be done in different ways. For example on an inventory basis such as noting that the flow at the end of the pipeline is less than that at the start. Lekas can also
be detected by using the leaking material itself as a tracer, perhaps with conductivity or other probes, depending on the material. Another option is to use an additional tracer in
the liquid medium (F2_Chemicals 2019a). Perfluorocarbons are especially useful in the latter option for leak detection of liquid filled tubings (for example electrical cables that are
laid in liquid filled tubing for cooling and insulation). A small amount of a perfluorocarbon is added to the liquid medium, so that a leak can be detected when a portable analyser
in a van is driven along the pipeline (F2_Chemicals 2019a).

2.41.5 Tracking of marked items

Small quantities of perfluorocarbons can be incorporated into various items (for example explosives or ransom money) to allow those items to be detected. The technology
involves encapsulating the perfluorocarbon in a microcapsule which slowly releases the perfluorocarbon over a long time (up to 30 years, depending on the application)
(F2_Chemicals 2019a).

2.42 Water and effluent treatment

Commercial filter membranes for water and effluent treatment can be made out of fluoropolymers, e.g. PVDF (CAS No. 24937-79-9) or PTFE (CAS No. 9002-84-0) (POPRC 2018a).

2.43 Wire and cable insulation, gaskets and hoses

Fluoropolymers provide high-temperature endurance, fire resistance, and high-stress crack resistance to cable and wire insulations and gaskets and hoses (FluoroIndustry 2019;
POPRC 2016b). Specific uses are, for example, in power, communication, and control wiring in aircraft and other transport systems (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994). However,
fluropolymers have also been used in communication cables in deep drilling (see Section 1.14.1) The most important fluoropolymer resins in these applications are PVDF,
vinylidenfluorid-hexafluoropropylen-copolymer (VDF HFP copolymer, CAS No. 9011-17-0), FEP, ETFE, ECTFE and PCTFE (R. E. Banks, Smart, and Tatlow 1994; Gardiner 2015;
Dohany 2000). FEP is mainly used in plenum cable insulation because it has high durability and fire resistant properties (Gardiner 2015). PVDF is used as a primary insulator in
computer cables and industrial control wiring although only in low-frequency applications due to its high dielectric constant (Gardiner 2015). Cross-linked heat-shrinkable PVDF
tubings have been used as connector sleeves for wires and cables. Some sleeves incorporate a ring of solder, forming a so-called solder sleeve for power control, electronic,
aircraft, and communication wiring (Dohany 2000). Polyethylene copolymers ECTFE and ETFE are also extensively used as flexible and flame resistant insulation for wires and
cables in the automotive, train, and air industries, as well as in the aerospace industry as tubing and wiring components of spacecraft and spacesuits (Gardiner 2015).

254

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