Montgomery County Board of Commissioners Josh Shapiro, Chair Leslie S. Richards,Vice Chair Bruce L. Castor, Jr., Commissioner Montgomery County Planning Commission Board Marc D. Jonas, Esq., Chair Dulcie F. Flaharty,Vice Chair Jill Blumhardt Scott Exley Melissa R. Gilbert Roy Rodriguez, Jr. Charles J. Tornetta Rev. John H. West, III V. Scott Zelov Jody L. Holton, Executive Director October 2013 MONTGOMERY COUNTY TODAY Background Information for MONTCO 2040: A SHARED VISION, the new comprehensive plan for Montgomery County This publication was made possible, in part, through a grant from the Pottstown Area Health & Wellness Foundation. Introduction Montgomery County is updating its comprehensive plan, and we would like you to be involved! You can read this background document, take a survey, come to public meetings, or send us your vision of the future of Montgomery County. What is a comprehensive plan? It’s a guide for the future development and improvement of a place; for the location of new offices, homes, and stores; for which roads need to be improved and upgraded; for where parks, open space, and trails will be; and for much, much more. Montgomery County’s current plan, Shaping Our Future, was adopted in 2005. Much has changed since then, and it’s time for the county to prepare a new plan, which will be called Montco 2040: A Shared Vision. As part of this process, the county planning commission has created this document, Montgomery County Today, to describe Montgomery County’s people, environment, and landscapes. This plan provides background information for the new county comprehensive plan, Montco 2040: A Shared Vision and can be used to: • Understand planning issues facing Montgomery County; • See what has happened recently in the county; • Get in-depth information and data on a wide range of topics about Montgomery County; and • Visualize growth trends and future needs. Montgomery County Today is divided into a variety of topics that describe the people and landscapes of the county, including regional position, people, health, the built environment, the natural environment, open space, transportation, housing, the economy, infrastructure, cultural resources, and government structure. iii iv Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................................. iii THUMBNAIL SKETCH OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY What is Montgomery County?...................................................................................................................................................2 REGIONAL POSITION AND INFLUENCES The Philadelphia Region............................................................................................................................................................6 Montgomery County in the Region........................................................................................................................................... 8 THE PEOPLE OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Population and Projections...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Household Characteristics and Age.........................................................................................................................................14 Income, Poverty, and Education..............................................................................................................................................16 Race and Hispanic Origin........................................................................................................................................................ 18 THE HEALTH OF COUNTY RESIDENTS Health Data and Health Concerns............................................................................................................................................22 Health Care Facilities.............................................................................................................................................................. 26 Aging....................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Food Distribution and Access..................................................................................................................................................30 THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Existing Land Use....................................................................................................................................................................34 Regionally Significant Land Uses........................................................................................................................................... 36 Types of Landscapes................................................................................................................................................................38 Land Use Trends......................................................................................................................................................................40 THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geology....................................................................................................................................................................................46 Climate.....................................................................................................................................................................................48 Hydrology................................................................................................................................................................................ 50 Floodplains...............................................................................................................................................................................52 Air Quality............................................................................................................................................................................... 54 Steep Slopes.............................................................................................................................................................................56 Soils......................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 Wetlands.................................................................................................................................................................................. 60 Woodlands............................................................................................................................................................................... 62 v Wildlife.................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 Natural Areas Inventory.......................................................................................................................................................... 66 THE COUNTY’S OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION NETWORK Preserved Open Space............................................................................................................................................................. 70 Temporary Open Space........................................................................................................................................................... 76 Recreation Facilities................................................................................................................................................................ 78 Trails and Pathways................................................................................................................................................................. 82 THE COUNTY’S TRANSPORTATION NETWORK Vehicles................................................................................................................................................................................... 88 Transit...................................................................................................................................................................................... 96 Pedestrian Mobility................................................................................................................................................................100 Bicycle Mobility.................................................................................................................................................................... 102 Aviation..................................................................................................................................................................................104 Freight....................................................................................................................................................................................106 THE HOMES OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Existing Housing Totals........................................................................................................................................................ 110 Housing Characteristics......................................................................................................................................................... 112 Housing Costs and Affordability........................................................................................................................................... 114 Senior Housing...................................................................................................................................................................... 116 Group Homes and Special Needs Housing............................................................................................................................118 Jobs-Housing Balance........................................................................................................................................................... 120 Future Housing Demand........................................................................................................................................................122 THE COUNTY ECONOMY Jobs of County Residents...................................................................................................................................................... 126 Jobs in the County................................................................................................................................................................. 128 County Businesses................................................................................................................................................................. 130 Downtown and Main Street Areas.........................................................................................................................................132 Office, Industrial and Brownfield Areas............................................................................................................................... 134 Retail Commercial Areas.......................................................................................................................................................136 Tourism..................................................................................................................................................................................138 Agriculture and Farm Preservation........................................................................................................................................140 Employment Forecasts and Economic Trends.......................................................................................................................142 vi THE COUNTY’S INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE Sewage Facilities................................................................................................................................................................... 146 Water Facilities......................................................................................................................................................................150 Solid Waste............................................................................................................................................................................152 Stormwater Management.......................................................................................................................................................154 Energy....................................................................................................................................................................................156 Communications.................................................................................................................................................................... 158 Schools...................................................................................................................................................................................160 Child Day Care...................................................................................................................................................................... 162 Emergency Services...............................................................................................................................................................164 Other Governmental Facilities...............................................................................................................................................166 CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic Resources................................................................................................................................................................. 170 Scenic Roads and Vistas........................................................................................................................................................174 Libraries.................................................................................................................................................................................176 Arts and Culture.....................................................................................................................................................................178 GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE Federal and State Role...........................................................................................................................................................182 Regional and County Role.....................................................................................................................................................184 Municipal Cooperation ..........................................................................................................................................................186 Local Municipal Role ............................................................................................................................................................188 Existing Municipal Types......................................................................................................................................................186 GLOSSARY .........................................................................................................................................................................194 INDEX………………............................................................................................................................................................201 vii List of Figures viii FIGURE 1: FIGURE 2: FIGURE 3: FIGURE 4: FIGURE 5: FIGURE 6: FIGURE 7: FIGURE 8: FIGURE 9: FIGURE 10: FIGURE 11: FIGURE 12: FIGURE 13: FIGURE 14: FIGURE 15: FIGURE 16: FIGURE 17: FIGURE 18: FIGURE 19: FIGURE 20: FIGURE 21: FIGURE 22: FIGURE 23: FIGURE 24: FIGURE 25: FIGURE 26: FIGURE 27: FIGURE 28: FIGURE 29: FIGURE 30: FIGURE 31: FIGURE 32: FIGURE 33: FIGURE 34: FIGURE 35: FIGURE 36: Regional Position..............................................................................................................................................7 Population in 2010............................................................................................................................................7 Employment in 2010 .........................................................................................................................................7 Retail Square Footage per Resident .................................................................................................................8 Commuting Patterns..........................................................................................................................................9 Population Growth: 1900-2010......................................................................................................................12 Population Change by Municipality: 2000-2010 ...........................................................................................13 Percent Population Change by Decade, Historical and Projected ................................................................13 Forecasted Population Through 2040 ............................................................................................................13 Percent of Family and Nonfamily Households: 1960-2010 ...........................................................................14 Percent of Household Types: 2000 and 2010 .................................................................................................14 Average Household Size: 1960-2010.............................................................................................................15 Age Cohorts: 2000-2010.................................................................................................................................15 Median Household Income: 1999-2010..........................................................................................................16 2010 Income Per Person, Counties Within the DVRPC Region.....................................................................16 Percent of Families Below Poverty Level: 2006-2010 ...................................................................................17 Educational Attainment: 2010 ........................................................................................................................17 Racial Composition: 2010 ..............................................................................................................................18 Racial Composition of New Residents: 2000-2010 ........................................................................................18 Regional Hispanic Population Change by County: 2000-2010 .....................................................................19 New Diabetes Cases—Rate per 1,000 Adults (ages 18-76), Pennsylvania: 1996-2000.................................23 Adult Weight Classification by Body Mass Index (BMI) ................................................................................23 Selected Major Causes of Death, Number and Average Annual Death Rate: 2008-2010 .............................24 County-wide Crashes, Injuries and Fatalities for Automobiles, Bicycles and Pedestrians ...........................25 Health Care Facilities.....................................................................................................................................27 Health Care Facility Statistics........................................................................................................................27 Ambulatory Surgery Centers...........................................................................................................................27 Over-55 Age Projections.................................................................................................................................29 Senior Services................................................................................................................................................29 Supermarket and Food Access........................................................................................................................31 Prevalence of Household-Level Food Insecurity............................................................................................31 2010 Existing Land Use Acreage....................................................................................................................34 Land Use Coverage (2010).............................................................................................................................34 2010 Existing Land Use ..................................................................................................................................35 Existing Land Use: 1970-2010 .......................................................................................................................36 Total Developed Acres: 1970-2010 ................................................................................................................36 FIGURE 37: FIGURE 38: FIGURE 39: FIGURE 40: FIGURE 41: FIGURE 42: FIGURE 43: FIGURE 44: FIGURE 45: FIGURE 46: FIGURE 47: FIGURE 48: FIGURE 49: FIGURE 50: FIGURE 51: FIGURE 52: FIGURE 53: FIGURE 54: FIGURE 55: FIGURE 56: FIGURE 57: FIGURE 58: FIGURE 59: FIGURE 60: FIGURE 61: FIGURE 62: FIGURE 63: FIGURE 64: FIGURE 65: FIGURE 66: FIGURE 67: FIGURE 68: FIGURE 69: FIGURE 70: FIGURE 71: FIGURE 72: Developed Land Over Time.............................................................................................................................37 Regionally Significant Land Uses Tally: 2012................................................................................................38 Regionally Significant Land Uses...................................................................................................................39 Types of Landscapes........................................................................................................................................41 Geology ...........................................................................................................................................................47 Greenhouse Gas Emissions.............................................................................................................................49 Watersheds ......................................................................................................................................................51 Floodplain Areas.............................................................................................................................................53 Steep Slopes.....................................................................................................................................................57 Significant Agricultural Soils..........................................................................................................................59 Wetlands..........................................................................................................................................................61 Woodlands.......................................................................................................................................................63 Natural Areas..................................................................................................................................................68 Preserved Open Space ....................................................................................................................................71 Institutional Open Space.................................................................................................................................77 Recreational Facilities Overview ...................................................................................................................80 Recreational Facilities in Montgomery County..............................................................................................81 Montgomery County’s Primary Trail Network...............................................................................................84 Functional Classes of Roads...........................................................................................................................89 Traffic Volume on Montgomery County’s Major Roadways ..........................................................................90 Average Annual Daily Traffic Counts ............................................................................................................90 Vehicle Accident Locations.............................................................................................................................91 Average Crashes per Year in the Greater Philadelphia Area: 2008-2010.....................................................91 Roadway Ownership .......................................................................................................................................92 Roads and Bridges by Jurisdiction .................................................................................................................93 ITS Cameras and Signs...................................................................................................................................93 Major TIP Projects and Delayed Projects FY 2013-2020..............................................................................94 Major Transportation Improvement Program Projects FY 2013-2020..........................................................95 Rail Transit Lines............................................................................................................................................97 Transit Service Statistics.................................................................................................................................98 Bus Service......................................................................................................................................................99 Walkability of County Neighborhoods..........................................................................................................101 Existing Bike Lanes and Trails......................................................................................................................102 Recommended On-Road Bike Routes............................................................................................................103 Airports and Heliports ..................................................................................................................................105 Airport Operations and Economic Impact....................................................................................................105 ix FIGURE 73 FIGURE 74: FIGURE 75: FIGURE 76: FIGURE 77: FIGURE 78: FIGURE 79: FIGURE 80: FIGURE 81: FIGURE 82: FIGURE 83: FIGURE 84: FIGURE 85: FIGURE 86: FIGURE 87: FIGURE 88: FIGURE 89: FIGURE 90: FIGURE 91: FIGURE 92: FIGURE 93: FIGURE 94: FIGURE 95: FIGURE 96: FIGURE 97: FIGURE 98: FIGURE 99: FIGURE 100: FIGURE 101: FIGURE 102: FIGURE 103: FIGURE 104: FIGURE 105: FIGURE 106: FIGURE 107: FIGURE 108: x Freight Activity Nodes...................................................................................................................................107 Housing Units Added by Decade ..................................................................................................................110 Housing Types Added by Decade .................................................................................................................111 Owner Occupied Housing Units as a Percent of Total Occupied Units ......................................................112 Substandard Units as a Percent of Occupied Units: 1980-2010 ..................................................................113 Percent of Housing Built More Than 50 Years Ago .....................................................................................113 Median Lot Size and House Size for Single-Family Detached Homes .........................................................113 Median Housing Sale Prices and Subsidized Housing Developments as of 2011........................................115 Selected Monthly Owner Costs as a Percentage of Household Income in Montgomery County .................115 Countywide Sale Prices (in 2011 Dollars) ...................................................................................................115 Government Subsidized Housing Income Limits for Montgomery County...................................................115 Senior Housing .............................................................................................................................................117 Senior Housing Statistics: 2010....................................................................................................................117 Disabled Population .....................................................................................................................................119 Special Needs Housing .................................................................................................................................119 Jobs-Housing Ratios by Regional Planning Area ........................................................................................121 Regional Jobs-Housing Ratios: 2010 and 2040 ...........................................................................................121 Household Composition as a Percentage of All Households: 1980-2040....................................................122 Additional Units Forecasted for Year 2040..................................................................................................122 Additional Housing Units Forecasted for 2040 by Planning Regions..........................................................123 Growth in Employed Resident Labor Force Compared to Total Population...............................................126 Annual Unemployment Rate..........................................................................................................................127 Occupations of Resident Labor Force: 2011................................................................................................127 Industries of Resident Labor Force: 2011 ....................................................................................................127 Total Employment Change in Montgomery County according to the BLS: 2001-2011............................... 128 Major Employment Centers in Montgomery County: 2010..........................................................................129 Top Employers in Montgomery County ........................................................................................................130 Industries in Montgomery County by Private Sector Jobs: 2011 .................................................................131 Public Sector Jobs in Montgomery County: 2011 ........................................................................................131 Downtown and Main Street Locations..........................................................................................................133 Downtown and Main Street Descriptions .....................................................................................................133 Types of Office and Industrial Development.................................................................................................135 Retail Supply and Demand by County Regions ...........................................................................................136 Shopping Centers in Montgomery County, 2012..........................................................................................137 2011 Tourism Spending in Montgomery County and the Region .................................................................139 Farms and Farming Areas............................................................................................................................141 FIGURE 109: FIGURE 110: FIGURE 111: FIGURE 112: FIGURE 113: FIGURE 114: FIGURE 115: FIGURE 116: FIGURE 117: FIGURE 118: FIGURE 119: FIGURE 120: FIGURE 121: FIGURE 122: FIGURE 123: FIGURE 124: FIGURE 125: FIGURE 126: FIGURE 127: FIGURE 128: FIGURE 129: FIGURE 130: FIGURE 131: FIGURE 132: FIGURE 133: FIGURE 134: FIGURE 135: FIGURE 136: FIGURE 137: FIGURE 138: FIGURE 139: FIGURE 140: FIGURE 141: FIGURE 142: FIGURE 143: FIGURE 144: Montgomery County Employment Forecasts................................................................................................142 Industries Projected for Near Term Growth.................................................................................................143 Forecasted Percent and Number Change in Employment Between 2010 and 2040 ....................................143 Sewage System Components .........................................................................................................................147 Existing Sewer Service Areas........................................................................................................................148 Dispersal Options for On-Lot Sewage Facilities..........................................................................................149 Existing Water Service Areas........................................................................................................................151 Solid Waste Facilities and Mandated Recycling Municipalities ..................................................................153 Impacts to the Hydrologic Cycle from Development....................................................................................155 Energy Transmission Network ......................................................................................................................157 Energy Consumption ....................................................................................................................................157 Household Broadband Subscriber Rates: 2010............................................................................................159 Public School Enrollment .............................................................................................................................160 Schools and Colleges ....................................................................................................................................161 Montgomery County School-Aged Population .............................................................................................161 Day Care Centers .........................................................................................................................................163 Day Care Aged Population...........................................................................................................................163 Emergency Service Locations .......................................................................................................................165 State and County Crime Statistics: 2010 ......................................................................................................165 Communities with Historic Resource Inventories.........................................................................................171 Historic Properties (National Register)........................................................................................................172 National Historic Landmarks .......................................................................................................................172 Communities with Historic Districts, Review Boards, and Other Similar Zoning Elements .......................173 Scenic Roads .................................................................................................................................................175 Libraries........................................................................................................................................................177 Library Statistics...........................................................................................................................................177 Arts and Culture Venues ...............................................................................................................................179 Federal Presence in Montgomery County ....................................................................................................182 State Presence in Montgomery County.........................................................................................................183 PennDOT District 6 and PADEP Southeast Region Service Areas..............................................................183 Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission Area...............................................................................184 Delaware River Basin Commission Area .....................................................................................................185 Multi-Municipal Planning Regions...............................................................................................................187 Municipal Classifications .............................................................................................................................188 Montgomery County Municipalities .............................................................................................................189 Existing Municipal Types..............................................................................................................................191 xi THUMBNAIL SKETCH OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY What is Montgomery County? What is Montgomery County? On the surface, Montgomery County is a large, prosperous, diverse, suburb of Philadelphia; however, digging deeper, the county is much more. It is: • A Leading Innovator for Businesses and Industries throughout American History - From early paper mills, iron works, and film studios to cutting-edge pharmaceutical and investment firms, Montgomery County has been on the leading edge of innovation in the nation’s economy. Today, with over half a million jobs, the county remains a vibrant place of commerce and work. • A Transportation Gateway to Pennsylvania - With the Pennsylvania Turnpike, Northeast Extension, Schuylkill Expressway, and Blue Route intersecting in Montgomery County and with an extensive railroad network, the county is a transportation hub, linking the Philadelphia area with the rest of the state. • A Shopping Destination - The King of Prussia Malls, which form the largest mall complex on the east coast, as well as the Philadelphia Premium Outlets and countless malls, shopping centers, and stores, make Montgomery County a regional attraction for shoppers. • A Procession of Traditional Towns Dotted along old Train Lines - Classic old towns, like Narberth, Conshohocken, Royersford, Glenside, Ambler, and Souderton, are strung along the county’s rail lines, providing appealing main street downtowns for the county’s residents. • A Historic Place tied directly to the Nation’s Founding - From Valley Forge National Historical Park to the James Audubon Center at Mill Grove, from colonial-era farmsteads to art deco movie theaters, the county reflects the everchanging character of southeastern Pennsylvania. • An Interconnected Community of Schools, Parks, Libraries, and Trails - With parks like Valley Forge and Green Lane; with many colleges and universities, such as Bryn Mawr and the Montgomery County Community College; with excellent public and private schools; with its extensive trail network along the Schuylkill River, Perkiomen Creek, and Wissahickon Creek; and with its many libraries, Montgomery County provides abundant community resources to its residents and citizens. • PLANNING ISSUE The Montgomery County Brand is not as well known in the region as it should be. 2 A Tapestry of Neighborhoods and Homes - Above all, Montgomery County is a place that over 800,000 people from all walks of life call home. montgomery county today 29 Hatboro Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville t u 100 73 ¯ Norristown Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 3 THUMBNAIL SKETCH OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY .. . . . .. . H.. . . A DI A REGIONAL POSITION AND INFLUENCES The Philadelphia Region Montgomery County in the Region The Philadelphia Region Montgomery County, consisting of 62 townships and boroughs and more than 800,000 people, is a diverse and historic suburban community located directly northwest of Philadelphia. The county is one of five southeastern Pennsylvania and four New Jersey counties comprising the Philadelphia region, which is the sixth largest in the nation. This region, with 5.6 million people, functions as an interdependent metropolis that competes with other cities around the globe. Other Pennsylvania counties in the region include Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Philadelphia Counties. What’s New • The City of Philadelphia is growing again. Between 2000 and 2010, the city added over 8,400 people, reversing decades of significant declines. • Philadelphia has strengthened its role as a cultural, entertainment, and tourist destination. Since 2000, the city has added, rebuilt, or expanded many attractions, including: National Constitution Center, National Museum of American Jewish History, the Barnes Foundation, and the African American Museum. − The Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts and other theaters on the Avenue of the Arts. − Lincoln Financial Field and Citizens Bank Park. − The Independence Visitor’s Center and the Liberty Bell Center on Independence Mall. − The Philadelphia region, located on the Northeast Corridor between New York and Washington, D.C., is a relatively dense place, with 1,512 people per square mile. The region’s landscape is defined by its two rivers - the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. − The Pennsylvania Convention Center expanded 60% to one million square feet. • The Philadelphia International Airport has approved an ambitious expansion plan. • Deeper dredging of the Delaware River for the Port of Philadelphia has begun. • Although Marcellus Shale and its natural gas are not found in the Philadelphia region, the area could be impacted by the gas industry and lower energy prices. • Areas north and west of the region, particularly the Lehigh Valley and central PA, have become important distribution center locations. • The local food movement has started supporting many farms in the area, particularly in Lancaster, Berks, Chester, and Lehigh Counties. 6 montgomery county today FIGURE 1: Regional Position Lehigh To the Lehigh Valley Bucks Berks To Central New Jersey and New York City 476 Montgomery County To Harrisburg FIGURE 2: Population in 2010 95 276 76 Philadelphia 76 Chester To Wilmington, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. 476 Delaware Source: U.S. Census Bureau 295 FIGURE 3: Employment in 2010 Source: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission estimates 7 REGIONAL POSITION AND INFLUENCES The Philadelphia Region Montgomery County in the Region Montgomery County in the Region Like many suburban communities across the nation, Montgomery County has changed significantly over the past 60 years, evolving from a primarily agricultural place with a number of large industrial towns to a dynamic employment hub with a wide range of high-tech and service jobs. FIGURE 4: Retail Square Footage per Resident Montgomery has always been a center of commerce and transportation in southeastern Pennsylvania, and this role has intensified during the past 60 years. With over a half million jobs, Montgomery County leads the state in manufacturing and high-tech jobs, importing tens of thousands of workers from neighboring counties. With its many malls, the county attracts shoppers from all over the region. And, with its extensive expressway system, the county is a transportation hub, providing a gateway to the rest of the state. Montgomery County isn’t just about jobs, shopping, and highways. The county is also a historic place that was intimately involved in the American Revolution—it’s a beautiful place, with rolling farmland, winding streams, and wooded hills—and it’s a neighborly place, home to many traditional towns and residential communities. Valley Forge National Historical Park, a regional and national treasure, is located in Montgomery County. 8 Sources: 2012 The CoStare Retail Report of the Philadelphia Retail Market, 2011 Montgomery County Shopping Center Inventory, and U.S. Census Bureau Montgomery County is known throughout the Philadelphia region for its excellent county trail system, the most extensive county system in the area. montgomery county today FIGURE 5: Commuting Patterns In 2010, 85,536 more people commuted into Montgomery County than out. Commuting patterns between Montgomery County and its neighboring counties are shown below. Montgomery County connects the region with the rest of the state. Here are a few key transportation facts about the county: • Over 57 miles of limited access highways, more than any other PA county in the region. • Nearly 1.2 billion auto trips per year, almost as many as Philadelphia. • 109 million annual trips on the PA Turnpike, most in the state, coming from 6 interchanges. • Over 10.8 million annual trips on regional rail, slightly less than Philadelphia, from 41 rail stations on 6 rail lines. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 9 REGIONAL POSITION AND INFLUENCES 10 THE PEOPLE OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY THE PEOPLE OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Population and Projections Household Characteristics and Age Income, Poverty, and Education Race and Hispanic Origin Population and Projections Existing Population Montgomery County is the third most populated county in Pennsylvania. In fact, the county’s 808,000 people make it larger than four entire states. The county has evolved over the last hundred years from a collection of industrialized towns and villages spread amongst rural farmland and open space to a mix of old and new suburbs with regional economic centers that both support and compete with Philadelphia. The county’s fastest growth periods took place in the decades prior to 1970 as the rapid expansion of roads, sewers, and other infrastructure opened new and less expensive areas of the county for development. Since 1970, population growth has slowed, but it has still grown by about six percent on average each decade. The areas of the county with the greatest population densities are found in the boroughs and in some of the mature suburbs in the eastern part of the county which border Philadelphia. However, the greatest growth over the last twenty years has taken place in some of the townships in the western half of the county, especially along the Route 422 corridor. FIGURE 6: Population Growth: 1900-2010 900,000 800,000 700,000 PLANNING ISSUE The county is forecasted to add 94,612 more residents by 2040. Where will these people live and work and how might this change the existing landscape? 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Source: U.S. Census Bureau 12 What’s New • Montgomery County added the third largest number of people (50,887) between 2000 and 2010 of all of Pennsylvania’s counties. • The ten largest municipalities in the county remained the same as in 2000, but half of those places lost population in the last ten years. • The most populous municipalities remain in the eastern part of the county, most being near or adjacent to Philadelphia, but some outside the inner ring of suburbs are catching up. Horsham, Montgomery, and Lower Providence Townships all moved up within the top ten. • After a period of decline, some boroughs and municipalities, such as Norristown, are starting to build back up with redevelopment and the influx of immigration. 14 of the county’s 24 boroughs gained population between 2000 and 2010. montgomery county today FIGURE 7: Population Change by Municipality: 2000—2010 29 Population Forecast Hatboro It is unlikely that the county will be able to continue the rate of growth in population of the last two decades—an average of 8.6% per decade. Growth in recent years following 2010 has slowed from the Great Recession and in the current decade, 2010-2020, the county’s population is expected to grow by approximately 3%, or 23,690 people, which is only half of what was gained in the previous decade. Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville ¯ Norristown t u 100 73 Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Loss of population 1 - 1,500 persons gained 1,501 - 3,000 persons gained 3,001 - 4,500 persons gained 4,500 - 6,000 persons gained Source: U.S. Census Bureau FIGURE 8: Percent Population Change by Decade, Historical and Projected Over the longer term, it is anticipated that the growth rate will prove itself to be cyclic and gain at a higher rate between 2020 and 2030. While undeveloped land will still be limited, the redevelopment of underused sites and other infill projects will offer growth opportunities. This trend has already been in effect. Since 2004, the planning commission has tracked the location of new residential development each year according to its Growth and Preservation Plan categories. In 2004, 32% of new residential units were built in existing developed areas. By 2011, the rate had gone up to 50% of all newly constructed units. The 2040 long range forecast for the county was formulated by the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission with input and modifications contributed by county staff. The forecast calls for the population of Montgomery County to reach 894,486 by 2040, an increase of 94,612 persons or 11.8% overall. 50% 45% FIGURE 9: Forecasted Population Through 2040 40% 35% 920,000 30% 894,486 900,000 25% 880,000 s n 860,000 o s r e 840,000 P 820,000 Persons 20% 15% 10% 5% 800,000 0% 1900-10 1910-20 1920-30 1930-40 1940-50 1950-60 1960-70 1970-80 1980-90 1990-00 2000-10 2010-20* 2020-30* 2030-40* * Projected Growth Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (projections) 799,874 780,000 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Source: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission 13 THE PEOPLE OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Population and Projections Household Characteristics and Age Household Characteristics and Age What’s New Household Types Race and Hispanic Origin Married couples without children living at home are still the largest household type. These households represent elderly couples, empty nesters whose children have moved out, or other married couples who do not have children. FIGURE 10: Percent of Family and Nonfamily Households: 1960—2010 • For the first time, there were more single person households than families with married couples and children living under the same roof in 2010. • Further evidence of the dissolution of the traditional family structure—married couples with children decreased as a percentage while single parent households increased. • Boroughs and more urbanized areas of the county tend to have more single person or two person households, but these smaller households are also becoming more common where new age restricted developments have been built. • Income, Poverty, and Education Montgomery County, like much of the nation, has shifted away from the traditional family structures that defined popular household types for decades. Over the last 50 years, the percentage of households classified as a family has dropped from 89% in 1960 to only 67% in 2010. A single person living alone is now more common than a household consisting of a married couple with children. Changes in households have influenced the types of residential units being constructed in the county. Apartment buildings and other developments with denser designs and smaller units have become more popular over the last decade and now represent over half of all new residential construction. FIGURE 11: Percent of Household Types: 2000 and 2010 1960 1970 PLANNING ISSUE Single person households are increasing while households of married couples with children decline. Changes in household types will influence the housing choices people make. Married No Children Married with Children 1980 Single Parent Other Family 1990 1 Person Nonfamily 2000 2+ Person Nonfamily 2010 0% 0% 20% 40% Family Households Source: U.S. Census Bureau 14 60% 80% Nonfamily Households 100% 10% 20% 2010 Source: U.S. Census Bureau 30% 2000 40% montgomery county today Average Household Size Age Characteristics Fewer families, an increase in single person households due to aging, higher divorce rates, deferred marriage and childbearing, and a lower birth rate have led to a gradual decline in household sizes, although that decline has slowed over the last two decades. There were 2.53 persons per household in 2010, down only one one-hundredth of a person from 2000. Not surprisingly, fewer large detached homes are being constructed as denser housing types account for a greater share of new residential development. Montgomery County has been getting older overall. The median age was 40.6 in 2010, up from 38.2 in 2000. The oldest population (65 and over) increased by 8% between 2000 and 2010, but the most significant gains were in the “baby boom” generation. The age cohorts between 45 and 65 years of age grew by over 30% in just ten years. The county will face new challenges as this robust group moves into the 65+ range over the next twenty years. They will begin to exit the work force and likely assume lower taxable incomes during retirement. It is possible that household size might have diminished a bit more over the last decade if not for the Great Recession prior to 2010. High unemployment and lower incomes may have encouraged more people to share residences and kept young adults from moving out of their parents’ homes. FIGURE 12: Average Household Size: 1960—2010 The aging of the “baby boom” population will put renewed emphasis on issues concerning senior citizens. At the same time, the number of children is expected to grow at a slower rate than the overall population, so it will also be important to focus on the retention and attraction of young people as they become adults. The population of children is expected to grow at a slower rate than the overall population between now and 2040. As they grow older and become young professionals, the county should be prepared to retain many of them through offering good jobs and a high quality of life. 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1960 1970 1980 Montgomery County 1990 2000 2010 FIGURE 13: Age Cohorts: 2000-2010 160,000 United States Source: U.S. Census Bureau PLANNING ISSUE Future land use depends not only on population growth. Smaller household sizes mean that more land and housing units will be needed just to accommodate the existing population before any new people are added. s t n e d i s e R f o r e b m u N Number of Residents Average Household Size e z i S d l o h e s u o H e g a r e v A The number of residents between the ages of 25 and 44 declined since 2000, but there was modest growth in the younger cohorts, especially ages 18 through 24. Young residents represent the “baby boom echo” and also the future of Montgomery County as they become a more substantive part of the county population. PLANNING ISSUE 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 0-4 5-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ 2000 2010 Source: U.S. Census Bureau 15 THE PEOPLE OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Population and Projections Household Characteristics and Age Income, Poverty, and Education Race and Hispanic Origin Income, Poverty, and Education What’s New Income Montgomery County has a very substantial share of high income households and a strong middle class. However, the county was not immune to the economic struggles affecting the United States over the last decade. Increases in household income have failed to keep up with inflation resulting in a “real value” loss of income since 1999. Nationally, household incomes dropped at twice the rate as experienced in Montgomery County. A decline in income over ten years is not typical at county or national levels and is indicative of the Great Recession and slow economic growth over the last decade. The county’s wealth is reflected in many of its communities as all but five municipalities had median household incomes greater than the U.S. and Pennsylvania medians. Still, over two-thirds of municipalities in the county experienced a loss of household income when adjusted for inflation between 1999 and 2010. FIGURE 14: Median Household Income: 1999-2010* (Adjusted for Inflation) $90,000 $80,000 $79,597 Poverty is on the rise in Montgomery County. Only 2.8% of families in 1999 lived below the poverty level, but in 2011, an estimated 4.2% of families lived below the poverty level. However, this still represents a relatively low percent of county residents compared to the national rate of 11.7%. • Montgomery County residents are increasingly educated. The percent of residents over the age of 25 with at least a high school diploma has risen to 93.4% in 2011, up from 88.5% in 2000. FIGURE 15: 2010* Income Per Person, Counties Within the DVRPC Region Delaware $54,951 $ 52,480 $51,914 $50,398 Montgomery Philadelphia $40,000 Burlington $30,000 $20,000 Camden Gloucester $10,000 Mercer $0 Montgomery Cou nty Pennsylvania 1999 United States 2010* * 2010 figures are actually five year estimates - an average of responses taken between 2006 and 2010 adjusted to 2010 dollars. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 16 • Chester $60,000 $50,000 Poverty is growing in Montgomery County, as in much of the country, and it tends to be concentrated in older developed areas. Montgomery County ranks 50th in median household income out of all counties in the United States with a population greater than 100,000. The county also ranks second in Pennsylvania behind Chester County. Bucks $76,380 $70,000 PLANNING ISSUE • $0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 * 2010 figures are actually five year estimates - an average of responses taken between 2006 and 2010 adjusted to 2010 dollars. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey montgomery county today Poverty Relatively high median household incomes can obscure the reality of the low end of the income spectrum and a greater percentage of families were living below the poverty level in 2011 than in 1999. The same economic factors that lowered incomes for many in the county—the Great Recession, housing market crash, unsteady financial institutions, and stretched governmental budgets– have resulted in a 59% expansion of the county’s most vulnerable population. Poverty is more common in the county’s boroughs and urban areas, but it can also be found near some of the most prosperous communities. While Norristown and Pottstown are well known for accommodating a higher share of the county’s lowest income families, townships like Cheltenham, Abington, and Lower Merion also had over 300 families living below poverty in 2010. FIGURE 16: Percent of Families Below Poverty Level: 2006-2010 Hatboro 29 Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville t u 100 73 ¯ Norristown Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Educational Attainment Education is directly related to income and Montgomery County has a well-educated population. Over 44% of residents over the age of 25 have earned a bachelor’s degree or higher. The county ranks first in the Philadelphia region with both the number and percentage of residents having earned a graduate or professional degree. At the other end, persons without a high school diploma has shrunk from 11.5% in 2000 to only 7.4% in 2010. Part of this success can be attributed to the availability of higher education both in the county and in the region. Bryn Mawr College, Ursinus College, Arcadia University, Temple University-Ambler, Pennsylvania State-Abington, and the Montgomery County Community College are a few of the institutions available in Montgomery County. Less than 3.7% of families below poverty level 3.7% - 7.2% of families below poverty level More than 7.2% of families below poverty level Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey FIGURE 17: Educational Attainment: 2010* 9th to 12th Grade, No Diploma, 5.2% High School Diploma, 26.3% Less than 9th Grade, 2.2% Associate Degree or Some College, 22.1% Graduate/Prof. Degree, 18.5% Bachelor's Degree, 25.7% * 2010 figures are actually five year estimates - an average of responses taken between 2006 and 2010. Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 17 THE PEOPLE OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Population and Projections Household Characteristics and Age Income, Poverty, and Education Race and Hispanic Origin Race and Hispanic Origin What’s New Racial Characteristics Historically, Montgomery County has always been predominately white in terms of its racial composition. While four out of every five residents are still white, there are some noticeable shifts occurring in the county’s racial profile as the county’s diversity continues to grow. Almost all of the new residents added over the last decade were of nonwhite descent. Immigration has occurred in certain pockets of the county, often serving as a revitalization agent providing new blood and energy into places that had declined or grown stagnant. Blacks, or African Americans, remain the largest racial group in the county behind whites, but Asians are the fastest growing group over the last ten years. New Asian communities have sprung up in a number of places throughout the county, especially in the North Penn region, around King of Prussia, and in some of the larger inner ring suburbs bordering Philadelphia. The black population has grown since 2000 in all but four municipalities in Montgomery County. The largest increases were seen in inner ring suburbs near Philadelphia as well as urban environments such as Pottstown and Norristown. • Asians, which include native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, grew the most in terms of total persons going from 30,000 in 2000 to over 50,000 in 2010. Asians with an Indian ethnicity more than doubled in that time frame and comprise the highest percentage of Asians (35%). Korean ethnicity is the second largest, followed by Chinese. • Mexicans are the largest Hispanic ethnicity in Montgomery County, representing 39% of all Hispanics. They also grew the most since 2000, adding 9,446 residents. Puerto Ricans are the second largest Hispanic population in the county. FIGURE 19: Racial Composition of New Residents: 20002010 FIGURE 18: Racial Composition: 2010 White, 81.1% • Black/African American, 8.7% American Indian, 0.1% 3% 26% 42% 1% 15% 13% Asian, 6.5% Two or More Races, 1.9% Other, 1.6% 0% 20% 40% White American Indian Other Source: U.S. Census Bureau Source: U.S. Census Bureau 18 60% 80% 100% Black/African American Asian Two or More Races montgomery county today Hispanic Origin Hispanics are not considered as their own racial category, but rather as having a heritage, nationality, ethnicity, lineage, ancestry, or country of birth in a Spanish speaking country. People of Hispanic origin may identify themselves as any race. Under the 2010 Census, the majority of Hispanics identified themselves as white, but many chose “Some Other Race” or a combination of races. Hispanics were the fastest growing minority group in Montgomery County over the last decade. The county’s Hispanic population more than doubled to a total of 34,233 in 2010. There were increases to the Hispanic population in almost all municipalities, but Norristown was the most popular destination for Hispanics by a wide margin. Hispanic immigration into Norristown has helped the municipality post its largest overall population gain in decades. After Norristown, the next largest Hispanic populations are found in Pottstown and some of the bigger inner ring municipalities, such as Cheltenham, Abington, and Lower Merion. FIGURE 20: Regional Hispanic Population Change by County: 2000-2010 Marshall Street has been revitalized as a commercial main street area serving the growing Latino community in Norristown. 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 s ck Bu ter es Ch y a re er hi wa lp om ela tg de D on ila M Ph B on gt lin ur C n de am ter es uc o Gl M r ce er Source: U.S. Census Bureau 19 THE PEOPLE OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY 20 Jvf/3' 'z rr__ x' 2 Ii? 19THE HEALTH OF COUNTY RESIDENTS THE HEALTH OF COUNTY RESIDENTS Health Data and Health Concerns Health Care Facilities Aging Food Distribution and Access Health Data and Health Concerns The health of the county’s residents is a major concern as rates of both chronic diseases and contributing factors like obesity are on the rise. Chronic diseases are those which are persistent and are long-lasting in their effects—this includes conditions such as arthritis, asthma, cancer, or HIV/AIDS. Chronic disease has replaced infectious disease as the nation’s main public health threat; it has significant impacts on the county as well. Most chronic diseases affect people of all ages, races, and ethnicities, but some tend to be more prevalent among lower income and minority populations. Chronic heart disease is among the leading causes of death in Montgomery County (nearly 25% of all deaths annually). Between 2007 and 2009, more than 5,000 cases of cancer were diagnosed annually in the county. And in 2010, cancer caused more than 1,600 deaths county-wide. Diabetes is another pressing concern. As of 2008, 7% of county residents had been, at some point in their lives, given the diagnosis of diabetes. Our increasing waistlines are also a pressing issue. Many factors contribute to this rise, including growing portion sizes, nutrition, social and family dynamics, and a lack of exercise. Many county residents are considered to be overweight, and according to the state’s 2012 County Health Profile, 23% of residents are considered obese. Obesity is linked to an increased incidence of a number of serious health concerns, including cancer, heart disease and heart attacks, and type II diabetes. PLANNING ISSUE Diabetes, heart disease, and other health concerns related to fitness and weight have increased over the past decade, and attention is increasingly turning to ways the built environment can be designed to foster better fitness and overall welfare. 22 What’s New • A joint project from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the University of Wisconsin’s Population Health Institute, County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, ranked Montgomery County fifth in the state for health outcomes and second for health factors. Health outcomes represent how healthy a county is, while health factors represent what influences the health of the county. For more detailed information on Montgomery County’s scores, check out www.countyhealthrankings.org. • Montgomery County is the 35th healthiest county in the nation for children, according to a June, 2013 ranking by U.S. News and World Report. • As of December 2012, more than 70,000 county residents—both children and adults, were eligible for Medical Assistance (MA) or Medicaid through the state. This program provides medical and dental services to those who are eligible, typically those with low incomes or resources. • The Food Trust, located in Philadelphia, developed the Healthy Corner Store Initiative to increase the availability of healthy foods in corner stores and to educate young people about healthy snacking. Adelita’s Mexican Market, in Norristown, is a part of this program. Weekly cooking demonstrations teach healthy habits to neighborhood participants. • Many municipalities have started or sponsor programs to encourage their residents to get healthy and stay that way. Hatfield Borough, for example, offers group walks through the borough to promote fitness and safety. The Lower Merion Library System recently sponsored a community health fair; many municipalities (including Lower Providence, Towamencin, and Plymouth Townships, among others) offer sports leagues and fitness classes for residents of all ages. montgomery county today FIGURE 21: New Diabetes Cases—Rate per 1,000 Adults (ages 18-76), Pennsylvania: 1996-2010 12 10 8 6 4 2 Childhood obesity is especially troubling because, for starters, the habits that children have are hard to reverse as they grow older. Additionally, childhood obesity is linked to not only physical health problems, but emotional problems, learning disabilities, and school performance as well. Educational institutions statewide report to the state’s Department of Health on the student population’s body mass index (BMI) grouped by grade levels. In the 2010-2011 school year, nearly 15% of Montgomery County students in grades K-6 were considered overweight (having a BMI in the 85th-95th percentiles) and 13% were considered obese (greater than the 95th percentile). In grades 7-12, these numbers rose to nearly 17% and 14% of the overall student population, respectively. These levels have stayed fairly consistent since measuring BMI in students from grades K12 became mandatory in the 2007-2008 school year. A hurdle to staying healthy is inadequate or infrequent access to the county’s recreational areas. Even though there are parks in each of the county’s 62 municipalities, as well as playgrounds, playing fields, and private recreational facilities across the county, not everyone takes advantage of these opportunities. Perceived or real issues of safety, accessibility, or a lack of play equipment or playing fields can prevent people from taking full advantage of the outdoors. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 FIGURE 22: Adult Weight Classification by Body Mass Index (BMI) 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Not Overweight or Obese (BMI 24.9 or less) Overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9) 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Surveillance System Obese (BMI 30.0-99.8) 23 THE HEALTH OF COUNTY RESIDENTS Local air quality and water issues also impact our county’s health. Air pollution consists of six constituent pollutants— carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide—and these pollutants can cause harm to the environment as well as serious health problems. Chronic ailments like asthma are tied to poor air quality. Nearly 4% of Montgomery County’s students had a diagnosis of asthma in the 2008-2009 school year. And although these pollutants come from a variety of sources, vehicle exhaust has been tied to many of them. Another concern is mosquitoes and the diseases they harbor, which may be aided by the design of our environment if it inadvertently creates pooling areas of water. Poor access to healthy food and good nutrition remains an issue for some county residents. This is a topic that is explored in more depth in the Food Distribution and Access section of this chapter. However, although there are dozens of grocery stores and farmers markets in the county, many local food stores have closed over the last few years and farmers markets may be inconvenient or financially out of reach for some lower-income residents. Food access strategies that have made inroads in more urban areas like Philadelphia (such as community gardens or urban farms) are not as prevalent in Montgomery County. It is easier in some parts of the county to purchase food at corner stores, but these are places that primarily sell shelf-stable and low nutrition items. Without reliable transportation and a convenient store nearby, having good nutrition may be a challenge for our most vulnerable residents. Our health—the decisions made collectively on a county level as well as the individual choices made by the county’s 800,000-plus residents every day—is intrinsically tied to the built environment around us. Although our land use decisions are but one of the things that affect health outcomes, it is something that could and will change over time. For starters, the design of our built environment— homes, neighborhoods, workplaces, and transportation networks—has a direct affect on people’s ability to incorporate physical activity in their daily lives. Research in the American Journal of Health Promotion has shown that people in sprawling counties are likely to have higher rates of being overweight or obese, as well as a greater 24 A healthy, active lifestyle is important for people of all ages. FIGURE 23: Selected Major Causes of Death, Number and Average Annual Death Rate: 2008-2010 (per 100,000 residents, based on annual sample surveys) MONTGOMERY COUNTY TOTAL MONTGOMERY COUNTY RATE PENNSYLVANIA TOTAL PENNSYLVANIA RATE Diseases of the heart 5,037 160.8 96,509 194.0 Cancer 4,886 167.5 86,188 183.8 Stroke 1,282 41.1 20,096 40.1 Accidents 897 33.7 16,717 40.4 Alzheimer’s Disease 642 19.4 10,944 20.6 Diabetes Mellitus 374 12.6 9,705 20.4 Influenza 422 13.4 7,522 15.0 Source: Pennsylvania Department of Health montgomery county today prevalence of hypertension than those living in more compact places (Ewing, Schmid, et al, 2003). When this overall lack of physical activity is paired with poor eating habits, it literally weighs residents down with the burdens and increased costs of poor health and disease. What makes physical activity so important? In addition to being a crucial part of maintaining a healthy lifestyle, physical activity has been associated with: • • Lower risk of hip fractures and coronary events in older women and decreased cardiovascular disease in older men— findings that held true in both Caucasian and African-American woman, as well as across ages, groups and categories of body mass index. Total lower risk of cancers of various types. Not surprisingly, a sedentary lifestyle can be damaging to one’s health. Adults with chronic disease who were not physically active had higher observed mortality rates than those who were physically active. The onset of chronic diseases is frequently hastened along by factors such as physical inactivity and poor nutrition. Even though Montgomery County has plenty of communities lucky enough to have the advantages of walkable neighborhoods, public transportation access, and a robust trail network that connects residents with the rest of the region, much of Montgomery County has been designed with the automobile in mind and many neighborhoods and their residents are dependent on driving. Many neighborhoods, even densely developed ones, lack complete sidewalk networks—which makes walking to nearby destinations potentially hazardous and frequently impossible. Our county’s children and elderly are among our most vulnerable pedestrians. Although the death and injury rate for pedestrians ages 19 and FIGURE 24: Countywide Crashes, Injuries and Fatalities for Automobiles, Bicycles and Pedestrians CRASH TYPE 2007 2008 2010 2011 3,478 3,094 2,834 2,664 2,634 2,705 Injuries 4,801 4,633 4,052 3,673 3,467 3,402 3,531 28 26 22 23 17 21 20 Crashes Bicycles 2006 3,565 Fatalities Automobiles 2005 Crashes 2009 79 93 83 109 86 75 73 Injuries 81 96 82 111 86 75 75 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 Crashes 232 221 233 230 200 205 225 Injuries 228 214 218 234 214 210 229 3 5 9 5 8 3 12 Fatalities Pedestrians Fatalities Source: Pennsylvania Department of Transportation under has dropped significantly since the mid1990s, Safe Kids Worldwide estimates that 61 children are hit by cars everyday in the United States. Pedestrian injuries to teenagers are on the rise, and distractions from mobile devices like phones or iPods may be to blame, as their use has skyrocketed. The elderly are particularly vulnerable because of their limited mobility due to muscular and skeletal weakening, arthritis pain, changes in motor or cognitive abilities, and decreased vision. Yet those older residents who feel unsafe behind the wheel may find themselves walking through neighborhoods that aren’t accommodating to older pedestrians. Our mental health and emotional well-being is tied to the physical built environment as well. Factors such as housing type and quality, overcrowding, and the quality of light and air directly impact the wellbeing of county residents. The way our communities are built can affect the quality (and quantity) of social interactions with neighbors as well as restorative interactions with the natural environment. Traffic calming tools, like highlighted crosswalks, can help pedestrians walk safely from place to place. 25 THE HEALTH OF COUNTY RESIDENTS Health Data and Health Concerns Health Care Facilities Health Care Facilities Health facilities in the county exist within three categories: general acute care hospitals, specialty hospitals, and ambulatory care centers. Aging Food Distribution and Access PLANNING ISSUE As health care needs have changed and a growing senior population seeks increased medical attention, more flexibility in treatment options (such as the rise in ambulatory surgery centers) may need to fill this care gap. 26 General acute care hospitals are licensed by the state’s Department of Health. In the county, there are currently 9 general acute care hospitals with more than 2,100 beds set up and staffed, though these numbers shifted within the last year when Norristown’s Montgomery Hospital shut its doors and reopened in a new facility in East Norriton Township. Smaller hospitals outside of the county, like Phoenixville Hospital, Chestnut Hill Hospital, or Grand View Hospital, also provide services to county residents. The occupancy rate at the county’s general acute care hospitals is 64.9%. This is relatively low and a drop from the 2001 levels—as well as an indication that there is a surplus of hospital beds in county hospitals. The average length of stay at hospitals in the county is 4.38 days. The use of (and length of stays in) acute care hospitals has declined over the years because of managed health care, government cost cutting, and improved medical procedures, which allow people to heal and return home faster. Specialty hospitals are also licensed by the state’s Department of Health. In Montgomery County, these include psychiatric facilities as well as drug and alcohol treatment centers. The number of beds set up and staffed at specialty hospitals in the county declined to less than 1,000 beds by 2011, a drop from levels a decade prior. Like general hospitals, specialty hospitals have been affected by cost cuts, and the trend of deinstitutionalizing patients at these types of facilities has lessened their need across the county. Ambulatory surgery centers speak to the rapid rise in outpatient services available in the county. An ambulatory surgery center provides day-surgery services for patients who require less than 24-hour medical attention. These are typically stand-alone facilities, which may be affiliated with or owned by a hospital. As of June 2011, there were 26 ambulatory care centers in the county, a huge increase from the 9 facilities that served the county in 2001. What’s New • Montgomery Hospital & Medical Center, formerly of Norristown, found a new home in East Norriton and a new affiliation with Einstein Medical Center. Einstein Medical Center Montgomery opened in September 2012, the first new hospital to be built in the state in more than a decade. With 146 patient beds, it operates as a full service acute care hospital. • Although Abington Health recently called off a proposed (and controversial) merger with Holy Redeemer Health System, it is expected that more mergers will occur as health care operating costs continue to rise. • Major expansions are underway or have recently wrapped up at several area facilities. Lankenau Medical Center is proceeding with an expansion scheduled to wrap up in 2014. This will increase the total patient beds to 386, increase parking capacity, and add a new 5-story pavilion to the site. The Bryn Mawr Medical Arts Pavilion, a 141,000 square foot facility with the Bryn Mawr Hospital among its tenants and a connection to the hospital’s main building, was scheduled for completion in 2012. • There are resources in Montgomery County for those residents with medical assistance coverage or without any health insurance. The county is home to two federally qualified health centers—the Norristown Regional Health Center and Community Health and Dental Care (in Pottstown)—which provide primary health care to residents with medical assistance or no health insurance. There are also some providers of oral health care services in the county, though not enough to meet demand for this care. Lastly, the Montgomery County Health Department has three public health clinic locations in Norristown, Pottstown, and Willow Grove. These clinics offer services such as sexually transmitted disease screening and treatment, HIV testing and counseling, and childhood and adult immunizations. montgomery county today FIGURE 27: Ambulatory Surgery Centers (as of June 2011) FIGURE 25: Health Care Facilities Hatboro 29 ! Pennsburg ! ! Lansdale 476 ! 663 t u Jenkintown ! ! ! ! 73 ! ! ! ¯ ! 100 t u 422 ! Pottstown ! ! Norristown Collegeville ! ! Conshohocken ! 321 1 Blue Bell Surgery Center Plymouth 2,478 4 Delaware Valley Laser Surgery Inst. Lower Merion 2,506 2 Cheltenham 777 1 7 Delaware Valley Orthopedic Spine Ctr. Lower Merion ! ! Whitpain Delaware Valley Nephrology/ Hypertension 276 LOCATION Upper Moreland 14,082 Best Impression Surgical Center ! ! ! ! 202 73 FACILITY 611 Ambler TOTAL OPER. ROOMS Abington Surgical Center ! 309 TOTAL PATIENT VISITS 76 ! ! 2,668 4 Endoscopic Associates Abington 7,101 3 Eye Surgery Center Upper Merion 6,125 2 Foundation Surgical Affiliates Upper Dublin 1,014 2 FIGURE 26: Health Care Facility Statistics (as of June 2011) 694 1 Upper Moreland 381 1 Lower Merion 5,213 0 Upper Merion 0 1 Main Line Spine Surgery Center Source: Pennsylvania Department of Health Cheltenham Main Line Plastic Surgery ! 3 4 Main Line Endoscopy Center East ! 5,714 6,684 Hypertension Nephrology Associates 476 ! General and Specialty Hospitals ! Ambulatory Surgery Centers Abington Bryn Athyn Keystone Kidney Center !! Holy Redeemer Health System ASC Huntingdon Valley Surgery Center ! 29 Upper Merion 5,858 0 Main Line Surgery Center Lower Merion 6,913 4 Montgomery Surgery Center Hatfield Twp 2,035 2 FACILITY TYPE LOCATION LICENSED STAFFED OCCUPANCY AVG STAY BEDS BEDS RATE (DAYS) Abington Memorial Hospital General Abington 674 629 71.5 4.50 Plaza Surgical Center Lower Merion 100 1 Brooke Glen Behavioral Hospital Specialty Whitemarsh 146 146 86.1 9.71 PMA Gastroenterology Center Limerick 3,731 0 Pottstown Surgical Center Lower Pottsgrove 4,251 0 Eagleville Hospital Specialty Lower Providence 84 84 62.1 10.06 Einstein Medical Center—Elkins Park General Cheltenham 66 32 48.0 4.20 Einstein Medical Center—Montgomery General East Norriton n/a—newly opened facility, formerly Montgomery Hospital Springfield Ambulatory Surgery Ctr. Springfield 7,234 1 Abington 242 4.64 Surgery Center at Limerick Limerick 3,086 3 10.86 Urology Health Surgery Center Abington 2,313 4 3.86 Valley Pain Center Bryn Athyn 4,182 2 Wills Eye Surgery Center—Plymouth Meeting Plymouth 2,712 2 98,173 55 Holy Redeemer Hospital & Medical Center General Horsham Clinic Lansdale Hospital Specialty General Horsham Hatfield 172 127 242 172 127 67.7 89.2 52.1 Main Line Hospital—Bryn Mawr General Lower Merion 319 319 68.0 3.93 Main Line Hospital—Lankenau General Lower Merion 331 331 70.4 4.39 Mercy Suburban Hospital General East Norriton 126 114 68.8 4.85 Montgomery County Emergency Service Specialty West Norriton 81 81 82.4 10.23 Norristown State Hospital Specialty Norristown 373 365 96.7 1016.28 Physicians Care Surgical Hospital Specialty Limerick 12 12 2.8 General Pottstown 226 226 53.4 4.69 Valley Forge Medical Center & Hospital Specialty East Norriton 50 50 89.0 Source (both figures): Pennsylvania Department of Health with additional information from Einstein Medical Center-Elkins Park. 1.38 Pottstown Memorial Medical Center Total 10.29 27 THE HEALTH OF COUNTY RESIDENTS Health Data and Health Concerns Aging What’s New Health Care Facilities Today’s seniors are living longer, healthier, and more independent lives than the generations that preceded them. In 2010, county residents ages 55+ already comprised more than 25% of the county’s population. By 2040, those 55 and over will make up nearly one-third of the county’s population. Their shifting needs will significantly impact the county’s housing, transportation, health care, and social service needs. • Grandparents as caregivers for their grandchildren may be a trend worth noting. As of 2011, more than 15,000 grandparents were living with their grandchildren and more than 3,000 were responsible for their grandchildren. This may become more significant if those caring for grandchildren are feeling an economic strain, since many elderly caregivers make choices related to self care versus their primary consideration of care for the children in the home. Aging Food Distribution and Access Various housing options for seniors are covered in Chapter 8 of this publication. But the reality is that more than 75% of the county’s seniors ages 65 and over continue to live in a private home—either by choice or necessity—and many of these homes were not built with aging in mind. Some homes may need modifications to accommodate a population that may be challenged by stairs, bathtubs, light switches, counters, and cabinets. Homes lacking major modifications may need minor changes to enable someone with a physical disability to easily enter and exit—ultimately enabling “visitability” by someone with a disability. As of 2011, approximately 25% of seniors ages 65 and over lived alone—equal to more than 33,000 households. This may create the need for increased numbers of in-home caregivers and in-home health services if younger generations are unable to provide care for aging relatives. PLANNING ISSUE With baby boomers hitting 65, the county has a growing senior population. Aging residents will require new housing and social services resources to allow for seniors to age gracefully—and independently. 28 According to the county’s Department of Aging and Adult Services, financial health is among the top concerns of the county’s senior residents. Households with senior citizens do tend to have lower household incomes. According to the U.S. Census’ American Community Survey, households where the householder was 65 and over reported mean earnings in 2011 $64,941 (compared to a countywide household level of $102,745). With lower annual incomes and savings that may have suffered during the nation’s recent economic downturn, many seniors are putting off retirement until their finances can recover. More than 20% of county residents over the age of 65 continue to be employed. Affordable and accessible transportation will also be a concern. Older residents will continue to want and need to drive a vehicle, and many neighborhoods—age restricted • The county’s growing minority communities create different needs when it comes to an aging population. It is anticipated that the county’s Hispanic and Asian senior populations will continue to grow; these are communities that may receive support and services through cultural or faith-based organizations, as well as from extended family—all outside of the traditional context of places like senior centers. • The county’s Department for Aging and Adult Services recently released “Creating An Aging Friendly Montgomery County” - a four year plan for 2012-2016. It outlines some of the top concerns of older residents or those who care for older residents. By far, the biggest concern was financial health, but other needs included health care, transportation, home health care, senior centers, and nutrition/meals. montgomery county today FIGURE 28: Over-55 Age Projections AGE COHORT PERSONS IN 2000 PERCENT OF TOTAL PERSONS IN 2010 PERCENT OF TOTAL PERSONS IN 2040 55-64 68,447 9.1% 99,952 12.5% 65-74 55,562 7.4% 58,492 7.3% 84,588 9.5% 26,096 44.6% 75+ 56,235 7.5% 62,235 7.8% 106,781 11.9% 44,546 71.6% Total 55+ 180,244 24.0% 220,679 27.6% 293,735 32.8% 73,056 33.1% Total Population 750,097 102,366 799,874 894,486 PERCENT OF TOTAL 11.4% CHANGE 2010-2040 2,414 PERCENT CHANGE 2010-2040 2.4% 94,612 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, population projections are from the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission communities among them—were designed with cars in mind. And for those older residents who have stopped driving, easy access to groceries, doctors, and family can be a challenge if public transportation or shuttle services are not readily available and sidewalk networks are incomplete. FIGURE 29: Senior Services 29 ! !! ! ! ! Hatboro Pennsburg ! ! ! !! ! !! Lansdale 476 ! ! ! 309 ! ! 611 ! ! 276 Ambler Jenkintown ! ! !! 663 t u ! 202 ! 73 !! ! ! ! 73 ! ! ! 100 t u !! ! 422 ! ! ! Conshohocken ! 76 ! Pottstown ! ! ! ! ! ¯ Norristown ! Collegeville ! ! Senior Centers Adult Day Care Meal Delivery Provider Personal Care Subcontractor ! 29 ! ! 476 ! ! ! ! ! Source: Montgomery County Department of Aging and Adult Services Educating the county’s seniors on health topics like fitness, nutrition, and disease prevention may also become a growing need. The county is becoming increasingly diverse. About 10% of the county’s over-65 population is also a racial minority. Many health concerns—such as obesity, diabetes, and various cancers, have a disproportionate effect on minority populations. Outreach and educational campaigns may need to be tailored to effectively reach these populations. The county’s growing Hispanic and Latino population, although largely youthful now, may require an increasingly bilingual approach to communicate health concerns as this population grows older. A healthy diet and good nutrition are essentials to good health. But low incomes or mobility problems can make access to fresh and nutritious food a challenge for seniors. Although the county’s farmers markets, meal delivery services, and senior centers make access to food easier, some seniors may skip meals if grocery shopping and cooking are too burdensome. Turning food and eating into a social activity with community gardens, gatherings, and festivals may be one way of providing meals along with a social outlet, eliminating some of the stigma of receiving this sort of assistance. Montgomery County’s seniors are living longer and healthier lives. 29 THE HEALTH OF COUNTY RESIDENTS Health Data and Health Concerns Food Distribution and Access Health Care Facilities Food distribution and access is an important issue for the county—not only is it a health issue, but an economic development and equity issue as well. Aging Food Distribution and Access PLANNING ISSUE There’s no argument that food is something that county residents need—as good nutrition and access to affordable and healthy food is crucial to a healthy population. Easy access is not guaranteed: some local supermarkets have shut their doors and some neighborhoods are clearly underserved. 30 The county’s farms and food processors play an important role in supporting our local food system. There is a growing interest across the county (and country) in supporting local farmers, eating locally grown foods, purchasing organic products, and preserving the growing season’s bounty at home. Many products one would purchase at the grocery store are available from local producers at the county’s farmers markets and farm stores...as long as one’s willing to forego strawberries and corn on the cob in the middle of winter! Encouraging sustainable food production is a way of building livable communities, strengthening the local economy, and protecting the environment from degradation. Food safety is an escalating concern as food-borne illness outbreaks from products as varied as spinach to peanut butter affect thousands of Americans every year. Although the Montgomery County Health Department plays a major role in maintaining our health by inspecting establishments like farmers markets, grocery stores, and restaurants—as well as promoting food safety in the home—the way that produce is grown or livestock is raised and slaughtered is outside of the purview of the county’s regulations. Access to affordable and fresh food benefits the health and welfare of all of the county’s residents and municipalities. Some of the county’s most urban and densely populated communities, like Norristown and Pottstown, do not have easy access to full-service grocery stores. Corner stores and drug stores fill this void to some extent, but prices may be high and fresh food and produce is typically sold elsewhere. Food pantries, such as Lansdale’s Manna on Main Street, may also fill a void for those residents with empty cupboards. And as the economy tightened toward the end of the last decade, many of the county’s major grocery store chains have responded by closing local stores, leaving darkened storefronts in places like Trappe, Collegeville, and Lansdale. Some communities have looked to fill this void by supporting new food co-ops, such as CreekSide Co-op in Elkins Park; others (like Collegeville and Souderton) have established weekend farmers markets. What’s New • In January 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration released a draft Produce Safety Rule (which is open for changes; revised regulations are likely to follow) that will establish mandatory safety practices nationwide to prevent the microbial contamination of fresh produce. This is a major shift from previous practices, which have mostly been reactive. These regulations would affect— among other things—farmworker health and hygiene, manure handling, animal grazing, and building cleanliness and will primarily apply to food items typically eaten raw, like fruits and sprouts. • The interest in local and organic food has not been lost on local farmers, restaurants, and grocery stores. Organic and/or local produce, eggs, meat, and cheese are readily available at supermarkets and farmers markets. Backyard bee hives and chicken coops are growing in popularity. Several farms use community supported agriculture (CSAs) models to bring weekly shares of produce to local residents; CSAs from surrounding counties serve residents as well. Many restaurants feature seasonal menus and produce from local farms; some fast food chains (such as Chipotle or Elevation Burger) are following suit and choosing organic items for their menus. • The North Penn Community Health Foundation estimates (in a 2013 report) that more than 83,000 county residents—more than 10% of the total population— live in food insecure households. A food insecure household has limited or uncertain access to adequate food, resulting in residents who go hungry when the money for food runs out. Funding cuts over the last several years have hurt food aid programs; the increased need for food assistance has only been exacerbated by an increase in food prices. Even with these cuts, Montgomery County has seen a 115% increase in SNAP participation (the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) since 2007. montgomery county today FIGURE 30: Supermarket and Food Access ( ! ( ! ! ! 29 ( ! ! ! ( ! Hatboro ( ! Pennsburg ! ( ! ( !! ( ! ! 476 ( ! ( ! ( ! 309 ! ( ! ! ( ! ! Lansdale (( !! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ! ! ( ! ! ( ! ! ( ! ( ! !! Ambler 663 ( ! ( ( ! ! ( !! ! 202 ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! (( !! ( ! ( ! ( ! (( !! ! ( ! 100 t u Collegeville ( ! (( !! ! Norristown ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ( ! ! ! ( Pottstown ! ! !! ! !! ( ! ! ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ! ! ( ! ( ! 29 ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ¯ (( !! ( ! Conshohocken ! 422 ( ! (( !! ( ! ( ! ! ! ! 73 ! ! ! ( ! ( ! 73 ( ! Jenkintown ! !! t u ( ! ! 611 ( ! 276 76 ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! !! ( 476 (( !! Food Pantries and other Emergency Food Providers ( ! ! ! ! ! ( ( (( ! ! !! Full Service Supermarkets One mile radius Individuals Below Poverty Level (as of 2011) Some of the county’s most densely populated areas have some of the county’s highest poverty levels, and are not served well by supermarkets with healthy food choices. Less than 5 percent 5.0 - 9.9 percent 10.0 - 14.9 percent 15.0 percent and greater Sources: Montgomery County Planning Commission, U.S. Census Bureau (poverty level data) FIGURE 31: Prevalence of Household-Level Food Insecurity Percent of Households s d l o h e s u o H f o t n e c r e P 16 14 12 10 8 6 1999-2001 2006-2008 Pennsylvania Source: United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service 2009-2011 United States Montgomery County plays a significant role in local food production and distribution. 31 THE HEALTH OF COUNTY RESIDENTS 32 THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Existing Land Use Land Use Changes: 1970 - 2010 Regionally Significant Land Uses Types of Landscapes Land Use Trends Existing Land Use What’s New Montgomery County features a rich diversity of places and uses. Older towns and main streets formed before the advent of the automobile are entrenched alongside farmland and wooded areas holding on to their rural character. These places exist while even more acreage is devoted to the suburbanization patterns that fueled the county’s rise to become Pennsylvania’s third most populated county. Two-thirds of the county’s developed land is used for residential purposes, and the county also features significant amounts of commercial, office, industrial, and institutional acreage that allowed it to become the economic driver it is today within the Philadelphia region. The county is represented by its range of uses and the relatively small space in which these uses change. Major office or retail segues into single-family detached homes, then to open land or low-density development, and then back to a retail hub or manufacturing area. This variety reflects historic development patterns, based on both railroads and highways, and has been impacted by the county’s 62 municipalities making their own planning and zoning decisions. It’s no surprise that single-family detached homes use more land per person than any other residential category: • Single-family detached home acreage accounts for 90% of all residential land acreage even though the number of detached units is 55% of the total units in the county as of 2010. • Single-family detached home acreage also accounts for the highest overall percentage of county land at over 35% and that doesn’t include the roads that service the homes. • Multifamily and single-family attached developments, such as condos, apartments, and townhomes, are more efficient users of residential land with an approximate density of 24.2 persons per acre. Detached home development accommodates only 4.4 persons per acre. FIGURE 32: 2010 Existing Land Use Acreage LAND USE TOTAL ACREAGE PERCENT OF TOTAL COUNTY LAND Single-Family Detached 80,345 25.8% Single-Family Detached - Low Density (< 1 unit/acre) 29,962 9.6% Single-Family Attached 8,419 2.7% Multifamily 3,392 1.1% 600 0.2% Mobile Homes 22,044 7.1% Utility 1,566 0.5% Retail 5,872 1.9% Office 5,648 1.8% Mixed Use 1,877 0.6% 13,015 4.2% 9,973 3.2% Transportation PLANNING ISSUE Growth will continue in both rural and developed areas of Montgomery County. This growth will create opportunities for improvement as well as additional community impacts. Institutional Industrial 954 0.3% Recreation and Parkland Fields 16,806 5.4% Wooded 58,147 18.6% Vacant / Agriculture 49,617 15.9% Mining Water 3,607 1.2% Total 311,844 100.0% Sources: Montgomery County Planning Commission, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission 34 FIGURE 33: Land Use Coverage (2010) Developed Acres 59% Undeveloped Acres 41% montgomery county today FIGURE 34: 2010 Existing Land Use Bucks County Lehigh County Telford Souderton 29 East Greenville Pennsburg Salford Marlborough Upper Hanover Montgomery Hatfield Bor. Franconia Red Hill Lower Moreland Hatboro Hatfield Twp. Horsham Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland 309 476 Lansdale Green Lane Towamencin Upper Salford 663 Douglass New Hanover Upper Frederick Upper Gwynedd Lower Salford Lower Gwynedd North Wales Abington Rockledge Ambler t u Lower Frederick 202 73 611 Upper Dublin 276 Jenkintown Whitpain Cheltenham 73 Worcester Schwenksville Springfield Skippack East Norriton Plymouth Perkiomen Upper Pottsgrove grove West Potts Berks County 100 Limerick Lower Pottsgrove t u 422 Sch uyl kill Pottstown Trappe Collegeville Riv e Upper Providence r Whitemarsh Philadelphia Norristown Lower Providence West Norriton Bridgeport West Conshohocken Upper Merion Royersford Conshohocken 76 Lower Merion 29 Narberth Chester County 476 Delaware County Single-Family Detached Utility Recreation and Parkland Fields Single-Family Detached Low Density Retail Wooded Multi-Family Mixed Use Vacant / Agriculture Single-Family Attached Office Water Mobile Home Institutional Mining Transportation Industrial 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles ¯ Sources: Montgomery County Planning Commission, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission 35 THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Existing Land Use Land Use Changes: 1970 - 2010 Regionally Significant Land Uses Types of Landscapes Land Use Trends Land Use Changes: 1970 - 2010 What’s New In 1970, Montgomery County had three different types of areas – residential suburban neighborhoods oriented to Philadelphia, industrial concentrations with associated towns, and rural farmland. At this time, a fourth type was emerging – significant suburban industrial, office, and retail development, with associated residences, that was not directed towards Philadelphia. From 1970 to 2010, this fourth type of development—independent suburban development—has dominated new development in Montgomery County. Of course, not all new development takes place on undeveloped land. Underutilized sites in urbanized areas are increasingly targeted for redevelopment and adaptive reuse, especially as the creation of new infrastructure slows. Over the last five years, total land development has slowed considerably. Residential and nonresidential development fell to historically low levels after the housing bubble burst and the Great Recession followed. FIGURE 35: Existing Land Use: 1970-2010 LAND USE 1970 2000 2010 Single Family Detached 42,297 75,340 80,345 Single Family Detached—Low Density (< 1 unit/acre) 16,459 27,511 29,962 Single Family Attached 1,952 6,926 Multifamily 1,503 100 3,297 547 3,392 600 Transportation 16,905 21,016 22,044 Utility 664 1,568 • Development over the last ten years has become twice as efficient. From 1970 to 2000, new development was added at a rate of 0.54 acres per person added to the county. From 2000 to 2010, only 0.25 acres were added per additional person. • More than half of the residential units built since 2000 have been denser housing types such as townhomes, condos, and apartments as opposed to single family detached homes, which had dominated the housing market in Montgomery County up to this point. In 2000, there were 2.6 housing units for every acre of residentially developed land. Between 2000 and 2010, there were 3.1 housing units added for every acre of residential land developed over the decade. 2,732 5,171 5,872 Office 541 5,087 5,648 Institutional 941 8,273 1,829 11,851 1,877 13,015 Industrial 6,153 9,735 9,973 736 945 954 9,975 15,994 16,806 54,596 61,623 58,147 144,443 59,714 49,617 FIGURE 36: Total Developed Acres: 1970-2010 1,566 Retail Mixed Use Mining Recreation and Parkland Fields Wooded Vacant / Agriculture 36 The county averaged 1,284 acres of newly developed land per year from 2000 to 2010. The 2000 County Comprehensive Plan was based on a goal of 1,000 newly developed acres per year through 2025 in order to maintain the county’s quality of life. However, population growth was more rapid than expected during this past decade. Current projections show that the county is still on target to develop no more than 25,000 acres between 2000 and 2025. 8,419 Mobile Homes • 183,667 200,000 170,823 150,000 99,256 100,000 50,000 0 1970 2000 2010 montgomery county today FIGURE 37: Developed Land Over Time Bucks County Lehigh County Telford Souderton 29 East Greenville Pennsburg Salford Marlborough Horsham Hatfield Bor. Franconia Red Hill Upper Hanover Lower Moreland Hatboro Montgomery Hatfield Twp. Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland 309 476 Lansdale Green Lane Towamencin Upper Salford 663 Douglass New Hanover Upper Frederick Upper Gwynedd Lower Salford Lower Gwynedd North Wales Abington Rockledge Ambler t u Lower Frederick 202 73 611 Upper Dublin 276 Jenkintown Whitpain Cheltenham 73 Worcester Schwenksville Springfield Skippack East Norriton Plymouth Perkiomen Upper Pottsgrove grove West Potts Berks County 100 Limerick Lower Pottsgrove Pottstown Collegeville 422 Sch uyl k ill Riv er Philadelphia Norristown Trappe t u Whitemarsh Upper Providence Lower Providence West Norriton Bridgeport West Conshohocken Upper Merion Royersford Conshohocken 76 Lower Merion 29 Narberth Chester County 476 Land Developed Before 1970 (99,256 acres) Delaware County 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles Land Developed Between 1970 and 2000 (71,567 acres) Land Developed Since 2000 (12,844 acres) ¯ Source: (all figures) Montgomery County Planning Commission 37 THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Existing Land Use Land Use Changes: 1970 - 2010 Regionally Significant Land Uses Types of Landscapes Land Use Trends Regionally Significant Land Uses What’s New All land uses are not created equally, even within the same category. The existing land use map only identifies land use; it does not reflect the intensity or impact of these uses. To get a better understanding of land uses in the county and their potential impacts on abutting municipalities or communities, it is necessary to identify existing regionally significant land uses. These uses currently make and will continue to make demands on community facilities, the transportation network, and environmentally sensitive land. In addition to existing uses, proposed developments can have a regional impact and significance if they get approved and built. Due to the economy, there have been only a few proposed developments in the last five years that are still active and would meet the standards for regional significance. • Retail growth exploded along the Route 422 corridor with regional shopping centers such as the Philadelphia Premium Outlets (605,000 sf) in Limerick and Providence Town Center (755,000 sf) in Upper Providence. • Most office and industrial development since 2000 has been stand-alone buildings or infill for existing office parks. Two exceptions have been the expansion of Merck and the Renaissance at Gulph Mills Business Center in the first half of the decade. • The housing boom generated a lot of interest in denser multifamily development, including Shannondell (over 1,000 units) and Riverview Landing (700 units) in Lower Providence and West Norriton, respectively. • The Valley Forge Casino Resort opened in 2012 to become the first casino in Montgomery County, and the fourth in the Greater Philadelphia area. • The Willow Grove Naval Air Station was closed in 2011. All runways have been shuttered and much of the 862 acre site will be redeveloped. • Montgomery Hospital closed in Norristown and was replaced by a new hospital, the Einstein Medical Center-Montgomery, in neighboring East Norriton. FIGURE 38: Regionally Significant Land Uses Tally (2012) LAND USE Large Multifamily / Attached Residential Development 16 500,000+ sq. feet 14 Car Dealer Cluster 5 or more dealers 5 Office Campus / Park 1,000,000+ sq. feet 19 Convention Center 50,000+ sq. feet 2 Casino Any 1 Industrial Campus / Park 1,000,000+ sq. feet 10 Hospital 100+ beds 10 Prison Any 2 College and University 500+ students 13 Power Generating Station 50+ megawatts 1 Trash Transfer Station Any active ones 6 Incinerator Any active ones 1 Airport Any 4 Quarry Active with 20+ acres 7 National Park PLANNING ISSUE 500+ units Shopping Center Regionally significant land uses impact a wide area that crosses municipal and sometimes county boundaries, but it is the local jurisdiction that controls these uses most of the time. REGIONALLY SIGNIFICANT STANDARD NUMBER OF EXISTING FACILITIES Any 1 Sources: Montgomery County Planning Commission, Montgomery County Board of Assessment Appeals 38 Regional impact can come in many forms, including this nuclear power plant and 605,000 square foot outlet mall in Limerick Township. montgomery county today FIGURE 39: Regionally Significant Land Uses Bucks County Lehigh County East Greenville Pennsburg Upper Hanover ( ! Hatfield Twp. 309 m Salford Marlborough Hatfield Bor. Franconia Red Hill j P Æ Lansdale Green Lane New Hanover Upper Salford Upper Frederick X North Wales Lower Salford Bryn Athyn ( ! Upper Dublin ò t u 202 Skippack ( ! Riv e © Royersford r ( ! ( ! 29 Chester County ( ! ©! ( h g Philadelphia m ! ( ( ! m m ( m ! ! ©© ( h g m© o õ õ Ç BridgeportXS Ç X RConshohocken m Ç ( ! ( ! West ( ! Upper ( ! Conshohocken ( ! Merion m õ Upper Providence m 76 Ç m m ( ! Lower Merion 476 º º º ¹ ¹ ¹j P Æ Narberth º ¹ P Æ m Delaware County Ä ! Airport Quarry College / University a ò Prison R S Multifamily/Attached Residential Convention Center Ç National Park m PROPOSED Multifamily/Attached Residential PROPOSED Shopping Center Power Station © m ¹ º X Industrial Campus h g j Shopping Center Car Dealer Cluster P Æ Hospital õ Office Campus ! ( o © ! ( õ Berks County a t u 422 Sch uyl kill West Norriton ò Whitemarsh õ º ¹ © © j© õ ( ! X j © Lower Providence X õ grove West Potts Ä ! Ä ! Lower Pottsgrove Trappe Collegeville P Æ Cheltenham © ©m ( ! P ÆNorristown m º ¹ Limerick Rockledge Springfield Plymouth Perkiomen P Æ Pottstown © P Æ õ Upper Pottsgrove P Æ East Norriton Ä ! m 100 ( ! º ¹ º º ¹ ¹ m Ä ! õ Schwenksville m P Æ j Jenkintown Whitpain Worcester º P¹ ÆAbington Ç 73 73 611 276 ( ! Ambler º ¹ m © ( ! º ¹ Gwynedd Lower Frederick Upper Moreland ( ! m º ¹ Lower ( Upper ! Gwynedd ( ! Towamencin (( !! õ X 663 Douglass m m Horsham ( ! X ( ! © © õ 476 Lower Moreland Hatboro Montgomery Ç õ 29 õ Telford Souderton Incinerator 0 Trash Transfer Station Casino 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles ¯ Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 39 THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Existing Land Use Types of Landscapes Land Use Changes: 1970 - 2010 Montgomery County contains a variety of landscapes across its 300,000-plus acres. With urban centers, suburban areas both old and new, as well as rural settings, there’s something for everyone in this county. Regionally Significant Land Uses Types of Landscapes Land Use Trends Rural areas in the county are still primarily undeveloped, with both farmland and wooded habitats, and some low density development. Smaller villages, like Lederach or Perkiomenville, and preserved open spaces, like Green Lane Park, can also be found, primarily in the county’s western half. Rural areas in the county are identifiable based on several qualities: traditional farmland or aesthetically pleasing viewsheds, a location in areas away from existing development and infrastructure, and lands with environmental sensitivity or natural amenities that have not yet been preserved. Montgomery County’s landscapes run the gamut from rural to urban: Restored farm buildings in Limerick Township Much of the county has a suburban landscape, with a range of characteristics. Single family homes on larger lots and destinations that require access to a car make up much of the county’s suburban surroundings. So do major employment and retail centers like King of Prussia and the Route 422 Corridor. Some of the county’s suburbs have undeveloped land for future growth while other areas look to redevelopment or remediation to adapt to the changing needs of the marketplace. PLANNING ISSUE The varying landscapes across the county each present planning challenges as the county continues to develop and grow. Urban, suburban and rural areas all will need to find ways to preserve what matters while adapting to new trends and needs. Urban areas in the county are typified by a high degree of access, usually along a major roadway or within close proximity to public transit (or both). Existing housing stock is frequently older and denser; rowhomes and apartment buildings exist alongside newer infill development that is becoming more commonplace. The infrastructure already exists within these places to handle denser development. Some of the county’s development centers can be found in these urban areas too, from well-established places like Pottstown or the county seat of Norristown, to newer centers like Conshohocken, which has blossomed into a major employment center due to its easy highway and transit access. Downtown Lansdale New residential development in East Norriton Township 40 montgomery county today FIGURE 40: Types of Landscapes Bucks County Lehigh County Telford Souderton ! Upper Frederick Douglass 73 ! [ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Schwenksville ! Riv er [ ! Upper Providence ! Royersford 29 Chester County [ Plymouth [ ! Cheltenham Whitemarsh West Norriton ! ! Bridgeport ! Philadelphia Conshohocken ! West Conshohocken Upper Merion Suburban Landscapes Urban Landscapes Suburban, newer ! ! ! Delaware County Suburban, pre-1970 2 Downtowns Primary Suburban Center 1 Old Industrial Area 3 4 5 6 Miles Urban Area Woodlands ! Narberth 0 Farmland !! Lower Merion 76 476 Rural Landscapes ! ! Norristown Lower Providence [ lkil l [ East Norriton [ ! ! Rockledge ! 422 Sch uy ! ! Jenkintown Springfield ! t u 276 73 Whitpain ! Trappe Collegeville [ grove West Potts Berks County ! Limerick Abington Worcester ! Pottstown t u ! Perkiomen Lower Pottsgrove ! 202 Lower Frederick 100 Upper Pottsgrove ! Ambler ! Skippack ! ! [ New Hanover Upper Gwynedd 611 Upper Dublin [ ! ! Lower Salford Lower Gwynedd North Wales [ Upper! Salford ! ! ! [ ! ! Towamencin ! Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland Lansdale ! Green Lane 663 ! 309 ! 476 [ ! ! [ ! ! Horsham Hatfield Bor. Franconia [[ ! Upper Hanover ! Salford Marlborough Red Hill Montgomery [ ! Lower Moreland Hatboro Hatfield Twp. [ East Greenville Pennsburg [ ! 29 [ ! ! ! Rural Village or Hamlet [ [ ¯ Secondary Suburban Center Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 41 THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Existing Land Use Land Use Changes: 1970 - 2010 Land Use Trends Over time, land use trends shift. Over the past decade, Montgomery County has witnessed a variety of changes in development, and many of these will accelerate in the upcoming years. Regionally Significant Land Uses Types of Landscapes Land Use Trends Retail will continue evolving. Retailers have to constantly reinvent themselves to stay competitive. Grocery stores are back at malls, and many new shopping centers, like the Providence Town Center, mimic old-fashioned downtowns. Chain stores have started using a range of building formats, with smaller options available for more developed areas or where web shopping will be dominant. Apartments are hot. Apartment developments and proposals have taken off lately, both locally and nationally. This is expected to continue, driven by a variety of trends, including more single person households, Generation Y’s interest in urban living, deferred marriage and childbearing, declines in household income, and the aging of the baby boomers. New grocery store at the Plymouth Meeting Mall More places will be mixed use. PLANNING ISSUE Although development on green fields will continue, much new development will redevelop and intensify existing built-out properties. Many young knowledge-economy employees want to work or live in stimulus-rich environments. The waterfront in Conshohocken, for example, has offices, hotels, and apartments, while shops and restaurants are next door in the downtown. Zoning changes to allow apartment, retail, and entertainment uses are now commonly considered in the county’s employment centers, like Bala Cynwyd, King of Prussia, and Fort Washington. Part of this is driven by declines in work space per employee, which has fallen from 400 square feet per person in 1980 to less than 250 square feet in 2011. Meanwhile, transit-oriented development, traditional neighborhood design, and other mixed use approaches offer more varied living places for county residents. Apartments along the Schuylkill River. 42 montgomery county today Redevelopment and infill will intensify. With less easily developable land available, high gasoline prices, and the comeback of urban-style living, more residents, retailers, and employers will want to locate in the eastern half of the county. These trends, along with the aging of the building stock in this area, will increase pressure for redevelopment of existing properties. Being Green is expected. Nowadays, buildings, particularly corporate offices, are expected to be green, with LEED certification, Energy Star ratings, and best management stormwater practices. Infill development in Lansdale. Green roof on office building in Conshohocken. Mixed use building next to the Ardmore train station. 43 THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 44 THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geology Geology What’s New Climate Geology is the science and study of the solid matter of the earth, its composition, structure, physical properties, history and processes that have shaped it since the planet’s formation. Understanding geology is essential since the local bedrock forms the foundation for the county and greatly shapes its natural resources. In combination with the local climate, geological characteristics of the rock, both physical and chemical, influence hydrologic and terrestrial features such as local soils, wetlands, surface and ground water, vegetation, and topography. Subsequently, their characteristics may impact woodlands and wildlife. In order to understand the county’s natural resources one must understand its geology. • The six large active quarries in Montgomery County are located in Whitemarsh, Upper Merion, Montgomery, Marlborough, Lower Salford, and Lower Pottsgrove Townships. Hydrology Floodplains Air Quality Steep Slopes Soils Wetlands Woodlands Wildlife Natural Areas Inventory PLANNING ISSUE Local geology conditions determine development site suitability, cost of construction, and potential for local hazards such as sinkholes. Mining and gas drilling opportunities are also shaped by local geology. 46 The border between two major geologic areas crosses the county along a northeast-southwest line extending from Willow Grove in Upper Moreland Township to King of Prussia in Upper Merion Township, with the Triassic Lowlands falling to the north and the Piedmont Upland to the south. The Piedmont Upland is comprised of older metamorphic and igneous rock (granite and schist), although there is a band of carbonate rock that stretches east from Chester County to Abington Township. Wissahickon Schist/ Granitic Gneiss/Hornblende Gneiss, Chickies Quartzite, and Ledger Dolomite/Elbrook/Conestoga Limestone, are the formations found in the Piedmont Upland. The younger rocks that characterize the Triassic Lowlands are primarily red shales and sandstones, with intrusions of diabase. Four formations: the Stockton Sandstone/Conglomerate/Shale, Lockatong Argillite/Shale, Brunswick Shale/Sandstone, and diabase, make up the Triassic Lowlands. The Triassic rocks are exposed in northeast-trending belts which broadly undulate and are faulted in various locations. Local bedrock is still mined and quarried in the county. At one time quarries were established in nearly every geologic formation though most existed along the limestone and dolomite formation that parallels the Pennsylvania Turnpike. High-grade calcium aggregate from these quarries was used by the steel industry and for building construction. Other limestone from these quarries was crushed and used as concrete aggregate, roadway base or railroad aggregate. • Two large quarries in East Norriton and Plymouth Townships have closed since 2000. The county has several former quarries which are currently being filled in accordance with their reclamation plans or reused for other purposes. One large former quarry in Upper Merion Township serves as a major water supply source. • There is natural gas potential in the South Newark Basin which covers the western portion of the county, though a moratorium exists on drilling in the South Newark Basin until 2018. • Even without local gas development, Montgomery County could see changes due to gas extraction occurring elsewhere in the state. These changes could involve new gas pipelines, gas processing facilities, and other industry linked to natural gas. montgomery county today FIGURE 41: Geology 29 Hatboro Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 Ambler 663 t u 276 Jenkintown 202 73 73 Council Rock in Lorimer Park is the county’s most well-known geologic site. t u 100 ¯ Norristown Collegeville Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Antietam Fm and Harpers Fm Undiv Patapsco Fm Ledger Fm Pensauken and Bridgeton Fms Undiv Bryn Mawr Fm Limestone Fanoglomerate Lockatong Fm Quartz Fanoglomerate Chickies Fm Conestoga Fm Mafic Gneiss, Hornblende bearing Stockton Fm Diabase Mafic Gneiss, Pyroxene bearing Wissahickon Fm (Albite-Chlorite Schist) Elbrook Fm Triassic shales characterize much of the western portion of the county. Granite Gneiss and Granite Brunswick Fm Metadiabase Wissahickon Fm (Oligioclase Mica Schist) Serpentine Felsic Gneiss, Pyroxene bearing Source: PA Geological Survey Description of Local Geology The two geologic regions of the county can be easily seen on the geology map. To the south of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, I–276, is the Piedmont Upland Region. This area is characterized by several types of older igneous and metamorphic rocks as well as a band of carbonate rock immediately south of the Turnpike. North of the Pennsylvania Turnpike are broad bands of rock formations that make up the Triassic Lowlands. Most of these sedimentary rocks are red shale and sandstone. Igneous diabase intrusions surround the Green Lane Reservoir area and are found in a long ridge from Upper Pottsgrove to Spring Mountain. The rock bluffs along the Schuylkill River in Upper Providence Township provide some great views. 47 THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geology Climate Hydrology Floodplains Air Quality Steep Slopes Soils Wetlands Woodlands Climate What’s New Warm summers and mild winters characterize the climate of Montgomery County. Daily temperatures reach 90°F or above on an average of 24 days during the summer season, and the county occasionally experiences uncomfortable warm periods of light winds and high relative humidity (U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). The Montgomery County greenhouse gas reduction plan entitled Greenprint, adopted by the county in December 2007, outlined different strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The plan recognizes that actions to minimize greenhouse gas emissions will provide other significant benefits including increased energy independence, traffic congestion reduction, open space protection and farmland preservation, smart growth and the revitalization of our older communities, economic development opportunities, and, in many cases, cost savings through energy conservation. Some of the actions taken in accordance with the plan include: During the winter months, there are normally about 116 days that have minimum temperatures at or below the freezing point. Minimum temperatures of 0°F or lower generally occur one or two times per year. The freeze-free season averages 170 to 200 days (U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year; maximum amounts occur during the late summer months. Annual precipitation averages 43 inches, and mean seasonal snowfall is 28 inches, the lowest for the state. In 2011, over 63 inches of precipitation fell on the county, establishing a new record. Wildlife Natural Areas Inventory PLANNING ISSUE The changes to the climate brought about by increased levels of greenhouse gas can have broad implications for the future due to warmer temperatures, changes in local vegetation, more severe weather, and increased impacts to human health. Swimming in the Perkiomen Creek is one way to cool off in the hot summer. Montgomery County, PA Cold weather and snow can occur throughout the winter. 48 • Reduced energy consumption in county buildings through lighting and HVAC renovations • New energy service contracts at Parkhouse and the Montgomery County Correctional Facility • Transit service payment benefits made available to county employees • Expanded bike to work opportunities for county employees • Increased recycling and waste reduction throughout the county • Extension of county trail network • Preparation of sustainability plans for two municipalities • Creation of model ordinances to encourage mixed-use, transit-friendly and higher density developments • Management of several tree planting projects • Preservation of farmland and open space • Creation of renewable energy ordinances • Promotion of locally grown foods at area farmers markets montgomery county today Climate Change FIGURE 42: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Recently there has been growing concern about the rise in greenhouse gas emissions and its impact on the world. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, are created naturally and by human factors such as automobile emissions, tree loss, and energy consumption. Once created, these gases combine with water vapor to trap the sun’s energy in our atmosphere. Though the greenhouse gas effect is important in sustaining a habitable planet, recently excess greenhouse gases have increased average temperatures around the globe. This will result in a variety of changes to global temperatures, sea levels, and weather patterns. Reducing greenhouse emissions may limit the impact of some of these changes. Yet even with a dramatic change in energy use and reduction of greenhouse gas production, the impacts of elevated greenhouse gases will cause climate changes over the next several decades and perhaps centuries. Changes likely to occur in Montgomery County include: • decreased agricultural production • more frequent extreme weather conditions such as increased rainfall, flooding, and extreme heat • increased threats to public health from waterborne diseases • changes in local habitat and natural conditions • potential human health impacts including respiratory diseases These changes will need to be examined in long-range planning. At the same time, addressing climate change can also create economic opportunities through green technology investments. Montgomery County, with its diversified economy and skilled technical labor force, is well positioned to take advantage of worldwide demand for energy conservation technology and equipment for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Source: Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions There are several human produced greenhouse gas emission sources in the county. A majority of the emissions come from electrical generation and other uses of fuel for heating, industrial production, transportation, waste disposal, agriculture, and forestry. Though most sources are directly a result of the combustion of carbon fuel sources, increases in greenhouse gas can result from loss of trees, decomposition of waste, release of certain volatile chemicals, and fertilizer. In addition to human caused sources, greenhouse gas is consistently produced by nature. Greenhouse gases come from not just human activities, like driving a car, but from agricultural uses as well. 49 THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geology Climate Hydrology Floodplains Air quality Steep Slopes Soils Wetlands Woodlands Wildlife Natural Areas Inventory PLANNING ISSUE Everyone who lives, works, or visits in Montgomery County enjoys the economic, recreational, and aesthetic values that water provides. Yet competing demands for it often stress the quantity and quality of water supplies in some areas of the county. 50 Hydrology What’s New Water is a valuable resource and is essential for life. It is consumed by plants, animals, and people. It is also essential for a vibrant economy and recreation facilities. The streams and rivers throughout the county provide natural habitat for a variety of aquatic life. Natural water bodies are also used as a water supply and for the assimilation of treated wastewater. • Since 2000, the county has had two drought emergencies of varying lengths during which local water supplies were reduced. Water in county streams originates as surface runoff and groundwater. Typically, surface runoff can cause flooding conditions during and soon after a rainfall event. The sustained source of water in county streams, often referred to as bed flow, comes from groundwater supplies. Effluent from sewage treatment plants and other water diversions also contributes to stream flow. Streams in the county are dynamic systems that react to the climate, watershed land use characteristics, and geology. A stream constantly seeks equilibrium with local conditions by changing its course, depth, and width. In effect, streams are always changing in order to remain the same. Many changes to the shape of the stream and its banks occur during small rainstorm events. During these high flow periods, the force of water erodes the stream bank and moves loads of sediment and rocks. • Some improvement of water quality has occurred as many point sources of pollution have been upgraded or eliminated since 2000. Yet, as the county has grown, non-point sources have continued to impair many waterways. • Since 2003 all municipalities in the county have been required to meet municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4) requirements to manage pollutants discharged through local storm sewers. • Four major floods occurred in the county since 2000, resulting in both significant property damage and loss of life. • Thirteen dams have been removed in Montgomery County since 1998, including two dams on the Schuylkill River. • Total Maximum Discharge Limits (TMDLs) have been established for 11 streams in Montgomery County since 2000. In addition to the creeks, the county contains several lakes and ponds. The largest of these are the Green Lane Reservoir (814 acres), Deep Creek Lake (38 acres), and Knight Lake (25 acres), which are all located in the northwestern corner of the county. These lakes provide scenic, recreation, and wildlife habitat benefits. The Green Lane Reservoir, which is owned by the Aqua America, Inc., provides supplemental water released into the Perkiomen Creek that allows the company to withdraw the water further downstream at Audubon. Groundwater behaves much like surface water, flowing under the influence of gravity, only much slower. Groundwater is tapped as a source of drinking water and for industrial purposes throughout the county. It is also utilized as a geothermal energy source. Replenishment of groundwater occurs slowly as rainwater seeps through the Green Lane Reservoir is the county’s largest lake comprising 814 acres. montgomery county today soil and enters cracks in the underlying bedrock. Soil, vegetation, topography, and land use are all factors that influence the recharge of groundwater. Soil structure allows percolation of water at varying rates. The most visible components of the county’s hydrology are the numerous rivers, streams, and creeks that drain the landscape within watersheds. The major waterways include the Schuylkill River, Perkiomen Creek, Skippack Creek, Neshaminy Creeks, Pennypack Creek, the Wissahickon Creek, and Tookany Creek. Water quality is impaired by point sources of pollution such as industrial discharges and waste water treatment plants and non point sources which may include urban stormwater, sediment, and agriculture waste. Currently 48% of the county’s streams do not attain current water quality standards set by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. FIGURE 43: Watersheds Poquessing Neshaminy Pennypack Little Neshaminy Unami/Ridge Valley Upper Perkiomen East Branch of the Perkiomen Upper Wissahickon Sandy Run Skippack Tookany Lower Wissahickon Swamp ¯ Stony Creek/Saw Mill Run Lower Perkiomen Upper Schuylkill Lower Schuylkill Manatawny Lower Merion Drainage Area Lower Schuylkill Upper Schuylkill Streams Water Bodies Indian Creek Source: U.S. Geological Survey An old dam in the Wissahickon Creek is removed to improve water quality and fish habitat. A stream can be attractive to people of all ages. The Ridge Valley Creek flows through Salford Township. 51 THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geology Floodplains What’s New Climate Floodplains include land bordering streams and rivers that are inundated periodically. The characteristic soil and vegetation of a floodplain are influenced by floods. • The impact of flooding in Montgomery County has been considerable over the past 30 years, resulting in several fatalities, over $120 million in property losses, and damage to key transportation and utility infrastructure. Hydrology Floodplains Air Quality Steep Slopes Soils Wetlands Woodlands Wildlife Natural Areas Inventory PLANNING ISSUE There are 2,600 structures and various types of infrastructure in county floodplains that may be subject to future damage. To minimize future damage, existing structures should be removed or floodproofed and future floodplain development needs to be limited. Protection of the floodway, the portion of the floodplain closest to the water course, is critical since changes to it could impede floodwaters, increasing the height and destructive ability of floods. Protection of the remainder of the floodplain is important to reduce injuries and property loss. The regulated floodplain in the county is an area along a stream or river with a 1% chance of being inundated in a given year. This area comprises 21,311 acres, representing about 7% of the county. Preserving floodplain areas in their natural state is the surest way to prevent flood disasters, including fatalities and property loss. Structures or improvements within the floodplain will be flooded—it is just of a matter of when. Flood elevated or flood proofed structures may reduce property loss and reduce fatalities and injuries, but will not address all of the impacts of a flood. With current development in the county, it would be impossible to return all floodplains to natural conditions. Now, over 2,600 structures exist in areas of the county that have a 1% probability of being flooded in any given year. Additionally, floodplains contain various infrastructure which need to be located along streams and rivers. • All of the municipalities in the county have developed floodplain ordinances to limit development within floodplain areas. As a result of newly adopted FIRMs for the county, each municipality will be required to update their floodplain regulations. • A model flood plain ordinance was prepared by the Montgomery County Planning Commission. Various hazard mitigation strategies to reduce flood impact include flood warning systems, drainage system management, land use management, building code enforcement, the removal of flood prone structures, more effective stormwater management, floodproofing and elevation, floodplain management through ordinances, developing flood control structures, natural resource protection, and public information programs. Though there are no federal laws preventing floodplain development, municipalities can restrict floodplain development through local floodplain ordinances. Montgomery County’s Hazard Mitigation Plan Amendment 2012 identifies flooding as the county’s most significant overall hazard. Floodplains used for planning are those lands that have a 1% annual chance of being inundated. 52 • Floodplain maps, generally known as the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), were updated in 2012 by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). These maps, available online, delineate three zones: floodways which carry the bulk of the floodwaters; areas with a 1% chance of being flooded in a year; and floodplains with a 0.2% chance of being inundated in a year. Flooding in the Port Indian community in West Norriton Township is a common occurrence. montgomery county today Flood Prone Areas of the County Most of the flood damage in the county has occurred along the Schuylkill River, Perkiomen Creek, Wissahickon Creek (including the Sandy Run), Pennypack Creek and Tookany Creek. Pottstown Borough, the Mont Clare Port Providence area of Upper Providence Township, Port Indian area of West Norriton Township, Norristown, Bridgeport and Conshohocken Boroughs, and the River Road part of Lower Merion Township have sustained damage during Schuylkill River floods. Collegeville has received the most damage from Perkiomen Creek floods. The Wissahickon Creek flooding has caused damage in Ambler Borough and portions of Springfield and Whitemarsh Townships. Floods along the Sandy Run have occurred in Upper Dublin and Abington Townships. The Pennypack Creek flooding has damaged Horsham Township and Hatboro, as well as Upper Moreland, Lower Moreland, and Abington Townships. Abington Township, along with Cheltenham Township, has also sustained flood damage from Tookany Creek. Floodplains are suitable for recreation uses. FIGURE 44: Floodplain Areas Hatboro 29 Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville ¯ Norristown t u 100 73 Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Structures in Flood Plain 1-11 55-64 12-22 65-75 23-32 76-86 33-43 87-97 44-54 98-107 Flooding can impact businesses. Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 1% Annual Floodplain Flooding in Pottstown from the Manatawny Creek. 53 THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geology Air Quality What’s New Climate The air breathed by county residents is made up of various gases that sustain life. It also contains many other substances, some of which may cause human harm, damage to the built environment, impacts to ecological systems, impairment in overall visibility, and water quality degradation. Air pollution comes from both mobile sources, such as vehicles, and stationary sources such as power plants, factories, building heating systems, and manufacturing processes. Since air currents can carry pollutants great distances, millions of people can be impacted by air pollution from a large source. • Average daily vehicle miles traveled in Montgomery County dropped from 19,392,400 in 2007 to 18,045,300 in 2010 as a result of high fuel prices and weak economic conditions. Hydrology Floodplains Air Quality Steep Slopes Soils Wetlands Woodlands Wildlife Natural Areas Inventory PLANNING ISSUE Though most of the stationary sources which emit potential air pollutants are regulated by state and federal permits and standards, significant sources of air emissions are linked to land use and lifestyle decisions which can be guided by local planning efforts. 54 A significant portion of the air emissions in the region is tied to vehicle trips. Though individual vehicle emissions have been reduced through fuel formulations and engine efficiencies, the fact remains, the more vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumed, the greater the amount of mobile source emissions. • The number of ozone action days in the Philadelphia region increased from 10 days in 2000 to 18 days in 2012. Much of that increase is attributable to weather and changing action day criteria. • EPA regulations enacted for coal fired power plants and fine particulates have reduced emissions within the region since 2000. • The number of days that National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM2.5 (fine particulates) and Ozone were exceeded in the region dropped from a five year average of 52.2 days (2000–2004) to 24.4 days (2008–2012). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitors and sets national health standards for six common air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and lead). The Delaware Valley, including Montgomery County, does not meet the standards for two of these pollutants—ground-level ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The EPA has designated the Greater Philadelphia Region as air quality "nonattainment areas" for these pollutants. Ground-Level Ozone Ozone in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from the sun’s harmful rays. There, ozone plays an important role protecting life on earth. At ground level, where people breathe, ozone can be harmful to lungs and the environment. In the summer, sunlight and heat can “bake” pollutants to form ground-level ozone, also known as smog. Because of air pollution chemistry, high levels of ground-level ozone commonly occur during the summer months. Particle Pollution Particle pollution is the term for tiny drops of liquid or small bits of dust, metals, or other materials that float in the air. Some particles, such as soot or smoke, are large enough to Emissions from automobiles can be a principal source of smog pollution. montgomery county today see. Other particles are so small that they can only be seen with an electron microscope. The sizes and types of different particulate matter include total suspended particulates, fine and course particulate matter, sulfates, nitrates, and sulfur dioxide. Particle pollution comes from a variety of natural and manmade sources, such as cars, power plants, and forest fires. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas that can impair the body’s ability to transfer oxygen, resulting in asphyxia or shortness of breath. The principal source of carbon monoxide is vehicle emissions. Lead (Pb) Lead is a highly toxic metal when ingested or inhaled. Less lead is in the environment due to changes in gasoline formulations. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are a class of pollutants formed when fuel is burned at a very high temperature (above 1200 °F), such as in automobiles and power plants. NOx plays a major role in the formation of ground-level ozone in the atmosphere through a complex series of reactions with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of a group of highly reactive gases which is emitted from fossil fuel power plants and other industrial facilities. Air Toxics In addition to the air pollutants listed above, various air toxics and greenhouse gases are also significant threats to air quality and the climate. Nationwide, mobile sources represent the largest contributor to air toxics. Air toxics are pollutants known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health or environmental effects. The municipal waste resource recovery facility contains several types of air pollution control systems to minimize air emissions. demonstrate that transportation projects and programs in the Transportation Improvement Plan and Long Range Plan do not cumulatively harm air quality. DVRPC also administers the Air Quality Partnership and the Ozone Action program. Additional reduction of vehicle miles traveled would result from increased use of alternative transportation options such as public transportation systems, biking and walking, and commuter ride sharing. Some changes in community design have minimized vehicle miles traveled by creating mixed use development with convenient shopping and employment opportunities near houses. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP), working with the federal Environmental Protection Agency, regulates various stationary sources of air pollution. The Clean Air Act requires the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC) to 55 THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geology Steep Slopes Climate Steep slopes create dramatic landscapes that define community character and limit development. Steep slopes, which are often easily eroded, are environmentally sensitive areas. Under certain conditions, they can present a danger to public health and safety if they are not protected. Generally, as slope increases, the depth of topsoil and the ability of the soil to support structures and vegetation decrease. This makes them susceptible to erosion and mass movement of soil through landslides and soil creep. Erosion potential is greater when steep slope vegetation is removed, often times resulting in sedimentation in adjoining watercourses. Due to their unique soil and exposure to natural lighting and weather conditions, steep slope environments often support unique plants and wildlife that add to the region's biodiversity. Hydrology Floodplains Air Quality Steep Slopes Soils Wetlands Woodlands Wildlife Natural Areas Inventory Slope failure can take many forms resulting in the mass movement of rock and soil. Generally, rapid landslides caused by excess moisture are referred to as mudslides or earth flow. These have occurred in isolated areas of the county. Slow mass movement caused by water is soil or rock creep. Rock slides, generally not likely in the county, occur under dry conditions. PLANNING ISSUE Steep slopes can be environmentally fragile and must be protected or carefully developed since they are subject to increased erosion, and slope movement such as rock or mud slides. Soil movement on slopes can take many forms such as soil creep. 56 What's New • One of the county’s most damaging landslides occurred in Lower Merion Township on January 2, 2007. Though it involved a small amount of mud and rocks, it caused the derailment of a 54-car freight train. Fortunately, none of the train cars loaded with fuel oils leaked and there were no injuries. Similar landslides have occurred along the Schuylkill Expressway. • In 2012, PennDOT initiated a $1.2 million slope stabilization and drainage project in the landslide prone areas along the Schuylkill Expressway to prevent future problems. Various types of structural and vegetative slope stabilization controls can be employed to further stabilize slope areas. Recent innovative slope stabilization efforts have employed cut brush layers in lieu of or in conjunction with synthetic fabrics or various types of structural devices. This approach, which is termed biotechnical stabilization or soil bioengineering, entails the use of living vegetation, primarily cut, woody plant material that is purposely arranged and imbedded in the ground to prevent surficial erosion and to arrest shallow mass movement. In the case of brush layering, the live cut stems and branches provide immediate reinforcement. Additional long term stabilization occurs as a result of plant rooting that takes place along the length of buried stems. Unlike most inert reinforcements, imbedded brush layers also act as horizontal drains and wicks that can enhance the hydrologic regime in the slope. montgomery county today Understanding Slope FIGURE 45: Steep Slopes Topography is generally expressed through the percentage of slope. Slope is calculated by the dividing the vertical elevation change by the horizontal distance in which the change takes place. To do this typically a contour map is consulted. Basic slopes used in most planning work are as follows: • 33% slope–3:1 slope; maximum slope for grassed areas • Greater than 25%–very steep; usually most development is prohibited • 15%-25%–steep; some limitations on development • 7%–maximum grade for public roads • 2%–minimum grade for drainage on grassed areas • 1%–minimum grade for drainage on roads 29 Hatboro Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville t u 100 73 ¯ Norristown Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Moderately Steep Slopes 15 to 25 % Very Steep Slopes >25% Source: U.S. Geological Survey Steep Slope Locations Dramatic views occur from the cliffs along the Schuylkill River in Upper Providence Township. The concentrations of steep slopes are most often associated with particular geologic formations such as the diabase intrusions in the western portion of the county; the Lockatong argillite, especially in Upper and Lower Providence Townships; and the Wissahickon Schist in Lower Merion Township. Major slopes are most prominent along the Schuylkill River valley and major streams such as the Perkiomen and Pennypack Creeks. The most significant steep slopes in the county can be found along the Schuylkill Expressway and along Mill Creek in Lower Merion; in portions of Barren Hill and Miquon in Whitemarsh; along the Perkiomen Creek in Upper Salford, Upper Providence, and Lower Providence Townships; and along the Pennypack Creek in Abington Township. Very steep ravines can be found along the Schuylkill River near Mont Clare and in the Ridge Valley Creek in Salford and Marlborough Townships. Both of these areas support unique natural habitat. 57 THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geology Soils What’s New Climate Soils are a natural assortment of organic materials and mineral fragments which support plant life. The composition of soils changes slowly over time due to weathering of rock and the activity of soil organisms. As a consequence, soils differ in their color, mineral characteristics, fertility, texture, erodability, and depth to bedrock and groundwater. Soil scientists have classified soils found in Montgomery County into several groups called soil series. Soils listed within the same series have similar subsurface characteristics. However, the surface characteristics of soils within a particular series can vary in slope, degree of erosion, size of stones, and other easily recognizable features. In addition to these soil-mapping units, soils can be divided into prime and important agricultural soils, hydric soils, and alluvial soils. • The new web-based Montgomery County soil survey provides a variety of tools to enable a user to better understand local soil conditions and create various reports. Hydrology Floodplains Air Quality Steep Slopes Soils Wetlands Woodlands Wildlife Natural Areas Inventory PLANNING ISSUE Soil erosion reduces soil fertility and adds to stream sediment pollution. • The Pennsylvania Erosion and Sediment Control Manual was comprehensively revised in 2012 to address sediment based pollution control. • Development projects between 1 and 5 acres that were begun after 2010, now must receive an NPDES permit. • Six of the 11 streams in the county that have Total Maximum Daily Loads established since 2000 are impaired as a result of siltation. Prime and Important Agricultural Soils The agricultural potential of soil is determined by measuring fertility, depth to bedrock and groundwater, texture, erodability, and slope. Based on these characteristics, soils are classified as prime farmland, farmland of statewide importance, and other land. Prime farmland soils, which comprise 50,983 acres, are deep, well -drained, and moderately sloped soils that can support high yields of crops with little management. Farmland of statewide importance includes soils that support cultivation but require careful crop management and includes about 87,089 acres in the county. The remaining soils are more suitable for pastures and woodlands. The major areas of prime agricultural soils are in the Skippack Creek Watershed, especially Worcester Township. Ironically, some of the best agricultural soils in the county are within the heavily developed areas along the Pennsylvania Turnpike. Conversely, the western part of the county where most of the farms are located has a limited amount of prime agricultural soils. Hydric Soils Hydric soils are periodically wet soils, in an undrained condition, that often support the growth of wetland vegetation. Since only some hydric soils are found in undrained conditions, not all hydric soils support wetland 58 Fertile soil for farming is located throughout the county. montgomery county today FIGURE 46: Significant Agricultural Soils 29 Hatboro Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville t u 100 The grading of soil to prepare a site for development can be costly. 73 ¯ Norristown Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 vegetation. Hydric soils that have been drained for agricultural use are one example of this. Soils with major hydric components are a conservative indicator of wetlands. Other soils have hydric components in limited settings, such as depressions, bottomlands, swales, drainage ways, and alluvial soils. Alluvial Soils Alluvial soils are frequently, but not always, located within a floodplain. These soils have been deposited by flowing water and are not stable as a result of their texture and composition. The presence of alluvial soils is only one indicator of a floodplain. Changes in the tributary drainage or slope of the adjacent stream may create a floodplain that is either larger or smaller than the area of alluvial soils. An important aspect of alluvial soils is that they often form aquifer recharge areas. Prime Agricultural Soils Agricultural Soils of Statewide Importance Other Soils Source: National Resources and Conservation Service Sediment Pollution Conservation District Soil in the wrong place can be a significant source of water pollution. Once eroded off the land surface, soil can be suspended in stormwater or become airborne. As a suspended solid in water, soil can make water turbid and reduce water quality. Airborne dust can cause localized air pollution. When deposited as stream sediments, soil can disrupt stream habitat and reduce its hydraulic capacity. Once deposited in the bed of a stream, soils continue to migrate down stream causing additional problems. The Montgomery County Conservation District was formed in 1956 to protect and improve the quality of life of the residents of Montgomery County and surrounding communities by providing education, technical guidance, and erosion and sediment plan review for the protection of soil and water control in the county Professional staff at the Conservation District are guided by a board of directors and work cooperatively with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection as a level II cooperator undertaking erosion and sediment plan review and approval and site inspection. Under this delegation agreement the DEP conducts enforcement actions. 59 THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geology Climate Hydrology Floodplains Air Quality Steep Slopes Soils Wetlands Woodlands Wildlife Natural Areas Inventory PLANNING ISSUE Wetlands, which quietly provide numerous local benefits, are not completely protected by federal and state permits. 60 Wetlands Wetlands provide many benefits including erosion control, flood retention, water quality improvement, groundwater recharge, and wildlife habitat. They can also be attractive and provide open space and recreation opportunities. Wetlands are identified by the presence of hydric soils, surface water, and wetland vegetation. The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI), prepared by the U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, generally identifies 6,931 acres of wetlands that are one acre in size and larger within Montgomery County. More detailed wetland delineations based upon hydrology, soils, and plants have been performed on various areas of the county. Typical county wetlands are riverine or pallustrine due to their association with adjoining streams and rivers. These types of wetlands are important since they can filter out impurities in stormwater flowing into streams. The wetlands also provide flood storage and offer unique habitat for unique and endangered species such as the Muhlenberg bog turtle (Clemmys Muhlenbergii). In the past, some wetland areas in the county were drained or filled for development. Over the last several decades, changes to wetlands have been regulated so that any loss of wetland area is mitigated with replacement wetland areas. Though many replacement wetlands are on site, some larger created wetland areas have been developed at several off site locations including the Norristown Farm Park and along the Sandy Run in Whitemarsh Township. What’s New • Constructed wetlands, which are shallow marsh systems planted with emergent vegetation, have become more widely used as stormwater management in new developments. Constructed wetlands developed in the county over the past 10 years are effective in pollutant removal, mitigation of peak rates of stormwater, reduction in runoff volume and in providing wildlife habitat benefits. Vernal ponds provide important habitat for water fowl, reptiles and amphibians. Though state and federal permits are required for most construction activities in wetlands, these actions alone do not protect wetlands. Other measures by local government including zoning restrictions that provide setback requirements and lot size restrictions on properties containing wetlands, vegetation protection standards, and open space acquisition and set aside requirements have been used to ensure that wetlands continue to provide local benefits. Wetlands which contain aquatic and amphibious animals, and different species of grasses, sedges, and wild flowers are important habitat. They provide nesting sites for waterfowl as well as resting spots for migratory species. Most aquatic Many wetlands such as this one in Lower Pottsgrove Township are preserved as open space. montgomery county today and amphibious life starts in wetland areas, which act as nurseries, protecting the eggs and young from predators. Lowland and upland species find food in wetlands or feed on species that breed in wetlands and move to land as they mature. Seasonally flooded ponds surrounded by meadows and woodlands encourage butterflies and certain species of birds. These areas are favorites of bird watchers and hikers, due to the diversity of plant and animal species. Significant wetlands in Montgomery County are located along the Schuylkill River in Lower Pottsgrove Township, Limerick Township above Linfield, Upper Providence Township in the Mingo and Port Providence silt basins, Lower Providence Township at the Valley Forge National Historical Park, and in the Abrams basin in Upper Merion Township. Other large wetlands are associated with other streams in the county including the following sites: Upper Hanover Township upstream from the Green Lane Reservoir in Camelot Park, White’s Mill in Salford Township, Camp Sky Mount Lake in Marlborough Township, along the Swamp Creek in New Hanover Township, Bethayres Swamp in Lower Moreland Township, Penllyn Woods in Lower Gwynedd Township, and along the Wissahickon Creek in Whitemarsh Township. FIGURE 47: Wetlands Hatboro 29 Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville t u 100 73 ¯ Norristown Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Wetlands Source: National Wetlands Inventory Skunk cabbage is a common sight in wetlands during early spring. Significant wetlands are found along the Schuylkill River. 61 THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geology Climate Hydrology Floodplains Air Quality Steep Slopes Soils Wetlands Woodlands Wildlife Natural Areas Inventory Woodlands What’s New Woodlands provide many benefits to the county. They provide essential habitat for many local bird species and wildlife. Woodlands also help reduce erosion, protect local stream water quality, improve air quality, and offer recreation opportunities for residents. • In 2010, 58,147 acres, about 18.6% of the county, was wooded. This represented a slight loss of about 3,476 acres of woodlands since 2000. Yet the size of the county woodlands has grown since 1970, largely a result of old farm fields that have reforested. In addition to the overall loss to the size of woodlands, existing forests have become more fragmented as a result of development. Three hundred years ago, Montgomery County was a dense forest of hardwoods. Oaks were the dominant species. Over time as the county was farmed and developed, woodlands decreased. Also, the qualities of woodlands have changed over time as a result of the expansion of non-native species, disease and predators, fragmentation, and deer browse. Many non-native trees and bushes have taken root in the county. The most predominate of these is the Norway maple, which has become a big part of several forests in the county. Tree species have succumbed to various diseases and predators, changing the overall forest composition. Chestnut trees are non-existent, while American elms are barely hanging on. Other trees, such as American hemlock and ashes are being besieged by new threats. One of the greatest threats to county woodlands is deer browse. The overabundant deer population in the county has caused aggressive browsing and buck rub on various plants and shrubs to the extent that in some woodlands, the understory has been eliminated. As a result, many of Montgomery County’s woodland areas have little or nonregeneration potential. • A study conducted by American Forests in 2003 demonstrated that urban forests in Southeastern Pennsylvania, similar to other more traditional forms of infrastructure, provide over $5.9 billion in stormwater management benefits and $167 million in air pollution reduction benefits. Additionally, trees enhance property values by making building sites more attractive. They also provide needed cooling in the hot summer. • In 2012, over 2000 trees were planted in the Norristown area through funding provided by PennVest. The forest has become more fragmented as roads, land developments, utilities and other forms of development have cut into them. Small and isolated woodlands often have limited ecological value and are more vulnerable to nonnative invasive plants. PLANNING ISSUE Woodlands will continue to be lost or fragmented if they are not adequately protected. 62 The principal types of woodlands in the county today are: • Red Oak – A sizable portion of the large remaining woodland areas in the county are oak forests. Northern red oak is predominant, but black, scarlet, and chestnut oak and beech trees are also found in these larger forested and hilly areas of the county. In the early 1980s, many oak forests in the county were attacked by gypsy moths. Mature oaks in Worcester provide deep shade. montgomery county today • • Mixed Hardwoods – Smaller woodlands, particularly along stream valleys and the Schuylkill River, contain different species of ash, maple and sycamore. Local mixtures vary and include minor species such as the slippery elm, yellow birch, black gum, elm, and poplar. FIGURE 48: Woodlands 29 309 476 Lansdale 611 Emerging Woodlands – Former fields are usually transformed by rapidly growing trees such as red cedar, red maple, and aspen. In many of the emerging woodlands in the county, non-native trees such as the Norway maple will dominate the landscape. This can be seen throughout much of the forest cover in the Evansburg State Park. There are small areas of the county with coniferous tree stands including hemlock found on northern facing slopes near Sunrise Mill and Green Lane Reservoir. Hatboro Pennsburg Ambler 663 t u 276 Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville ¯ Norristown t u 100 73 Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 The distribution of woodlands in Montgomery County occurs in three different patterns. Small, widely scattered woodlands can be found east of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, often associated with alluvial soils or steep slopes. The Pennypack Wilderness Preserve and Mill Creek Area in Lower Merion contain significant forest land. Long, linear woodlands along streams and on alluvial soils are typical in the central part of the county. Evansburg State Park contains the large forest in this area. Large forests comprising thousands of acres are found on diabase ridges in the western and northern areas of the county. Extensive woodlands are located in the western part of the county, including Evansburg State Park, Green Lane Reservoir area, on hills stretching from Upper Pottsgrove to Lower Frederick, and a large forest in Marlborough, Salford, and Upper Salford Townships along the Unami and Ridge Valley Creeks. The latter example is unique since it is part of the largest contiguous forest in southeastern Pennsylvania and is within the Highlands Region which stretches from Pennsylvania through western Connecticut. 476 Major Woodlands Source: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission 2010 Aerial Imagery A broad wooded canopy provides critical habitat for various types of plants and animals. This is part of the county’s largest forest located in Marlborough Township. 63 THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geology Climate Hydrology Floodplains Air Quality Steep Slopes Soils Wetlands Woodlands Wildlife Natural Areas Inventory PLANNING ISSUE Wildlife habitat can be easily PLANNING ISSUE destroyed or fragmented without proper protection. Wildlife What’s New Wildlife offers people of all ages a chance for nature study. Observing an animal in its natural habitat can be a lifelong lesson for a young student. Birding areas, such as the Audubon-designated Important Birding Area at Green Lane Reservoir, attracts people into the county. • In the past 10 years the county has become home to new plants and animals. Beavers have become more prevalent in the northwestern portions of the county. Coyotes and bears have migrated into the county. Invasive aquatic species such as Asian clams and zebra mussels are found in many local waterways. Each year nearly 80,000 Montgomery County residents acquire fishing and hunting licenses. These sportsmen provide local economic benefits. For many hunters and anglers, animals provide a food source. Insect control is a critical function provided by many birds. Animals are also essential in the pollination and germination of many agriculture crops. Predators can eliminate rodents and other farm pests. Animals also play a role in seed dispersal, soil generation, nutrient cycling, and organic waste breakdown In medicine, the development of new drugs and treatments can be dependent on wildlife and wildlife habitat. Interestingly, most pharmaceutical products are made as a result of animal interaction. Today, most medicinal remedies contain at least one ingredient derived from a wild plant or animal. Wildlife has four needs: food, cover, water, and space in which to live and reproduce. These four components are collectively termed "habitat." To survive, wildlife must have access to the various types of habitat it requires. Development and associated roads and utility lines tend to fragment habitat, often separating nesting sites from food or water sources. An open space system that provides links between woodlands, meadows, and streams will encourage greater diversity of wildlife species by providing various contiguous habitats. A park or wooded open space area consisting of mature deciduous trees with a ground cover of closely cropped grass provides little value for wildlife. Wildlife would thrive when land is managed to encourage a mix of deciduous and evergreen species of differing ages and multiple layers of vegetation, along with infrequently mowed grass areas. Wildlife found in the county is typical of species in similar parts of Pennsylvania. Yet the county contains several 64 • Deer populations have exploded in the county due to available food sources and lack of natural predators. In the past few decades, they have browsed on local vegetation to the point where woodland regeneration and diversity is limited in most of the county. Deer management programs have been initiated by many property owners to control deer populations. • Canada Geese also have thrived in the county due to warmer weather and available food sources. Large goose populations in some areas have impaired local waterways and ruined recreation sites. The Montgomery County Parks, Trails and Heritage Services Division and local parks departments have initiated various geese deterrent strategies, including controlled hunts, decoys, fencing, natural vegetation barriers, and harassment. Beavers in the northwestern part of the county have made their presence known. montgomery county today animal species and plant species listed as species of special concern or as part of an exemplary natural community. Mammals common to the county include raccoons, red foxes, white-tailed deer, grey squirrels, flying squirrels, chipmunks, woodchucks, muskrats, and opossums. Smaller mammals, such as mice, voles, and shrews, abound. Several species of bats are also common. Less showy, but no less important, are the turtles and reptiles. The snapping turtle, musk turtle, painted turtle, red bellied turtle and bog turtle (an endangered species) are aquatic turtles that can be found within the county. The eastern box turtle is more commonly found in the county. Snakes, such as the eastern garter, black rat, northern ringnecked, northern brown, and northern water snake, are nonvenomous species that are fairly common. The northern copperhead, a venomous snake, is sometimes encountered on trails and in rocky areas within the county. Deer in many parts of the county have caused damage to local vegetation. The Eastern Box turtle can be found throughout the county. Amphibians, such as frogs, toads, and salamanders, are a vital link of the food web. The American toad, pickerel frog, green frog, bullfrog, and spring peeper not only are food for larger animals, but also have wildlife value for children and adults. For many people, the chorus of peepers and bullfrogs is an integral part of summer. Children also enjoy hunting for northern red-backed salamanders under logs and northern two-lined salamanders under rocks at the water’s edge. A variety of waterfowl are found in the county such as Canada geese, mallards, common mergansers and wood ducks. Vultures and hawks are often spotted circling in the summer sky. Black vultures (Coragyps atratus) are commonly seen circling above the Perkiomen near Spring Mountain. Golden and bald eagles have been spotted while migrating through the area, particularly along the Schuylkill River and Green Lane Reservoir. The Atlantic flyway, a significant bird migration route from Canada to the south, passes through Montgomery County. The Green Lane Reservoir is an important stopover in that flyway. A large Great Blue Heron rookery exists along the Swamp Creek in New Hanover Township. A young fox is a common sight in many farm fields throughout the county. Songbirds benefit from the variety of habitats found throughout the county. Some, like the eastern meadowlark, purple martin, eastern bluebird, and red-winged blackbird, prefer open fields and meadows. Woodlands are important habitat for birds such as the red-eyed vireo, black capped chickadee, and gray catbirds as well as the more unusual species, such as the ovenbird, blue-gray gnatcatcher, wood thrush, and screech owl. 65 THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geology Natural Areas Inventory What’s New • During the past 20 years, the county, municipalities, and various non-profit conservation organizations have been successful in preserving many significant natural landscape properties. Acquisition, either by purchasing all land rights or a conservation easement focused on the land’s natural resources, has been the most direct route to protecting a piece of land. Wetlands The Natural Areas Inventory, updated in 2008, identifies 13 conservation landscapes covering a total of 74,711 acres, or 24% of the county. The landscapes incorporate interdependent systems of high natural diversity consisting of large forested tracts, stream corridors, wetlands, and known locations of rare plants and animals. Each landscape includes a core area of protected land, though a majority of the property in each remains unprotected in private ownership. Efforts to further protect these landscapes will involve acquisition, land use and environmental controls, smart stewardship, and education. Zoning tools such as cluster zoning, performance based zoning which sets development density based on resource characteristics, and resource overlay provisions have all been used effectively. Woodlands • Climate Hydrology Floodplains Air Quality Steep Slopes Soils Wildlife Mill Hill/Deep Creek Conservation Landscape: The large forested diabase ridge that forms a semicircle at the western edge of Green Lane Reservoir forms the core of this landscape. • Unami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek Conservation Landscape: As part of one of the largest forests in Southeastern Pennsylvania, the scenic boulder-strewn Unami and Ridge Valley Creeks provide unique habitat for birds and various plants. • Natural Areas Inventory • Stone Hill Conservation Landscape: The forested Stone Hill landscape straddling Limerick, Lower Frederick, New Hanover, and Lower Pottsgrove Townships supports bird diversity throughout the county. 66 • Generally since 2000, 19 municipalities have adopted riparian corridor protection standards. • The county’s Land Preservation District and Rural Residential District model ordinances were prepared to assist municipalities in the protection of unique natural areas. Swamp Creek Conservation Landscape: As a long riparian corridor stretching from Zieglersville to Gilbertsville, the Swamp Creek landscape provides a rich habitat surrounded by farmland. • • Different zoning and subdivision and land development standards have also been used to minimize the impact of development on a property’s key natural resources. Spring Mountain Conservation Landscape: Spring Mountain, though not the highest feature in the county, is the prominent center of a rich forested landscape along the Perkiomen Creek providing exceptionally high diversity of species of birds and plants, including several rare species. PLANNING ISSUE Maintaining the unique and rare natural features of the county requires the preservation of important natural landscapes defined in the Natural Areas Inventory. 73% of the area in these natural landscapes is now unprotected. • Currently 27% of the conservation landscapes identified in the Natural Areas Inventory have been preserved. Mature woodlands and diabase boulders characterize the Unami forest in Marlborough Township. montgomery county today • Upper Perkiomen/Green Lane Reservoir Conservation Landscape: The important mix of large expanses of open water, wetlands, riparian areas, and meadows provides a rich habitat for breeding and migratory birds in the vicinity of the Green Lane Reservoir. • Middle Perkiomen Creek Corridor: Portions of the Perkiomen Creek and the East Branch of the Perkiomen Creek make up this significant riparian corridor. • Skippack Creek Conservation Landscape: The forested stream valley along the Skippack Creek, primarily in Evansburg State Park, provides for animal and plant diversity and flood protection. • Wissahickon Creek Conservation Landscape: The Wissahickon Valley Watershed Association (WVWA) has preserved this natural riparian corridor that winds through some of the most developed portions of the county. • • Pennypack Creek Conservation Landscape: Like the WVWA, the Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust has successfully preserved the core area of the Pennypack Creek through the developed eastern part of the county. Upper Schuylkill River Conservation Landscape: Part of the 42-mile stretch of the Schuylkill River in the county, this conservation landscape features rich riparian habitat along the river and several small tributaries. The Wissahickon Creek Conservation Landscape is very accessible along the Green Ribbon Trail. • Middle Schuylkill River Conservation Landscape: The core of the Middle Schuylkill River Conservation Landscape is the forested ravines and bluffs near Mont Clare, the confluence of the Perkiomen Creek and Valley Forge Park. • Lower Schuylkill River Conservation Landscape: Though adjoining the City of Philadelphia, the steeply sloped river valley and tributary streams provides a rich riparian habitat and recreational resource accessible to large populations. White’s Mill pond is a rich wetland in the center of the Ridge Valley watershed 67 THE COUNTY’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT FIGURE 49: Natural Areas Bucks County Lehigh County Telford Souderton 29 East Greenville Pennsburg Salford Marlborough Lower Moreland Hatboro Montgomery Horsham Hatfield Bor. Franconia Red Hill Upper Hanover Hatfield Twp. Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland 309 476 Lansdale Green Lane Towamencin Upper Salford 663 Douglass New Hanover Upper Frederick Upper Gwynedd Lower Salford Lower Gwynedd North Wales Abington Rockledge Ambler t u Lower Frederick 611 Upper Dublin 202 276 Jenkintown Whitpain Cheltenham 73 73 Worcester Schwenksville Springfield Skippack East Norriton Plymouth Perkiomen Limerick Upper Pottsgrove grove West Potts Berks County 100 Pottstown Lower Pottsgrove Trappe Collegeville t u 422 Sch uyl kill Riv er Upper Providence West Norriton Philadelphia 0 Norristown Lower Providence Bridgeport 1 2 76 Lower Merion Narberth Chester County 476 Delaware County Swamp Creek Landscape Lower Schuylkill River Landscape Pennypack Creek Landscape Unami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek Landscape Middle Perkiomen Creek Corridor Skippack Creek Landscape Upper Perkiomen/Green Lane Reservoir Landscape Middle Schuylkill Creek Landscape Spring Mountain Landscape Upper Schuylkill River Landscape Mill Hill/Deep Creek Landscape Stone Hill Landscape Wissahickon Creek Landscape Source: Montgomery County Natural Areas Inventory 68 4 5 6 Miles ¯ 29 Natural Areas Inventory 3 Conshohocken West Conshohocken Upper Merion Royersford Whitemarsh THE OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION NETWORK THE COUNTY’S OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION NETWORK Preserved Open Space Temporary Open Space Recreation Facilities Trails and Pathways Preserved Open Space What’s New The county contains approximately 41,514 acres of permanently preserved land, or 13.4% of the total land in the county. These permanently protected lands are comprised primarily of publicly accessible park and historic sites, held under federal, state, county, and municipal ownership. Additional protected land, which may provide limited or no public access, includes preserved farmland, natural areas, and properties under conservation easements. Farmland preservation is discussed separately in the County Economy section. Other properties not included in the preserved land totals include land owned by homeowners associations and various community groups. • Since 2000, 7,657 acres of land have been preserved in the county through purchase by municipalities, private conservation organizations, and the county. • Since 2005, three municipalities, Whitemarsh, New Hanover and Upper Pottsgrove Townships, have adopted an open space funding tax. Two other municipalities, Upper Merion and Upper Dublin Townships, passed open space bond funding through referendums. • Partnerships between private conservation organizations and government resulted in the preservation of the 449-acre Erdenheim Farm. The National Park Service expanded Valley Forge National Historical Park with the addition of the 78acre property acquired from the National Center for the American Revolution. The county acquired the 97-acre Schuylkill Canal area. • With recent public financing challenges that began in 2008, revenue sources for open space have decreased— limiting the ability of most local governments and conservation organizations to protect open space. Federal and State Parks Valley Forge National Historical Park (total of 3,466 acres, with 1,964 situated in Montgomery County) is administered by the National Park Service (NPS) as a national historic site of the Continental Army’s 1777-78 winter encampment. Evansburg State Park (3,349 acres), administered by the Pennsylvania Bureau of State Parks, follows the Skippack Creek and provides recreational activities including fishing, hunting, nature study and environmental education, and trails for equestrians and hikers. The property was originally acquired by the Commonwealth to develop a multipurpose lake. PLANNING ISSUE Open space preservation requires more partnerships and creative solutions as funding becomes more limited and land becomes more scarce. Fort Washington State Park (484 acres) is another state park located in Whitemarsh Township, encompassing woodlands and a stream valley, with scenic views across a historic landscape that includes Fort Hill and Militia Hill. In addition, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) operates four historic sites in Montgomery County. Graeme Park in Horsham Township containing the historic Keith House (41.72 acres), The Highlands (43.3 acres), a late 18th century Georgian mansion with formal gardens in Whitemarsh Township, Hope Lodge (38.8 acres), a Georgian home dating to the Green Lane Reservoir at Green Lane Park. 70 montgomery county today FIGURE 50: Preserved Open Space Bucks County Lehigh County Telford Souderton 29 East Greenville Pennsburg Salford Marlborough Horsham Montgomery Hatfield Bor. Franconia Red Hill Upper Hanover Lower Moreland Hatboro Hatfield Twp. Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland 309 476 Lansdale Green Lane Park Green Lane Towamencin Upper Salford 663 Upper Frederick 611 Upper Dublin Abington Rockledge Ambler t u Lower Frederick Douglass New Hanover Lower Salford Upper Gwynedd Lower Gwynedd North Wales 276 Jenkintown 202 73 Worcester Cheltenham 73 Fort Washington State Park Whitpain Schwenksville Skippack Springfield Evansburg State Park East Norriton Whitemarsh Perkiomen Upper Pottsgrove grove West Potts Berks County 100 Limerick Lower Pottsgrove Pottstown Trappe Collegeville t u 422 Sch uyl kill Riv e Norristown Lower Providence West Norriton Upper Providence r Philadelphia Plymouth Norristown Farm Park Bridgeport West Conshohocken Upper Merion Royersford Conshohocken 76 Lower Merion 29 Narberth Chester County 476 Valley Forge National Historical Park Preserved Farmlands State Parks National Park County Parks and Heritage Sites Municipal Parks and Open Space PA State Gamelands Delaware County 0 Privately Conserved Land 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles ¯ Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 71 THE COUNTY’S OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION NETWORK 1740s Colonial era also located in Whitemarsh, and Mather Mill (3.3 acres), a restored gristmill located along the Wissahickon Creek, located one block from Hope Lodge. Lower Perkiomen Valley Park (89.6 acres) contains picnic areas and portions of the Perkiomen Trail along the Perkiomen Creek in Oaks. It also contains large mowed field areas that can be used for a variety of activities and group events. The Pennsylvania Game Commission owns two hunting preserves (505 acres) in Montgomery County, both located in Limerick Township. These state game lands are open to hunting during specified seasons. Montgomery County Parks and Heritage Sites Montgomery County owns or manages more than 6,000 acres of permanently preserved open space. Most of this acreage is associated with large county parks and historic sites, with additional land located along the Schuylkill River Greenway. As an operating philosophy, the Montgomery County Parks and Heritage Services Division manages parks for a variety of outdoor recreation uses but does not provide athletic facilities. Boy Scout troop hiking at Valley Forge National Historical Park. Norristown Farm Park (810 acres) combines agricultural land with recreation areas providing trails, picnic grounds, and a concert amphitheater. This property is owned by the state, but is managed entirely by the county as a park facility. Pennypack Mills Mansion (181 acres) contains a historic estate with a Colonial Revival mansion and barn used as a museum. The property contains farmland and adjoins portions of the Central Perkiomen Valley Park and lands owned by the Perkiomen Watershed Conservancy. Central Perkiomen Valley Park (464 acres) is a greenway park system along the Perkiomen Creek containing the Perkiomen Trail and picnic areas. Most of this land is managed as natural open space. Green Lane Park (3,062 acres) provides for different types of water based recreation such as boating and fishing, centered around 814-acre Green Lane Reservoir, Deep Creek Lake and Knight Lake. As the largest county park, the Green Lane Park also offers a variety of outdoor and recreation experiences including hiking, horseback riding, mountain bike riding, picnicking, outdoor concerts, and bird watching. Group picnic at Lower Perkiomen Valley Park. Peter Wentz Farmstead (106 acres) is an 18th century Pennsylvania German farm that served as headquarters for General George Washington in October 1777. The site hosts various historic reenactment events and is visited by various people, including school groups. Pottsgrove Manor (2 acres) is a restored 18th century Georgian manor house once owned by iron master John Potts, the founder of Pottstown. Lorimer Park (230 acres) straddles the Pennypack Creek and was established due to the bequest from the late George Horace Lorimer (longtime editor-in-chief of The Saturday Evening Post). The park provides picnic facilities and an extensive trail system, including the Pennypack Trail. Children enjoying the cool water in Pottstown’s Memorial Park. 72 John James Audubon Center at Mill Grove (249 acres), the former residence of famed naturalist John Audubon, provides a historic setting and a natural area operated jointly with the Audubon Society. The county and Audubon Society are working to develop a new visitors center and education facility at this site. Spring Mill Park (31 acres) is an unopened park along the Schuylkill River and Schuylkill River Trail in Spring Mill. montgomery county today SunRise Mill (236 acres) contains a historic mill and preserved greenway along Swamp Creek in Lower Frederick, Upper Frederick and Limerick Townships. The historic mill is not open to the public and the remainder of the park is largely undeveloped. Upper Schuylkill Valley Park (471 acres) is located across from the county’s Parkhouse geriatric facility and along nearly a mile of the Schuylkill River. The park provides a wildlife exhibit in old farm buildings with several wild animals indigenous to the area as well as farm animals. establishing a dedicated tax for acquisition of additional open space. Pennypacker Mills Mansion is a popular site for historic events. Municipal open space is used for a variety of activities, with active recreation generally being associated with intensive park improvement, and passive recreation requiring little or no park development. The primary park uses in many municipalities are athletic fields, hardscape surface sports, and playgrounds. Larger municipal open space areas generally provide walking trails and other forms of access for passive recreation. Privately Conserved Open Space Wissahickon Valley Park (149 acres) combines with Fort Washington State Park and private conservation lands to establish a greenway along the Wissahickon Creek and contains the Wissahickon Trail. Private non-profit conservation organizations own 6,825 acres of open space as part of their primary mission to protect and conserve open land and natural resources. These organizations protect land in a variety of ways: by outright acquisition and ownership of special properties, by temporary acquisition of land to place conservation easements before conveying the property to another owner, or by holding conservation easements on properties whose owners wish to retain the land while restricting future development potential. Schuylkill Canal (64 acres) provides fishing access to the Schuylkill River and canal, hiking trails, a public boat launch, and a five-mile water loop trail. In addition to its outdoor beauty, the site includes the historic 2.5 mile canal, restored Lock 60 and the locktender’s house. Municipal Open Space Manderach Playground is located in Limerick Township’s Community Park. More than 13,500 acres of open space and park lands are currently under municipal ownership, making municipal open space the largest segment of preserved land in the county. Most of this land is owned in fee; very few municipalities have purchased conservation easements to protect large properties. A significant portion of municipal open space was acquired through Montgomery County’s Open Space Program, which began in 1993. Other parcels of municipal open space have been acquired through state grants, funds from previous county programs, donations, and dedication through the land development process. These properties may contain deed restrictions depending upon the funding source and circumstances of acquisition. A few municipalities, such as Franconia, New Hanover, Skippack, Upper Merion, and Upper Pottsgrove Townships, have held referendums The Raytharn Farm property is maintained by the Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust as part of their Wilderness Preserve. These organizations acquire land or easements in a variety of ways, often receiving the property or easement as a full or partial donation for which the donor receives charitable donation tax benefits. Private organizations have also purchased open space with grant funds from the county, state, or private foundations as well as using funds raised through membership donations. Private organizations have been particularly successful in consummating complex land deals and forming creative partnerships to protect large properties. Conservation organizations manage natural lands to protect important resources and wildlife habitat. Often times they undertake landscape restoration projects to enhance the natural qualities of a property. Though the primary interests of conservation organizations are in protecting natural resources, they allow public access to most conserved properties along trail systems. Often they conduct education programs on their lands. 73 THE COUNTY’S OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION NETWORK Major conservation organizations protecting land in the county include: Enjoying the Benefits • Heritage Conservancy • Lower Merion Conservancy • Natural Lands Trust • Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust The 2010 regional “Economic Value of Protected Open Space Study” by the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC) and GreenSpace Alliance shows that preserving open space is a wise public investment. It documented that preserved land provided the following benefits to Montgomery County: • Wissahickon Valley Lands Trust • Increase of $10,000 to average value of each property, • About $117.5 million in yearly value of recreation activities, and • About $269 million in yearly value of avoided health costs. Other Private Open Space Other types of open space and recreation land in the county are owned by homeowners associations and community organizations. Many of these properties were created as part of large cluster developments or condominium projects and include a variety of open landscapes. Currently 8,778 acres of property are classified as common open land, and are generally owned by homeowner associations. Some of these properties may have deed restrictions placed on them, though most are generally protected based on the land use approvals made when they were created. Management of these properties is often performed by homeowners associations and generally the use of the land is limited to members of the homeowners association. Green Lane Park provides great opportunities for health and fitness. Generally open space and park land can: • Sustain natural systems and protect wildlife habitat, • Provide numerous, affordable recreational opportunities for all ages and interests, • Preserve cultural and heritage landscapes, • Promote community engagement, • Protect water resources and reduce the impact of floods, • Enable a fitter more active population, • Enhance the community image, • Provide tourist and visitor opportunities, and • Contribute to the overall attractiveness of the county for business and commerce. Parks bring people together for important community activities. Preserved land along the Unami Creek helps to protect its water quality. Canal Day at Lock 60 sponsored by the Schuylkill Canal Association. 74 montgomery county today In 1993 Montgomery County initiated a large investment in open space preservation through the establishment of an open space grant program guided by the Montgomery County Open Space Board. Under this program and the subsequent Green Fields, Green Towns Program begun in 2003, the county funded nearly 500 projects, resulting in the acquisition of park and open space land, the construction of trails, the preservation of farmland, the establishment of greenways, and the development of park and recreation facilities. In addition to substantial county investments in protecting land and developing green infrastructure, the county also partnered with each municipality to develop open space plans which established policies and ordinances under which municipalities were able to protect more land and develop creative green infrastructure to address local needs. Measuring The Accomplishments Since 1993 13.4% of the county’s land is Protected Almost 600 acres County Park Municipal Land Preservation Spring 2012 More than 7,000 acres Working Farmland Non-Profit Land Preservation Almost 7,000 acres Municipal Park More than 4,600 acres Privately Owned Spring 2012 Fall 1993 Fall 1993 106% Growth in Acres Preserved 223% Growth in Acres Preserved 75 THE COUNTY’S OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION NETWORK Preserved Open Space Temporary Open Space What’s New Temporary Open Space Some undeveloped landscapes which provide open space amenities to surrounding communities are privately owned with no permanent preservation restrictions. These properties, generally used as schools, religious institutions, camps, golf courses or private recreation associations, may contain natural features, high quality agricultural soils, and scenic qualities, but without any permanent protection can be developed at any time. They are only maintained as open space due to the wishes of their current owners. Eligible properties may be subject to preferential tax assessment programs that provide tax incentives to keep land undeveloped. Under the Clean and Green Act (Act 319) and the Open Space Covenant Act (Act 515) certain agricultural and open space properties may be assessed at a lower rate for property tax purposes. Nevertheless, the following types of properties are vulnerable to development. • Golf has continued to decline as a leisure activity since the late 1990s. As a result, the county has lost 6 golf courses to development over the past 10 years. Other remaining courses are struggling and may be forced to close in the near future. Recreation Facilities Trails and Pathways PLANNING ISSUE Important private unpreserved landscapes that provide open space amenities such as golf courses, institutional lands, and utility properties are likely to be developed if they are not adequately protected. Properties under Governmental Ownership: Several large properties in Montgomery County are under federal, state, or county ownership but are not permanently preserved or formally used for open space. These properties include the federally owned Willow Grove Naval Air Station (1,100 acres), the State Correctional Institution—Graterford (1,730 acres) owned by Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, and several Montgomery County properties used for the prison, emergency services, or the geriatric facility. That said, the closure of the Willow Grove Naval Air Station in 2011 spurred a multi-year planning process that will ultimately result in the surplus property being transferred to Horsham Township for redevelopment and reuse. • In the past 10 years, some corporations and large institutional land holdings, such as property owned by the Philadelphia Archdiocese, have been subjected to reuse plans which have diminished their open space characteristics. • In 2005, 1,160 acres of farmland were taken out of the Clean and Green Act (Act 319) program. The acreage of Act 319 rollbacks has dropped steadily as a result of the housing development slow down. In 2012, only 163 acres were removed from Act 319. Utility Properties: Various forms of public utilities own properties for power needs, utility rights-of-way, airports, dams, storm water control facilities, and railroads. Collectively, these properties encompass a sizable acreage, or include rights-of-way, especially transmission corridors, that provide an important opportunity to connect a variety of open space sites. Though required to fulfill the purpose of the utility, these properties occasionally are made surplus and thus subject to sale at any time. Public and Private Institutional Properties: A variety of public school districts, private religious and educational 76 • The closure of the Willow Grove Naval Air Station and construction of a new state penitentiary at the State Correctional Institution—Graterford will greatly alter these large properties in the future. Open space protection and park use was an important consideration in the future planning for the Naval Air Station property. Meadow in front of the Pfizer research facility in Upper Providence Township. montgomery county today FIGURE 51: Institutional Open Space Hatboro 29 Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 73 Playing golf at the Rivercrest Golf Course near Mont Clare. institutions, camps, recreation associations, cemeteries and private foundations own open land in the county. These properties may be available for public use, depending upon the objectives and regulations of the organization. Some institutional lands, such as school properties, are used for active recreation and sports leagues, while other institutional land, such as cemeteries, provides informal access to the public. Golf Courses: Montgomery County residents enjoy a wide variety of golf opportunities on the 56 golf courses that comprise 8,118 acres in the county. Golf courses provide several benefits to the county. As largely open land, they provide vistas and natural landscapes which can reduce stormwater impacts, enhance water recharge, and provide habitat. Golf courses also provide local economic opportunities and can be an important amenity available to attract tourists. Corporate Properties: A few corporate research and office properties in the county may contain open land with woodlands, meadows, and stream corridors. Although not public land, corporate lands may serve as natural habitat areas, and local trail networks may pass alongside or even link into employee walking trails maintained on these properties. Collegeville t u 100 ¯ Norristown Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Governmental Facility Golf Course Cemetery College Campus Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission Preferential Tax Assessment The county is able to offer two forms of reduced property tax as incentive for property owners to conserve their land. The Clean and Green Act (Act 319) provides assessment of agriculture land based on its production value. Act 515 allows for the establishment of covenants that reduce the assessed value of property for a specified time frame to maintain an open space use of the property. The Clean and Green Law, Act 319, was enacted in 1974 to allow for the preferential assessment of farmland. As of January 3, 2013, 1,674 parcels of land in the county totaling 49,810 acres are assessed under Act 319. Under this voluntary program, qualified land is assessed based upon agriculture production. If the property is no longer used for agriculture purposes and developed, the property owner is subject to the payment of roll back taxes and interest penalties covering a seven year period. Covenants established under Act 515 can be used on select properties which contain various open space qualities. Through the establishment of a 10-year covenant, the property owner agrees to maintain the land as open space while the tax assessment is lowered to reflect that use. Violation of covenants can trigger roll back tax and interest penalties. On January 1, 2013, 78 parcels with 7,804 acres were under Act 515. 77 THE COUNTY’S OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION NETWORK Preserved Open Space Recreation Facilities What’s New Temporary Open Space Public access to recreation is a key component of community vitality and quality of life. Excellence, variety, and proximity of recreational opportunities benefit everyone by promoting a fitter, healthier population and giving communities an outlet for productive and socially beneficial leisure time. • Demand has increased for year-round recreational opportunities that provide variety, address health and wellness objectives, and fit into people’s busy schedules. Recreation Facilities Trails and Pathways In pursuing recreational interests, people can combine physical exercise, mental relaxation, and social interaction while strengthening their connection to the outdoors and understanding of the natural environment. A Kent State University professor of recreation, park, and tourism management sums up these quality-of-life benefits-good for the mind and body, even better for your social life, and great for the great outdoors. PLANNING ISSUE Demand for additional sports fields and facilities, especially for youth programs, remains strong. It is increasingly difficult, however, to find undeveloped sites that are available, affordable, and unconstrained by important natural resources or community concerns. 78 Public recreation can also be a strong economic driver that stimulates business investment, enhances property values, motivates residential choices, and attracts visitors and tourists. A current factsheet from PA DCNR on the economic impacts of local recreation finds that “(l)ocal parks, open space and trails provide opportunities for closeto-home recreation. This conservation and recreation infrastructure...contributes substantially to the Commonwealth’s economy.” The Outdoor Industry Association, with offices in Washington DC, concurs: “In short, outdoor recreation is a growing and diverse economic super sector that is a vital cornerstone of successful communities that cannot be ignored.” The community park can be the heart of the community and a major reason why people choose where they live. • New Municipal Community Centers - Municipal community recreation centers have been completed in Plymouth and Upper Providence Townships. Similar facilities are under consideration in Montgomery and Upper Merion Townships. • Municipal Swimming Pools - Municipalities such as Hatfield Township and Souderton and Lansdale Boroughs have reinvented their community pools into modern aquatic parks that are all-day destinations for area residents. • Alternative Sports Activities - Large new skate or BMX parks in Pottstown and Upper Providence Township are popular facilities. Smaller skateboarding areas have been added to parks in Ambler and Abington and Cheltenham Townships and to the Boys & Girls Club in Souderton. Outdoor adventure-based activities have emerged as a specialty in Upper Salford Township at Spring Mountain Adventures, which offers seasonal activities such as skiing and snowboarding, zip line adventure tours, and mountain biking. • YMCA as a Major Recreational Provider - The creation of a regional YMCA network has resulted in full-service facilities that provide indoor recreation, fitness, and indoor/outdoor aquatics at 8 locations throughout the county. New facilities are proposed for 2 other locations in the county, and across county boundaries, newly completed YMCAs in Phoenixville, Havertown, and Doylestown are within easy reach of portions of Montgomery County. montgomery county today Active Versus Passive Recreation Active recreation relies on engineered facilities for specialized purposes, all of which tend to attract intensive use. These facilities include athletic fields, sports courts, amphitheaters or large pavilions, destination playgrounds, skate parks, and aquatic centers. The user comes to a particular place because of the facilities provided; construction of those facilities often has a significant impact on the land resources where they are located. Passive recreation, on the other hand, is generally less intensive in use and does not require extensive constructed features. This type of recreation has as minimal as possible an impact on the site’s resources, often allowing the site to provide positive ecosystem services. The activities provided tend to be “place-based,” with people being attracted to the particular site’s natural attributes rather than its manmade facilities. Activities generally considered passive in nature include bird watching and nature study, hiking, walking and biking on trails, picnicking, fishing and canoeing or kayaking, and tent camping. Outdoor recreation takes advantage of all aspects of the outdoors, but its use is dependent upon weather and time of year. Active recreation at sports courts. Passive recreation at natural resource areas. Who Provides Opportunities for Public Recreation? Indoor recreation requires extensive construction of facilities and infrastructure but extends recreational opportunities year-round. Gathering places for activities like summer concerts, family picnics, or community events can range from informal areas with little impact on a site to large structures that require extensive construction. These places may be intensely active or relatively passive in the type of recreation they provide. Picnic areas are often located adjacent to tot lots, consolidating ad hoc visits to the park in a relatively compact area. Governmental entities are the most common providers of public parks, with national, state, and county parkland in general being place-based and used primarily for passive recreation. Conservation organizations are an additional major provider of passive recreational opportunities. Municipal governments (in Montgomery County, both townships and boroughs) tend to provide a blend of active and passive recreation facilities, particularly focusing on community parks, which may contain sports fields and hard-surface courts, playgrounds, picnic pavilions and amphitheaters, swimming pools, and increasingly, indoor recreation centers. School districts are a major provider of indoor recreation and outdoor sports facilities, and private organizations, such as the YMCA, are becoming an increasingly popular provider of indoor aquatic and fitness opportunities. These public or community-based recreation providers are often complemented by the facilities of nonprofit sports associations, public golf courses, and commercial sports and fitness sites. 79 THE COUNTY’S OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION NETWORK Recreation Opportunities Available to Montgomery County Residents Highlights of Recreation Around the County For the purposes of gathering information about currently available recreational opportunities, Montgomery County is subdivided into 12 planning regions. Aided by a survey in which every municipality was invited to participate, each planning region was characterized in terms of community parks, active and passive recreational options available to the public, and the entities providing those opportunities. A summary of the information gathered is given below in the Recreational Facilities Overview. Each municipality provides at least one public playground, and most provide multiple sites for various types of recreation. Each planning region includes biking, hiking, birding, and picnicking opportunities. A YMCA, public high school, or both, provides indoor recreation in every planning region, and people can enjoy fishing and boating, public golf, and outdoor swimming in the majority of these regions. Two increasingly popular recreation amenities, dog parks and skateboarding areas, are currently found in at least six regions. The region-by-region inventory shows that county residents have access to a fairly wide variety of active and passive recreational opportunities provided by governmental entities, not-for-profits, and commercial organizations. In recent years, municipal recreation planning has moved away from recommended standards per numbers of people served – the quality and quantity of public parks, recreation facilities, and natural areas are determined by the priorities and funding resources of each community. Recreational sites and choices differ within each planning area because of variations in municipal budgets, community interests, character of natural features, and market for commercial recreational offerings. Throughout Montgomery County, numbers of public community parks (regarded as sites of at least 18 to 20 acres providing a variety of recreational activities) range from more than twice the county-wide average in the Horsham-Willow Grove planning region to less than 1/3 the average in the Central Perkiomen planning region. Municipal playing field clusters, which may contain varying numbers of actual fields, are found in almost every municipality, and are augmented in each region by a variety of school district, non-profit, and commercial recreation facilities. The Central Perkiomen, Spring-Ford, and Conshohocken-Plymouth Meeting planning areas do not include public opportunities for outdoor swimming. FIGURE 52: Recreational Facilities Overview AMBLER CENTRAL CONSHPERK PLYM MTG EASTERN MONTCO HORSHAMWILLOW GROVE INDIAN VALLEY MAIN LINEKING OF PRUSSIA NORRISTOWN NORTH PENN POTTSTOWN SPRING FORD UPPER PERK REGION Population 62,266 41,200 41,707 118,486 71,879 43,109 96,376 98,763 97,957 64,759 44,045 19,327 Community Parks 4 1 5 5 12 4 8 6 8 6 3 2 Regional Parks None State; County State; County County None County National National; State; County State County State; County County Trails and Biking Community; Regional; Local Community Regional; Community Regional; Community Regional; Community Regional; Community Regional; Community Regional; Community Community Regional Regional; Community Regional Public Golf 2 None 1 1 2 None 3 2 4 4 3 Indoor Recreation YMCA; High School High School Municipality; High YMCA; High School School YMCA; High School YMCA; High YMCA; High School School High School YMCA; High YMCA School YMCA High School Fishing/Boating Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Municipal Athletic Fields 18 6 10 21 20 7 22 16 17 9 5 5 Complementary Sites 13 7 4 20 15 11 14 16 16 14 10 5 Skateboard Areas 1 None None 2 None 1 None None None 1 1 1 Outdoor Swimming 1 Municipal None None 5 Municipal 1 Municipal 1 Municipal 2 Municipal Non-profit 5 Municipal Non-profit None YMCA Dog Parks None None None 2 1 None 1 None 2 1 1 None None Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 80 montgomery county today FIGURE 53: Recreational Facilities in Montgomery County Bucks County Lehigh County [ !G ( o East Greenville Pennsburg o ! # ! Upper Hanover ! ! Telford ! G Salford Marlborough o# ! ! Green Lane ! ( o Berks County Pottstown Region o Upper Pottsgrove grove West Potts ! ! o o Lower !# ( # D ! ( S [ o G ill River ! ! Pottsgrove ! ! ! Pottstown ! # ! ( ! ! ! G 0 ! Limerick !G ! G G ! ! ! ! ! ! Royersford ! ! ! ! Upper Providence ! ! ( ! o ! Chester County Spring-Ford Region ñ ñ [ ! # ! ( ! ! ! !! ! ! ! Abington ! ! D !! # ( S o ! o G o S ! ( S S D #Cheltenham [o ! ( G# ! ( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Jenkintown ! ! ! ! ! Rockledge ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! S ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Conshohocken ! ! ! Upper ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Plymouth Bridgeport ! ! ! ! ! Norristown ! ! ! G ! ! ! ! ! Norriton G ! Eastern Montco Region Whitemarsh West ! ! Conshohocken ! D ! Merion ! Lower Merion ! ! ! S ! ! ! Narberth ! ! ! !S ! ! Main LineKing of Prussia Region ! Region Planning Areas Municipal Boundary National Park State Park County Park ! ! ! ! ! D ylk Schu ! ! West ! ! G ! Bryn Athyn ! o # ñ o o ! ( Philadelphia o # ( o! Conshohocken ! ( Plymouth Meeting o ! o ( o Schuylkill R Region o iver G o o ! ! ( ( # ! ( o o # # o o o G Delaware County Norristown ! ! Lower ! Providence ! ! ! Ambler ! ! ( ! East Norriton ! ! ! ! Lower Moreland Springfield ! ! o ! ! o ! ! Collegeville ! ! ! # ! o ñ o ( #! o[ ! ( ! ( G ! ! ! Trappe o o [ ! ! S ! G Upper # DublinD o ! ! ! ! ! ! ! o o o[ ! ( ! ! ! ( ! ! Whitpain G Worcester o ! Perkiomen o G ! ! ! ! G G Lower Gwynedd #! ( ! Skippack ! ! ! ( o o ! ! ! ! ! ! G ! ! ! ! Schwenksville D Horsham D ! o o G ! S ! o ! ! !o o ( G Upper o o # Moreland ! G ! North Wales ! ! !! ! ! G o ! G ! S Upper !Gwynedd Towamencin S o ! ! # ! Lower ! ! Salford G! ( S ! ! o ! ! ! ! ! Hatboro ! o o oo o o oo # Lansdale ! ! ! ! S ! ! ! Montgomery ! ! ( ! ! ! Horsham-Willow Grove Region Ambler Region ! G ! Hatfield Twp. ! ! o ! ( G D ! Lower Frederick Upper Frederick S Hatfield ! Bor. ! ! ! Upper Salford G !S (o o o D ! !G G ! ( ! ! New Hanover ! ! ! S[ ( ! o G North Penn Region ! Souderton ! Franconia Red ! Hill G Douglass Indian Valley Region Central Perkiomen Valley Region 0 Upper Perkiomen Valley Region S Swimming Pool G Public Golf Municipal Recreation Center D Dog Park Municipal Playfield Cluster High School Recreation Skateboarding Stream Community Park # G School Recreation Facility G YMCA or Equivalent 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles NonProfit Recreation ¯ Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 81 THE COUNTY’S OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION NETWORK Preserved Open Space Temporary Open Space Recreation Facilities Trails and Pathways Trails and Pathways Montgomery County offers its residents and visitors a premier trail system. The county’s current proposed trail system is comprised of sixteen interconnected trail segments shown in the 2005 County Comprehensive Plan. The plan illustrates a total of 165 miles of trail that will crisscross the county and bring a trail within three to five miles of all county residents. Additionally, half of the county’s proposed trails will provide an opportunity for trail connections to neighboring counties further strengthening an intergraded regional trail system. Currently, 55 miles of county-built trails exist connecting greenways, heritage corridors, and points of interest within Montgomery County. Most noteworthy are the Schuylkill River and Perkiomen Trails. Combined, these two nationally recognized trails provide over 40 miles of multiuse trail experience. Annually, more than 800,000 people visit/use Montgomery County trails. Although the county has constructed over 50 miles of the network, municipalities and partnership agencies have developed an additional 15 miles of the proposed county network. By 2005, all 62 municipalities updated their open space plans, with some local governments incorporating detailed trail development components. A sampling of notable municipal trail plans include Cheltenham, Upper Merion, Lower Merion, Whitpain, Lower Gwynedd, Upper Dublin, Worcester, Lansdale, and Lower Salford. PLANNING ISSUE One-third of the county’s primary trail network is complete. A solid start, however a majority of the trail network is still conceptual. Planning, engineering, acquisition, and construction are the critical steps to move towards the goal of 165 miles of regional trails. 82 Without the incorporation of comprehensive trail planning and extreme foresight, the additional network mileage would never have been built. What’s New How many trail miles has the county blazed since 2000? The figure is quiet impressive, equating to 41 miles. Paramount trail projects include: • Schuylkill River Trail - 9.5 newly constructed miles were added to the existing 14 miles of this nationally-recognized trail system. Notable extensions include connections to Berks County from Pottstown and linking Oaks to Phoenixville. • Perkiomen Trail - An ambitious and outstanding 20 mile trail system was constructed in four years. Typically, it takes four years to build 4 miles of regional trail. The trail connects to the Schuylkill River Trail in Oaks at the southern end while connecting to the county’s Green Lane Park at the northern end. • Cross County Trail - 3.5 miles were developed through intense industrial and commercial complexes. The trail connects to the Schuylkill River Trail in Conshohocken near SEPTA’s regional rail line. • Wissahickon Green Ribbon Trail - A scenic 3 miles of meandering trail were built parallel to the Wissahickon Creek. The trail alignment weaves through Fort Washington State Park and county park and open space lands. • Pennypack Trail - Two miles were installed along a segment of inactive passenger rail line. The trail traverses through the county’s Lorimer Park and intersects with the Pennypack Creek at the northern end. • Chester Valley Trail - A majority of the trail alignment will follow the old Chester Valley Secondary rail line in Chester and Montgomery Counties. PennDOT built one mile of the trail and installed a long span bridge over the Schuylkill Expressway I-76 in Montgomery County. montgomery county today Benefits and Connectivity Trails provide numerous benefits regarding health, transportation, ecology, recreation, and the fiscal environment. The direct beneficiary is the trail user, who in turn, indirectly creates a beneficial connection to the local or regional economy. Montgomery County invested years to plan and determine the feasibility of creating a regional trail network that highlights its ability to connect to places of interest and employment centers. Connectivity is the foundation of the county’s proposed trail system and the primary goal for implementing the recommendations in the comprehensive plan. The higher connectivity rate of local and regional trails, the greater the enhancement of direct and indirect benefits to the users and community. Over 60% of trail users that responded to the Perkiomen Trail 2008 User Survey & Economic Impact Analysis and Schuylkill River Trail 2009 User Survey & Economic Impact Analysis reported an annual average of $400 spent on hard goods (bicycle purchase; bike supplies) and an average of $10 spent on soft goods (beverage; meal) per person, per trip. 83 THE COUNTY’S OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION NETWORK FIGURE 54: Montgomery County’s Primary Trail Network Bucks County Lehigh County Þ Telford Souderton 29 East Greenville Pennsburg Salford Marlborough Hatfield Bor. 7 Horsham 16 5 9 Montgomery Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland 309 476 Lansdale Morgan Log House Green Lane 8 Green Lane Park 663 Upper Frederick New Hanover Douglass 4 Upper Salford 5 Þ Peter Wentz Farmstead Pennypacker Mills Central Perkiomen Valley Park Þ Schwenksville 13 Þ Worcester grove West Potts 6 Limerick Lower Pottsgrove Pottstown 11 Þ Pottsgrove Manor Historic Sites John James Audubon Center at Mill Grove Royersford Chester County Þ Þ Fort Washington State Park Upper Schuylkill Valley Park 11 29 Lower Perkiomen Valley Park Þ Hope Lodge Jenkintown 2 Cheltenham Springfield Plymouth 3 Norristown Bridgeport 1 Upper Merion Whitemarsh Spring Mill 15 Philadelphia 11 Conshohocken West Conshohocken 76 Lower Merion Narberth Valley Forge National Historical Park 1. Chester Valley Trail 2. Cresheim Trail 3. Cross County Trail 4. Evansburg Trail 5. Liberty Bell Trail 6. Manatawny Trail 7. Pennypack Trail 8. Perkiomen Trail 5 11 8 Upper Providence 10 Completed Trail Proposed Trail Municipal Trail In Design/Future Construction County Owned Land State Owned Land Valley Forge National Historical Park Þ Lower Providence 422 Riv er 73 12 West Norriton Trappe Collegeville t u Sch uyl kill Whitpain 276 The Highlands Norristown Farm Park Perkiomen Upper Pottsgrove Rockledge Þ 202 9. Power Line Trail 10. Schuylkill East Trail 11. Schuylkill River Trail 12. Stony Creek Trail 13. Sunrise Trail 14. West County Trail 15. Wissahickon Green Ribbon Trail 16. 202 Parkway Trail 476 Delaware County 0 1 2 3 4 ¯ Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 84 7 Abington East Norriton Evansburg State Park 100 15 Ambler t u Lorimer 611 Upper Dublin Skippack Sunrise Mill Berks County Mill Lower Salford 3 Lower Gwynedd North Wales Upper Gwynedd Evans-Mumbower Lower Frederick 73 14 Þ Towamencin Lower Moreland Hatboro Hatfield Twp. Franconia Red Hill Upper Hanover Graeme Park 5 6 Miles montgomery county today Design, Safety, and Maintenance Issues Trail Design: County trail design standards and specifications have not changed significantly in the past ten years. This can be attributed to following best trail design principles created by governmental and non-profit trail agencies. Key agencies like the Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, PennDOT, PA DCNR, Rails to Trails Conservancy, as well as the Americans with Disabilities Act help shape the county’s nationally recognized trail system. Today, the county can build a 12-foot wide asphalt trail, one mile long for approximately $150,000 (excluding stabilizing structures, culverts, and pedestrian signals). A well constructed trail has over a 30-year life cycle and is open to all users free of cost. The return of investment is unparalleled regarding initial cost and actual life cycle of the public facility. Safety Issues: In the early years of trail planning, a majority of residents were fearful of trails in their neighborhoods. Many had misconceptions that trails would create criminal corridors and promote trespassing. Through educational workshops, community meetings, and field trips to existing trails, the majority dissolved their misconceptions and realized the multitude of tangible benefits. Currently, trails are in demand from the local level up to the national level. The county receives significantly more requests to build more trail mileage and to upgrade existing trails than it did before. The consensus and present movement points to trails as a positive asset for any community, town, or city. Montgomery County has not been alone in meeting the recreational and alternative transportation needs of the region. Municipalities including Lower Salford, Horsham, Upper Dublin, Lower Merion, Worcester, and Skippack Townships have built regional segments or remarkable local systems with connecting opportunities. Ongoing Maintenance: All trail development projects should include a maintenance and operational plan with short and long term budget projections. Montgomery County develops a plan for each trail project. This critical step ensures proper upkeep of the trail corridors and creates a pleasing and consistent experience for the user. Montgomery County diligently enhances, promotes, and protects these valuable assets. The county strives to provide all trail visitors with an exceptional, healthy, and alternative transportation experience while traversing on foot, bicycle, or even horseback. 85 THE OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION NETWORK 86 THE TRANSPORTATION NETWORK THE COUNTY’S TRANSPORTATION NETWORK Vehicles Transit Pedestrian Mobility Bicycle Mobility Aviation Freight Vehicles For more than 60 years, the personal auto has been the dominant mode of transportation for suburban workers and residents. According to the 2011 American Community Survey (ACS), 80% of Montgomery County workers got to work by driving alone. More than half of all county residents have access to two or more vehicles, and 32% have access to at least one vehicle. Only 6% lack access to a vehicle. The county’s low-density suburban development impedes the use of alternative modes like transit and walking, forcing many residents to use vehicles for all of their transportation needs, even for short trips. As the county grows, increased traffic congestion will grow as well. Between 2000 and 2007, the total number of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in Montgomery County increased by 8.5%. While the economic downturn reduced this demand after 2007, by 2010 the VMT was still 1.5% above 2000 levels. Traffic congestion has many negative impacts on the economic and environmental well-being of county workers and residents. Limiting its impacts is vital to the health and wellness of all. PLANNING ISSUE Available funding for vital road and bridge projects is at a critical low while significant traffic congestion still remains around the county. Strategies to reduce congestion must be cost-effective. 88 An approach to curbing congestion is Travel Demand Management (TDM), which strives to minimize singledriver automobile use as a principal mode of transportation, especially during rush hours. By providing commuters flexibility in their choice of workplace location, commute time-of-day, and route and mode taken, it’s possible to reduce congestion. TDM can include different tools such as carpools, park and ride lots, car sharing, and workplace flexibility like compressed workweeks, flextime, or telecommuting. Additional mobility options are provided by non-profit membership organizations called transportation management associations or TMAs. TMAs advocate for viable transportation networks in their communities and provide supplemental transit service where needed. Two TMAs serve Montgomery County - the Greater Valley What’s New • Several major roadways have benefitted from dramatic improvements in the last ten years. The Pennsylvania Turnpike was reconstructed and widened from four to six lanes between the Mid-County interchange in Plymouth Township and the Valley Forge interchange in Upper Merion Township. The new US 202 Parkway connecting Lower Gwynedd Township with PA 611 in Bucks County was built with an adjacent multi-purpose trail. And the Fort Washington Expressway (PA 309) was reconstructed between Greenwood Avenue in Cheltenham Township and PA 63 in Lower Gwynedd Township. • Federal and state gas taxes provide most of the funding for road and bridge projects. At a time when the service life of many of our highways is running out (increasing the need for funding), increased popularity of hybrid and fuel-efficient vehicles has reduced the number of gallons of gas purchased, resulting in fewer available dollars for transportation projects. • Because of inadequate funding levels, many projects some of them major - have had to be pushed back. These include: Phase 2 of the PA 309 Connector Project in Franconia and Hatfield Townships, portions of the US 422 Reconstruction near Pottstown, and the reconstruction and widening of Ridge Pike between Norristown Borough and Philadelphia in Plymouth and Whitemarsh Townships. The total cost of deferred projects in Montgomery County alone is nearly $500 million; regionally, that amount is several billion. • Since its adoption in 2008, Smart Transportation has become an integrated part of PennDOT’s design manual. Smart Transportation is a way to design and implement fiscally-constrained and context-sensitive transportation planning projects so that solutions are tailored to the local context of a roadway’s service area. It also provides strategies for planning for alternate transportation modes. montgomery county today Forge TMA and the Partnership TMA. In addition to their help planning transportation projects and setting policy, Greater Valley Forge operates corporate shuttles and the twice weekly Conshohocken Rambler; Partnership TMA offers travel training to seniors. FIGURE 55: Functional Classes of Roads 29 Hatboro Pennsburg 476 309 Lansdale 611 276 Functional Classification Ambler 663 Functional classification is a hierarchical system used by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and PennDOT to group roadways according to their function and service characteristics. All roads in Montgomery County can be classified as one of the following: Expressways are the highest class. These are divided multi-lane limited-access highway; in the county these include the Blue Route (I-476), US 422, the Schuylkill Expressway (I-76), the Pennsylvania Turnpike, the Northeast Extension, and PA 309 south of Welsh Road. Arterials are either “principal” or “minor,” and provide greater mobility for longer trips, but offer more accessibility than expressways. Principal arterials in the county include roads like Bethlehem Pike (PA 309), Old York Road (PA 611) in Upper Moreland, and US 202 Dekalb Pike. t u Jenkintown 202 73 73 ¯ Norristown t u 100 422 Collegeville Conshohocken 76 Pottstown 29 476 Expressways Principal Arterial Minor Arterial Collector Urban Area (2010 Census) (Local Roads not shown) Sources: Montgomery County, PennDOT Collectors channel traffic to or from higher classification roads. Examples of some of the larger collector roads in the county include Conshohocken State Road in Lower Merion and Susquehanna Road in Abington. Local Roads make up the bottom tier of the system and represent the majority of road miles in the county. These include all residential side streets. Mobility (the ability of a road to move traffic efficiently) and accessibility (the level of control over traffic’s ability to enter or leave a roadway) are two major considerations in determining roadway classification. Expressways are the least accessible but offer the most mobility. Sumneytown Pike in Upper Gwynedd Township is a Principal Arterial. Haverford Avenue in Narberth Borough is a Collector. 89 THE COUNTY’S TRANSPORTATION NETWORK FIGURE 56: Traffic Volume on Montgomery County’s Major Roadways Traffic Volume As Montgomery County’s population has increased, vehicle traffic has increased as well. And despite lower traffic volumes lately—mostly due to the recent economic downturn—traffic volumes are much higher than historical levels. Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 The most heavily travelled road in the county is the Pennsylvania Turnpike, with close to 120,000 vehicles per day. Other roads in Montgomery County have had significant increases in traffic over the last thirty years. t u Jenkintown 202 73 The average number of miles driven per day in Montgomery County has fluctuated for the last 20 years. In 2011, drivers drove an average 18 million miles per day, down slightly from 2007, when it was 19.4 million miles per day. This represents more than a quarter of the total roadway miles driven in the five-county Philadelphia metropolitan region. Travel times have increased as well. In 1990, the average Montgomery County worker was on the road for 22.5 minutes for the daily commute to work—45 minutes roundtrip. By 2000, this travel time had increased to 26.5 minutes, or a 53 minute roundtrip. And by 2010, the average daily commute took 27.4 minutes each way. This is not an insignificant amount of time when added up over a year. Assuming a 5 day work week and 50 weeks of work per year, that’s 9.5 days of one’s year spent commuting to work! The county’s suburban location, the distribution of jobs from Philadelphia’s core to various economic centers across the region, and people’s general preference to drive alone all add to this trend of longer commutes. Hatboro 29 Collegeville ¯ Norristown t u 100 73 Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Less than 10,000 cars per day 10,000 to less than 30,000 cars per day 30,000 to less than 60,000 cars per day 60,000 cars or greater Source: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission FIGURE 57: Average Annual Daily Traffic Counts ROADWAY 1980 2000 2010 63,000 102,000 101,300 Blue Route (I-476) 20,154 103,145 105,890 Route 422 11,032 56,998 65,483 Route 100 17,869 32,173 30,446 Northeast Extension—PA Turnpike (I-476) 16,717 56,542 65,483 Route 309 Expressway 29,854 48,109 42,908 PA Turnpike (I-276) Highways like Route 422 have had significant increases in commuter traffic as residential development has spread out from King of Prussia. Schuylkill Expressway (I-76) 41,693 105,584 118,174 192,319 504,551 529,684 Total Sources: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission 90 montgomery county today FIGURE 58: Vehicle Accident Locations 29 Pennsburg Vehicle Crashes Hatboro G G 476 G G G 309 Lansdale G G G G G 73 G G G 100 G 611 G t u G G 202 G G 276 Ambler 663 Jenkintown 73 G G G Norristown G Collegeville G t u G G Pottstown G G 29 Fewer Crashes G G There are several factors that contributed to these fatalities. Aggressive driving contributed to 25 of the 45 fatalities—more than half—and is a behavior that is completely preventable. Other factors that come into play include impaired and distracted driving, seat belt usage, pedestrian safety, vehicles leaving the roadway, and poor intersection design. That being said, increasing seat belt usage, making streets safer to cross, eliminating view obstructions and eliminating potential distractions like text messaging could go a long way toward reducing the county’s crash rates even further. ¯ G 422 Vehicle crashes continue to be a serious safety issue in Montgomery County. In 2011, there were 8,416 crashes in the county, 42 of which were fatal. Most of these crashes were concentrated along major highways in the county, including the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the Schuylkill Expressway. This figure is up 2% from the 8,235 crashes in the county in 2010. However, on a regional level, accident fatalities continue to decline since a peak of 489 deaths in 2007. G G G GG Conshohocken 76 G G GG 476 G G Fatal Crashes Most Crashes In 2011, 30 of the county’s 62 municipalities had 100 crashes or more. Lower Merion Township had the greatest number of crashes by far, totaling 802, likely because of the Schuylkill Expressway which winds its way through the township. Other municipalities with large numbers of crashes include Upper Merion, Abington, Upper Moreland, and Upper Dublin Townships, as well as the Municipality of Norristown. Source: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission FIGURE 59: Average Crashes per Year in the Greater Philadelphia Area: 2008-2010 CRASHES THAT CAUSED COUNTY PEOPLE WHO WERE PROPERTY DAMAGE INJURY FATALITY INJURED KILLED Bucks 3,082 52 3,151 4,324 54 Chester 1,834 31 2,606 2,452 34 Delaware 2,325 21 2,060 3,292 21 Montgomery 4,082 37 4,137 5,638 40 Philadelphia 8,235 85 2,259 11,881 93 Source: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission 91 THE COUNTY’S TRANSPORTATION NETWORK FIGURE 60: Roadway Ownership Montgomery Rd Lower Frederick 73 Church Rd Upper Salford Upper Frederick New Hanover Douglass d Lower Salford Sch ultz R er yd Sn Bergey Rd Henning Rd Rd Lower Gwynedd Sumneytown Pike North Wales Upper Gwynedd h Dee ek p Cre Sumneytown Pike 309 t ou ym Pl d R 663 Towamencin Green Lane Old Sumneytown Pike Knight Rd Broad St Lansdale Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland t u 202 Abington Rockledge Ambler Whitpain Worcester 611 Upper Dublin 276 Easton Rd 476 Horsham Rd Horsham Butler Pk Hatfield Bor. Franconia Butler Pk Upper Hanover Salford Bell Pk G er yv Marlborough ille Pk Red Hill ales R d East Greenville Pennsburg Lower Moreland Hatboro Hatfield Twp. North W 29 Penllyn-Blue Telford Souderton Bucks County Unionville Pk Lehigh County 73 Jenkintown Cheltenham Schwenksville Springfield Skippack 100 Old Reading Pike Lower Pottsgrove Pottstown Collegeville 422 Sch uyl kill Riv e Lower Providence Upper Providence r Plymouth Whitemarsh Philadelphia e e Pik Ridg Norristown Trappe t u Pik West Norriton Bridgeport West Conshohocken Upper Merion New Mill Rd Royersford Conshohocken 76 Lower Merion 29 Narberth Chester County Source: PennDOT 476 Pennsylvania Turnpike State Roads County Roads Local Roads Roadway Ownership There are more than 3,300 miles of roads in the county. PennDOT owns about one-quarter of these, including interstates, expressways, and numbered highway routes (like PA 100 and PA 73). The Pennsylvania Turnpike owns and maintains 40 miles of expressway including the Mainline east-west turnpike and the Northeast Extension. The county, one of three counties in Pennsylvania to own roads, 92 wn nto rma Ge Perkiomen Limerick Upper Pottsgrove grove West Potts Berks County East Norriton e Swa mp Pike owns 74 miles (or 2%) of roadway. Most are local roads, owned and maintained by municipalities. Bridge Ownership Bridges may be owned by any of these entities or by private companies, almost always a railroad. There are 1,009 bridges in Montgomery County PennDOT owns 624 of these; Montgomery County owns 103; local municipalities own 136. Delaware County 0 1 2 3 4 ¯ 5 6 Miles montgomery county today FIGURE 61: Roads and Bridges by Jurisdiction JURISDICTION # BRIDGES FIGURE 62: ITS Cameras and Signs ROADWAY MILES PennDOT 624 129 40 Montgomery County 103 74 Local municipalities 136 2,439 17 n/a 1,009 Pennsburg 748 Pennsylvania Turnpike Hatboro 29 3,301 Railroads Total 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 663 t u Ambler Jenkintown 202 73 73 ¯ Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission Norristown t u 100 Intelligent Transportation Systems 422 • Traffic control centers – oversees the operation of the region’s highways, • Video cameras along highways, used by control centers to monitor real-time roadway conditions. • Electronic (or variable) message signs – display real -time information to drivers, • 76 29 476 Existing Cameras and Signs Cameras and Signs Under Construction Cameras and Signs In Design or on TIP Traffic Control Center Sources: Montgomery County, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission In addition to real-time traffic conditions, ITS is also an integral element of emergency response (incident management). An ITS-enabled traffic signal system gives emergency vehicles with special devices the ability to automatically change traffic signals to green (signal preemption), improving incident response times. Traffic light timing and signal preemption, • Conshohocken Pottstown Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are a collection of interconnected technologies used to collect and distribute information about the roadway to commuters so they can make better choices about their route and respond accordingly to changing roadway conditions such as traffic, accidents, and weather. A partial list of the major elements of an ITS system includes technologies such as: Collegeville Ramp meters – devices that regulate the flow of traffic entering freeways according to current traffic conditions. These elements work best when they are coordinated from a traffic control center at the county, regional, or state level. In Montgomery County, this is done out of the PennDOT District 6 Traffic Control Center in King of Prussia. Traffic control center at the PennDOT District 6 offices. Source: PennDOT Variable message sign on WB Pennsylvania Turnpike (I276) in Whitemarsh Township. 93 THE COUNTY’S TRANSPORTATION NETWORK FIGURE 63: Major TIP Projects and Delayed Projects FY 2013-2020 (partial list) Transportation Improvement Program The Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) is a four year capital program that lists federally-funded projects, regionally significant projects that are not federally funded, other state-funded capital projects, public transit projects, bicycle and pedestrian improvement projects, Intelligent Transportation System improvements, and freight-related improvements. It is required by federal law in order to receive and spend federal transportation dollars, but it is only authorization to seek funding - it is neither a guarantee that funding will be available, nor is it a final schedule of project implementation. Projects on the TIP represent the consensus of state and regional officials, who agree that these projects are the most critical, near-term improvements to be pursued. It is, however, fiscally constrained, which means that the total cost of all TIP projects cannot exceed the amount of federal and state funds the region expects to receive. The TIP includes estimated project costs and schedules by project phase. It covers a four-year period on the federal fiscal year schedule of October 1 to September 30 and is administered by the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. For counties in Pennsylvania, it is updated every other year. The most recent update is FY 2013. Once adopted, the TIP can be amended on a monthly basis with an action of the DVRPC Board. Montgomery County takes an active role in the transportation planning process that culminates in the production of the TIP. Most TIP funding is administered by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration (FTA). Authorization for the release of those funds come from federal transportation legislation which, as of this January 2013, is a two-year bill called MAP-21 (Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century). Actual dollars for this come from the Highway Trust Fund, a repository of funds collected by the 18.4 cents-per-gallon federal tax on motor fuels. Additional funds are provided by the state, local municipalities, and private developers. ID PROJECT TITLE DESCRIPTION 16703 Old Betzwood Bridge Trail New bike and pedestrian trail bridge over Schuylkill River. 50634 County Line Rd Restoration Three-lane cross section btw Kulp Rd and PA 611 57851 Plank/Otts/Meyers/Seitz Roads Phase 1—Intersection improvements. 57865 Edge Hill Rd Reconstruction Reconstruct roadway; provide drainage improvements, sidewalks 63486 US 202—Phase 3 Reconstruct roadway from Johnson Hwy to Township Line Rd 63490 US 202—Phase 1 Reconstruct roadway from Township Line Rd to Morris Rd 63491 US 202—Phase 2 Reconstruct roadway from Morris Rd to Swedesford Rd 63493 US 202—Five Points Intersection Reconstruct intersection with PA 463, PA 309, and old US 202. 64222 US 422 Pottstown Bypass Reconstruct. PA 724 to Park Road, reconfigure Armand Hammer interchange 64779 County Line Rd Widening Stump Rd to Lower State Rd, widen to 5 lanes, improve intersection 64796 US422/PA 363 Interchange On-ramp from PA 363 to US 422; off-ramp from US 422 to PA 363 66952 PA 23/Valley Forge Rd Relocate and widen N Gulph Road at Valley Forge Park 66986 US 422 Section M2A-Stowe Replace the Schuylkill River bridge btw Stowe and PA 100 int. 70197 US 422 Section SRB New bridge for WB US 422 over Schuylkill; replace EB bridge. 73214 Ardmore Station New station building; new parking garage; pedestrian amenities. 79863 Lafayette Street—Phase 1 New 4-lane alignment—Ford St to Conshohocken Rd 79864 Lafayette Street—Phase 3 Reconstruct and widen from Barbadoes St to Ford St 80021 US 202 Markley Street—Phase 2 Reconstruct roadway from south of Main Street to Elm Street 80022 US 202 Markley Street—Phase 1 Reconstruct and widen to 3 lanes from Elm Street to Johnson Hwy 86924 US 422 Resurfacing (PM2) Paving and rehab of six miles btw Linfield and Royersford 87392 Lafayette Street—Phase 2 Make improvements to Ridge Pk, Conshohocken Rd, Diamond Ave 89715 US 422 Sanatoga Interchange Improvements to interchange at Evergreen Road 92839 Ridge Pike Bridges Replace 2 bridges over NS; widen to 5 lanes Turnpike to Carland DELAYED PROJECTS (NOT MAPPED) US 422 Section M2B Reconstruct & replace 3 bridges btw Schuylkill River & Hanover St 16577 Ridge Pike Reconstruction Butler Pk to Phila. City Line; widen to 4 lanes east of Church Rd 16738 US 422 Section M1B East of Norfolk Southern RR to Park Rd 48175 Ridge Pike Reconstruction Reconstruct roadway, center turn lane, Carland Rd to Butler Pk 64220 US 422 Section M03 East of Hanover St to PA 724—replace Keim St bridge over US 422 64795 Belmont Ave at I-76 Interchange Widen intersection with Rock Hill Rd; replace RR bridge 77211 PA 309 Connector—Phase 2 New/upgraded roadway btw Allentown Rd and PA 309 84308 94 14968 US 422 “S” Curve Reconstruct highway on new alignment at Stowe Interchange. montgomery county today FIGURE 64: Major Transportation Improvement Program Projects FY 2013-2020 Bucks County Lehigh County Telford Souderton 16085 ## East Greenville # 16086 Hatfield Twp. Pennsburg Salford Marlborough # Red Hill 80053 Upper Hanover 16099 29 # # # Green Lane 663 57864 # 86336 73 Lower Gwynedd 63491 Upper Gwynedd t u # Limerick 96219 63490 64222 G grove West Potts t u Upper Providence 422 # 78736 83742 66986 # # # 16400 Royersford Pottstown Lower Providence 90006 29 Chester County 80022 West Norriton 64796 70197 Upper Merion G# G Philadelphia 79863 # Norristown 96218 96213 92839 Conshohocken 16191 # # ( ! 87522 West 16396 Conshohocken 15992 Lower Merion 76 # # 64798 66952 16216 16703 Bridge 16610 Whitemarsh 476 # # # Cheltenham 16334 87392 Bridgeport 16705 16150 G 73 Plymouth 63486 East Norriton Trappe Collegeville 86924 Jenkintown Rockledge 72355 Springfield 79864 Lower 89715 Pottsgrove 16214 Whitpain 59522 80021 Upper Pottsgrove # # Skippack 16484 Abington 276 Worcester Perkiomen 611 57865 Ambler 202 # Upper Dublin 92807 Schwenksville 100 # 80052 North Wales # Lower Frederick 57851 Bryn Athyn Upper16726 Moreland 309 Towamencin Lower Salford G GG # Horsham 63493 16658 # Lower Moreland 50634 Lansdale 96220 Upper Salford Upper Frederick G Hatfield 59522 Bor. 476 50646 New Hanover G Franconia # Douglass Berks County Hatboro 64779 Montgomery 57849 16408 # 96215 Narberth # 17511 73214 Roadway Shown on table G Intersection/Interchange Intelligent Transportation System ! ( Trail Transit Delaware County 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles Not shown on table ¯ Source (table and map): Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission 95 THE COUNTY’S TRANSPORTATION NETWORK Vehicles Transit Pedestrian Mobility Bicycle Mobility Aviation Freight Transit Public transportation is provided to large portions of the county by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) and Pottstown Area Rapid Transit (PART). Additional shuttle bus service is provided by employers, apartment buildings, universities, and transportation management associations (TMAs). SEPTA, the nation’s sixth largest transit provider, operates a regional rail network of 13 rail lines, six of which serve the county; 119 bus routes, 43 of which serve the county; and the Norristown High Speed Line, a stand-alone interurban rail line between the 69th Street Transportation Center and the Norristown Transportation Center with 22 stations, six of which are in the county. Montgomery County riders made almost 18 million trips on SEPTA buses in 2011, almost a million more than the previous year. They made more than 12 million trips on regional rail in 2011, a slight increase above 2009 but about 1.5 million more trips than in 2001. Overall, SEPTA has seen a big uptick in transit usage as gas costs have gone up. Additionally, more than 266,000 trips were taken on PART buses in 2011, a slight increase over the previous year. PLANNING ISSUE Major system components of public transportation—such as stations, parking, bridges, track, power systems, and machine shops are aging and need major investment to bring them into a State of Good Repair. 96 Public transportation reduces the number of cars on the road, alleviating traffic congestion and improving air quality. The American Public Transportation Association (APTA), a national transit advocacy organization, reports that public transit generates 95% less carbon monoxide, 92% less volatile organic compounds, and 50% less carbon dioxide per passenger mile than private vehicles. Funding for this, however, is at a critical low. While a portion of the operating and capital costs for transit comes from the fare sales, the difference is made up for with money from federal, state, and local sources. The cost of the system is more than just fuel and personnel. Equipment like buses, trains, and the machine shops that keep them running are aging, and infrastructure like tracks, bridges, and stations, has been around for decades. As of January 2013, SEPTA has a What’s New? • SEPTA began the transition from its current fare collection system to a new, state-of-the-art "smart" system. This New Payment Technology or NPT will work seamlessly across the entire SEPTA network, enabling fare payment on all buses, trolleys, subways, Regional Rail and CCT vehicles, as well as at SEPTA parking facilities. NPT will also offer riders the option to use a variety of payment options. Implementation is expected to be complete by 2015. • SEPTA began the rollout of 120 new Silverliner V model rail cars for the Regional Rail fleet in October 2010 and are scheduled to be fully in service by 2013. The new cars replace SEPTA’s aging Silverliner IIs and IIIs, which were in service since the 1960s. • In the last several years, several stations on Montgomery County regional rail lines including Ambler, North Wales, Fort Washington, and Melrose Park were upgraded and received high-level platforms (meaning the platform is level with the train car door, making it easier for riders with disabilities to board). • A four-story, 520-space parking garage opened at the Norristown Transportation Center in 2008. Bieber Tours leases the street-level waiting area and bus berth, and, along with Greyhound and other intercity bus carriers, provide passengers with intercity bus service to cities throughout the Northeast. • Parking garages and other station improvements are planned for Jenkintown-Wyncote and Ardmore • SEPTA began to study the potential expansion of the Norristown High Speed Line (NHSL) into the King of Prussia area in the fall of 2012. • In 2011, Montgomery County hired a consultant to study the feasibility of transit service to municipalities in the northwestern corner of Montgomery County. montgomery county today FIGURE 65: Rail Transit Lines Lansdale/ Doylestown Lehigh County Telford Souderton Salford Marlborough Pennsburg Colmar Hatfield Bor. Franconia Red Hill Upper Salford New Hanover 309 Towamencin AbingtonMeadowbrook Noble Worcester JenkintownWyncote Oreland North Hills Glenside Elkins Park Cheltenham 73 Schwenksville East Norriton Trappe Collegeville Limerick Upper Pottsgrove t u 422 Sch uyl k il lR ive Upper Providence r Royersford 29 Chester County Lower Providence Main Street Bridgeport Dekalb Street Whitemarsh Spring Manayunk/ Mill Miquon Bridgeport Norristown Conshohocken Conshohocken UpperHughes Park Gulph Mills Merion Matsonford West Conshohocken Lansdale/Doylestown Manayunk/Norristown Thorndale/Paoli Warminster 76 Cynwyd Bala Lower Merion Narberth Paoli/ Narberth Thorndale Haverford Cynwyd Merion Wynnewood Rosemont Bryn Mawr SEPTA Regional Rail Cynwyd Glenside Combined Philadelphia 476 Norristown SL H Pottstown Lower Pottsgrove West Norristown Norriton Elm Street N grove West Potts Berks County Plymouth Perkiomen Melrose Park Glenside Combined Springfield Skippack 100 Rockledge Ardsley Fort Washington Whitpain Rydal Roslyn Ambler 202 73 276 Ambler t u Lower Frederick 611 Upper Dublin Valley Pennlyn Upper Frederick Bethayres Crestmont Lower North Gwynedd NorthWales Gwynedd Upper Wales Gwynedd Philmont Willow Grove Lansdale Lower Salford West Trenton Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland Pennbrook 663 Douglass Horsham Fortuna Green Lane Lower Moreland Hatboro Montgomery Lansdale 476 Upper Hanover Warminster Hatboro Hatfield Twp. East Greenville 29 Bucks County Link Belt Ardmore Rapid Transit Norristown High Speed Line Delaware County 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles ¯ West Trenton Source: SEPTA 97 THE COUNTY’S TRANSPORTATION NETWORK backlog of $4.7 billion worth of projects necessary to bring the entire system into a state of good repair and perform essential safety upgrades. In addition, there are federal mandates to install safety measures, including regional rail signal system modernization and Positive Train Control (PTC). A PTC system, which is required to be operational by December 31, 2015 by the “Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008,” will help prevent train collisions by monitoring track conditions and, whenever necessary, applying the brakes. FIGURE 66: Transit Service Statistics SERVICE PROVIDER MODE NUMBER OF LINES ANNUAL RIDERS (2011) SEPTA Bus 41 17,804,877 SEPTA Rail/NHSL 6 12,074,854 PART Bus 6 266,235 Greater Valley Forge TMA Bus 2 58,000 55 30,204,000 Total Bus/Rail Source: SEPTA, PART, Greater Valley Forge Transportation Management Association SEPTA’s current annual capital budget is approximately $300 million (for FY 2013), well below the amount needed to operate a world-class system. Those funds come from three sources: $175.6 million from the federal government, $122.4 million from the state government and $5.2 million in local funding. Unless additional subsidy is provided from state or federal sources, SEPTA may be faced with higher operating costs, reduced ridership, and lower revenue from ticket sales, all as a result of service reductions. In addition to intra-county service, the county is also served by inter-city modes like Amtrak (which has a station stop in Lower Merion, at the Ardmore train station) and private bus lines that serve the Norristown Transportation Center and provide service to cities throughout the northeast. Silverliner V Regional Rail Train 98 Funding has allowed for badly needed repairs to be made to the Bridgeport Viaduct; without these repairs, service on the Norristown High Speed Line into Norristown could have been severely impacted. The newly rebuilt Ft Washington station along the Lansdale/Doylestown Line in Whitemarsh Township. montgomery county today FIGURE 67: Bus Service Bucks County Lehigh County Telford Souderton Lower Moreland Hatboro Hatfield Twp. 29 East Greenville Pennsburg Upper Hanover Salford Marlborough Hatfield Bor. Franconia Horsham Montgomery Red Hill Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland 309 476 Lansdale Green Lane Towamencin Upper Salford 663 Upper Frederick Lower Salford Upper Gwynedd Lower Gwynedd North Wales 611 Upper Dublin Abington Rockledge Ambler 276 t u Jenkintown 202 Lower Frederick Whitpain Cheltenham 73 73 Douglass New Hanover Worcester Schwenksville Springfield Skippack East Norriton 100 Limerick Whitemarsh Philadelphia Perkiomen Upper Pottsgrove Norristown Collegeville 422 Sch uyl k il Pottstown West Norriton Trappe Lower Pottsgrove t u ro West Pottsg Berks County Plymouth lR iv e r Lower Providence Upper Providence Conshohocken Bridgeport Upper Merion Royersford West Conshohocken 76 Lower Merion 29 Narberth ve Chester County 476 PART Routes TMA Shuttles SEPTA Routes (Average Peak Headway) Delaware County Upper Merion Rambler Less than 20 minutes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles Conshohocken Rambler Less than 20 minutes (AM only) More than 20 minutes ¯ Source: SEPTA 99 THE COUNTY’S TRANSPORTATION NETWORK Vehicles Pedestrian Mobility Transit PennDOT’s Smart Transportation Guidebook states that pedestrian activity is best accommodated by a connected network of sidewalks, complementary land uses, attractive streetscaping, controlled pedestrian crossings, and lower traffic speeds. Pedestrian Mobility Bicycle Mobility Aviation Freight Sidewalks support safety and mobility. Some of the county’s older downtowns and residential neighborhoods have a well-developed interconnected network of sidewalks. Some may not meet current national standards for width but they provide a separate area for pedestrians to walk that is distinct from the roadway. Newer suburbs that developed after World War II have fewer sidewalks, the product of a planning philosophy that favored cars. Even areas that do have pedestrian facilities may not be connected to any points of interest. The term “walkability” refers to the friendliness of an area to walking. Many elements determine walkability, including sidewalks, street connectivity, the mix of land uses, residential density, the orientation and proximity of homes and buildings to watch over the street, a variety of points-ofinterest, plenty of places to go to near the majority of homes, and street designs that work for people, not just cars. What’s New Over the past decade, there has been more interest in making places walkable: • Suburban Sidewalks - Many suburban communities like Montgomery and Upper Merion Townships require sidewalks when in the past, developers may have been allowed to avoid building them. • Streetscaping - Many towns have installed or improved their streetscaping to enhance walkability, such as Ardmore, Conshohocken, Bridgeport, Royersford, East Greenville, Roslyn, Pennsburg, West Conshohocken, Souderton, Hatfield, Lansdale, North Wales, Ambler, Rockledge, Jenkintown, Glenside, and Keswick. • Traffic Calming - Some places, like Jenkintown, Limerick, and Upper Providence, have installed speed humps and other devices to slow traffic and make streets safer for pedestrians. • PennDOT - Two new PennDOT publications, the Smart Transportation Guidebook from 2008 and Improving Connectivity and System Function through Local Planning from 2012, support stronger pedestrian networks. PLANNING ISSUE It is difficult to walk easily and safely in much of the county, and even in walkable areas the sidewalk network is often incomplete and poorly designed. Many towns across the county have improved their sidewalks and streetscaping, making it easier for pedestrians to move around safely. 100 In many places, the sidewalk network is incomplete. montgomery county today FIGURE 68: Walkability of County Neighborhoods Bucks County Lehigh County Telford Souderton 29 East Greenville Pennsburg Salford Marlborough Upper Hanover Montgomery Hatfield Bor. Franconia Red Hill Lower Moreland Hatboro Hatfield Twp. Horsham Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland 309 476 Lansdale Green Lane Upper Salford 663 Upper Frederick Douglass New Hanover Towamencin Lower Salford Upper Gwynedd Lower Gwynedd North Wales 611 Upper Dublin Abington Rockledge Ambler t u Lower Frederick 276 Jenkintown 202 73 Cheltenham 73 Whitpain Worcester Schwenksville Springfield Skippack Philadelphia East Norriton 100 Plymouth Perkiomen Whitemarsh Limerick Upper Pottsgrove West Potts Berks County 0 Lower Pottsgrove Collegeville 422 Sch uyl k Pottstown ill Riv e Upper Providence r 2 3 4 5 6 Miles Norristown Trappe t u 1 Lower Providence West Norriton Bridgeport West Conshohocken Upper Merion Royersford ¯ Conshohocken 76 Lower Merion 29 grove Narberth Chester County 476 Delaware County Most Walkable Walkability = Destinations + Built Environment Least Walkable Supermarkets, Drug Stores, Restaurants, Public Schools, Libraries, Post Offices, Train Stations, and Bus Stops People, Street Grid, Commercial Intensity and Lot Size, Residential Density and Lot Size, Mix of Uses, Presence of Parking Lots, and Types of Streets Sources: Montgomery County Planning Commission and Board of Assessment data. Sidewalk location data was not available. 101 THE COUNTY’S TRANSPORTATION NETWORK Vehicles Transit Pedestrian Mobility Bicycle Mobility Aviation Freight What’s New? Bicycle Mobility • With the completion of the US 202 Parkway and its parallel multi-use trail, there are now more than 11 miles of designated on-road bike lanes in Montgomery County. Under state law, bicyclists riding on state roadways are granted the same rights afforded to drivers of cars and trucks, and bicycles are recognized by PennDOT as roadapproved vehicles. Some use bicycles as an important (and daily) means of transportation, despite a lack of onroad protections that adequately address the safety concerns of cyclists. • Employers encourage bicycling to work with annual bike-to-work challenges. Montgomery County participates in Greater Valley Forge TMA’s bike-towork challenge every summer. In 2012, the program shifted 2,336 trips from car to bike, totaling 37,697 miles. In order for bicycling to have a significant impact on transportation in the county, it is critical that bicyclists be better accommodated, wherever feasible. According to the American Community Survey, 1,032 people (0.25% of Montgomery County commuters) rode a bike to work in 2011. Nationwide, 0.56% of commuters used a bike which, while double the county rate, is still less than 1% of all commuters. FIGURE 69: Existing Bike Lanes and Trails 29 US 202 Parkway Multi-use trail Hatboro Pennsburg 309 POWER LINE TRAIL NY PA Lansdale N PE 476 CK Susquehanna Rd TR Biedler Rd Ambler 663 t u A IL Allentown Rd 611 276 Jenkintown 202 73 K IO M E N TR A IL Collegeville t u 100 76 29 Pottstown High Street Pottstown SCHUYLKILL RIVER TRAIL ¯ Norristown Conshohocken 422 476 Montgomery County Trails On-Road Bicycle Lanes 102 73 R It is difficult to ride a bike on many Montgomery County roads because there are so few on-road protections for cyclists. Narrow shoulders and almost no bike lanes force riders to ride alongside cars, which makes riding more uncomfortable and dangerous. PE PLANNING ISSUE Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission montgomery county today Most of the roads that serve Montgomery County lack special bicycle facilities. This forces riders into vehicle travel lanes, which makes riding more dangerous and uncomfortable—and may make drivers nervous as well. FIGURE 70: Recommended On-Road Bike Routes 29 PennDOT’s policy for on-road bike lanes is to place all liability and maintenance responsibilities onto the local jurisdiction—even for PennDOT-owned roadways. Both entities support and recognize the need for integrated onroad bike facilities. Recently PennDOT, working with DVRPC, several county governments, local municipalities, and bicycle advocacy groups have made progress to review and revise this policy. 309 476 Some of the problems these riders encounter include narrow roads, speeding traffic, congestion, roadway obstructions, and limited facilities at destinations. In addition, most development is oriented towards vehicles rather than bicyclists, often making it harder for these users to access their destinations. The lack of adequate on-road bike facilities in Montgomery County can be attributed to a few factors. For one, the limited cartway widths of certain roads obstruct easy widening to allow for bike lanes. But the fragmentary nature of roadway ownership makes contiguous bike facilities difficult to create. The majority of roads in the county are owned and maintained by either PennDOT (which handles the higher level roads that carry traffic throughout the county) or the local municipalities through which roads traverse. Hatboro Pennsburg Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville t u 100 73 ¯ Norristown Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Primary Route Secondary Route BicyclePA Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission Racks for bikes are available at several regional rail stations in the county. The amount varies by line, but all seven Montgomery County stations along the Paoli/ Thorndale line have racks (33 total) with capacity for 93 bikes. Along the Lansdale/Doylestown line, 12 of 16 stations have a total 45 racks with the capacity for 98 bikes. Only two of the six county stations along the Manayunk/Norristown line (Norristown Transportation Center and Spring Mill) have racks—ten total, with space for 20 bikes. The county’s trail network provides a safe alternative to onroad riding. Bike parking is available at 22 of SEPTA’s 41 regional rail stations. 103 THE COUNTY’S TRANSPORTATION NETWORK Vehicles Transit Pedestrian Mobility Bicycle Mobility Aviation Freight PLANNING ISSUE Rising fuel prices, increased airspace restrictions, and increased federal security requirements are among the factors behind the decreasing number of airport operations in both the county and region, placing the future of general aviation airports in jeopardy. 104 Aviation What’s New? Aviation plays an important role in Montgomery County’s economy. In 2011, there were more than 100,000 operations (takeoffs and landings) at airports in the county. These flights were for training and recreation purposes, the transport of corporate business travelers, and emergency medical transportation services. • The runway at the Willow Grove Naval Air StationJoint Reserve Base (NAS-JRB) closed in March, 2011, six years after the Department of Defense’s Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process identified the base as surplus. Policies, regulations, and laws governing airport operations are provided by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Aviation, and administered through the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC). While Montgomery County does not directly regulate airports, by working with the surrounding municipalities, the county can aid in the establishment of policies that promote the preservation of airports and aircraft operations. Montgomery County has five airports (down from 11 in the 1970s). Two of these are “reliever airports” (public or privately-owned airports designated by the FAA to relieve congestion found at commercial service airports like Philadelphia International Airport; three are “general aviation” airports, which provide limited corporate and charter service, and emphasize personal, local, and recreational aviation services. The total number of operations (defined as a takeoff or landing) at these airports has also declined in the last 20 years. Except for Wings Field, the total number of operations has dropped for all airports in the county since 1995. Perkiomen Valley, which ran more than 40,000 operations in 1995 only saw 10,500 in 2011. Horsham Valley Airways Heliport provides helicopter service primarily to corporate users. Other privately operated helipads or helistops are used by individuals, corporations, and hospitals for emergency transport helicopters. For service to national and international destinations, Montgomery County residents are served by Philadelphia International Airport, Lehigh Valley International Airport in Allentown, PA, and Trenton-Mercer Airport and Atlantic City International Airport, both in New Jersey. • Recent FAA changes to the dimensions of controlled airspace around Philadelphia International Airport has lowered the approach altitudes of planes coming in to Philadelphia, resulting in lowered approaches over areas of Montgomery County like Lower Merion Township. Part 77 Federal regulations that affect airport planning are found in Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 77. These regulations establish “surfaces,” which are defined as airspace around airports that are protected from hazardous unmarked obstructions. Obstructions are any tall man-made or natural objects that have the potential to interfere with aircraft operations by penetrating the lower level of established surfaces. In addition, the Federal Aviation Administration has established safety zones. These zones are land areas surrounding airports where land uses that could affect safe airport operations should be controlled. The exact measurements of surfaces and safety zones vary by the length and type of runway, instrument landing system, and the aircraft size. Airport Hazard Zoning In 1984 the Pennsylvania legislature passed Act 164, the Airport Zoning Act. The act requires all municipalities to adopt airport zoning regulations to control tall obstructions within airport hazard areas. Act 164 also recommends controlling incompatible land uses within airport hazard areas. The airport hazard areas are based on FAR Part 77 regulations. montgomery county today FIGURE 71: Airports and Heliports Hatboro 29 Pennsburg 6 ! 309 476 f Lansdale 5 l ! 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 1 l 73 ! 2 l ! l 100 Wings Field in Whitpain Township !t u Collegeville Conshohocken 422 l 4 Pottstown ¯ Norristown 3 ! 76 29 476 l AIRPORTS 1 - Wings Field 2 - Perkiomen Valley Airport 3 - Heritage Field Airport 4 - Pottstown Municipal Airport 5 - Butter Valley Golfport HELIPORT 6 - Horsham Valley Airways Heliport f ! Less than 10,000 annual takeoffs/landings ! 30,000 or greater annual takeoffs/landings ! 10,000 - 29,999 annual takeoffs/landings Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission FIGURE 72: Airport Operations and Economic Impact Heritage Field in Limerick Township TOTAL 2011 TAKEOFFS/ LANDINGS TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL JOBS PAYROLL OUTPUT AIRPORT NAME AIRPORT TYPE MUNICIPALITY Butter Valley Golfport General Aviation Heritage Field Reliever Horsham Valley Heliport Heliport Perkiomen Valley General Aviation Skippack Township Pottstown Municipal General Aviation Pottstown Borough 22,275 16 $384,100 $1.8 million Wings Field Reliever Whitpain Township 35,130 105 $3.7 million $17.2 million 108,742 264 $10.3 million $42.3 million Upper Hanover Township 3,000 2 $70,300 $268,200 Limerick Township 37,217 106 $4.9 million $18.1 million Horsham Township 600 16 $625,100 $3.0 million 10,520 19 $610,400 $1.9 million Total Source: The Economic Impact of Aviation in Pennsylvania, PennDOT Bureau of Aviation, October 2011. Pottstown Municipal in Pottstown Borough 105 THE COUNTY’S TRANSPORTATION NETWORK Vehicles Transit Pedestrian Mobility Bicycle Mobility Aviation Freight PLANNING ISSUE Good freight movement is directly tied to job creation and retention, but traffic congestion can impede truck movement and slow the flow of goods into and throughout the region. Accommodating freight operations is vital to ensuring the impact to jobs and job growth. 106 Freight The freight or “goods movement” supply chain is a global network of interconnected corridors along which raw materials and finished goods are moved from their points of origin to markets and on to consumers for use or consumption. The supply chain depends upon multiple transportation modes that includes pipelines, ships, planes, trains, and trucks. Three of these modes are the ways freight is moved through Montgomery County. Trucks are the predominant mode for moving freight or goods in the county. The DVRPC simulation model estimates that trucks drive an average of 1.6 million miles on Montgomery County roadways every day. Single-unit trucks (where the cab and cargo area are part of the same frame) with three or more axles account for more of those miles than smaller trucks; 54% of all truck trips are taken on arterial highways. According to the U.S. Census Bureau’s County Business Patterns, there were 168 for-hire truck transportation establishments in the county in 2010, which employed a total of 3,142 workers and had an annual payroll of $137,423,000. In addition to the for-hire trucking businesses, separate truck fleets are operated as part of other businesses like quarries or food processing. On the rail side, there are 136 miles of freight railroad track in the county, more than any other county in the region. This includes rail owned by SEPTA, but shared by freight carriers during overnight hours. The major Class I carrier operating in the county is Norfolk Southern, which owns the double-track line parallel to US 422 called the Harrisburg Line. It is cleared for double stacking (increasing the capacity of a freight rail line by stacking two twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEUs) freight containers one on top of the other) and is also used by shippers CSX and Canadian Pacific. Local “short line” railroad service is provided along several other tracks by East Penn, Pennsylvania Northeastern, and Upper Merion and Plymouth railroads. Although they are the least visible mode of transportation, pipelines do have a presence in Montgomery County. What’s New • Freight rail traffic is likely to increase significantly in the near future, as shipments of crude oil from North Dakota move through the county to refineries along the Delaware River in Delaware County. New rock fracturing technology made available in 2008 has created a boom in domestic crude oil production from the Bakken formation in western North Dakota. Multiple Philadelphia-area fuel producers, like the Trainer refinery in Delaware County, plan to ship this oil in via rail, on Norfolk Southern’s Harrisburg Line, which runs parallel to US 422. • Truck traffic continues to increase on county roadways, driven by increasing demand for goods and manufactured products. There are 188 miles of pipeline in Montgomery County that transport gasoline, oil, and natural gas. Pipelines generally fall into one of three categories when designating their use: gathering, transportation, and distribution. Gathering and distribution pipelines both use an interconnected series of short, narrow pipelines. Gathering pipelines move product from nearby tanks or wells to a processing facility, while distribution pipelines move products to homes, businesses, tanks, and storage facilities. Transportation pipelines are long, wide pipes that are used to move products between cities and across countries or continents. Freight Activity Nodes The map illustrates areas of the county where the highest concentrations of freight activity are located. These were determined by identifying concentrations of freightrelated land uses like manufacturing and their proximity to expressway on-ramps and/or freight rail lines. Once identified, Census data at the block group level was used to determine the number of freight-related jobs in those clusters. Any cluster with fewer than 1,000 freightrelated jobs was eliminated. Areas with 1,000 to 2,500 freight-related jobs were identified as a small node; areas montgomery county today FIGURE 73: Freight Activity Nodes ! Pennsburg National Highway System Roughly 90% of all Americans live within 5 miles of an NHS road. There are 436 miles of NHS roads in Montgomery County, which include interstate highways such as the PA Turnpike, the Blue Route (I476), and the Schuylkill Expressway (I-76), as well as all principal arterials like Skippack Pike (PA 73), Dekalb Pike (US 202), and Lancaster Avenue (US 30). 476 Hatfield leh (S em EP B TA ran c ) h ! 29 Doylestown Line (SEPTA) Lansdale ! 663 Harleysville Hatboro North Penn ! 309 !t Main (SE Line PTA ) Lansdale ! Hatboro u 611 276 Ambler Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville 73 M (N orr or isv fol ill kS e ou Line the rn ) The National Highway System (NHS) is the designation for a vast national network of strategic highways that includes the Interstate Highway System, as well as other roads that serve strategic transportation facilities like major airports, train stations, and rail or truck freight terminals. There are more than 220,000 miles of roads designated as National Highway System roads. This constitutes roughly 6% of the nation's roads; however those roads carry 40% of the nation’s auto traffic, and 75% of all heavy truck traffic. Be th Upper Perkiomen Ne sh a (S min EP y TA Line ) Eas tP Rail enn roa d Stoney Creek Branch (SEPTA) with between 2,500 and 5,000 freightrelated jobs were identified as a mediumsized node; areas with more than 5,000 freight-related jobs were considered large. ¯ Norristown Conshohocken 100 Pottstown Pottstown ! t u 422 ! ! Harrisburg Line (Norfolk Southern) 29 ! Oaks > 5,000 jobs 2,500 - 5,000 jobs M edium ! King of Prussia 1,000 - 2,500 jobs ! Valley Forge Freight Rail National Highway System ! 76 476 Pipelines Oil Gasoline Natural Gas Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission Norfolk Southern freight train crossing Hanover Street in Pottstown Borough. Norfolk Southern diesel engine pulls a freight train along the Harrisburg line. 107 THE TRANSPORTATION NETWORK 108 THE HOMES OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY THE HOMES OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Existing Housing Totals Housing Characteristics Housing Costs and Affordability Senior Housing Group Homes and Special Needs Housing Jobs-Housing Balance Future Housing Demand Existing Housing Totals Housing Units in Montgomery County Over the past 60 years, Montgomery County has consistently added a large number of homes at a wide range of housing densities, but the total number of units added each decade has slowly decreased. This is not surprising as the county becomes more built out and the effects of growth pressure are different now than they were in the post-World War II expansion years. Infill and redevelopment in urbanized areas are just as likely to provide new residential units as undeveloped land in more rural parts of the county. Most recently, housing construction in Montgomery County, and in many areas of the United States, has been stifled by a housing bubble that burst in the second half of the last decade, which was followed by a national recession. During this time, the county has experienced historically low development activity, with residential construction dropping to less than half of what was being built only ten years ago. The economy and construction levels will eventually recover to some degree as has been the nature of economic cycles in the past. Indicators, such as housing starts and sales data both nationally and locally, were starting to show signs of improvement in 2012. Shrinking household sizes and a surplus of jobs in Montgomery County over resident workers will continue to put pressure on housing growth in the county. What’s New • There were 325,735 housing units in Montgomery County in 2010, an increase of 28,301 or 9.5% from 2000. While the county’s increases have been shortening each decade, the Delaware Valley region saw an increase in the number of units added over the last decade, largely due to a resurgence in urban housing in the city of Philadelphia. Housing in central cities has been rebounding across the country as more younger people and immigrants are drawn to urban living choices. • A reversal in the trend of detached housing dominance occurred over the last ten years. Singlefamily detached homes only accounted for 37% of all housing units added between 2000 and 2010. Several factors accounted for the shift in residential construction from detached to multifamily or attached housing including an aging population, the economic slowdown, changes in lifestyles and the depletion of available land. • Countywide housing density increased from 2.6 units per residentially developed acre in 2000 to 2.7 units per acre in 2010. It is still well below the housing density of 1970, which was 3.1 units per acre. FIGURE 74: Housing Units Added by Decade 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 Infill residential development, such as the Townhomes at Cannon Square in Lansdale, can accommodate growth so that fewer acres of undeveloped land are consumed. 110 0 1950-60 1960-70 1970-80 1980-90 1990-00 2000-10 Source: U.S. Census Bureau montgomery county today Housing Types Like most suburban counties, the dominant housing type in Montgomery County is the single-family detached house. By 2010, over 54% of all homes were standalone units with only one family or household. That still leaves a lot of room for other housing types, such as attached units like townhouses, rowhomes, and twins, or multifamily developments like apartment or condominium buildings. Historically, these higher-density housing types were most often found in and around the county’s boroughs. By the 1970s, large-scale townhome developments and multifamily apartment buildings were expanding into more areas, sometimes around other dense development, such as a shopping mall, but also along major arterial roads in lesser developed but growing areas of the county. Today, multifamily and attached housing construction is still relatively active despite the overall dip in production. Many of these projects are being built as redevelopment or infill in areas where the existing infrastructure can support new growth. Sites along the Schuylkill River waterfront and near transit facilities are increasingly popular. Housing Density The number of homes per acre of residentially developed land is the residential density. This reveals how much land is consumed by each house and by residential development as a whole for a neighborhood or municipality. A single-family detached home built on a one acre lot constitutes a density of one dwelling unit per acre of land, while at the same time, a 10-unit apartment building built on a one acre lot constitutes a density of 10 dwelling units per acre of land. In general, boroughs and older, developed townships closer to Philadelphia have higher densities than townships located in the central and western parts of the county. Much of the residential development from the last forty years has been built at a lower density than the development that preceded it. However, the shift to denser housing types being built over the last decade has started to reverse that trend. Residential development consisted of 2.7 units per residentially developed acre in 2010, up from 2.6 units per acre in 2000. Residential land uses as a whole are still at a much lower density compared to 1970 when the countywide figure was 3.1 units per acre. FIGURE 75: Housing Types Added by Decade 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1980-1990 Single-Family Detached 1990-2000 Single-Family Attached 2000-2010 Multifamily Source: U.S. Census Bureau Densities for residential development vary across the county, While detached homes have generally gotten larger over time, they do not have to consume as much land as the development in Limerick pictured above. The neotraditional development of Woodmont in Lower Moreland (pictured below) consists of single -family detached homes with small lots, plentiful open space and walking trails. Density often first becomes an issue, and one that can become quite controversial, at the local or neighborhood level. Residents quickly notice increasing densities in their neighborhood as infill development occurs, farmland develops, or larger lots subdivide. However, denser development has many benefits when designed properly, including lower housing costs, cheaper and more efficient infrastructure, better walkability, more opportunities for public transit, shorter driving distances, and less open space consumption. 111 THE HOMES OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Existing Housing Totals Housing Characteristics Housing Characteristics Age of Housing Housing Costs and Affordability Senior Housing Group Homes and Special Needs Housing Jobs-Housing Balance Future Housing Demand Montgomery County’s status as a high growth suburban employment center with a rich heritage is reflected in its array of housing styles and ages. Within the county, one can find plenty of newer single-family detached subdivisions, urban enclaves with rowhomes and twins from over fifty years ago, recent residential conversions of industrial land or structures, and large estate homes dating back to the 18th century. A little more than half of the county’s housing stock was built in the last fifty years with the median year built being 1965. There is a greater percentage of modern housing in the county compared to Pennsylvania where the median year built is 1961. Compared to the nation’s median year built of 1976, the county’s housing is considerably older. What’s New • In Montgomery County, the home ownership rate was 73.1% in 2010, well above the national rate of 65.1%. The bursting of the housing bubble at the end of the decade sparked a surge in rental housing. • While lot sizes have been shrinking and living area expanding for single family detached homes over several decades, both measures declined slightly since the Great Recession started. From 2008 through 2011, the median lot size for detached homes was 16,333 square feet, and the median living area of the same homes was 3,004 square feet, compared to a median lot size of 18,377 square feet and living area of 3,078 square feet for the decade. • New single family homes have been generally getting larger in terms of rooms. New detached homes went from an average of 8.7 rooms in 2000 to 9 rooms in 2011. New attached homes went from 6.3 rooms in 2000 to 6.8 rooms in 2011. Older homes certainly add character and historical distinction to many neighborhoods in the county. However, they can also pose a challenge when some fall into disrepair, or the challenges of updating and renovation create a competitive disadvantage in the eyes of homebuyers. Housing Tenure PLANNING ISSUE There are a variety of housing factors that can make neighborhoods less desirable or lead to decline. Some communities may struggle with lower than average rates of homeownership if the housing stock is aging, lacks modern amenities, or is undersized. 112 Over the past decade, the rate of home ownership has actually declined in the country, state, and every county in the DVRPC region. This decline is fairly small and not surprising since the banking industry and government regulators have tightened loan standards, foreclosures have increased, and falling housing prices have convinced some home sellers to rent instead of sell. One additional factor for a declining ownership rate is the number of multifamily units that were added in the decade. There were over 10,000 multifamily units added and many of those units were renter-occupied apartments. Wellmaintained apartments are an important asset for the county, providing flexibility for the workforce and attractive housing options for those not ready to buy. The county’s boroughs, with more apartments and higher density housing, have the highest rates of renter-occupied housing, while the county’s rural and more suburban townships tend to have the highest owner-occupied housing rates. FIGURE 76: Owner Occupied Housing Units as a Percent of Total Occupied Units 75% 74% 73% 72% 71% 70% 69% 1970 1980 Source: U.S. Census Bureau 1990 2000 2010 montgomery county today Substandard Units FIGURE 78: Percent of Housing Built More Than 50 Years Ago Substandard units are those that either lack plumbing or are overcrowded. They are an important indicator of housing condition, especially when concentrated at the community or municipal level where they can potentially weaken a neighborhood. 29 Hatboro Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 There are relatively few substandard units countywide, approximately 1.2% of the total occupied units. This was a decrease from 2000 when 1.8% of homes were substandard. The reduction comes from a drop in overcrowded units, which also dropped at national and statewide levels. 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 73 ¯ Bathrooms A home with only one bathroom can be significantly less marketable than those with two or more. Even those who prefer smaller homes usually want more bathrooms. Between 2000 and 2011, the average number of bathrooms in new single-family homes increased from 2.8 to 3.0, and from 2.4 to 2.6 in single-family attached homes. Neighborhoods with a higher percentage of homes with less than two bathrooms may be less marketable than other areas. FIGURE 77: Substandard Units as a Percent of Occupied Units: 1980-2010 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% Collegeville Norristown t u 100 Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Under 20% of homes built before 1961 Between 20% and 40% of homes built before 1961 Between 40% and 60% of homes built before 1961 Between 60% and 80% of homes built before 1961 Over 80% of homes built before 1961 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Home and Lot Size It is a general trend in the United States that single-family detached homes have gotten larger over the last century. This is especially true for suburban counties, such as Montgomery County, where the median detached home size has increased by fifty percent since the 1960s. Interestingly, lot sizes have actually been shrinking over the last couple of decades while home sizes continue to grow larger. Homebuyers still seek more living area for their dollar, but they are willing to do so on a smaller area of land. It also helps that some newer developments are designed more efficiently and provide common open space, paths, and other amenities as a substitute for bigger private yards around each home. 1.0% 0.5% FIGURE 79: Median Lot Size and House Size for Single-Family Detached Homes 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Median Lot Size 20,000 sf 21,573 sf 21,828 sf 18,896 sf 18,377 sf Median Home Size 2,043 sf 2,160 sf 2,328 sf 2,634 sf 3,078 sf 0.0% 1980 1990 Units Lacking Complete Plumbing Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2000 2010 Overcrowded Units Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission of Montgomery County Board of Assessment data 113 THE HOMES OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Existing Housing Totals Housing Costs and Affordability What’s New Housing Characteristics Ensuring that homes are affordable—which generally is defined as annual costs not exceeding 30% of a household’s income—is not a legal requirement in Pennsylvania. Yet this issue is crucial to residents who seek homes that meet their needs without breaking the bank. • The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania created a statewide housing trust fund, signed into law in November 2010. This legislation created a fund that enables the Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency (PHFA) to build or rehabilitate housing for low- to moderate-income people, the elderly, and those with disabilities. This has no annual appropriation, relying instead on distributions from the National Housing Trust Fund and private sector monies. Housing Costs and Affordability Senior Housing Group Homes and Special Needs Housing Jobs-Housing Balance Future Housing Demand In 2012, the median housing price for a home in Montgomery County was $255,000. The median price for a new unit reached a high of $405,000 in 2006—and settled to just over $330,000 in 2012. Many households would be hard pressed to afford these prices. There are affordable housing options in the county, including homes for rent or sale, homes built with subsidies from various government programs, and homes built by private developers. Many units have been built with assistance from the county’s Affordable Housing Trust Fund, which is funded through a variety of sources, including HUD HOME grants and county recording fees for deeds and mortgages. The Montgomery County Housing Authority (MCHA) oversees a network of public housing across the county, including 615 public housing units in four high-rise towers (reserved for elderly and disabled residents) and four family communities. Almost all of the public housing units are occupied, with an annual turnover rate of 44 units (7.2%) and a lengthy waitlist. There are an additional 3,465 privately owned units that are subsidized for low income individuals and a total 2,814 Housing Choice (formerly Section 8) vouchers available county-wide. PLANNING ISSUE Housing is a basic need that is not always easily afforded. As housing prices have escalated beyond inflation rates—even with the nation’s economic downturn in the recent past— providing “homes within reach” remains a challenge. 114 High housing prices are not solely caused by market forces. Regulatory obstacles, such as a shortage of land zoned for higher density housing or large minimum lot sizes, affect the supply of affordably-priced housing. There are financial obstacles as well. A buyer may not have the savings for a down payment and closing costs; a renter may lack the money for a security deposit. An individual or family may be in debt, which makes it difficult to qualify or be able to afford a mortgage. A different type of financial obstacle affects developers. Many developers prefer to build expensive homes rather than more affordable homes because profits are higher. • Many new affordable housing units have been built over the last 10 years. For example, Ardmore Crossing in Lower Merion mixes market-rate units, deed-restricted affordable units, and an affordable senior housing development. Federation Housing, Inc. recently completed and opened its first project outside of Philadelphia, a new 3-story apartment complex for low and moderate income seniors in Cheltenham’s Elkins Park neighborhood. On the horizon are a 51unit multifamily rental development in Souderton for low and moderate income families and a new 60-unit senior development in Lansdale, which will be adjacent to the North Penn YMCA and will have a senior center on-site. • On a municipal level, some municipalities have been taking steps to encourage affordable housing construction. Lower Merion Township adopted its Mixed-Use Special Transit (MUST) overlay zoning district ordinance in 2006. This ordinance permits mixed-use buildings within 1,500 feet of the Ardmore regional rail train station as well as a density bonus for moderate income housing construction. Many market-rate developments have affordable housing prices that are aimed at a broad section of homebuyers, like these new townhouses in Royersford. montgomery county today FIGURE 80: Median Housing Sale Prices and Subsidized Housing Developments as of 2012 ! ! 29 Hatboro ! ! Pennsburg ! ! ! 476 ! ! ! ! ! Lansdale 611 t u Ambler ! ! 202 ! Collegeville Pottstown ! ! ! ! t u 422 ! ! 35.3% 32.4% 20.0—24.9% 16.7% 18.4% 25.0—29.9% 13.8% 15.8% 30.0—34.9% 9.5% 6.5% 24.6% 16.3% Not computed 0.2% 0.4% ! ! ! ! Less than 20% Jenkintown ! 73 ! 100 HOUSEHOLDS AS OF 1999 276 663 73 HOUSEHOLDS AS OF 2009 35.0% or more ! ! PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME TOWARD MONTHLY OWNER COSTS ! 309 ! ! FIGURE 81: Selected Monthly Owner Costs as a Percentage of Household Income in Montgomery County ! Norristown !!! ! ¯ Conshohocken ! ! 76 $350,000 29 476 $200,000 or less $200,001 - $300,000 $300,001 - $400,000 $400,001 or more Source: U.S. Census Bureau FIGURE 82: Countywide Sale Prices (in 2012 Dollars) !! ! Subsidized housing developments Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission $300,000 $250,000 $200,000 $150,000 $100,000 $50,000 A household with the county’s median household income ($76,380) as of the 2010 Census could conservatively afford to purchase: $0 All Types Single-Family Single-Family Multifamily Detached Attached 2001 2009 2010 2011 2012 FIGURE 83: Government Subsidized Housing Income Limits for Montgomery County (as of 2012) 2 PERSON 4 PERSON HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD 30% of Median Family Income* $24,450 Very Low Income (Less than 50% of Median Family Income) $32,600 $40,750 Low Income (51-80% of Median Family Income) This model assumes other costs such as outstanding auto or student loans, credit card and bill payments, as well as annual property taxes and mortgage insurance costs. Found at: http://www.freddiemac.com/homeownership/calculators/ $19,600 $52,000 $65,000 *The FY 2012 Median Family Income for the Philadelphia MSA (which includes Montgomery County) is $81,500. Source: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 115 THE HOMES OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Existing Housing Totals Senior Housing Housing Characteristics Housing that is appropriate for an aging population is an issue that has county-wide importance. For starters, the state’s senior-friendly tax laws and the county’s central location in the Philadelphia region have helped make the county a very attractive place in which seniors choose to live. Having housing options that fit the shifting needs of the county’s senior population allows them to age in place and ultimately, to stay near the things that matter most, such as their families, health care resources, and support networks. As our baby boomers continue to age, we should assume that the county’s housing needs will continue to change. Housing Costs and Affordability Senior Housing Group Homes and Special Needs Housing Jobs-Housing Balance Future Housing Demand PLANNING ISSUE More than 70,000 seniors ages 65 and over will join the county’s ranks by the year 2040—it will be crucial to continue providing senior housing options as our baby boomers age and have the desire to both age in place and have adaptable living arrangements. 116 Senior housing is primarily concentrated around private housing, age restricted communities, assisted living facilities and nursing homes. And as technology and in-home care improves and housing options grow, it appears that more and more people choose to age in place, either in their own homes or with a family member who provides assistance. “Mother-in-law suites” may provide an option for seniors that still want independence and have the desire to stay close to family. Age restricted communities are popular with the county’s senior population—the percentage of seniors age 65 and over living in age restricted communities doubled between 2000 and 2010. Nearly half of the county’s age restricted developments have been built since 2000, many in the North Penn and Indian Valley regions. And some communities may shift to be age targeted—with senior-friendly elements like ground floor master bedrooms, convenient locations, smaller unit sizes, or recreational amenities but without any age restrictions on residents. Continuing care retirement communities (known as CCRCs or lifecare communities) fill a unique housing need that includes a combination of independent living units, assisted living facilities, and nursing care within a development. Additionally, there are 26 housing developments with just over 2,000 dwelling units that serve the needs of low and moderate income seniors, such as Ardmore House in Lower Merion and the Sidney Pollack House in Pottstown. What’s New Baby boomers have started to turn 65—which is playing a big part in the changing landscape of aging and new home construction in Montgomery County. • By 2040, 33% of county residents will be 55 and older. 21% of county residents will be 65 and older. • More than 50—or half—of the county’s age restricted developments have been built since 2000. • The number of people ages 65 and over turning to nursing homes and assisted living facilities has gone down over the last ten years as seniors are living longer, healthier lives and can more easily arrange for in-home care for their daily needs. • Changes in technology as well as the building community have allowed many new innovations to enter the marketplace—ranging from pre-fabricated in-law suites that can be added onto one’s home to innovative site planning ideas to foster community and cooperation among neighbors. • Although today’s seniors are wealthier than previous generations, median household income drops significantly as people age—this is especially evident in the 65+ age bracket when it can be assumed that many householders in this category no longer receive an annual salary. Affordable housing options for seniors will continue to be important. montgomery county today FIGURE 84: Senior Housing !! 29 ! ! Pennsburg ! !! ! ! ! 476 ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hatboro !! ! ! ! ! ! 663 ! ! ! ! t u ! 202 ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! Ambler ! ! 73 ! ! ! ! 100 ! ! ! t u ! ! ! 422 ! ! !Pottstown ! ! ! ! ! ! Collegeville ! ! ! ! ! ! 29 ! ! ! ! Personal Care Homes ! Conshohocken ! - provide continuous nursing care, primarily to elderly residents ! 76 ! ! 476 Nursing Homes Many new senior housing developments have been built in the last decade to accommodate the county’s growing 55+ population. ¯ !! ! !! ! ! - meet the needs of people who need some help with daily activities but not around-the-clock nursing care ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! 611 ! ! ! Jenkintown ! 73 ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Norristown ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 276 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! 309 ! ! ! ! Lansdale !! !! Independent Living Facilities - communities where units are restricted to households where at least one member is at least age 55; residents live independently without nursing care ! ! CCRCs - communities with a mix of independent units, personal care units, and nursing facilities that offer a tiered approach to providing for the needs of aging residents Sources: Montgomery County Planning Commission, Montgomery County Office of Housing and Community Development The county’s seniors are living longer and healthier lives—and a variety of housing choices have sprung up to accommodate people in different phases of their lives. FIGURE 85: Senior Housing Statistics: 2010 HOUSING CHOICE FOR PEOPLE 65 AND OVER ESTIMATED PEOPLE (2000) ESTIMATED PEOPLE (2010) 91,910 93,371 1,461 1.59% 148,006 54,635 — Independent age restricted units 9,980 19,099 9,119 91.37% 30,275 11,176 16,186 units Assisted living 2,800 2,139 -661 -23.61% 3,391 1,252 56 facilities and 4,070 beds Nursing home 7,107 6,118 -989 -13.92% 9,698 3,580 61 facilities and 7,174 beds 111,797 120,727 8,930 — 191,369 70,642 — Private home or apartment Total TOTAL CHANGE (2000-2010) PERCENT CHANGE (2000-2010) ESTIMATED PEOPLE (2040) TOTAL CHANGE (2010-2040) NUMBER OF FACILITIES, UNITS AND/OR BEDS * The estimated number of people is based on a total generated by the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission’s population estimates and the assumption that seniors will be making housing choices in 2040 in the same proportions as they were in 2010. Thus, the percent of total calculations for 2040 would be the same as they are for 2010. It is likely, however, that housing options will shift over the next 30 years as new ideas, trends, and technologies take hold. Nursing home unit totals are from the Pennsylvania Department of Health, Assisted living unit totals are from the Pennsylvania Department of Aging. 117 THE HOMES OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Existing Housing Totals Group Homes and Special Needs Housing What’s New Housing Characteristics Some residents of Montgomery County struggle to live independently—and there are programs in place to provide assistance in a variety of situations. • Montgomery County’s new Roadmap for Housing Sustainability outlines a new way of thinking when it comes to providing housing for the county’s most vulnerable residents. This new strategy seeks to rehouse families and individuals at a minimal cost, by providing assistance locating new housing, short-term rental assistance, and follow-up case management. Residents can remain in a more stable situation when housing is provided “first”—helping to prevent homelessness when possible. Along with the county’s desire to rethink the way it provides social services, Your Way Home Montgomery County was launched— a new partnership among the county, local philanthropic organizations, and non-profits—to end homelessness and housing instability in the county. Housing Costs and Affordability Senior Housing Group Homes and Special Needs Housing Jobs-Housing Balance Future Housing Demand PLANNING ISSUE Providing housing for the county’s most vulnerable puts a roof over people’s heads, as well as provides stability and raises morale. But finding suitable locations for this housing is not always easy when faced with decreasing funding sources and community opposition. 118 Homelessness should not be thought of as an urban problem, as plenty of people in this county lack a permanent home and may find themselves sharing space with family or friends to avoid losing shelter completely. The county’s Continuum of Care system, led by the Montgomery County Housing Coalition (MCHC), oversees homelessness outreach and involves dozens of non-profits, government agencies, and other organizations. There are a variety of shelter and housing facilities available to the county’s homeless population. There are 195 yearround emergency shelter beds in 10 facilities in the county, the majority of which are for the use of households with children in either Norristown or Pottstown. There are 11 transitional housing developments with 232 beds for households with children and an additional 34 beds for single adults. Some of these facilities are for victims of domestic violence and their children. There are ten developments with 155 permanent supportive housing beds in the county. Fifty-eight of those beds are targeted for the chronically homeless. The county’s Office of Behavioral Health/Development Disabilities is a major provider of permanent supportive housing, owning and operating 40 beds for households without children. People with disabilities, either mental or physical, may also need specialized housing. There are residential options for residents with physical or emotional difficulties, with a significant amount of services concentrated in Norristown. In 2011, the U.S. Census reported that the county had just over 70,000 civilian disabled non-institutionalized residents, representing about 9% of the civilian non-institutionalized population. The disabled institutionalized population, which is in addition to the above total, includes residents of nursing homes, psychiatric hospitals, and schools for the mentally retarded. Forty-two percent of the disabled population that is age 18 and over is classified as having an “independent living difficulty” - which is indicative of the need for housing solutions for the disabled. • The Point in Time Survey (PIT), conducted annually by the MCHC Homeless Action Team, reported (in January 2012) 419 homeless people, 271 of whom were adults with children living in shelters and transitional housing. This is an increase over the numbers seen in 2010 and 2011. There were 23 single individuals who were unsheltered on the night of the survey. A follow up count in August 2012 found 393 homeless people, a drop from the winter count, but an increase in the number of unsheltered homeless individuals (66 people total). • Montgomery County’s Homeless Prevention Center started in 2010 and provides assistance to residents who are homeless or at risk for homelessness. This centralized phone screening service provides assessment specialists who conduct an initial screening and then refer consumers to housing or homeless provider agencies or resources. Information is also available regarding shelters for individuals and families; food pantries; substance abuse and behavioral health resources; developmental disabilities resources; rental and utility assistance. montgomery county today FIGURE 86: Disabled Population POPULATION UNDER 5 YEARS PERCENT OF POPULATION POPULATION PERCENT OF 5-17 POPULATION YEARS POPULATION 18-64 YEARS PERCENT OF POPULATION PERCENT OF POPULATION 65 YEARS POPULATION AND OVER TOTAL TOTAL PERCENT With a hearing difficulty 295 0.6% 917 0.7% 6,145 1.2% 14,153 12.1% 21,510 15.2% With a vision difficulty 84 0.2% 610 0.5% 4,770 1.0% 6,174 5.3% 11,638 8.2% With a cognitive difficulty — — 3,134 2.3% 15,256 3.1% 8,172 7.0% 26,562 18.8% With an ambulatory difficulty — — 361 0.3% 16,382 3.3% 19,999 17.1% 36,742 26.0% With a self-care difficulty — — 1,320 1.0% 6,519 1.3% 7,740 6.6% 15,579 11.0% With an independent living difficulty — — — — 13,411 2.7% 15,778 13.5% 29,189 20.7% 295 0.6% 4,837 3.6% 32,287 6.5% 33,123 28.3% 141,220 Total Source: U.S. Census Bureau FIGURE 87: Special Needs Housing !! 29 Hatboro ! Pennsburg 476 309 ! ! ! ! ! ! Lansdale ! 611 276 Ambler 663 t u ! 202 ! 73 Jenkintown ! ! ! ! 73 ! ! ¯ !! ! Collegeville t u 100 ! ! ! ! Norristown ! ! ! Conshohocken 422 76 ! Pottstown ! ! ! ! ! ! 29 476 ! ! ! ! ! Homeless Facilities Residential Mental Health Facilities Other Special Needs Residential Facilities Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 119 THE HOMES OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Existing Housing Totals Jobs-Housing Balance Housing Characteristics Montgomery County is the third largest county in Pennsylvania and has been among the fastest growing areas of the Commonwealth. In recent decades, the county has grown not only in terms of population, but also in jobs. In fact, there are more jobs than resident workers, making the county a “net importer” of workers, which is rare among counties that don’t feature a strong central city. This dynamic increases the need for housing to accommodate workers looking to live closer to their jobs. Housing Costs and Affordability Senior Housing Group Homes and Special Needs Housing Jobs-Housing Balance Future Housing Demand What’s New • • The jobs-housing balance is another factor besides population projections that can be used to guide potential residential development. The jobs-housing balance compares the number of jobs in a community with the number of housing units to determine if an area has too few homes or if an area has too few jobs. Having too few of either jobs or homes can lead to transportation, employment, and tax revenue problems. The Philadelphia region has a jobs to housing ratio of 1.3, based on the number of jobs and homes in the region in 2010. Montgomery County has a jobs-housing ratio of 1.8. These ratios can be used as a guide to local municipalities trying to create a balanced ratio. Conshohocken has improved its mix of residential and office land uses. After twenty-five years of converting underutilized or abandoned industrial land along the Schuylkill River into successful office buildings, the borough added over 1,000 highdensity condos and apartments. These residential developments, which include the Londonbury, Riverwalk at Millennium, and Grande at Riverview, provide urban multifamily housing along the waterfront that is attractive to many of the professionals working in the nearby offices. Some municipalities are already considering changes to their zoning codes that will better promote more residential uses in and around commercial centers. One example is Lower Merion Township, which increased densities along City Avenue while incentivizing mixed uses. There are a number of benefits local governments can reap by encouraging a balance between the number of jobs and the number of households within their communities. These include: • The costs of traveling long distances for commuters would decrease if more employees lived in areas closer to where they worked. Commuting times could be substantially reduced if there were a better jobs-housing balance in the county. Shorter vehicular miles traveled by commuters would also reduce overall congestion. • Some employers are having problems filling positions in part because of worsening congestion and inadequate amounts of reasonably priced housing. Therefore, municipalities that strive to create additional housing and transportation opportunities will support their employers and tax base. • Municipalities with low numbers of jobs typically have tighter budgets and lower property, income, and business tax revenues than those with high numbers of jobs. PLANNING ISSUE Parts of the county have many more jobs than houses, which leads to longer commute times, more congestion, higher costs, and more energy consumption. Housing and employment centers can mix to enhance access for workers and employers while cutting down on transportation costs. 120 montgomery county today FIGURE 88: Jobs-Housing Ratios by Regional Planning Area Projected Regional Jobs-Housing Ratios Jobs-housing ratios for 2040 are based on current population and employment projections. However, municipalities are not predestined to follow these projections and can change their land use regulations to affect future growth. Communities in regions with high ratios can adjust their policies to allow more housing, while communities with low ratios can attempt to encourage more jobs, although this is not always easy to do. Pennsburg North Penn 476 Upper Perkiomen Valley In 2040, certain regions are expected to have high jobs to housing ratios, including the Main Line / King of Prussia and Conshohocken / Plymouth Meeting regions. Residential uses in office parks, mixed use districts, and more multifamily development would provide more housing near the employment centers in these regions. This could shorten commuting times and provide employers with a readily available workforce. Lansdale Horsham-Willow Grove 309 Indian Valley Ambler Area 663 t u 276 Eastern Montgomery County Jenkintown 202 73 73 611 Central Perkiomen Valley Pottstown Area Conshohocken / Plymouth Meeting Norristown Conshohocken ¯ Norristown Area t Spring-Ford u 100 Collegeville 422 Pottstown 76 Area Main Line / King of Prussia 29 476 Regions with a low ratio of jobs to housing units Regions with a ratio of jobs to housing units that is similar to the countywide ratio Regions with a high ratio of jobs to housing units FIGURE 89: Regional Jobs-Housing Ratios: 2010 and 2040 REGIONAL PLANNING AREA Hatboro 29 JOBS-HOUSING RATIO 2010 PROJECTED JOBS-HOUSING RATIO 2040 Upper Perkiomen Valley Region 1.03 0.95 Indian Valley Region 1.21 1.20 Pottstown Region 0.87 0.85 Central Perkiomen Valley Region 0.92 0.87 Spring-Ford Region 1.61 1.59 North Penn Region 1.67 1.70 Norristown Region 1.19 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission 1.21 Main Line / King of Prussia Region 2.80 2.88 Horsham-Willow Grove Region 2.05 2.09 Ambler Region 1.98 2.01 Conshohocken / Plymouth Meeting Region 2.70 2.77 Eastern Montgomery County Region 1.20 1.20 Montgomery County Total 1.66 1.66 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission Dense residential development, such as the Riverwalk at Millennium apartments in Conshohocken, can help create a healthy balance between jobs and housing. 121 THE HOMES OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Existing Housing Totals Future Housing Demand Housing Characteristics By 2040, Montgomery County is expected to have 894,000 people, an increase of 94,000 persons. These people, along with smaller households throughout the county, will generate demand for approximately 38,000 additional homes to accommodate them. The forecasts in this section represent a logical approach to determining overall housing need based on several variables, including population trends, changes in household compositions, current and expected vacancy rates, and housing type preferences. The estimates of housing types were performed using an analysis of housing choice made by different household types for new homes over the last decade. They are based on the assumption that future household types will make similar housing choices as their counterparts today. Housing Costs and Affordability Senior Housing Group Homes and Special Needs Housing Jobs-Housing Balance Future Housing Demand While the percentage of family households with children in 2040 is expected to remain stable at about a third of all households, there will be an increase in the percentages of nonfamily households, including those households consisting of a single person living alone. These households overwhelmingly prefer multifamily and attached housing which will drive these denser housing types to a greater share of production than detached homes. PLANNING ISSUE The county will need to accommodate 38,000 additional housing units by 2040 in order to meet projected demand. 122 FIGURE 90: Household Composition as a Percentage of All Households: 1980-2040 HOUSEHOLD TYPE 1980 2010 2040 PROJECTED Family Households w/ Children Under 18 37.5 % 32.3% 32.2% Other Family Households 38.8 % 35.6 % 33.8 % Householder Living Alone 20.4 % 26.3 % 27.3 % Other Nonfamily Households 3.2 % 5.8 % 6.7 % Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Montgomery County Planning Commission FIGURE 91: Additional Units Forecasted for Year 2040 HOUSEHOLD TYPE Family Households w/ Children Under 18 TOTAL UNITS ADDED SFD UNITS ADDED SFA UNITS ADDED MF UNITS ADDED 11,800 8,500 2,300 1,000 Other Family Households 7,800 3,000 3,100 1,700 Householder Living Alone 13,300 1,300 4,500 7,500 Other Nonfamily Households 5,100 500 1,500 3,100 Total 38,000 13,300 11,400 13,300 Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission FORMULA for Calculating Future Housing Units 1. 894,486 - 23,491 = 870,995 Total Future Population - Future Group Quarters Population = Total Population in Households. 2. 870,995 ÷ 2.49 = 349,797 Total Population in Households ÷ Future Average Household Size = Unadjusted Total Future Housing Units. 3. 349,797 × (1 + 0.04 (4%)) = 363,789 Unadjusted Total Future Housing Units × (1 + Future Vacancy Rate) = Total Future Housing Units 4. 363,789 - 325,735 = 38,054 Total Future Housing Units - Existing Housing Units = New Future Housing Units needed by 2040. The result of step 4 above is rounded to 38,000 New Housing Units added by 2040. ————————————————————————————————————————————————— 1. 2. 3. The 2040 group quarters is based on the share of the population in 2010 that was in group quarters. The average household size for 2040 is based on a logarithmic projection using historic trends. The 2040 housing vacancy rate is based on historic norms. montgomery county today FIGURE 92: Additional Housing Units Forecasted for 2040 by Planning Regions Bucks County Lehigh County East Greenville SFD SFA MF Total Upper Hanover Salford Hatfield Bor. 940 530 330 1,800 Douglass SFD 1,080 SFA 1,560 Lansdale MF 1,800 Total 4,440 Indian Valley SFD SFA MF Total Green Lane Upper Salford New Hanover 73 1,890 1,210 750 3,850 476 Towamencin Upper Gwynedd Lower Frederick Central Perkiomen Valley SFD SFA MF Total Upper Pottsgrove grove West Potts Berks County 100 2,790 1,400 1,280 5,470 Limerick Pottstown SFD SFA MF Total SFD SFA MF Total t u SFD SFA MF Total t u 422 Sch uyl kill Riv e r 1,580 1,430 1,760 4,770 202 Skippack Norristown Area Trappe Collegeville Lower Providence Upper Providence Royersford 29 Chester County SFD SFA MF Total 1,100 1,360 1,600 4,060 West Norriton Upper Merion East Norriton Ambler 660 720 920 1,370 Bridgeport SFD SFA MF Total 170 580 1,460 2,210 Upper Moreland 611 Abington Eastern Mont. Co. Rockledge SFD 280 276 Jenkintown SFA 490 MF 600 Total 1,370 73 Cheltenham Springfield Conshohocken Plymouth Meeting SFD SFA MF Total Philadelphia 450 450 1,040 1,940 Conshohocken Main Line / King of Prussia Bryn Athyn 740 990 1,250 2,980 Whitemarsh Whitpain Norristown Lower Moreland Hatboro Upper Dublin Ambler Area Worcester 1,620 680 510 2,810 Perkiomen Spring-Ford Lower Pottsgrove Lower Gwynedd North Wales Schwenksville Pottstown Area SFD SFA MF Total 309 Lower Salford Upper Frederick HorshamWillow Grove Horsham North Penn Marlborough 663 Montgomery Hatfield Twp. Franconia Plymouth 29 Telford Souderton Upper Perkiomen Pennsburg Valley Hill Red 76 West Conshohocken Lower Merion Narberth 476 Delaware County Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles ¯ 123 THE HOMES OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY 124 KL -u THE COUNTY ECONOMY THE COUNTY ECONOMY Jobs of County Residents Jobs of County Residents Jobs in the County Resident Labor Force improving the supply of qualified workers to match the needs of local businesses through a variety of programs and initiatives including: Downtown and Main Street Areas Office, Industrial, and Brownfield Areas Retail Commercial Areas Tourism Agriculture and Farm Preservation Employment Forecasts and Economic Trends Montgomery County’s economy begins with the strength of its resident labor force. A well-educated population with diverse skillsets combined with strong local schools and colleges have given local businesses a qualified workforce. In fact, the number of jobs located in the county exceeds the number of residents here to fill them, resulting in the county being a net importer of workers from other jurisdictions. The employed labor force, which represents all county residents with jobs regardless of the location of those jobs, grew by seven percent over the last decade, keeping pace with the overall population growth during the same time period. County residents are fortunate to have access to a surplus of jobs located within the county in addition to regional opportunities. • The Keystone Works program pairs dislocated workers with businesses seeking to hire. A prospective employee can work for up to 8 weeks part time while still receiving unemployment compensation and gaining valuable job training. If the business ultimately hires the worker, it can receive a financial incentive. • Short term pre-employment training for dislocated workers is offered to provide skills targeted to a specific industry as identified by actual employers. • A pilot program called Mobile Outreach Skills Training (MOST) provided specific training for applicants with a host manufacturing company. The program will be continued with similar training programs for targeted businesses in the county. • County Businesses MCWIB staff works closely with technical schools and employers in the county in order to develop, communicate, and use flexible transitions from educations to careers. FIGURE 93: Growth in Employed Resident Labor Force Compared to Total Population 50% 40% What’s New 30% • The Great Recession followed by a slow recovery has impacted the economy in Montgomery County as it has in most places. Unemployment has been uncharacteristically high in the county since 2008, reaching over seven percent of the labor force at its peak. As of 2012, the unemployment rate was still hovering just under seven percent. However, the county rate was below the national and statewide rates, as it has been for the last 40 years. • The aging baby boomer population will be approaching retirement in the coming years, but the current economy may result in some continuing to work beyond retirement. This could delay opportunities for younger residents entering the workforce who are already facing high unemployment rates. 20% 10% PLANNING ISSUE The unemployment rate for the county has been historically high since 2009. Increasing job growth and matching residents to employers will be a continuing concern for the county. 126 0% 1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2010 Percent Change in Employed Resident Labor Force Percent Change in Total Population Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey The Montgomery County Workforce Investment Board (MCWIB) oversees the county’s job training and placement services and is staffed by the county’s Economic and Workforce Development Office. The MCWIB is focused on montgomery county today Occupations and Industries of Residents FIGURE 95: Occupations of Resident Labor Force: 2011 Like the country overall, Montgomery County’s resident workers have become more likely to work in a professional or management occupation since 2000. These categories cover a broad spectrum of jobs that include the fields of business, finance, computers, science, legal, education, the arts, and healthcare practice. Service occupations have also increased as a percentage of resident occupations. These occupations include food preparation and serving, cleaning and maintenance, personal care, healthcare support, and protective services. Similar occupations may be related to different industries, but approximately half of the county’s working residents were employed in a services industry in 2011. Service industries include professional services, scientific services, education, healthcare, social assistance, arts/entertainment, recreation, and food services. Outside of the service sector, the largest percentage of county residents work in manufacturing, retail trade and F.I.R.E. (financial, insurance, and real estate) industries. Computer, Engineering, and Science occupations 33,981 8.3% Education, Legal, Community Service, Arts, and Media Occupations 53,919 13.1% 31,662 7.7% 6,254 1.5% Protective Service Occupations 5,272 1.3% Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 18,035 4.4% Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 11,241 2.7% Personal Care and Service Occupations 10,927 2.7% Sales and Related Occupations 47,867 11.7% Office and Administrative Support Occupations 54,567 13.3% 364 0.1% Construction and Extraction Occupations 16,053 3.9% Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations 10,197 2.5% Production Occupations 16,789 4.1% Transportation Occupations 9,014 2.2% 5,445 1.3% 410,730 100% OCCUPATION SECTOR SALES / OFFICE NATURAL RESOURCES / CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION / TRANSPORTATION FIGURE 94: Annual Unemployment Rate: 2000-2011 10% 19.3% Healthcare Support Occupations SERVICES 79,143 Material Moving Occupations Conversely, occupations typically associated with manual labor, such as those found in the fields of manufacturing, construction, transportation, material moving, and farming have declined over the same time period. Other jobs not considered manual labor, but often lower paying than professional or management positions, such as sales, office, and administrative support also account for a smaller percentage of resident occupations than they did in 2000. PERCENT OF RESIDENT LABOR FORCE Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations PROFESSIONAL / MANAGEMENT RESIDENT WORKERS Management, Business, and Financial Occupations OCCUPATION CATEGORY Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations Total Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates (average of responses between 2009-2011. 9% FIGURE 96: Industries of Resident Labor Force: 2011 8% 60% 7% 50% 6% 40% 5% 30% 20% 4% 3% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Montgome ry County Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Pennsylvania United States 10% 0% Services Manufacturing Retail Trade F.I.R.E. Construction Other Montgomery County United States Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates (average of responses between 2009-2011). 127 THE COUNTY ECONOMY Jobs of County Residents Jobs in the County Jobs in the County Most of the jobs data in the next two sections are based on the published data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It is recognized that not every job is counted under the BLS totals, with the largest omission being a lack of selfemployed positions. The BLS offers an acceptable and most importantly, consistent method of viewing employment data. However, the most accurate depiction of total jobs in the county is the 2010 estimate formulated by the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC), which was 542,264 jobs for Montgomery County. This estimate was also used in the 2040 forecasts at the end of this chapter. County Businesses Downtown and Main Street Areas Office, Industrial, and Brownfield Areas Retail Commercial Areas Tourism Agriculture and Farm Preservation Employment Forecasts and Economic Trends PLANNING ISSUE Regardless of the data source, it is clear that the county’s economy took a hit beginning in 2008 due to the Great Recession. Approximately 30,000 jobs were lost in a two year period, causing a spike in unemployment and the closing of some commercial buildings. Prior to the last decade, employment rapidly expanded during the 1970s and 1980s as Montgomery County challenged Philadelphia as a site for new businesses and the expansion or relocation of existing businesses. During the 1990s, employment growth continued at a more modest but consistent pace. Over the last decade, there was a dip in employment levels early on, but the numbers were rising from 2003 through 2008 before the downturn hit. The positive trends taken from the last forty years show that Montgomery County has had a stronger than average economy when it comes to job creation. Since 1970, the county increased its job totals by 95%, while national and state employment totals went up by 82% and 36%, In addition to effects from the Great Recession, job growth in Montgomery County was relatively stagnant in the ‘00s compared to previous decades. What’s New • There are fewer jobs in Montgomery County in 2011 than there were in 2000. While most of the jobs were lost during the Great Recession over the last three years, job gains during the decade were still very modest in the period preceding the Recession. • Self-employed jobs are more difficult to count, but the Census Bureau does track the number of establishments with no employees, which can be used to approximate self-employed activity. Interestingly, this number did not go down after 2008 like most other employment figures. It remained at over 64,000 establishments, which also represented a 15% gain since 2000. This indicates that while many businesses were forced to downsize or close during the recession, entrepreneurial activity was still strong, likely due to some of the newly unemployed venturing out on their own. respectively. When the county economy has struggled or experienced setbacks, it has generally been due to larger forces affecting the national economy as a whole. FIGURE 97: Total Employment Change in Montgomery County according to the BLS: 2001-2011 495,000 490,000 485,000 480,000 475,000 470,000 465,000 460,000 455,000 450,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 King of Prussia, the county’s largest employment center is known for its shopping malls, but is also strong in office and light industrial uses. 128 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics (This does not include every job, including the self-employed.) montgomery county today Employment Centers Montgomery County has a large variety of employment centers—areas with concentrations of businesses and jobs often located along major roadways. While businesses and industries within each center can be related or feed off one another, the centers themselves vary in size and characteristics. King of Prussia is the largest employment center with approximately 50,000 employees. The area is know for its retail core, featuring The Court and Plaza at King of Prussia, the largest indoor mall in the United States in terms of leasable retail area. However, the area’s location at the junction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, I-76, and Routes 202 and 422 has fostered many office and industrial uses in the King of Prussia Industrial Park and two other office parks in the Gulph Mills area. Lockheed Martin is the area’s largest single employer. The Lansdale area employment center includes Merck, the largest employer in Montgomery County, which operates two campuses in Upper Gwynedd that include offices, research and development laboratories, and manufacturing facilities. The area features a few other pharmaceutical related businesses in the vicinity of Merck as well as other office, retail and manufacturing companies in parts of Lansdale and Kulpsville. FIGURE 98: Major Employment Centers in Montgomery County: 2010 Hatfield Souderton 29 Hatboro Montgomeryville Horsham Lansdale Area Ambler Area Harleysville 663 t u 202 Blue Bell 73 Huntingdon Valley Willow Grove 309 476 611 276 Abington Ft. Washington Jenkintown Glenside 73 Cheltenham Plymouth Meeting ¯ Norristown t u 100 422 Upper Providence Royersford Pottstown 29 Valley Forge Conshohocken Oaks King of Prussia 30,000 - 50,000 employees 476 76 Bala Cynwyd Bryn Mawr Ardmore Wynnewood 20,000 - 30,000 employees 10,000 - 20,000 employees # 5,000 - 10,000 employees Source: U.S. Census Bureau, On The Map The Conshohocken area employment center is known for its cluster of high density office developments at the junction of four municipalities along the Schuylkill River waterfront. Much of this development was built in the last twenty years as a combination of public and private efforts to remediate underutilized or vacant industrial sites into class A office space. of activity including retail, professional services, finance and insurance, as well as light manufacturing and warehousing. Redevelopment of the air base will result in additional employment opportunities in the coming years. The Horsham area employment center was best known as the home to the Willow Grove Naval Air Station until the Navy shuttered the base in 2011. However, the area is still one of the largest employment centers in the county with a wide range There are 25 smaller employment centers in Montgomery County ranging between 5,000 and 20,000 employees. Clusters of employment in a center are often separated or mixed with other uses as well. The Conshohocken employment center is known for its class A office space along the Schuylkill River waterfront. 129 THE COUNTY ECONOMY Jobs of County Residents County Businesses Jobs in the County Montgomery County has a fairly diverse base of industries and enterprises, which in the past has enabled the county to weather broad economic downturns as well as specific industry shortcomings. The majority of the county’s industries are classified in service providing sectors as opposed to goods producing sectors. In fact, only 14% of the total jobs in 2011 were held in goods producing industries. It wasn’t always this stark of a contrast. Going back to 1970, over 40% of jobs in the county were in goods producing industries. That percentage was halved by 2000, when there were 20% of jobs in goods producing industries. What’s New Downtown Areas Office, Industrial, and Brownfield Areas Retail Commercial Areas Tourism Agriculture and Farm Preservation Employment Forecasts and Economic Trends According to the 2010 County Business Patterns, private industry groups from the service sector with over 10,000 employees include company management, general hospitals, full-service restaurants, insurance carriers, building/dwelling services, employment services, grocery stores, and computer systems design. One goods producing industry, pharmaceutical manufacturing and research, is also considered among the county’s largest industries, although the Census Bureau withholds actual employment figures due to the small number of companies. FIGURE 99: Top Employers in Montgomery County # 1 Merck & Co., Inc. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing & Research 2 Abington Memorial Hospital Main Line Hospitals Glaxo Smithkline Montgomery County Giant Food Stores North Penn School District Educational Services 8 United Parcel Service Transportation and Warehousing Lockheed Martin Corporation Professional and Technical Services Wal-Mart Associates Retail Trade Source: PA Center for Workforce Information and Analysis 130 County businesses continue to evolve. Recently, Dow Chemical purchased Rohm & Haas and announced it will move some operations to the Pfizer campus, which Pfizer had bought from Wyeth. Almac, an Irish pharmaceutical company, consolidated its North American operations at a new headquarters in Lower Salford. Retail Trade 7 The largest increase in employment is in the professional, scientific, and technical services sector, which gained over 10,000 jobs since 2001. Its fastest growing subsector services were scientific research and development and accounting services. Public Administration 6 • Pharmaceutical Manufacturing & Research 5 The other industry sector that rapidly declined this decade was the information sector. The largest losses in this sector occurred during the first half of the decade as technology reduced demand for traditional media publications and wired telecommunications. Health Care 4 • Health Care 3 10 A few industries that have been historically strong in the county, such as manufacturing and information, have seen significant employment declines over the past decade. INDUSTRY SECTOR 9 PLANNING ISSUE COMPANY The manufacturing sector in Montgomery County has lost over 29,000 jobs since 2001. It is now the fourth largest industry in the county behind healthcare, retail, and professional, scientific, and technical services. The county’s manufacturing sector still ranks first in Pennsylvania, as the economy and loss of jobs to cheaper labor markets has affected many high manufacturing employment areas in the commonwealth and nation. • County Businesses • Pharmaceuticals, both manufacturing and research & development, have been an important part of the county economy. montgomery county today Location Quotients FIGURE 100: Industries in Montgomery County by Private Sector Jobs: 2011 INDUSTRY SECTOR 2011 JOBS % OF TOTAL 2011 JOBS % CHANGE 2001—2011 LOCATION QUOTIENT Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting 289 0.1% -19% 0.06 Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction 188 0.0% -9% 0.07 2,230 0.5% 9% 1.03 Construction 19,334 4.6% -24% 0.9 Manufacturing 43,385 10.2% -40% 0.94 Wholesale Trade 23,282 5.5% -4% 1.07 Retail Trade 55,072 13.0% -3% 0.96 9,170 2.2% -1% 0.58 Information 11,999 2.8% -41% 1.14 Finance and Insurance 33,970 8.0% -15% 1.57 6,586 1.6% -19% 0.88 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 50,022 11.8% 26% 1.66 Management of Companies and Enterprises 11,064 2.6% 104% 1.47 Administration & Support, Waste Management and Remediation 31,382 7.4% -7% 1.04 Educational Services 12,093 2.8% 22% 1.21 Health Care and Social Assistance 65,121 15.3% 9% 1.01 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 6,269 1.5% 19% 0.83 Accommodation and Food Services 27,963 6.6% 12% 0.63 Other Services (excluding Public Administration) 15,365 3.6% 16% 0.89 424,785 Location Quotients (LQ) are accepted measures of how concentrated a specific industry is in a county or region as it compares to the same industry from a larger base such as the state or nation. They can reveal what makes the county unique in comparison to the national average. The LQs from the chart on the left represent a ratio of the percentage of total jobs within a particular industry in the county divided by the percentage of total jobs within the same industry in the nation. 100% Utilities Transportation and Warehousing Real Estate and Rental and Leasing Total LQs greater than one indicate that the industry is more highly concentrated in the county than it is nationwide. These industries are usually considered export-oriented industries because they tend to serve more than just the local economy and bring money into the county rather than just circulate money that is already in the county. LQs less than one indicate that the industry is less concentrated in the county as compared to the nation and likely serves other businesses or industries within the county as opposed to a larger customer base. The LQs presented in the chart are intended only as a start to providing more understanding of the employment figures and the county’s economy. It may be useful to look at more detailed or specific industries within the sectors shown or consider the Philadelphia region as a whole before drawing definite conclusions. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics FIGURE 101: Public Sector Jobs in Montgomery County: 2011 GOVERNMENT LEVEL 2011 JOBS % CHANGE 2001—2011 Federal Government 2,928 -37% State Government 4,817 -3% Local Government 27,957 12% Total 35,702 3% Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 131 THE COUNTY ECONOMY Jobs of County Residents Downtown and Main Street Areas Jobs in the County The county has many traditional downtown and main street areas, ranging from large places like Ardmore or Pottstown to relatively small areas like North Wales or Pennsburg. County Businesses Downtown and Main Street Areas Office, Industrial, and Brownfield Areas Retail Commercial Areas Tourism Agriculture and Farm Preservation Employment Forecasts and Economic Trends PLANNING ISSUE Half of the county’s downtowns and main streets have relatively weak retail cores even though they are focal points for the community. Reinvigorating these weaker downtowns and strengthening the others is a continuing challenge. 132 These places are economic engines and focal points for the community-at-large, places where people of all incomes and ages can gather. Unfortunately, over the past 60 years, the county’s older downtowns and main street areas have declined as new shopping centers and retail approaches have risen. Reenergizing main street areas can be challenging because of on-going market issues, parking concerns, land constraints, building obsolescence, aging infrastructure, image problems, organizational inertia, and economic trends. In Montgomery County, local governments work to improve downtowns and main streets with many approaches, such as Main Street Programs, Elm Street Programs, Business Improvement Districts, revitalization planning, tax incentives, land consolidation, market analyses, anchor tenant attraction, new housing, small business programs, expanded parking, simplified codes, upgraded infrastructure, streetscape improvements, traffic calming, façade improvement programs, historic preservation, visitor signage, better building design, improved parks, and special events. What’s New How have the county’s downtowns and main streets fared since 2000? Pretty good overall, although many places still struggle. Successful approaches have included: • New Employment Centers - Taking advantage of their access to two major highways, Conshohocken and West Conshohocken have become neweconomy employment centers. • Arts and Culture Anchors - Many communities have successfully added or rehabilitated performance theaters or movie theaters, including Ambler, Bryn Mawr, Jenkintown, Norristown, Pottstown, Souderton, and East Greenville. Lansdale’s performing arts center was temporarily closed in 2011, and many of the county’s theaters survive on shoestring budgets. • Immigration - Norristown, particularly the West Marshall Street business district, has seen new life brought by its Hispanic immigrants. • Attraction of Nearby Wealth - Ambler and Narberth have vibrant downtowns that attract many high income visitors from neighboring areas. • Housing - Large amounts of new housing have been added around many of the county’s older downtowns, often on old industrial land. This residential development brings new customers and visitors for local businesses. In 2011, the county conducted an analysis of 23 revitalization communities and found that housing construction and prices increased significantly over the county rate. Population also increased in these municipalities. This shows that demand to live in these places has increased; nevertheless, many downtown portions of these places continue to struggle, particularly with the aftereffects of the Great Recession. montgomery county today FIGURE 102: Downtown and Main Street Locations 29 24 Pennsburg 27 Hatboro 23 18 476 26 309 22 17 Lansdale 21 276 25 Ambler 20 663 t u 73 15Jenkintown 13 19 202 32 16 611 11 73 12 33 ¯ 28 Collegeville t u 100 422 14 Norristown 2 31 Conshohocken 1 3 76 4 Pottstown 29 30 10 29 8 5 6 7 Secondary Locations - Cluster of older buildings, often in a walkable setting Primary Locations - Concentration of older, traditional buildings in a walkable setting identified as the community center FIGURE 103: Downtown and Main Street Descriptions 9 476 Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission # NAME DESCRIPTION # NAME DESCRIPTION 1 Norristown Downtown County seat, two theaters, scattered retail, large area 18 Hatboro Active retail area with library and many restaurants 2 Norristown Marshall Street Neighborhood retail, low vacancy, Hispanic oriented 19 Ambler Active area with movie theater, theater, and restaurants. 3 Bridgeport Scattered retail 20 North Wales Small retail area in railroad town 4 Conshohocken Fully occupied business district catering to offices 21 Lansdale Large retail area with library 5 Bryn Mawr Large upscale retail area with movie theater and library 22 Hatfield Borough Small retail area in railroad town 6 Haverford Small upscale retail area 23 Souderton Retail area with theater and renovated mill buildings. 7 Ardmore Large retail area with library and Suburban Square 24 Telford Small retail area around renovated station and parking. 8 Narberth Fully occupied business district with movie theater 25 Harleysville Compact village with major employers 9 Merion-Cynwyd Active, newer business district 26 Pennsburg Small downtown and village area. 10 Bala Cynwyd Small retail area with movie theater 27 East Greenville Small downtown and village area with movie theater 11 Glenside Large retail area with library 28 Gilbertsville Compact village 12 Elkins Park Two retail areas, one transit oriented and one car oriented 29 Pottstown Large downtown with theater and community college 13 Jenkintown Large retail area with movie theater and library 30 Royersford Retail area on hill leading to new riverfront development 14 Rockledge Spread out commercial district 31 Collegeville Small downtown retail area near Ursinus College 15 Keswick Large music venue in compact commercial district 32 Schwenksville Small retail area on Perkiomen Trail 16 Huntingdon Valley Dense village area with library and restaurants 33 Skippack Compact village with restaurants and theater 17 Willow Grove Historic core near many shopping centers 133 THE COUNTY ECONOMY Jobs of County Residents Office, Industrial, and Brownfield Areas Jobs in the County Montgomery County has a full spectrum of office and industrial uses, representing all the different types that have been built since the founding of the nation, from old mills along rushing streams to large steel and chemical plants to modern LEED-certified office buildings. County Businesses What’s New The county’s office and industrial employment centers have continued to evolve to keep up with the times: Office, Industrial, and Brownfield Areas Retail Commercial Areas Tourism Agriculture and Farm Preservation Employment Forecasts and Economic Trends • Changing Corporate Campuses - Some corporate campuses, such as Unisys, Prudential, and Pfizer, have started allowing new tenants, encouraging a variety of uses, and intensifying the overall development, both to use underutilized land and to create a more interesting work environment. Over time, some campuses, like the Baptist Center in Upper Merion, essentially become business parks as new buildings and tenants are added. Evolving Business Parks - To stay competitive and appeal to younger workers, property owners in some business parks have advocated for allowing more land uses, including residential, and more intensity. Lower Merion, in the Bala Cynwyd area, and Lower Providence, in the Valley Forge Corporate Center, have changed their zoning to allow their business parks to evolve. • Although there are many places with employment concentrations in the county, such as King of Prussia, Plymouth Meeting, Fort Washington, Conshohocken, and Horsham-Willow Grove, there are also many scattered industrial and office uses all over the county, often in fairly surprising locations. This broad spread of employment areas gives county residents the opportunity to be relatively close to their place of employment. Brownfields Redevelopment - Many brownfields have been redeveloped, such as the reuse of the Anchor Glass property in Royersford for townhouses and apartments, more office and residential development in Conshohocken, the conversion of the Turbo Lofts in Lansdale to condos, and the conversion of the Stoveworks in Hatboro to apartments. • Downtown and Main Street Areas • Green Buildings - Many corporations want to be in green buildings that are energy efficient and environmentally friendly, such as the SKF USA Headquarters in Towamencin, the Colorcon Global Headquarters in Lower Salford, the 125 East Elm Office building in Conshohocken, and GAI in Upper Merion. Since the state passed the Pennsylvania Land Recycling Program in 1995, which reduced liability and created alternative approaches for cleaning up a site, many of the county’s old industrial brownfield sites have been redeveloped. The changes created by this law are most visible in the Conshohocken/West Conshohocken area. PLANNING ISSUE In this hyper-competitive world, the county’s business parks and employment centers will have to evolve to attract top-flight companies and talent. Environmentally-friendly office and research facility. 134 montgomery county today FIGURE 104: Types of Office and Industrial Development Lehigh County Bucks County Telford 29 Salford East Greenville Pennsburg Red Hill Souderton Franconia Marlborough Montgomery Hatfield Bor. 309 Bryn Athyn Horsham Upper Moreland 476 Lansdale Upper Hanover Green Lane Towamencin Upper Salford 663 Upper Frederick New Hanover Douglass Lower Moreland Hatboro Hatfield Twp. Lower Salford Upper Gwynedd North Wales 611 Upper Dublin Lower Gwynedd Abington Rockledge Ambler 276 Jenkintown t u 202 Lower Frederick Whitpain Cheltenham 73 73 Worcester Schwenksville Springfield Skippack East Norriton 100 Pottstown Lower Pottsgrove Collegeville Lower Providence t u 422 Sch uyl kill Whitemarsh Plymouth Philadelphia Norristown Trappe Limerick Upper Pottsgrove grove West Potts Berks County Perkiomen Upper Providence Royersford West Norriton Conshohocken Bridgeport West Conshohocken Upper Merion Lower Merion 76 Riv er 29 Narberth Chester County 476 Delaware County Business Park - Group of office and/or industrial uses in a common development. Corporate Campus - Office, research and development, and sometimes manufacturing in campus-like setting. Individual Industrial Use - Scattered industrial uses, which might include assembly, warehousing, flex space, contractor's yards, metal shops, etc. Individual Office Uses - Scattered office uses, which might include office near business parks or small scale offices in neighborhoods. Industrial Plant - Large-scale manufacturing facility on own site. Old Industrial/Brownfield - Older industrial property, usually pre-war, near railroads, and on small sites, although can include old heavy manufacturing and various brownfields. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles ¯ Mixed Use Town - Downtown and village areas that often include small offices and might include some manufacturing and other industrial uses. Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 135 THE COUNTY ECONOMY Jobs of County Residents Retail Commercial Areas What’s New Jobs in the County Montgomery County has much retail space and remains a regional shopping mecca. Since 2000, the county has added 6,500,000 square feet of shopping center and big box space, for a 2012 total of over 29,200,000 square feet. This is about 36 square feet per person, while the national average is 23 square feet per person for shopping centers. The county has about 9,600,000 square feet of other retail space, for a total of approximately 38,600,000 square feet. Retailing in Montgomery County has continued evolving: • The Plymouth Meeting Mall and King of Prussia Malls have added restaurant clusters, while the Montgomery Mall and Plymouth Meeting Mall have added supermarkets. In New Jersey, the Echelon Mall has been reinvented with the addition of a main street, apartments, offices, and other uses. The dramatic increase in retail space occurred while retail expenditures per household declined and more shopping was done online. Based on expenditures of approximately $16,000 per household, the county only needs 19,600,000 square feet of retail space to meet its residents’ needs. However, Montgomery County is a regional draw for shoppers, which explains some of the excess supply. Nevertheless, if all the enclosed malls and the outlet center were subtracted from the county’s total square footage, the county would still have over 30 million square feet of space. • Retail along the Route 422 Corridor exploded over the past decade, when over 4,000,000 square feet of space was added. The more notable new centers include the Philadelphia Premium Outlets, the area’s first suburban outlet center, the Providence Town Center, a main-street style lifestyle center, and Upland Square, a power center. • The food business has changed. Old standbys Clemens and Genuardi’s are gone. New names include Wegmans and Bottom Dollar Food, while Giant Food, Whole Foods, and Trader Joe’s all grew. Discount stores, like Target, have added food; discount wholesalers have expanded; and drug and convenience stores increased their food presence. • Many new banks, drugstores with drive-throughs, and convenience stores with gas have been built. County Businesses Downtown and Main Street Areas Office, Industrial, and Brownfield Areas Retail Commercial Areas Tourism Agriculture and Farm Preservation Employment Forecasts and Economic Trends With so much retail space and with new space likely to open as retailers seek to enter the market or improve their businesses, older commercial centers will need to change to remain competitive. FIGURE 105: Retail Supply and Demand by County Regions REGION PLANNING ISSUE Ambler Region With a full supply or oversupply of retail space, older shopping centers and highway commercial areas will need to reinvent themselves. Central Perkiomen Valley 2012 RETAIL ESTIMATED SQUARE 2010 RETAIL FOOTAGE DEMAND 1,630,000 sf ESTIMATED 2040 RETAIL DEMAND COMMENTS 1,750,000 sf 1,940,000 sf Go to Montgomery, Plymouth, and Abington for regional shopping Go to Route 422 Corridor for regional shopping. 670,000 sf 910,000 sf 1,110,000 sf Conshohocken/Plymouth Meeting 3,060,000 sf 1,100,000 sf 1,280,000 sf Contains 1,020,000 square foot mall and large IKEA store. Eastern Montgomery County 6,090,000 sf 2,870,000 sf 3,030,000 sf Contains two enclosed malls with 2,530,000 square feet. Horsham-Willow Grove 2,900,000 sf 1,680,000 sf 1,910,000 sf Go to Abington for regional shopping. 810,000 sf 1,000,000 sf 1,260,000 sf Go to Montgomery for regional shopping. Main Line/King of Prussia 6,820,000 sf 2,730,000 sf 2,960,000 sf King of Prussia malls have 2,800,000 square feet. Norristown Region 3,770,000 sf 2,170,000 sf 2,450,000 sf Go to Plymouth and King of Prussia for regional shopping. Contains 1,120,000 square foot mall. Indian Valley North Penn 6,180,000 sf 2,350,000 sf 2,670,000 sf Pottstown Region 2,720,000 sf 1,380,000 sf 1,700,000 sf Go to Limerick outlets and North Coventry for regional shopping. Spring-Ford 3,550,000 sf 1,100,000 sf 1,320,000 sf Contains 600,000 square foot outlet center. 590,000 sf 420,000 sf 540,000 sf Upper Perkiomen Valley 136 Go to Quakertown for regional shopping. montgomery county today FIGURE 106: Shopping Centers in Montgomery County, 2012 Bucks County Lehigh County Hatfield Twp. Salford INDIAN VALLEY !! Salford Upper Gwynedd 202 Lower Frederick ! 73 Whitpain ! Upper Pottsgrove Lower Pottsgrove ! ! Sch uyl kil SPRING-FORD !! lR ive ! ! Lower Providence r Royersford ! Upper Providence 29 ! Norristown ! West Norriton ! ! CONSHOHOCKEN/ ! PLYMOUTH MEETING ! ! Plymouth ! ! Bridgeport !! ! ! ! ! 76 !! Upper Merion Conshohocken West Conshohocken ! MAIN LINE/KING OF PRUSSIA Lower Merion Neighborhood ! Big Box or Department Store ! Super-Regional ! Community ! Regional ! Narberth ! !! ! ! ! 476 ! Philadelphia Whitemarsh ! ! Chester County ! ! Pottstown 422 ! ! !! Springfield ! ! ! t u Collegeville ! ! !! ! Trappe ! ! ! !! ! grove West Potts ! ! ! REGION ! ! !! Perkiomen Limerick ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!! East Norriton NORRISTOWN !! Skippack ! ! POTTSTOWN REGION EASTERN MONTGOMERY ! COUNTY Cheltenham 73 Worcester Schwenksville 100 Jenkintown t u CENTRAL PERKIOMEN VALLEY Berks County ! Wales ! New Hanover North Towamencin ! Upper Frederick ! Lower ! Upper Salford 663 Douglass ! Bryn Athyn Upper ! ! Moreland 611 309 ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! Abington Upper ! Lower ! ! Dublin Gwynedd ! ! Rockledge ! AMBLER REGION ! Ambler 276 ! ! Green Lane ! HORSHAM-WILLOW GROVE ! 476 Horsham Lower Moreland ! UPPER PERKIOMEN VALLEY ! Hatfield Bor. Franconia ! Hatboro ! !! !!! NORTH PENN ! ! !! ! ! ! Lansdale ! ! 29 Marlborough Montgomery ! ! East Greenville Pennsburg Red Hill Upper Hanover ! ! Telford Souderton Delaware County Planning Area Source: Montgomery County Shopping Center Inventory, 2012 Philadelphia Premium Outlets in Limerick King of Prussia Mall in Upper Merion ¯ 0 1 2 3 4 5 Main Street Java Ribbon Cutting in Souderton 6 Miles 137 THE COUNTY ECONOMY Jobs of County Residents Tourism What’s New Jobs in the County The travel industry is a major part of the state and county economy. According to the Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corp, tourism brought a $9.34 billion economic impact to the Greater Philadelphia region in 2011 as well as more than 86,000 jobs. • Regional trends look positive for tourism. Visitor numbers have increased over the last decade, with 38 million people visiting the Greater Philadelphia region in 2011. The majority of the region’s visitors come from the Northeast region of the country, but the Philadelphia area gets visitors from across the country and around the world. Overnight visits are on the rise as well. All of these guests to the area filled more than 8.3 million hotel rooms in 2011. County Businesses Downtown and Main Street Areas Office, Industrial, and Brownfield Areas Retail Commercial Areas Tourism Agriculture and Farm Preservation Employment Forecasts and Economic Trends So what does Montgomery County have to offer? It’s home to some of the biggest tourist attractions in the region, drawing visitors from beyond its borders on a daily basis. The county has some of the region’s biggest shopping centers—including the King of Prussia Mall and Limerick’s Philadelphia Premium Outlets. The King of Prussia Mall receives more than 20 million visitors each year. King of Prussia is also home to one of the area’s newest attractions, the Valley Forge Casino Resort. Opened in March 2012, this is the first “resort” casino in the region, which means that gamblers are limited to members, those attending an event at the Valley Forge Convention Center, or people who’ve spent some money in one of the center’s other businesses or restaurants. And despite being the smallest casino in the state, gross revenues topped $18 million for FY 2011-2012. • Websites, social media, and mobile apps are all changing the way that people travel and plan their trips. From booking a room at a hotel, choosing a route, buying tickets to a show or reserving a table at a restaurant, travelers have any number of options when it comes to planning a trip online. This can also be evidenced by the increase in mobile device visitors to the visitphilly.com website (19% of traffic in the first quarter of 2012, as compared to 8% in the first quarter of 2011 and 3% in 2010). Just down the road, the Greater Philadelphia Expo Center at Oaks holds a variety of trade shows, festivals, and sporting expositions year round, with estimates of more than 300,000 visitors annually. PLANNING ISSUE Tourism has a big impact on the local economy, creating jobs and a financial boon at local hotels, restaurants, retail establishments, and other entertainment facilities...but the next challenge is to draw visitors to some of the county’s “hidden gems.” 138 Other visitors may come for the county’s historical, cultural amenities, or outdoor amenities. Valley Forge National Historical Park, with its breathtaking history and scenic vistas, receives upwards of 1.6 million visitors annually. The county is home to a variety of smaller parks and scenic multi-use trails that bring visitors to walk, bike, or ride horses. And first class museums like the Berman Museum of Art at Ursinus College bring upwards of 30,000 visitors to Collegeville each year. Valley Forge National Historical Park gets more than a million visitors every year who come to learn more about the Revolutionary War. montgomery county today Montgomery County has many tourist destinations, ranging from museums and historic sites to shopping and entertainment facilities. From where George Washington slept to the latest in fashion and culture, there’s something for just about everyone. FIGURE 107: 2011 Tourism Spending in Montgomery County and the Region (in Millions of Dollars) LODGING MONEY SPENT FOOD AND BEVERAGE REGIONAL RANK RETAIL MONEY SPENT MONEY SPENT REGIONAL RANK RECREATION REGIONAL MONEY RANK SPENT TRANSPORT REGIONAL RANK TOTAL MONEY SPENT MONEY SPENT REGIONAL RANK REGIONAL RANK Bucks County 114.4 4 162.4 3 102.8 3 81.2 3 266.5 4 727.3 3 Chester County 119.5 3 150.9 4 95.6 4 73.7 4 244.6 5 684.4 4 85.4 5 137.3 5 87.0 5 73.7 4 270.2 3 653.6 5 Montgomery County 271.1 2 224.6 2 142.2 2 84.4 2 465.5 2 1178.8 2 Philadelphia 727.2 1 804.5 1 509.5 1 356.8 1 3003.2 1 5401.2 1 Delaware County Sources: VisitPA.com and the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development 139 THE COUNTY ECONOMY Jobs of County Residents Jobs in the County County Businesses Downtown and Main Street Areas Office, Industrial, and Brownfield Areas Retail Commercial Areas Tourism Agriculture and Farm Preservation Employment Forecasts and Economic Trends Agriculture and Farm Preservation What’s New Farming and farm preservation are key components of the county’s rural landscape. Farming provides many benefits to the county, such as jobs, fresh food, and open space. • A heightened interest in purchasing local and /or organic products have given a boost to several farming trends over the last ten years. Community supported agriculture (CSA, a program in which consumers pay an advance monetary share to a farm or group of farms in exchange for produce during the growing season) and organic farming have both increased in popularity in Montgomery County, with more and more farmers turning to innovative ways of connecting with consumers while making a living off of their land. Restaurants like Trax Café in Ambler and supermarkets like Wegmans or Acme have also shown an interest in providing local products to patrons. Farmland Preservation Act 43 of 1981 paved the way for farmland preservation to happen across the state. In 1990, the county created an Agricultural Land Preservation Board, and the farm preservation program was born. Through a combination of state, county, and municipal efforts, there are 146 preserved farms across more than 8,600 acres in the county as of 2012. In short, the owner of a preserved farm accepts a conservation easement on his or her property that prohibits development and non-farming activities in exchange for a payment and continued ownership of the farmland. Preserved farms produce fruits, vegetables, feed crops, livestock, and other horticultural products, including Christmas trees and apples. Other Farm Programs Other efforts exist to help farmers protect their farms: • PLANNING ISSUE Agriculture and agribusiness are important parts of the county’s economy, but new suburban development may threaten this way of life. Farmers will need to adjust to new trends to stay current with these changing times. 140 The USDA’s Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), which gives technical assistance to reduce soil erosion and water quality impairment. • The USDA Farm Service Agency (FSA), which helps farmers with the financial assistance provided by the federal government under its Farm Bill. FSA programs encourage environmental stewardship and protect our county’s agricultural and natural resources. • Penn State’s Cooperative Extension, which provides research-based information to the community, particularly about agriculture and consumer living. • The PA Department of Agriculture, which oversees the state’s Agricultural Security Areas (ASAs), the first step towards farmland preservation. Created by Act 43 of 1981, joining an ASA is voluntary but gives farmers special consideration from state and local governments as well as protection from nuisance challenges and (to some extent) eminent domain takings. • Between 1997 and 2007, the DVRPC region (including Philadelphia and 8 nearby counties) lost 92,286 acres of farmland, a 20.8% loss that is well above the national 3.4% decrease in cropland and pastureland. • The county has lost many farms and farmers over the past six decades because of new development, higher operating costs, and volatile markets. In 1950, the county had a total of 2,802 farms across 161,000 acres, more than half the county’s total area. In the most recent census, from 2007, the county’s farm total was 719 farms with 41,908 acres in farming. The Census of Agriculture is scheduled to be updated for the year 2012. montgomery county today FIGURE 108: Farms and Farming Areas 29 • Hatboro Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 Ambler 663 t u 276 Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville t u 100 73 ¯ Norristown Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Agricultural or Vacant Land Core Agricultural Area Farms in Agricultural Security Areas Preserved Farms Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission Farms and the farming industry in Montgomery County include small family farms, family friendly entertainment-oriented facilities, and large industrial plants that manufacture and sell products across the region. Act 319 (the Clean and Green Act), enacted in 1974, allows farm property owners (with at least 10 acres devoted to agriculture or woodland use) to receive preferential tax assessment for their land based on its use if the land has been used for agriculture or forestry for the previous three years. This program is overseen locally by the county’s Board of Assessment Appeals. A rollback tax is charged to the current landowner if and when the use changes or if the land is removed from the program (i.e. is not preserved under the terms of this Act). The maximum period a rollback may be charged is for the most recent seven years. A six percent interest charge will be imposed on the rollback tax amount. The Farm Economy When the full impact of farming and food processing is taken into account, agriculture is the state’s largest industry. In 2007, the state had nearly $6 billion in sales of agricultural products. According to the state’s Department of Agriculture, dairying (specifically milk) is the principal moneymaker in the state, with a total sales value of $1.9 billion as of the 2007 Census of Agriculture. Livestock is crucial to Montgomery County, with 27,817 head of livestock and poultry with a total sale value (including their products) of $11.2 million in 2007. Milk was an important product from the county’s livestock, with nearly $4 million in sales. Overall, the market value of all agricultural products produced in the county was $30 million. The economics of farming also include numerous agribusinesses that help to support or are supported by farming. These include, but are not limited to, food processing plants, equipment dealers, and various wholesalers. According to the 2010 County Business Patterns, there were 73 food manufacturing establishments in the county with an annual payroll of over $239 million (a drop from 2000 levels, but still a significant part of the county’s economy). Meatprocessing plants, such as Hatfield Quality Meats and Leidy’s (found in the North Penn and Indian Valley areas), employ a majority of these workers. Other food-related industries include bakeries, dairy product manufacturing, chocolate & confectionary product manufacturing, and fruit and vegetable preserving and manufacturing. 141 THE COUNTY ECONOMY Jobs of County Residents Employment Forecasts and Economic Trends Jobs in the County Employment is projected to rebound from the cuts seen over the last several years. However, some areas of the county are better situated than others to have stronger employment gains. Countywide, 63,243 jobs are projected to be added to the county by 2040. Fast growing employment areas, such as those along Route 422 (Douglass Township, 44.9% gain and Limerick Township, 30.1% gain) and areas of the county with a strong industrial base, such as Franconia Township (35.1% gain by 2040), are projected to have the biggest percent gains. Numerically, Upper Merion and Horsham Townships are projected to have the biggest employment gains by 2040 (5,051 and 6,451 jobs, respectively). County Businesses Downtown and Main Street Areas Office, Industrial, and Brownfield Areas Retail Commercial Areas Tourism Agriculture and Farm Preservation Employment Forecasts and Economic Trends PLANNING ISSUE New commercial buildings, homes, day care centers, and transportation improvements will be needed to support the more than 63,000 jobs forecasted to be added to Montgomery County over the next 30 years. FIGURE 109: Montgomery County Employment Forecasts TOTALS 2010 Employment 542,264 2015 Employment Forecast 548,136 2020 Employment Forecast 558,371 2025 Employment Forecast 575,496 2030 Employment Forecast 592,621 2035 Employment Forecast 601,597 2040 Employment Forecast 605,507 Change in Forecasted Employment, 2010-2040 63,243 Percent Change in Forecasted Employment, 20102040 11.7% Source: DVRPC To better plan for workforce training and support programs, the county’s Workforce Investment Board has studied the industries which will grow or decline in the future. In the short term, business services and healthcare are two areas expected to grow. However, due to the expiration of patents and industry consolidation, it is expected the pharmaceutical industry will stagnate. Over the long term, it is expected that the manufacturing industry will begin to see slight increases. The healthcare industry is expected to grow in the long term as well due to the nation’s healthcare reform regulations which will boost demand, increase healthcare investment and in turn increase hiring in the healthcare industry. In the near term, the county will likely see shifts in how people work and how businesses and workforces are organized. Technology is constantly changing the way (and where) people work, exchange information, and sell products. Individuals will delay retirement and remain in the workforce, creating an increasingly older consumer market. At the same time, delayed retirement and cuts in jobs means that the number of jobs available in the short term is low. Over the long term, however, retiring baby boomers will provide new employment opportunities. Opportunities in the health care field and in the arts are expected to increase in the future. 142 montgomery county today FIGURE 110: Industries Projected for Near Term Growth 2012 JOBS 2015 JOBS NUMBER PERCENT CHANGE CHANGE Arts, Entertainment and Recreation 12,242 13,356 1,114 11,212 12,080 868 Hatboro 9% Management of Companies and Enterprises FIGURE 111: Forecasted Percent and Number Change in Employment Between 2010 and 2040 8% DESCRIPTION 29 Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 Real Estate including Rental and Leasing 28,543 Finance and Insurance 51,707 55,063 3,356 6% Educational Services (Private) 19,563 20,596 1,033 5% Health Care and Social Assistance 72,789 76,396 3,607 5% Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 69,910 72,891 2,981 4% Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing 47 106 59 126% Manufacturing and Reproducing Magnetic and Optical Media 164 324 160 98% Other Pipeline Transportation 42 t u Jenkintown Gambling Industries 1,895 7% 73 73 ¯ Norristown Collegeville t u 100 Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 Wireless Telecommunications 492 Carriers Soap, Cleaning Compound and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing 30,438 202 64 22 212 43% Forecasted Employment Increases by Percent Less than 10% 10% - 19.9% 52% 704 476 29 Source: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission 20% - 29.9% 30% and greater Hatboro Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 395 547 152 38% 611 276 84 113 29 35% Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 Scenic and Sightseeing; Transportation and Land 17 22 5 29% Securities and Commodity Exchanges 115 147 32 28% Beverage Manufacturing 97 123 26 27% Waste Collection 512 649 137 27% 73 Collegeville Source: Montgomery County Workforce Investment Board, Local Plan July 1, 2012-June 30, 2017 ¯ Norristown t u 100 73 Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Forecasted Employment Increases by Number Less than 1000 jobs 1000 - 1999 jobs 2000 - 2999 jobs 3000 and more jobs Source: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission 143 THE COUNTY ECONOMY 144 THE INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE THE COUNTY’S INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE Sewage Facilities Sewage Facilities Stormwater Management All developments rely on some type of sewage facilities, such as an individual on-lot septic system or a public sewage treatment system. These facilities ensure that domestic waste is properly collected, treated and disposed. However, if not operated and maintained properly, negative health and water quality impacts can result. Energy History and the Regulatory Environment Water Facilities Solid Waste Communications Schools Child Day Care Emergency Services Other Governmental Facilities The planning, permitting, construction, and operation of wastewater facilities is regulated by numerous federal, regional, state, and local requirements. The most significant federal legislation pertaining to water quality issues of wastewater is the Clean Water Act (CWA). The provisions of the CWA establish procedures for federal assistance for public wastewater facilities, establish effluent limitations for dischargers, require states to set water quality standards for all streams, and establish the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program. The Pennsylvania Sewage Facilities Act (Act 537) of 1966 (revised in 1974) requires municipalities to develop and implement Official Sewage Facilities Plans to ensure adequate sewage service for existing needs and new growth. Additionally, Chapters 71, 72, and 73 of the Pennsylvania Code describe the regulations required to administer the PLANNING ISSUE In developing places, the extension of sewer lines into farmland and open areas can spur new development. In developed areas, the sewage system is aging and will need new investment. Schwenksville sewage treatment facility. 146 What’s New • Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) - Many municipalities are bearing the burden of a failing sewage infrastructure. Much of this failure is due to excessive infiltration and inflow into sewer pipes from groundwater and stormwater. Groundwater seeps into sewer pipes through holes, cracks, joint failures, and faulty connections. Stormwater rapidly flows into sewers via roof drain downspouts, storm drains, and other access points. Most I/I is caused by aging infrastructure that needs maintenance or replacement. This is a significant financial issue for many municipalities and involves the PA DEP. For affected municipalities, PA DEP requires a Corrective Action Plan, where the municipality describes their actions to remove I/I. Based on this, DEP and the municipality work out a Connection Management Plan, where metering confirms the amount of I/I reduction that has occurred from the actions taken. Limited sewer connections are permitted based on the capacity freed up from the I/I remediation efforts. • New Methods of Disposal - The latest developments in wastewater technology are dynamic and constantly being proposed and/or improved. These new systems are shaping the County by allowing development where it may have otherwise been impractical. Low pressure collection systems, grinder pumps, effluent pump sewer systems, vacuum sewer systems, and small diameter systems are just a few forms of collection and conveyance alternatives to traditional public systems. An example of such a system is a mound system placed in the open space of a Salford Township cluster subdivision. Like almost all septic systems, it will continue to function properly if well maintained. montgomery county today sewage facilities planning program and provide standards for sewage disposal systems. There are a number of groups that exercise separate, but closely interrelated, roles concerning wastewater management within Montgomery County. Municipal sewer authorities and local sewer departments are mainly responsible for the daily operation and maintenance of the public sewage treatment plants and conveyance facilities. Under Act 537, municipal governing bodies are charged with developing official sewage facilities plans, adopting the plans, and implementing the recommendations of the plans. A number of regulatory agencies also play a role in the overall sewage facilities treatment process: • DEP and the Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC) each exercise oversight responsibilities and set water quality objectives. • The Montgomery County Planning Commission fills an advisory role in reviewing revisions and amendments to municipal official sewage facilities plans and planning module applications for individual developments. • The Montgomery County Health Department oversees the bulk of the on-lot sewage system program, including conducting site evaluations, issuing permits, and conducting inspections. They also review municipal official Act 537 plans and planning module submissions for on-lot sewage systems. including apartment complexes, military installations, hospitals, nursing homes, mobile home parks, campsites, commercial establishments, schools, residential subdivisions, and a correctional institution. Also, many industrial properties in the county have specialized sewage treatment facilities. The County’s rural areas rely on on-lot wastewater systems. On-lot systems are sewage systems on the property of the homeowner that treat and dispose of domestic waste through natural processes. On-lot systems are commonly used in rural and semi-rural areas with low density development and limited access to public sewage systems. Sewage Facilities Choices Sewage facilities options have expanded beyond the conventional septic system and municipal sewage treatment facility. Assisted by new treatment technology, development is occurring in areas previously inaccessible to sewage facilities. Onlot and community systems are being proposed where there are no public sewers or excess capacity is unavailable. Municipalities are confronted with proposals involving sewage facilities alternatives considered to be experimental a few years ago. Review of these proposals requires consideration of such varied issues as the ability of the system to meet regulatory requirements, municipal land use policy, and socioeconomic and environmental costs. Effluent discharge methods are also changing. Description of Existing Sewage Facilities There are currently 43 municipally owned and operated treatment plants within Montgomery County. Portions of eastern Montgomery County continue to be served by Philadelphia’s sewage treatment system. The county Sewage Treatment Facilities 2005 Status Report provides a map and details of these facilities. There are approximately 35 nonmunicipal, nonindustrial waste treatment plants operating in the county. These plants accommodate a wide variety of uses A sewage pump station on the Mill Grove side of the Perkiomen Creek. FIGURE 112: Sewage System Components SYSTEM COLLECTION TREATMENT On-lot Disposal Systems Collection lines minimal; a lateral and possibly some type of pump. Septic or aerobic tank, sand filter or rotating media; drip irrigation; single unit Absorption field or a sand mound; spray, or stream package treatment plants are available. discharge. Community Systems Collection line or force main, small diameter sewers, vacuum sewers, Septic or aerobic tank, sand filter or rotating media; lagoons, centralized pressure sewers or individual septic tanks with effluent collection. community plant. May need lift stations and grinder pumps. Absorption field or a sand mound; spray, or stream discharge. Public or Centralized Systems Collection line or force main, pressure or vacuum sewers, small diameter pipe. Stream discharge or spray irrigation. Sewage treatment plant. DISPOSAL 147 THE COUNTY’S INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE FIGURE 113: Existing Sewer Service Areas Bucks County Lehigh County Telford Souderton 29 East Greenville Pennsburg Salford Marlborough Upper Hanover Montgomery Hatfield Bor. Franconia Red Hill Lower Moreland Hatboro Hatfield Twp. Horsham Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland 309 476 Lansdale Green Lane Towamencin Upper Salford 663 Douglass New Hanover Upper Frederick Lower Salford Upper Gwynedd 611 Lower Gwynedd North Wales Upper Dublin Rockledge Ambler t u Lower Frederick Abington 276 Jenkintown 202 Whitpain 73 Cheltenham 73 Worcester Schwenksville Springfield Skippack East Norriton Plymouth Perkiomen Limerick Upper Pottsgrove rove West Pottsg Berks County 100 Lower Pottsgrove Pottstown Trappe Collegeville t u 422 Sch uyl kill Upper Providence Riv e r Royersford Whitemarsh Philadelphia Norristown Lower Providence West Norriton Bridgeport Conshohocken West Conshohocken Upper Merion 76 Lower Merion 29 Narberth Chester County 476 Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants Existing Sewer Service Areas Delaware County 0 1 2 3 4 ¯ Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 148 5 6 Miles montgomery county today Almost all public sewage systems constructed in the county discharge treated wastewater to surface waters . In fact, 42 of the 43 public treatment plants within the county discharge their effluent directly to a waterway. Land disposal of wastewater can be an appropriate alternative to stream discharge systems. However, due to the large land area required for these systems, this alternative is more appropriate for individual residential, non-municipal, and small municipal systems, or in cluster-type developments in rural resource areas, or in rural areas where a group of failing on-lot systems needs to be addressed. Spray and drip irrigation systems are the most common forms of land disposal options. FIGURE 114: Dispersal Options for On-Lot Sewage Facilities Individual on-lot systems are located on a developed lot and employ either subsurface or surface disposal of the treated effluent. Septic systems are one of the most common types of on-lot sewage facilities. They employ a treatment tank that allows for liquid waste to percolate through the soil where it is neutralized and broken down further. There are several variations from a septic system that are driven by soil, site, and operational conditions. The majority of the county’s soils are classified as having limitations—sometimes severe limitations— for on-site disposal, due to shallow depth to groundwater. Therefore, very few new ‘at grade’ subsurface disposal systems are installed today in the county. Instead, mound systems, which include a sand and gravel bed raised above the ground surface, are more common. Sewage treatment technology has progressed to the point where environmental constraints such as poor soil types or steep slopes or the lack of sewage treatment capacity in municipal systems may no longer preclude growth. DESCRIPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Bed/Trench Effluent from the septic or aerobic tank is treated in the bed/trench media and the surrounding soil. Commonly used, minimal maintenance Requires a relatively deep limiting zone Contour System Effluent is spread over a broad area of buried pipe in a shallow Larger area for effluent dispersal trench that follows the contour than most systems. of the land. Systems that are too long may require pressurization, requires a level bottom of the trench. Drip Irrigation/ Trickle Systems Applies pretreated wastewater to soil slowly and uniformly through a network of thin, flexible tubing placed at shallow depths in the soil. Minimal site disturbance, flexible tubing can be placed around trees and shrubs, and complex terrain. Possibility of clogging. Gravelless and Chamber Systems Vaulted cross-section, flat, uncontained bottom, uses a material other than gravel in the trench, provide some capacity to store effluent until it can be absorbed into the soil. Faster installation and increased volume of void space per unit length compared to conventional trenches. Cost. Elevated Sand Mound Mound consists of a raised drainfield, sandfill on top of a gravel-filled bed. Overcomes site restrictions (limiting zones due to unsuitable soils). Aesthetics, cost. Vapotranspiration Employ the combined effects of evaporation from soil and transpiration from plants to dispose of wastewater effluent. Can be used on sites with very porous soils and in close proximity to water wells (50 feet). Not as effective in areas with high rainfalls, high humidity, low average daily temperatures and low levels of solar radiation. Pressure/Low Pressure Shallow, dosed soil absorption systems. Can be specially designed to overcome site constraints such as high water table, can be located on sloping ground or on uneven terrain. Cost. Recirculating Sand Filter New and Alternative On-Lot Sewage Options NAME Septic or aerobic tank to remove solids, effluent is pumped to a sand filter tank, effluent can be recirculated through the filter multiple times. Higher quality effluent due to the recirculation. Requires annual maintenance and the sand must be replaced roughly every 10 years. A spray irrigation system 149 THE COUNTY’S INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE Sewage Facilities Water Facilities What’s New Water Facilities Water facilities are an important part of the infrastructure needed to provide a clean and reliable water supply for residential development and to stimulate economic growth. • Comprehensive Water Resource Planning — Resource planners and water purveyors are looking at water resources comprehensively. This new perspective includes considering the role of stormwater runoff and treated effluent along with rainfall, stream flow and groundwater in the hydrologic cycle. The relationship of land use to water resources is also an important consideration, as development changes the water cycle. Solid Waste Stormwater Management Energy Communications Schools Child Day Care Emergency Services Other Governmental Facilities PLANNING ISSUE The availability of a safe and reliable water supply is very important for economic growth, but protecting water resources for future generations is critically important as well. 150 In 2010, the county had 799,874 residents living in 325,735 housing units. Approximately 695,890 people, or 87%, are served by a public water system. Public water systems rely on ground and/or surface water sources, and may be interconnected with other water purveyors. There are 17 large public water suppliers operating in the county. They include 10 authorities, 4 privately owned companies, and 3 municipal departments (CollegevilleTrappe Joint Public Works Department is owned by both boroughs). The 17 water suppliers manage over 254,000 connections and provide over 152 million gallons of water each day for residential and nonresidential uses. The public water purveyors in Montgomery County use both surface and groundwater sources. The quantity and quality of these sources is dependent upon geology and precipitation. The Water Resources Plan provides an indepth discussion regarding the relationship of geologic characteristics, land use, and the relationship of water cycle to water supply. Water resources must be managed and protected to avoid resource degradation and other impacts. Land use can have significant negative impacts on water resources. Impervious surfaces decrease infiltration and increase runoff. This can contribute to lower groundwater levels, reduced base flow in streams, and increase streambank destabilization. Runoff from developed areas can also carry pollutants. Protecting water resources benefits purveyor and customer alike. Resource protection tools include wellhead protection programs and source water protection programs. Water conservation efforts, including leak detection, billing/rate structures, and public education, also help maintain an adequate and reliable supply of water. • Clustering of Wells — Public water facilities are particularly important in high and medium density areas where wells otherwise would be clustered amid multiple land uses. Dense clusters of wells are more likely to interfere with each other and also provide more ways for contaminants to reach groundwater. • Population Trends — The area served by public water has the greater population. Population density in this area often exceeds 2,000 persons per square mile. However, some of the fastest growing municipalities in the county are either located in the area not currently served by public water or have very limited service. The type and size of public water systems varies considerably across the county and reflects the unique development patterns of each municipality. montgomery county today FIGURE 115: Existing Water Service Areas 29 Hatboro Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville t u 100 73 ¯ Norristown Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 Existing Water Service Areas Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission Children enjoying the Pottstown spray park. Regulatory Agencies Public water purveyors operating within the county are subject to federal, state, and local regulations that establish standards for water quality, ground and surface water withdrawal, and consumer water rates. These regulations include: The Pennsylvania Safe Drinking Water Act Pennsylvania was authorized under the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act to implement its drinking water program under a “primacy” agreement between the PADEP and the U.S. EPA. Pennsylvania’s program includes regulations and voluntary initiatives for water supply systems that serve at least 15 service connections or 25 or more people. The PA Safe Drinking Water Program establishes maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) to ensure that drinking water is safe for human consumption, and requires public notification whenever drinking water is not in compliance with state standards. Delaware River Basin Commission Groundwater Protected Area Regulations The Delaware River Basin Compact was signed into law in the Fall of 1961, establishing the Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). The compact members are the federal government, and the states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. DRBC allocates water supplies and regulates projects deemed to have a substantial effect on water resources within the basin area, which includes all of Montgomery County. Public Utilities Commission The Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission (PUC) regulates the rates charged by public water purveyors under their jurisdiction and approves franchise or service areas for these water purveyors. All investorowned companies that charge rates for their service are under the jurisdiction of the PUC. Montgomery County Health Department The health department has established standards for the location, construction and quality of individual water supply wells and system installation. 151 THE COUNTY’S INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE Sewage Facilities Water Facilities Solid Waste Stormwater Management Energy Communications Schools Child Day Care Emergency Services Other Governmental Facilities PLANNING ISSUE Per capita rates of municipal solid waste generation continue to increase, while recycling rates decrease in the absence of a concerted public education and promotion program. 152 Solid Waste “Solid waste” includes daily discards from residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional establishments. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) refers only to discards from commercial and residential establishments. The county’s Municipal Waste Management Plan addresses MSW through an integrated waste system of waste reduction, recycling, energy recovery (incineration), and landfilling. MSW management includes waste collection, waste transportation, recycling and reuse, composting, landfilling, and incineration. Act 101 of 1988, the Municipal Waste Planning, Recycling, and Waste Reduction Act, addresses recycling, planning, permitting, and operation of facilities for municipal waste. Counties, instead of townships and boroughs, are given the responsibility of municipal waste planning and disposal. Under Act 101, the county maintains the municipal waste plan, oversees a trash transfer station, promotes recycling, reports recycling data, and manages the household hazardous waste collection program. There are seven existing municipal waste facilities located in the county, and numerous out of county facilities that waste haulers may choose from to process MSW from the county. These are shown on the accompanying map. Recycling is an important part of waste management. Act 101 mandated municipalities for curbside recycling are shown on the accompanying map. Municipalities with populations of at least 10,000, and those with populations between 5,000 and 10,000 and more than 300 persons per square mile are required to develop curbside recycling programs. Many municipalities that do not meet these thresholds have developed voluntary recycling programs. The county achieved a 25% recycling goal by 1995. People’s attitudes, packaging materials, and the economy cause the recycling rate to fluctuate from year to year. Residential and commercial educational programs that emphasize the need, ease, and benefits of recycling are usually successful. Recycling data collection has improved recently, enabling the county to document its efforts to achieve the state’s current goal of 35% recycling. What’s New • Waste generation rates for Montgomery County residents continue to rise, though slowly. In 2011, the average rate was 4.4 pounds per capita per day. This is slightly less than the national per capita per day average of 4.6 pounds. In the same year, the county recycling rate was 38.5%. • The County Municipal Waste Management Plan was adopted in 1990, revised in 1994, and again in 2004 to document 10 years of disposal capacity and plan for recycling programs. A similar update is underway, scheduled for completion in 2013, that will discuss the municipal agreements for the Montgomery County Resource Recovery Facility in Plymouth Township. • The 1,200 ton per day Montgomery County Resource Recovery Facility is operated by Covanta Energy. It began operation in 1993. Most of the waste going to the facility comes from the Eastern District. In 2011, the tipping fee was $65 per ton. • The 276-acre Pottstown Landfill closed for trash disposal and recycling drop-off in October of 2005. The landfill, operated by Waste Management Disposal Services of PA Inc., was the last municipal waste landfill operating in the county. The facility, shown below, had been in operation for more than 70 years. montgomery county today FIGURE 116: Solid Waste Facilities and Mandated Recycling Municipalities Bucks County Lehigh County Telford Souderton 29 East Greenville Pennsburg Salford Marlborough 476 Montgomery Hatfield Bor. Franconia Red Hill Upper Hanover 7! New Hanover Douglass Upper Frederick Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland 309 Towamencin Upper Salford Horsham Lansdale Green Lane 663 Lower Moreland Hatboro Hatfield Twp. Lower Salford Upper Gwynedd Lower Gwynedd North Wales Upper Dublin Ambler Lower Frederick t u 611 Abington 6! Rockledge 276 Jenkintown 202 73 Cheltenham 73 Whitpain Worcester Schwenksville Springfield Skippack East Norriton Perkiomen 100 Plymouth Whitemarsh Philadelphia Upper Pottsgrove grove West Potts Berks County Limerick Lower Pottsgrove Pottstown Trappe Collegeville t u 422 Sch uyl kill Riv e Norristown Lower Providence West Norriton Upper Providence r 3! 5! Bridgeport 4! ! Conshohocken 2! West Conshohocken Upper Merion Royersford 1 76 Lower Merion 29 Narberth Chester County 476 Mandated Recycling Program Status Newly Mandated since 2010 Census Mandated prior to 2010 Census Non-Mandated County Facilities 1. Covanta Plymouth Renewable Energy 2. Lower Merion Transfer Station 3. BFI River Road Transfer Station 4. Great Valley Recycling 5. Norristown Transfer Station 6. Abington Transfer Station 7. J. P. Mascaro Transfer Station Delaware County Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission Facilities Located Outside Montgomery County Brooke County Landfill, Colliers, WV Chrin Brothers Landfill, Easton, PA Commonwealth Env. Services, Hegins, PA Conestoga/New Morgan Landfill, Morgantown, PA GROWS North Landfill, Morrisville, PA IESI Bethlehem, Bethlehem, PA Keystone Sanitary Landfill, Dunmore, PA Lanchester Landfill, Narvon, PA 0 1 2 Tulleytown Landfill, Tullytown, PA Veolia ES Chestnut Valley, McClellandtown, PA Veolia ES Greentree, Kersey, PA Pioneer Crossing, Birdsboro, PA Wetzel County Landfill, New Martinsville, WV Covanta Delaware Valley, Chester, PA Covanta Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA Wheelabrator Falls, Morrisville, PA Indian Valley Transfer Station, Telford, PA 3 4 5 6 Miles ¯ 153 THE COUNTY’S INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE Sewage Facilities Stormwater Management What’s New Water Facilities Stormwater is often seen in terms of flooding. However, it is part of a larger process – the hydrologic cycle – that cleans and distributes water and has a significant impact on the environment, people’s lives, and the economy. Protecting and restoring site hydrology minimizes impacts to public water supply and ecosystems. Managing stormwater on a watershed basis reduces flooding. Using stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) protects water resources. • MS4—Pennsylvania revised and reissued the MS4 permit requirements in 2011. The Municipal Separate Storm Sewer (MS4) program requires the county to manage runoff from county-owned sites. The county’s stormwater program must include: Solid Waste Stormwater Management Energy Communications Schools Child Day Care Emergency Services Other Governmental Facilities PLANNING ISSUE How do we manage stormwater in a way that restores predevelopment hydrology, reduces flooding, recharges groundwater, and improves water quality in compliance with state programs and within existing budget constraints? 154 Land in a natural state produces little runoff. Rainfall is absorbed and slowly released to groundwater, surface waters and the atmosphere. Vegetation loss, impervious surfaces, and soil compaction from development disrupt site hydrology and greatly increase runoff. Maintaining natural drainage on a site during and after development minimizes this disruption. Stormwater BMPs can preserve and restore site hydrology during development. Flooding is an issue that involves zoning and land use, stormwater management, and flood plain regulation. Land use regulations often require large basins be installed at a site’s lowest point to manage all the runoff from a development. Over the past few years, there has been a move to a more dispersed strategy that manages stormwater close to its source. Used in tandem and located close to the point of generation, stormwater BMPs have been shown to be more effective than the single basin strategy in mitigating local flooding. Two state programs that influence stormwater management are the Act 167 Stormwater Management program and Phase II of the NPDES program, often referred to as the MS4 program. Act 167 requires counties to prepare watershedbased stormwater management plans for designated watersheds. Through the watershed approach, upstream control in one municipality resulting in downstream flooding in another municipality is avoided. The county has completed plans for 10 of its 17 watersheds; a county-wide plan is being considered to complete the remaining plans and update the existing ones. The MS4 program requires the county to develop a stormwater program to address stormwater discharges from county facilities. − − − − − − Education and Outreach Staff Participation Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination Stormwater Management During Construction Post-Construction Stormwater Management “Good Housekeeping” in County Operations • Stormwater BMPs—Best Management Practices (BMPs) treat stormwater as a resource. BMPs are replacing the “one large basin” strategy. Many smaller BMPs are being used in tandem, close to where the runoff is forming. BMPs include: − Naturalized basins − Reduced or disconnected impervious surfaces − Rain gardens − Porous pavement − Infiltration basins or trenches − Sediment forebays − Stormwater ponds − Constructed wetlands • Act 167 Planning—Stormwater plans were adopted in 2011, in compliance with Act 167, the Pennsylvania Stormwater Management Act for these watersheds: − Tookany-Tacony/Frankford watershed − Valley Creek watershed − Headwaters of the Perkiomen − Pennypack watershed • The county has developed a model floodplain ordinance that municipalities can adopt to maintain compliance with the National Flood Insurance Program. The ordinance can be found on the county planning commission website. montgomery county today FIGURE 117: Impacts to the Hydrologic Cycle from Development When rain falls on undeveloped land, half of it soaks into the ground, replenishing groundwater or soil moisture. As land is developed, even at rural densities, there is a loss of vegetation, and an increase in hard surfaces. In this scenario, runoff doubles, and there is a corresponding loss of 10% or more in infiltration. Suburban style development has even more hard surfaces, in the form of rooftops, roads, sidewalks, and compacted soil. Because of impervious surfaces, over 50% of rainfall can become runoff in boroughs and older urban areas. Stormwater BMPs, like the raingarden on the left and the porous pavement on the right, can be used to capture runoff from impervious surfaces. Once captured, the rainwater can be allowed to infiltrate into soil, or it can be released slowly to prevent flooding. Often the stormwater that flows through a BMP is filtered and cooled, so that impacts to the receiving stream are minimized. 155 THE COUNTY’S INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE Sewage Facilities Energy What’s New Water Facilities Energy has become a crucial issue not just for the nation as a whole, but also for Montgomery County, where energy consumption has increased over the past five years by 4.23 %. How the energy that drives our society is created, transmitted, and used is constantly changing. • Natural gas found in the Marcellus Shale deposits is being extracted, and this impacts Montgomery County in a variety of ways. Natural gas lines run through the county, natural gas products are shipped throughout the county, residents and businesses in the county are consumers of natural gas, and a portion of the county’s drinking water comes from the Marcellus Shale region. Solid Waste Stormwater Management Electricity Energy Communications Schools Child Day Care Emergency Services Other Governmental Facilities PLANNING ISSUE As conventional energy costs rise, conservation efforts and more affordable and renewable alternatives are sought. The development of natural gas fields in upstate Pennsylvania may significantly change the energy picture in the county. 156 The electric distribution system in the county is owned by PECO, PPL, Metropolitan Edison and two municipalitiesthe boroughs of Lansdale and Hatfield which each own electric distribution systems. Both boroughs purchase bulk amounts of electricity in order to service their residents and businesses. In addition to those who distribute electricity, other companies sell electricity to customers within the county under Pennsylvania’s utility deregulation program. The primary source of public electricity in Montgomery County is the 2,284-megawatt Limerick Nuclear Power Station, the second largest power plant in Pennsylvania. Other public electric power plants operating in Montgomery County include the Covanta Plymouth Waste to Energy Plant and the Cromby Generating Station until it was retired in 2011. Many large private facilities generate their own power, such as Merck West Point Power Plant and the cogeneration facility at Einstein Medical Center Montgomery. Other Montgomery County residential and business electric power needs are met through electricity transmitted into the county from other facilities owned by PECO, Metropolitan Edison, PPL or other electric generators participating in the Pennsylvania Jersey Maryland (PJM) Interconnection. The PJM Interconnection L.L.C., which is based in Montgomery County, provides electrical transmission service and generation marketing to nearly 150 electric generating companies in the mid-Atlantic region and includes 540 generating units with 62,567 megawatts of generating capacity. Gas Service PECO provides gas service in most areas throughout the eastern and central portions of the county, while gas in developed portions of western Montgomery County is • A natural gas deposit, the South Newark Basin, lies beneath a portion of the county. While the South Newark deposit may be large, there appears to be no imminent pressure to begin extracting the gas due to a drill moratorium until 2018 and the lack of economic incentives to drill at this time. • Montgomery County has seen many renewable energy projects completed over the last decade. These projects include a large number of geothermal systems at schools and other institutions, and solar facilities on residences, businesses and institutions. Some examples include solar installations at the Morris Arboretum and on Colonial School District property. Many of these projects were aided financially though state and federal incentive programs, especially solar projects. As these sources of funding have dwindled, it has become more difficult to fund solar projects. New legislation and creative financial ideas may spur renewable energy projects in the future. • Electric and natural gas vehicles are becoming more available and are being supported by state incentives. Natural gas fueling stations are have been located in King of Prussia and are planned for PA Turnpike rest stops throughout the state. Electric vehicle charging stations have been installed at the King of Prussia Mall, Blue Bell campus of Montgomery County Community College, and at the Upper Merion Township Building among other private locations. montgomery county today provided by UGI Corporation. Both providers obtain gas supplies from interstate gas transmission companies. FIGURE 118: Energy Transmission Network 29 Hatboro Pennsburg Renewable Energy 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 ! Conshohocken t u 422 Pottstown ¯ Norristown Collegeville 100 73 Energy Conservation 76 ! 29 476 ! (Cromby Generating Station was retired in 2011) Pipelines Liquid Petroleum Liquid Petroleum & Natural Gas Natural Gas Electric Utility Line 66kV 132kV 220kV 500kV The use of renewable sources of power and electric energy, including those using sun, wind, geothermal and water power, helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and nuclear power. Though renewable energy facilities should be encouraged, care needs to be taken in siting them in order to address various safety, aesthetic and other regulatory issues associated with them. Also, cogeneration facilities, such as burning waste for energy, are another source of renewable energy. ! Public Electric Generating Station Metropolitan Edison Service Area PECO Service Area PPL Service Area Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission Site design and planning considerations can have an impact on the quantity of power used for heating and cooling as well as the fuel required for transportation. Energy conservation can begin with land use decisions. Integrating various types of land uses and promoting alternative transportation can lessen the use of the automobile. Certainly, the revitalization and reuse of existing developed areas and brownfield sites can yield significant energy conservation benefits. Site design decisions involving the enhancement of solar access and the reduction of summer heat through trees are also significant measures to be taken to reduce energy reliance. FIGURE 119: Energy Consumption SECTOR TYPE 2005 ENERGY DATA 2010 ENERGY DATA % INCREASE 2010 DVRPC REGIONAL ENERGY DATA Commercial 2,530,225,190 kWhs 2,547,692,871 kWhs 0.10% 16,873,419,029 kWhs Industrial 3,276,172,879 kWhs 3,865,065,814 kWhs 1.20% 18,864,077,138 kWhs Residential 3,239,520,283 kWhs 3,286,547,506 kWhs 1.02% 20,697,378,414 kWhs 48,463 BTUs 49,097 BTUs 1.01% 279,458 billion BTUs 3,477 billion BTUs 3,847 billion BTUs 0.9% Source: The information provided in Figure 113 is provided by DVRPC as part of their Regional Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. For details on DVRPC’s methodology and for more information please visit http://www.dvrpc.org/energyclimate/inventory.htm 20,927 billion BTUs Motor Vehicle Trips Off-road Vehicles & Equipment kWhs—kilowatt hours BTUs—British thermal units 157 THE COUNTY’S INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE Sewage Facilities Communications What’s New • Solid Waste Communications technologies—radio, television, wireless phone, satellite, cable, and internet services—change constantly, and have radically changed the way county residents communicate and seek out information. Stormwater Management Wired Phone Service Energy Verizon provides a wired phone and Internet network throughout the county with the exception of an area around Gilbertsville which is serviced by Windstream Communications (which purchased carrier D & E Communications in 2009). To meet the significant demand for more rapid and clear transmission of data, Verizon has installed fiber optic cable in several areas within the county with large office facilities. More recently, Verizon has begun to offer residential fiber optic service—commonly known as FiOS—across much of Montgomery County. It is a bundled internet access, telephone, and television service. Comcast provides a similar bundle of services under the brand XFINITY to Montgomery County customers; this includes cable, high-speed internet, and phone services. The digital divide—that is, the divide between those with high speed internet connectivity and the resulting computer skills and those without—is a growing concern in Montgomery County, the region, and across the country. The cost of owning a computer and having reliable internet connectivity is a cost that not everyone can afford. Those without permanent housing may lack a place to access the internet as well. These barriers to digital literacy may become a barrier to economic growth and the provision of social services as more resources and information are exclusively shared on the internet. • Many households are getting rid of “landline” telephones and turning exclusively to cellphones. Preliminary results from the January–June 2011 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) indicate that the number of American homes with only wireless telephones continues to grow. More than 3 of every 10 American homes (31.6%) had only cell phones during the first half of 2011—an increase of 1.9 percentage points since the second half of 2010. Many people receive all or almost all calls on their cell phones despite also having a landline telephone. This trend, combined with increasing wireless internet access, will put pressure on the wireless cellular network. Water Facilities Communications Schools Child Day Care Emergency Services Other Governmental Facilities Broadband PLANNING ISSUE Antenna placement continues to be a contentious issue in many communities, despite the need for providers to fill gaps in their service areas. 158 Broadband—that is, a permanent high-speed connection for both transmitting data and telecommunications—has become a vital part of the county’s infrastructure and economy. It has connection speeds considerably higher than the standard 56 kbit/s modem speed. Cable, ADSL, VDSL, and wireless are all types of broadband access. Americans are increasingly gaining access to the internet, through increases in broadband internet at home as well as through cell phones that are internet-connected. This may change the emphasis on connectivity away from household broadband subscribership to investments in high-speed internet access more broadly. The county’s future economic growth as an employment hub is intricately tied to easy and affordable broadband access. Subscriber rates, as shown on the next page, vary across the county and seem to be lower in the county’s boroughs or similar downtown areas, and may sometimes be lower in areas with lower household median incomes. montgomery county today Wireless Phone Service FIGURE 120: Household Broadband Subscriber Rates: 2010 29 Several companies, including T-Mobile, Verizon Wireless, Sprint, AT&T, and Metro PCS, are licensed to operate a cellular service network in Montgomery County. The networks consist of communications cells, which includes an antenna and communications equipment to send and receive wireless signals to be connected to wired phone networks. Each antenna can only handle a limited number of calls, so as cellular use in an area grows, additional towers are needed to manage new users. Hatboro Pennsburg 309 476 Lansdale 611 276 Ambler 663 t u Jenkintown 202 73 Collegeville t u 100 73 ¯ Norristown Conshohocken 422 76 Pottstown 29 476 No subscribers 0-20% of households subscribe 21-40% of households subscribe 41-60% of households subscribe 61-80% of households subscribe 81-100% of households subscribe Source: The National Broadband Map, data created and maintained by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (www.broadbandmap.gov) Many antennas are placed on towers, and normally new towers must allow for the co-location of antennas of multiple providers. When feasible, water tanks, existing buildings, or other structures are used to house antennas. Antenna placement in more developed areas of the county may be a contentious issue if the bulk of the antenna cannot be easily masked. Where new communications towers are needed, the tower structure’s design and color can blend into its surroundings. Techniques to further disguise the tower such as artificial tree limbs, flag pole arrangement, or other elements can also be employed if appropriate. Wireless communications antennas may be hidden within structures (as in the church steeple on the right), placed in plain view, or put on existing structures like the power line on the left. 159 THE COUNTY’S INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE Sewage Facilities Water Facilities Solid Waste Stormwater Management Energy Communications Schools Child Day Care Emergency Services Other Governmental Facilities Schools Montgomery County has an excellent educational system that includes universities, colleges, public schools, and private schools. This system is known throughout the region and state as providing a strong education to its students. In 2012, the system consisted of: • Twenty-two active school districts serving 111,344 students. (Five of the school districts include areas outside of Montgomery County. Although Bryn Athyn is the twenty-third school district, it has no facilities.) • A large variety of private schools accounting for approximately 18% of all students. (This ratio has been declining; it was approximately 26% in 1990 and 21% in 2000.) • Twenty-two colleges or universities with over 40,000 students. (These range from national liberal arts colleges like Bryn Mawr, Haverford, and Ursinus to private for-profit schools, from small theological schools to the Montgomery County Community College with approximately 14,000 students on two campuses.) After rapid increases, some school districts have experienced recent declines in enrollment, particularly districts where high population growth rates have slowed down. For example, the North Penn District’s enrollment declined by about 900 students from 2000-2001 to 2011-2012 and is projected to continue declining over the next decade. PLANNING ISSUE For most school districts, the era of consistent high enrollment growth is over. In some places, schools may close, while in others there may be a need for modest school additions or redistricting. Other school districts in older areas, such as Upper Merion, have grown and are projected to continue growing. Some of this is due to new families moving into older housing, particularly as older generations move out. The Valley Forge Towers, for example, is seeing many people moving to the Shannondale retirement community being replaced by young immigrant families. FIGURE 121: Public School Enrollment YEAR ENROLLMENT 2000 - 2001 106,295 2011 - 2012 111,344 2020 - 2021 112,814 Source: PA Department of Education 160 What’s New The past decade was a busy time for the county’s schools and colleges as many of them rehabilitated, replaced, expanded, and upgraded their school buildings. • Lower Merion built two new high schools; Souderton moved its high school; Upper Dublin built a new high school; Perkiomen Valley built a middle school; Spring-Ford built grade centers for the middle years; and a number of districts added, replaced, or expanded elementary schools in addition to improvements at their middle and high schools. • A number of private schools, such as Haverford, Germantown Academy, and the Shipley School added new buildings. The Archdiocese of Philadelphia closed and consolidated many elementary schools while also combining the Kennedy-Kenrick and St. Pious X High Schools into the new Pope John Paul II High School. • Temple University moved its art program from Cheltenham to its main campus while Eastern University moved its Palmer Seminary from Lower Merion to Radnor. Episcopal Academy moved out of Lower Merion and sold its property to St. Joseph’s University. • A few school districts are considering closing an elementary school, including the Souderton, Perkiomen Valley, and Wissahickon districts. montgomery county today FIGURE 122: Schools and Colleges Bucks County Lehigh County Z Telford º ¹ ¼ ¹ Souderton 29 º¼ ¹¹ ¼ ¹ º ¹ East Greenville Pennsburg Z ¼ ¹ º ¹ Upper Hanover º ¹ º ¹ Upper Salford 663 Douglass New Hanover Z BOYERTOWN Upper Frederick º ¹ 73 º ¹ 100 Berks County gr West Potts ove º ¹ º ¼ ¹ ¹ ¼ ¹ º ºº ¹ ¹¹ Pottsgrove ¼ ¹ º ¹ Pottstown ºº¼ º ¹¹¹ ¹ ¼ ¹ POTTSTOWN º ¸ ¹ ² º ¹ º ¹ º¼ ¹¹ ¼ ¹ º¸¼º¸ ¹²¹¹² Upper Gwynedd º ¹ 422 Sc h uyl kill Schwenksville º ¹ PERKIOMEN VALLEY ¸ ² t u METHACTON º ¹ Trappe º ¹ º ¹ º ¹ º ¹ º ¹ ¸ ² Ambler º ¹ Whitpain ¸ ² ¼ ¹ ¼ ¹ Upper º ¹ º ¹ Providence ºº ¹¹ ¼ ¹ º ¹ º ¹ º ¹ ¼ ¹ 73 º ¹ ¼ ¹ ¼ ¹ 29 ¼ ¹ ºº ¹¹ º ¹ º ¹ ¼ ¹ ¼ ¹ Rockledge º ¹ º ¹ º ¹ Whitemarsh º º ¹ ¹ º ¹ ¼ ¹ ¼ ¸ ¹ ² Jenkintown ¹ JENKINTOWN ¹ º º ¹ ¼ ¼ º ¹ ¹ ¼ ¼ ¹ ¹ ¸ º ¼ ² ¹ ¹ º ¼º ¼ ¹ ¹¹ ¹ Cheltenham º ¸ ¸¼¸¼ ¼ º º ¹ ² ²¹²¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¼ ¹ CHELTENHAM ¸ ² º ¹ º¼ ¹¹ º ¹ SPRINGFIELD ¼ ¼ ¹ ¹ Springfield ¼¼ ¹¹ ¼ ¹ Philadelphia ¼ ¹ ¼ ¹ º ¹ West Conshohocken Upper º ¹ º ¹ ºº ¹¹ 276 Conshohocken º ¹ ¸ ² ¼ ¹ º ¹ º ¹ ¼ ¹ º ¸ º¼ ¹ ² ¹¹ º ¹ ¸ ² COLONIAL Bridgeport Merion º º ¹ ¹ º ¹ 76 ¼¸ ¹² UPPER MERION ¼ ¹ Chester County ºº ¹¹ ºº ¹¹ Plymouth º ¹ º ¹ Norristown West Norriton º ¹ º ¹ Royersford Z º ¹ º ¹ º ¹ º ¹ º ¹ º ¹ Collegeville SPRING-FORD º ¹ º ¹ NORRISTOWN Lower Providence BRYN ATHYN º ¼ ¹ ¹ 611 ABINGTON º ¹ Abington º ¹ ¸ ¼º ² ¹¹ º ¹ º ¹ Upper º ¹ Dublin ¼ ¹ º¼ ¹¹ º ¹ Bryn Athyn º ¹ º ¹ Upper Moreland ¼º ¹¹ East Norriton º ¹ º ¹ º ¹ ¼ ¹ º ¼ ¹ ¹ Skippack º ¹ º ¹ Perkiomen Riv er ¸ ² ¼ ¹Lower ¼ ¹ Gwynedd º ¹ Worcester Lower Moreland º ¹ LOWER MORELAND ¼ ¹ ¼ ¹ North Wales º ¹ ¼ ¹ º ¹ º ¹ Hatboro ¹¹ ºº º ¹ UPPER DUBLIN ¼ ¹ 202 Limerick t u º ¹ º ¹ WISSAHICKON º ¹ º ¹ ¼ ¹ Upper POTTSGROVE Pottsgrove Lower ¼ ¹ Horsham º ¹ 309 º ¹ º ¹ Towamencin Lower º ¹ Salford ¼ ¹ ¼ ¹º º ¹ Lansdale ¹ ¼ ¹ º º º ¹ ¹ ¹ º ¹ º ¼ ¹ ¹ º ¹ ¸ ² ¼º ¹¹ ¸ ² HATBORO-HORSHAM º ¹ ¼ ¼ UPPER¹ MORELAND ¹ ¹ ¼ Montgomery NORTH PENN Lower Frederick º ¹ º ¹ º ¹SOUDERTON º ¹ º ¹ Green Lane ¼ ¹ ¼ º ¹ ¹ º ¹ º ¹ Hatfield Bor. º ¹ ¼ ¹ 476 UPPER PERKIOMEN º ¹ º ¹ Franconia ¼ ¹ Salford Marlborough Red Hill º ¹ ¸ ² º ¹ º ¹ Hatfield Twp. LOWER MERION ¹ º º º ¹ ¹ º ¹ ¼ ¹ ¼ ¼¼ ¹ ¹¹ ¼ º ¼ ¹ ¹ ¹ º ¹ ¸ ² ¸ ² ¼¼ ¹¹ ¼ ¼¼ ¼ ¹ ¹¹ ¹ ¸ ¸¸ ¼ º ¼ ¼ ² ²² ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸ ¼ ² ¹ ¼ ¹ º ¼ ¹ ¹ ¼º ¹¹ º ¹ Lower Merion ¼ ¹ ¼ ¹ 476 Narberth Delaware County Public Elementary School ¼ ¹ Private Elementary School º ¹ Public Middle School ¼ ¹ Private High School º ¹ Public High School ¸ ² Z º ¹ College or University School District extends beyond Montgomery County Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission FIGURE 123: Montgomery County School-Aged Population YEAR 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Total Population 623,799 643,371 678,111 750,097 799,874 823,564 873,361 162,095 127,270 107,068 133,855 136,194 131,050 137,426 20% 16% 18% 17% 16% 16% 2 3 4 5 6 Miles ¯ 143,100 26% 1 894,486 Population Age 5 - 17 0 16% Percent of Total Population Sources: U.S. Census, MCPC interpolation of DVRPC forecasts 161 THE COUNTY’S INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE Sewage Facilities Water Facilities Solid Waste Stormwater Management Energy Communications Child Day Care Nowadays, with many single-parent or two working-parent households, child day care is a critical component of the county’s infrastructure, making life easier for families while increasing the size and flexibility of the county’s workforce. Child day care is primarily used by children who are 4 and under, although older children do use it for kindergarten and after school programs, with children up to age 12 sometimes in these programs. Most day care facilities close by 6 PM, and parents who work at night or in the evening often have trouble finding good day care. Schools There are three types of child day care facilities regulated by the state, and one type, day care centers, has become more popular over the past decade. Child Day Care • Family Day Care Homes are family residences with up to six children. In 2012, there were 55 family day care homes in the county, as compared to 138 in 2001. • Group Day Care Homes are family residences with up to twelve children. In 2012, there were 10 group day care homes, as compared to 16 in 2001. • Day Care Centers, the most common type of child day care, are licensed facilities serving 7 or more children. In 2012, there were 356 day care centers, a significant increase from the 325 existing in 2001. Emergency Services Other Governmental Facilities PLANNING ISSUE Access to day care in the county’s employment centers is sometimes limited. 162 The need for child day care has increased. In 2011, there were 39,833 children under age 6 living in families where both parents work or their single parent was in the labor force. This was 72% of the children under 6 who were living with their parents, while in 2000 it was only 62% and a total of 34,647 children. After remaining flat over the past decade, the number of children ages 0 to 4 is expected to increase slowly over the upcoming decades. Even so, if the trend of more families with small children having both parents work continues, there may be more demand for day care services. montgomery county today FIGURE 124: Day Care Centers Bucks County Lehigh County k k k k k k Lower Moreland kk k k kk k k kk k k k Marlborough Salford k Montgomery Horsham k kk kk k k k k kk k kUpper Upper Hanover k k k k k Moreland kk kk k k k k kk k k k k k k k k k k kk kk k k kk k k k kk Towamencin k k k Upper k Lower k k k kk k k k k k Abingtonk k k k kUpper k k k Gwynedd k k k k Dublin Upperk k k k k k Lower k Gwynedd k kSalford k k kk k Salford kk k k k k k k kk k k k k k k k kk Upper k k Frederick k kk kk k k k k kk k t u Lower New k kk k k Frederick Douglass k kk k kCheltenham k k k Whitpain k k k Hanoverk k Worcester k k k k k kk kk k kk k k Springfield k k k Skippack k kk k k k k k East Norriton k k k Philadelphia k k k Plymouth Whitemarsh k Perkiomen k k k k k k k k k k kk k k k k k k k k kk k k Limerick k Lower kk k k kk kk k Upper k West k Pottsgrove k kk kk k k kk k Providence Lower Norriton k k Pottsgrove k k k k k k Upper k k k kk t k k k u k Upper k Merionk kk k Providence k kk k kk k k kk k kkk k k kkk k kk k k k k k k kk kk k Lower Merion k k kk k k k k kk k k k kk k kk kk k k k k Chester County k k k k k kkkk k k k kk k Delaware County k Day Care Centers Sources: Montgomery County Planning Commission, k k k Franconia k k Telford Souderton 29 East Greenville Pennsburg Red Hill k Hatboro Hatfield Twp. Hatfield Bor. Bryn Athyn 309 476 Lansdale Green Lane 611 North Wales 663 Rockledge Ambler 276 Jenkintown 202 73 73 Schwenksville Norristown Trappe Collegeville Bridgeport 422 grove West Potts Berks County 100 Sch uyl kil Pottstown Conshohocken West Conshohocken lR ive Royersford r 76 29 Narberth 476 Montgomery County Board of Assessment Appeals 0 1 FIGURE 125: Day Care Aged Population YEAR Total Population Population Age 0 - 4 % CHANGE 1970-1980 1990 % CHANGE 1980-1990 2000 % CHANGE 1990-2000 2010 % CHANGE 2000-2010 2020 % CHANGE 2010-2020 2030 2 3 4 ¯ % CHANGE 2020-2030 5 2040 6 Miles 1970 1980 % CHANGE 2030-2040 623,799 643,371 3% 678,111 5% 750,097 11% 799,874 7% 823,564 3% 873,361 6% 894,486 2% 24,515 36,147 47% 45,837 27% 47,290 3% 47,305 0% 49,634 5% 52,330 5% 51,149 -2% Sources: U.S. Census, MCPC interpolation of DVRPC forecasts 163 THE COUNTY’S INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE Sewage Facilities Emergency Services What’s New Water Facilities In Montgomery County, police, fire, and ambulances provide emergency services. • Solid Waste Police The county established its 911 system in 1996 and will launch Next Generation911 in 2014, which will include a comprehensive upgrade to the current emergency radio system. The current dispatch system is in need of an upgrade, as well as a lot of new equipment and software, including nearly all of the police radios. These components have reached the end of their useful life, with parts and service no longer available. • The consolidation of local fire companies has become more common lately, as both willing volunteers and budgets have gotten tighter. A recent merger of the Humane Fire Co. with the Norristown Hose Fire Co., for example, has dropped the number of stations in Norristown from five to four. • Improvements in technology have changed the way the county responds to requests for help. For example, all emergency and police dispatch calls are now routed through the county’s 911 call center, located at the county’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in Eagleville, which was expanded and upgraded in 2007. In addition to the call center, the EOC houses the emergency operations control room, and specialized vehicles and equipment needed for responding to different emergency events. And emergency response vehicles are equipped with computer aided dispatch mapping programs that help pinpoint the home address or cell phone call location of the request for assistance. • Social media resources have changed how the county communicates information. The county’s Department of Public Safety posts information to its Facebook page about local emergencies as well as emergency preparedness. And ReadyNotifyPA is a text messaging alert system available to Southeast Pennsylvania residents looking to receive updates on emergencies, severe weather situations, and road closures. More information about this service can be found at http://www.readynotifypa.org. Emergency Services Police services in Montgomery County occur primarily at the municipal level. There are more than 1,200 full time police officers employed by the county’s municipal police departments. A regional police force, the Upper Perkiomen Police, covers Pennsburg and East Greenville Boroughs. Perkiomen, Salford, Skippack, Upper Frederick, Upper Hanover, Upper Salford and Worcester Townships, as well as Red Hill, Schwenksville, and Trappe Boroughs are covered by the Pennsylvania State Police barracks located in Skippack Township. Additional law enforcement presence includes a branch field office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the county’s Office of the District Attorney and its Detectives Bureau, and the county Sheriffs. Other Governmental Facilities Fire Stormwater Management Energy Communications Schools Child Day Care PLANNING ISSUE Technological improvements, cooperation, and consolidation have helped the county’s fire, police, and ambulance services maintain a high level of emergency services, but fiscal constraints and staffing concerns remain. 164 Volunteers partially or completely staff all fire departments in the county. Some municipalities have full-time or parttime paid professional firefighters alongside the volunteer staff, and municipalities may provide some funding through committed taxes or from operating budgets. Many municipalities have a fire marshal who is responsible for fire prevention, as well as the local municipal and volunteer fire companies. The county’s Department of Public Safety operates the Montgomery County Fire Academy, which trains and certifies firefighters from this and other counties. There are currently 108 stations across the county. Ambulances Ambulance services are primarily provided by state-licensed private nonprofit organizations. Ambulance services are a part of emergency medical services (EMS), which include paramedics, emergency medical technicians, and quick responders. The county’s EMS system is coordinated by the Department of Safety within the EMS Division by the State’s Act 45 of 1985. Many municipalities provide limited funds for ambulance companies. Ambulance stations generally have a combination of paid and volunteer staff. montgomery county today FIGURE 126: Emergency Service Locations Bucks County Lehigh County ! Telford Souderton ! ! !! ! 29 East Greenville ! Pennsburg !! ! Red Hill Upper Hanover Salford Marlborough Hatfield Twp. ! ! 476 ! ! ! ! Upper ! ! Salford 663 ! ! Upper Gwynedd ! ! Lower Salford 309 ! ! North ! Wales ! ! Douglass ! ! ! ! Ambler ! t u Lower Frederick 73 ! ! ! ! 276 ! 73 ! Whitpain Worcester ! ! Abington ! ! !! ! ! grove West Potts Berks County ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Pottstown !! Limerick ! ! Lower ! Pottsgrove ! !! ! ! Trappe ! Collegeville t u ! ! ! Lower Providence 422 Sch uyl kill Riv er ! ! ! Royersford ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! Whitemarsh ! ! !! ! Bridgeport ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! Conshohocken ! ! ! West ! Conshohocken ! 76 ! ! Lower Merion Ambulance Stations ! Fire Stations ! ! !! ! Delaware County ! Police Stations with 51 - 135 Full Time Officers ! 476 Police Stations with 21 - 50 Full Time Officers ! ! ! Narberth ! ! ! Police Stations with 0 - 20 Full Time Officers ! Norristown Merion ! ! ! ! Chester County ! ! Cheltenham Springfield ! Plymouth !Upper ! 29 ! West ! ! Norriton ! Upper Providence ! !! ! Perkiomen ! Upper Pottsgrove ! Philadelphia ! East Norriton ! 100 ! ! ! ! Skippack ! Rockledge !! Jenkintown ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! Schwenksville ! ! ! ! ! 611 Upper Dublin 202 ! New Hanover ! Lower! Gwynedd ! Upper Frederick ! !! ! ! ! ! !! Bryn Athyn ! ! Upper Moreland Lansdale Towamencin Lower Moreland ! ! ! Horsham ! ! ! ! Green Lane ! ! ! Montgomery Hatfield Bor. Franconia ! ! ! ! ! Hatboro ! 0 Source: Montgomery County Department of Public Safety 1 2 TOTAL PT 1 CRIME INDEX Montgomery County 16,953 CRIME RATE (PER 100,000 POPULATION) 2,141.5 VIOLENT CRIMES 1,565 Pennsylvania 322,314 2,537.4 46,310 Source: PA Uniform Crime Reporting System (UCR) and the PA State Data Center 4 5 6 Miles ¯ FIGURE 127: State and County Crime Statistics: 2010 Ambulance (Three Mile) Service Areas 3 PROPERTY CRIMES MURDER RAPE ROBBERY BURGLARY 15,388 18 123 519 2,161 276,004 657 3,455 16,314 54,845 165 THE COUNTY’S INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE Sewage Facilities Other Governmental Facilities What’s New Water Facilities The county is home to a variety of government facilities, including buildings associated with federal, state, county, and municipal governments. • An expansion at the State Correctional Institution at Graterford is currently underway. This project, which has a total allocation of $400 million, entails the construction of a new prison facility which will replace the existing Graterford facility. There will be 4,100 beds—a big increase—as well as administrative and support buildings, all located in the immediate vicinity of the existing facility. Solid Waste Stormwater Management Energy Communications Schools Child Day Care Emergency Services Other Governmental Facilities Federal Facilities The 80 or so post offices in the county are our most common federal government facility. Post offices can be divided into two categories: delivery and nondelivery (which provide post office boxes only and do not deliver mail to residences and businesses). Some smaller nondelivery post offices are privately owned; most larger delivery post offices are owned and operated by the United States Postal Service (USPS). Although the general trend has been for the USPS to close smaller post offices and consolidate services, no post offices in Montgomery County have closed in recent years. Other federal offices include the United States Department of Agriculture Eastern Regional Research Center in Springfield Township and sites owned or operated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Internal Revenue Services, National Park Services and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Willow Grove Air National Guard Base, as it is now called, closed in September 2011 but the Air Force will retain administrative offices on the property. • A recent expansion at the county’s correctional facility created space for more than five hundred prisoners on work-release or serving sentences for DUI and other nonviolent crimes. This construction, which took place from 2010 to 2011, has helped prevent overcrowding. Originally built to house 1,240 inmates and later expanded to accommodate 1,500 inmates, the population has exceeded 1,700 prisoners in recent years. • Municipalities looking to the future have built new municipal buildings and other facilities over the last ten years, including Red Hill Borough and Lower Salford Township. Hatfield Township replaced its municipal pool facility with a new complex in 2007 that includes two pools and a bathhouse. Horsham Township built a new library in 2004, close to the township building as well as several local schools. State Facilities PLANNING ISSUE Investment in some buildings, particularly county-owned facilities, has been limited over the years as budgets have tightened and costs have been reigned in. 166 One major state facility is the State Correctional Institution at Graterford in Skippack Township. Built in 1929, it now detains approximately 3,000 inmates, about 8% of the state’s total prison population and the largest population of all prisons operated by the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. The official capacity of the facility is about 2,550 inmates. A recent addition to the county’s state facilities is the Department of Environmental Protection’s offices in Norristown, which was constructed on a brownfield site and opened its doors in 2004. And besides the PennDOT District 6-0 headquarters in Upper Merion, there is the District 6-1 maintenance office and a driver testing facility in East Norriton Township. Hatfield’s new pool is a big draw for local residents. montgomery county today Among the oldest state facilities in the county is the Norristown State Hospital, built in 1879. The Department of General Services and the Department of Public Welfare oversee the hospital; the future use(s) of this 200+ acre site are unclear. There are additional state owned or operated facilities in the county, including several buildings in Evansburg State Park—one is used as headquarters for the park and others serve as maintenance facilities. Other state owned parks include the Norristown Farm Park and Fort Washington State Park. County Facilities The county owns buildings in several of its 62 municipalities. The Montgomery County Correctional Facility is in Lower Providence with about 1,000 inmates. The county’s Human Services Center, at the site of Norristown’s former Sacred Heart Hospital, primarily consists of offices and related uses. The county purchased this building soon after the hospital closed. The county owns the office building known as One Montgomery Plaza, which was bought in 2006 and is located across the street from the county’s courthouse. The courthouse was built in 1849 and has been renovated over the years. It provides offices, courtrooms, and meeting rooms for the county’s court system. The county also has thirty district court offices in places like Bridgeport, Ardmore, and Limerick. The Eastern Montgomery County Courthouse Annex is in Willow Grove, with branch offices of various county services. The county owns the former county prison in Norristown, which is currently used for storage space. Other facilities, such as the two community college campuses and the Geriatric and Rehabilitation Center, are discussed elsewhere in this publication. Municipal Buildings Each municipality in the county has a building for conducting business. Municipal buildings may include ancillary uses such as police stations, libraries, firehouses, public works facilities and ambulance stations—although some of these uses may be housed in satellite locations. Government facilities in Montgomery County include county facilities like its courthouse and Emergency Operations Center, as well as federally-owned and operated post offices, municipal buildings, and state offices. 167 THE INFRASTRUCTURE BACKBONE 168 CULTURAL RESOURCES CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic Resources Historic Resources Scenic Roads and Vistas The preservation of Montgomery County’s historic buildings and settings not only maintains the county’s unique heritage but also creates new opportunities for these sites to become 21st century destinations. From boroughs that sprang up around railroad depots to homes where George Washington (literally) slept, the county has a compelling history that shines through these many resources. Libraries Arts and Culture Historic Resource Surveys and Inventories Several surveys and resulting inventories of historic resources have been conducted over the last several decades. In 1975, the Montgomery County Planning Commission published the Inventory of Historic and Cultural Resources, an inventory of historic resources then considered to be significant, but did not include documentation of all buildings 50 years old or older. A follow-up survey of historic resources in some municipalities was conducted in 1986. More recent surveys have been prepared by the Conservancy of Montgomery County, a nonprofit preservation organization. And as part of their own historic preservation initiatives, local municipalities or local historic societies ranging from Lower Merion to Schwenksville have conducted historic resource surveys. Historic Districts PLANNING ISSUE Though many of the county’s historic properties are preserved and wellmaintained, this has not prevented many other historic homes, barns, and commercial buildings from being demolished every year. What’s New • In June 2012, Pennsylvania became the 30th state in the nation to have a historic state tax credit. The Historic Preservation Incentive Act will be a companion to the very successful federal tax credit program. This program offers a 25% state tax credit for the rehabilitation of historic structures also using the existing 20% federal tax credit. • The county has many historic preservation success stories. Springfield’s Black Horse Inn was in active use through much of the 20th century but was sold to a developer who had plans to develop this site into a CVS. With much support from the local community, Springfield Township took ownership of this property in 2004 and began restoration work. • Much controversy arose over the recent teardown of La Ronda property, in Lower Merion Township. After being sold to a new owner, the property was razed in the fall of 2009, despite much public outcry. Although an excellent example of Mediterranean Revival architecture, this site lacked Class I designation under the township’s historic ordinance, which left no legal remedies to prevent this teardown once the township’s 90-day teardown moratorium expired. Many of the county’s municipalities have established historic districts to maintain additional controls over local historic sites. Pennsylvania law allows historic districts to be established in two ways: (1) as a historic preservation ordinance/district within a municipal zoning ordinance under the state’s Act 247 (the Municipalities Planning Code) or (2) historic preservation ordinances/districts overseen by a Historical Architectural Review Board (HARB) as authorized under Act 167 (the Local Historic District Act) of 1961. Generally, districts established under Act 167 have the strictest standards, are more complex, and require more time and expertise than those authorized by Act 247. Regardless of the method, municipalities have the right to establish historic districts and to regulate the erection, Springfield Township’s Black Horse Inn 170 montgomery county today reconstruction, alteration, restoration, demolition or razing of buildings within historic districts. One of the newest historic districts in the county is in Souderton Borough, with a district overlay within the downtown area. Cheltenham Township also has a HARB that oversees historic districts in LaMott and Wyncote. However, the township is also considering an overlay district to protect properties outside of these areas. Lower Merion Township has both an overlay district across the entire township as well as a HARB that oversees historic districts in Ardmore, Gladwyne, Mill Creek and Haverford Station. National Historic Landmarks and the National Register of Historic Places The Historic Sites Act of 1935 allows for historic resources to be designated as National Historic Landmarks— resources with a high degree of historic integrity which are significant to the nation and its history. The Secretary of the Interior, working with the National Park Service, is responsible for designating and maintaining the list of National Historic Landmarks, of which there are 13 in the county. The National Register of Historic Places is the official federal list of important historic resources. This list goes beyond just National Historic Landmarks and includes buildings, structures (like bridges), objects, sites (such as cemeteries), and districts (such as the local districts mentioned above). The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission maintains and publishes a list of state historic resources that are listed (or are eligible to be listed) on the Historic sites in Montgomery County range from religious to revolutionary. The Beth Sholom Congregation’s synagogue, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is on the right. The bottom photo is a Civil War reenactment at Pennypacker Mills. FIGURE 128: Communities with Historic Resources Inventories 29 . . ! ! Pennsburg .. . !! ! . ! . ! . ! . ! . ! . ! . ! 476 . ! . . ! ! 663 . ! . ! 73 . ! . ! 611 . ! Ambler . ! . ! t u 276 . ! Jenkintown 202 . ! . ! . ! . ! . ! . ! . ! 309 . ! Lansdale . ! Hatboro . ! . ! 73 . ! . ! . ! . ! . ! . ! . ! . . ! ! . ! . 100 ! Pottstown . ! . ! . ! t u 422 . ! . ! Collegeville . ! . ! ¯ Norristown Conshohocken . ! 76 . ! 29 476 ! . ! . ! . Partial historic resource inventory performed by the Clio Group Historic resource inventory performed by the Conservancy of Montgomery County Historic resource inventory performed independently by municipality or other agency Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 171 CULTURAL RESOURCES FIGURE 129: Historic Properties (National Register) Bucks County Lehigh County ! Telford ! Souderton ! 29 East Greenville Pennsburg ! 663 Upper Salford ! Lower Frederick ! ! [ ! ! ! ! Limerick ! ! grove West Potts Berks County ! ! ! Pottstown ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! t u Sch ! uyl kill Riv ! er ! Historic Resources ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Whitpain ! Historic Districts ! Listed on National Register ! ! Jenkintown ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! West Norriton ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! 476 [ ! [ ! ! ! Cheltenham! ! !! !! ! ! Springfield ! ! ! ! Philadelphia ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Lower Merion ! ! ! ! ! Narberth! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! [ [ ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! [ ! ! ! Whitemarsh ! !! ! Conshohocken ! ! ! ! West ! Conshohocken 76 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Upper Merion [ !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! Bridgeport ! ! ! Abington ! ! 276 ! ! ! ! !! ! ! Norristown ! 29 ! 611 Rockledge ! ! ! Plymouth ! !! ! ! 73 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Upper Moreland Upper Dublin ! East Norriton ! ! Bryn Athyn ! ! ! ! Royersford ! ! ! ! ! Ambler ! ! ! ! ! ! Lower ! ! ! ! ! !Providence ! !! ! !! t u ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Lower ! Gwynedd North Wales ! [ [ [ Delaware County Eligible for National Register Listed on National Register National Historic Landmark ! ! ! Eligible for National Register [ ! Worcester ! ! Trappe ! ! ! ! ! Collegeville Chester County ! ! Upper Providence ! ! ! ! ! ! Horsham ! 309 ! ! ! 202 ! ! [ 422 ! ! ! Skippack !! ! ! ! ! ! Perkiomen ! Lower Pottsgrove Upper Gwynedd ! ! ! ! Upper Pottsgrove ! ! ! ! 100 ! ! ! ! Schwenksville ! ! Towamencin ! ! ! ! ! ! 73 ! ! ! Upper Frederick ! ! ! ! ! Lower Salford ! ! ! Lower Moreland ! ! Hatboro ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Lansdale ! ! ! ! ! Green Lane ! [ ! Montgomery ! ! ! ! ! ! ! New Hanover ! ! 476 Upper Hanover ! ! ! ! Hatfield Bor. Franconia ! Red Hill Douglass ! ! Salford Marlborough Hatfield Twp. ! ! 0 National Historic Landmark 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles ¯ Source: 2012 Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission data FIGURE 130: Montgomery County’s National Historic Landmarks Bryn Athyn Bor—Pitcairn Residences Cheltenham Twp—Beth Sholom Synagogue Cheltenham Twp—Grey Towers Horsham Twp—Graeme Park (Keith House) Lower Merion Twp—M. Carey Thomas Library 172 Lower Merion Twp—Merion Friends Meeting Lower Merion Twp—Merion Cricket Club Lower Merion Twp—Woodmont Lower Providence Twp—Mill Grove Trappe Bor—Augustus Lutheran Church Upper Frederick Twp—Henry Antes House Upper Merion Twp—Valley Forge National Historic Park Upper Merion Twp—Washington’s Headquarters (in Valley Forge National Historic Park) montgomery county today National Register of Historic Places. Sometimes the only reason a resource isn’t in the National Register is simply because no one had requested that it be listed. Listed and eligible properties include the five historic resources that are owned by Montgomery County: • Mill Grove - Built in 1762 and home of John James Audubon, the well known naturalist. The property is a National Historic Landmark. • Peter Wentz Farmstead - Established in 1744 by Peter and Rosanna Wentz, the Wentz farm served as the Revolutionary War headquarters for General Washington during the fall of 1777. • Sunrise Mill - The grist and sawmill, built in 1767 on the Swamp Creek, supplied ground grain and sawn lumber to generations of farmers, and to the troops during the American Revolution. • Barley Sheaf Inn - Once a historic inn and tavern in East Norriton Township, this 2.5 story, plastered stone building was once home to Montgomery County’s first courthouse. • The Keswick Theatre - In Abington Township, this theater is significant for its architecture, commerce, recreation and culture. Open since 1928, it is a restored theater that attracts top acts from around the world and crowds from around the region. Pottsgrove Manor – Built in 1752 for John Potts, ironmaster and founder of Pottstown. Once situated on a 1,000 acre plantation, only four acres of property remain today. • his time. In addition, this home (built in 1736) is an example of Moravian settlement houses. • Pennypacker Mills – This home was originally built in 1720 and is fully furnished with antiques collected by the former Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker. The county’s buildings and sites listed in or eligible for the National Register are shown in Figure 124. Eligible structures like bridges and railroad lines are not on this map. A few of these sites are listed below to illustrate the range of resources in the county and how diverse its historic landscape has become. • • • Montgomery Cemetery - In West Norriton Township, this cemetery was founded in the late 1840s and is the final resting place of several high-ranking Civil War officers and a former Pennsylvania governor. Evans-Mumbower Mill - This site in Upper Gwynedd Township is home to a historic grist mill that was in use until 1930. Henry Antes House - The Antes House, in Upper Frederick Township, is significant for its builder (Henry Antes) being a notable religious and political figure of People have been dying to get into West Norriton Township’s Montgomery Cemetery, one of the county’s historic resources, for more than 150 years. FIGURE 131: Communities with Historic Districts, Review Boards, and Other Similar Zoning Elements 29 ! ! Pennsburg ! ! ! 476 Hatboro ! ! ! 309 ! Lansdale ! ! 663 ! ! ! ! ! 611 ! !Ambler t u ! Pottstown ! ! 422 ! 73 ! Norristown ! Collegeville ! ! HARB ! ! ! ¯ !! Conshohocken 76 ! ! ! Jenkintown ! ! t u ! ! ! 100 276 202 73 ! ! ! 29 ! 476 ! !! ! Historic District Other Provisions Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission Village Zoning 173 CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic Resources Scenic Roads and Vistas Scenic Roads and Vistas Roads can be so much more than a way to get from place to place. A scenic road provides a visually pleasant experience for drivers, bicyclists, pedestrians, and other travelers. Libraries Arts and Culture What’s New • Lately, billboard companies have brought challenges against many municipalities. These legal challenges have caught many officials off-guard, and have left some municipalities vulnerable to having billboards placed in less-then-optimal areas. Some municipalities, such as Hatboro Borough, are taking a proactive stance by passing billboard overlay ordinances to designate appropriate areas for billboards...before a legal challenge takes place. • Worcester Township’s 1997 Land Preservation District helps to preserve scenic views by requiring that “(v)iews of neighborhoods from exterior roads and abutting properties shall be minimized by the use of changes in topography, existing vegetation or additional landscaping...” • Over the past decade, many municipalities have invested in local streetscaping initiatives to make local roadways more pleasant. Places like Souderton, Royersford, and Cheltenham have made their main thoroughfares much more attractive. This, in turn, has attracted new businesses, residents, and visitors. • Other municipalities have looked to overlays along local corridors—think Ridge Pike in West Norriton Township—to encourage more landscaping and walkability as new development takes place. The federal government established the National Scenic Byways Program in 1991, and since then has funded more than 3,000 national or state byway projects across the 50 states. This program designates certain roads as National Scenic Byways or All-American Roads based on their archaeological, cultural, historic, natural, recreational, and scenic qualities. Pennsylvania’s Byways Program was started in 2001 and is coordinated by the state’s Department of Transportation. Local byways are designated at the request of local communities; the state currently has 19 state-designated byways, the local Blue Route (Route 476) among them. However, this is more than just a scenic road preservation program, since so many roadways have more than just scenic qualities. Scenic roads and vistas contribute to the quality of life of Montgomery County residents as well. The visual beauty, charm, and history of the county’s landscapes enrich daily life. As time passes, the county’s scenic roads and the views from them are lost as farms and other open spaces develop. The roads shown in Figure 126 have qualities that could be recommended for future designation. Roads should be designated only if protective measures are taken to maintain their scenic qualities. PLANNING ISSUE Scenic roads have qualities that people care deeply about but ultimately are difficult to protect. Although many communities encourage roadside beautification, most don’t have the tools in place to preserve scenic roads and the views they offer. This new bridge along Kratz Road was designed in a context-sensitive way to be a good fit for its scenic surroundings. 174 montgomery county today What Makes a Road Scenic? Scenic Roads in Montgomery County: Daily Use Roads • Distance and expanse of the viewshed • Types of landscapes traversed • Natural or built roadside features 3. Penllyn Pike • Reactions that the road evokes 4. Morris Road • The broader setting of the area 5. Skippack Pike 1. Huntingdon Road 2. Moredon Road 6. Conshohocken State Road 7. Route 29 8. Old Skippack, Bergey, and Salfordville Roads 9. Geryville Pike 10. Layfield Road Swamp Creek Road, in Marlborough Township, is among the county’s scenic routes. 11. Hoffmansville and Big Roads 12. Valley Forge Road Aesthetically Unique Roads 13. Tookany Creek Parkway 14. Stenton Avenue FIGURE 132: Scenic Roads 29 15. Flourtown Road 9 27 Pennsburg 22 24 28 23 29 30 17. Manor Road 309 476 3 4 20 25 t u 611 276 Ambler 73 26 10 7 5 13 16 Norristown t u 24. Swamp Creek Road ¯ 17 Conshohocken 6 76 Pottstown 29 476 18 25. Hendricks, Salford Station, Kratz, Clemmer’s Mill and Spring Mountain Roads 26. Faust, Grebe, Yerger, and Gerloff Roads 27. Water Street and Church Road 28. Philadelphia and Kutztown Road and Knight Road 29. Miller Road 30. Niantic Road 19 Aesthetically unique and daily use scenic roads 22. Allentown Road 23. Morwood and Camp Roads 15 422 19. Valley Forge, North Gulph, Valley Creek Roads and Outer Line Drive 20. Stover, Quarry, Bridge, and Kriebel Roads Jenkintown 14 Collegeville 100 73 12 21 2 21. Perkiomen Creek, River and Creek Roads 202 11 18. Old Gulph, Mill Creek and Williamson Roads 31 Lansdale 8 663 16. Harts Lane 1 Hatboro 31. Terwood Road Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 175 CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic Resources Libraries Scenic Roads and Vistas Libraries not only give access to books, storytelling, and information, but also provide resources and activities for seniors, supply reference materials for entrepreneurs and job seekers, make computers and internet access available to anyone, and advance democracy by creating educated constituencies. Libraries are also meeting places, social outlets, and sources of entertainment—they show movies, host clubs and groups, present speakers and provide health screenings—frequently in places that don’t always have other focal gathering spots. Libraries Arts and Culture As of 2010, about 49% of the county’s population had a library card—about the same level reported in the last comprehensive plan. However, the circulation levels per capita have gone up—on average, county residents checked items out of the library about 7.5 times a year. There are a total of 35 libraries in the county. Aside from several township-level library systems, the Montgomery County–Norristown Public Library is a group of member libraries located across the county, many in smaller communities that might not otherwise be able to support a strong library on their own. And the Montgomery County Library and Information Network Consortium (MCLINC) provides both an information sharing network and interlibrary loans for many of the county’s libraries. PLANNING ISSUE Libraries play an important role in any community—made only more challenging in tough financial times when funding falls short. Keeping libraries both fiscally strong and cutting -edge is a continuing challenge. 176 In addition, the Montgomery County–Norristown Public Library operates several bookmobiles that make regular trips to municipalities without libraries, communities for the elderly, and day care facilities. There are also libraries in the county associated with colleges and universities, historical societies, businesses, religious organizations, environmental groups, legal groups, and medical groups. The library at Montgomery County Community College is open to all residents of the county. The Law Library of Montgomery County, located in the county courthouse, provides materials to the general public for legal research. What’s New Many of the county’s libraries have moved, expanded, or renovated over the past decade: • Horsham Township’s library opened in October 2004 in a new 25,000 square foot building. A meeting room offers space for community events and book discussion groups, popular speakers, weekly storytime events, and afterschool programs. • The Lower Merion Library System is in the midst of an ambitious renovation project at all of its branch libraries. Its main branch, the Ludington Library, reopened in September 2012. The Bala Cynwyd Library’s renovations are scheduled to be completed by early 2013. • The North Wales Area Library moved into a newlyrenovated space in the former Koaxis, Inc. factory in January 2010. Since opening, circulation rates for library materials have doubled and the number of users (as well as the staff to serve them) have been on the rise. The library now has over 3,600 registered patrons from eight nearby municipalities, as well as from outside the local area. montgomery county today FIGURE 134: Library Statistics FIGURE 133: Libraries ! 29 ! LIBRARY Hatboro ! Pennsburg ! 309 476 ! Lansdale ! CARD CIRCULATION HOLDERS Abington Township Public Library1 ! Cheltenham Township Library 611 System2 37,392 494,324 19,681 409,022 t u ! ! Collegeville t u 100 ! Conshohocken ! 422 Pottstown ! ¯ Norristown ! ! ! 76 ! ! ! 29 476 ! Public Libraries ! ! Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission ! ! Huntingdon Valley Library 10,094 90,650 Indian Valley Public Library ! ! ! ! ! 386,333 40,425 513,869 3,475 64,665 Lansdale Public Library3 6,679 97,232 Lower Merion Library System4 38,240 1,187,963 Lower Providence Community Library ! ! 73 177,424 16,846 9,734 279,669 Montgomery County Library System—Norristown5 79,343 623,025 Narberth Community Library 202 73 8,815 Horsham Township Library ! ! Jenkintown ! 276 Ambler ! Free Library of Springfield Township Jenkintown Library ! 663 2,877 43,909 North Wales Library 1,633 58,503 Pottstown Public Library 21,861 120,899 Union Library Company of Hatboro 7,796 29,773 Upper Dublin Public Library6 10,548 313,260 Upper Merion Township Library 22,387 213,718 Upper Moreland Public Library 11,305 161,627 William Jeanes Memorial Library 7,160 98,593 Wissahickon Valley Public Library7 17,888 358,366 Total 374,179 5,722,824 1. Includes Roslyn branch. 2. Includes East Cheltenham, Elkins Park, Glenside and La Mott branches. 3. The Lansdale Public Library is the sole library in the county that does not receive state assistance. 4. Includes Ardmore, Bala Cynwyd, Belmont Hills, Gladwyne, Ludington and Penn Wynne branches. 5. Includes Norristown Public Library, Conshohocken Free Library, Perkiomen Valley Library at Schwenksville, Royersford Free Public Library and the Upper Perkiomen Valley Public Library. 6. The Upper Dublin Public Library statistics include the North Hills Branch, which has since closed. 7. Includes Ambler branch. Source: Pennsylvania Department of Education, Office of Commonwealth Libraries, Bureau of Library Development (Pennsylvania Public Libraries Annual Reports, 2010). 177 CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic Resources Scenic Roads and Vistas Arts and Culture The county’s location provides easy access to top-notch museums, concerts, theater and film...both here and in downtown Philadelphia. Arts and culture helps foster better places to live. According to a 2008 survey by the National Endowment for the Arts, Americans who attend art museums and live arts performances are much more likely to vote, volunteer, and take part in community events than those who do not attend. What’s New Arts and Culture Norristown has thrown its support behind its burgeoning “Arts Hill” neighborhood. This small stretch of Dekalb Street is home to the Montgomery County Cultural Center, Center Theatre, Iron Age Theatre Company, and more recently, Theatre Horizon. • A big arts and culture loss is the Barnes Foundation’s move of its art collection to a new home in downtown Philadelphia. However, the Barnes’ mansion and gardens remain in Lower Merion Township; it will be interesting to see what becomes of this site in the years to come. • Libraries • The Creative Montco plan was released in 2012, with background information and statistics showing the local economic impact of arts and culture. It recommends a variety of steps aimed at strengthening local arts and culture. More information can be found at its website: creativemontco.org. • Arts and culture is important for local revitalization strategies. The county’s museums, movie houses, and performing arts spaces have become focal points for their surrounding communities—Abington’s Keswick neighborhood, Bryn Mawr, Pottstown, and Souderton are just some examples. • Historic movie houses have returned to prominence. East Greenville’s Grand Theater, the Ambler Theater, and Jenkintown’s Hiway Theater are a few of the lovingly restored theaters that pack in the crowds. And the Bryn Mawr Film Institute is considering a future expansion to allow for a third screen at its current home on Lancaster Avenue. • Theater troupes increasingly call the county home, with dedicated facilities across the county. Souderton’s Montgomery Theater, Ambler’s Act II Playhouse, and Pottstown’s Steel River Playhouse— all in the heart of their respective downtowns— provide local theater patrons with plenty of opportunities to see a show. Outlets for people’s creativity abound in the county. There are dozens of schools to learn ballet and tap dance...but also hula, if you choose. Art centers, like the Abington Art Center or the Greater Norristown Art League have classes ranging from painting to pottery for students of all ages. The county has a range of creative employment opportunities—including creative organizations that employ people with a variety of skills (such as an architecture firm employing more than just architects) and traditional businesses with creative employees (such as a writer for a pharmaceutical company). The creative sector contributes more than 35,000 jobs to the county’s economy. PLANNING ISSUE Arts and culture offerings have thrived and expanded across the county over the last ten years, though the challenges of being in the shadow of Philadelphia and financial instability during tough economic times still persist for many groups. 178 There are world class contributions to arts and culture in the county. Collegeville’s Ursinus College is home to the Berman Art Museum, which houses more than 4,000 pieces of art—as well as many large outdoor sculptures that are placed throughout the campus. If comedy’s more your thing, the Stoogeum is a local museum of Three Stooges memorabilia. A love of the outdoors might bring you to the Morris Arboretum or Norristown’s Elmwood Park Zoo. montgomery county today Earnings from jobs in Montgomery County’s creative industries accounted for over $1.62 billion in wages in 2011. That can purchase one year’s* worth of : FIGURE 135: Arts and Culture Venues 29 ! Pennsburg ! ! ! ! ! Hatboro ! ! ! ! !! 309 476 ! Lansdale ! ! ! ! ! ! 611 ! ! 276 Ambler 663 t u ! 202 ! 73 ! ! Jenkintown ! ! ! ! ! 73 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! groceries for 437,601 families ! ! ! ! ¯ ! 100 ! ! Norristown ! ! ! ! Collegeville ! t u Pottstown ! ! ! 29 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Conshohocken ! 76 ! ! ! ! ! ! 422 ! ! ! Art Spaces Gardens Movie Theaters ! ! ! ! Museums Music Venues Performing Art Theaters Zoo !! 476 !! ! ! ! ! !! Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission gas for 899,001 families *Based on the Philadelphia Metropolitan Statistical Area from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2009-2010 It’s all happening, not just at the zoo, but at the movie theaters, museums, and playhouses that populate Montgomery County. From left, the Hiway Theater in Jenkintown, Ursinus College’s Berman Museum of Art in Collegeville, and the Elmwood Park Zoo in Norristown. 179 CULTURAL RESOURCES 180 GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE Federal and State Role Regional and County Role Municipal Cooperation Local Municipal Role Existing Municipal Types Federal and State Role What’s New Federal Role Generally, the federal government’s role in planning and land development is indirect. For example, the federal government provides significant funds for transportation improvements and has many design rules about highway construction, but the decisions on how and where to spend this money are made at the state and regional level. Although there are many federal environmental regulations, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) delegates the enforcement of most of these regulations to Pennsylvania’s Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP), except for the following: • The Army Corp of Engineers does issue permits for projects that have a large impact on wetlands. • The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) adopts flood insurance rate maps, and local property owners cannot get flood insurance unless their municipality adopts a floodplain ordinance that meets FEMA’s standards. • The federal government has allocated less money for transportation, other infrastructure, environmental improvements, community development, and planning than in the past. New transportation legislation does not have designated enhancement money. • Federal funding for housing and community development block grants has gone down, and HUD wants affordable housing to be geographically deconcentrated, with more money used for family housing rather than elderly housing. • The Willow Grove Naval Air Station has closed, which has reduced the military’s impact in Horsham Township. Other smaller military facilities have also closed in the county over the past decade. • State transportation funding is in dire straits, with funding dependent on the Turnpike Commission borrowing large sums of money that are then transferred to PennDOT. Other federal departments and agencies also have an impact on development and planning. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides block grant and housing funds; the Department of Agriculture has a variety of programs used by county farmers, as well as a large research facility in the county; and the National Park Service runs Valley Forge National Historical Park. PLANNING ISSUE On the federal level, the rules for spending, especially for highway improvements, are onerous and create significant delays. On both the federal and state levels, more funding is needed, particularly for transportation. FIGURE 136: Federal Presence in Montgomery County Number of Federal Employees Amount of Federal-Owned Land 2,900 employees 3,200 acres Federal highway construction rules create beautiful highways but add significant delays and cost to projects. 182 montgomery county today State Role Through its legislation and regulation, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania plays a significant role in planning and development. The state’s Municipalities Planning Code governs local zoning, land development, and comprehensive planning. State departments and agencies also have a significant role, including: • The Department of Environmental Protection issues permits and enforces environmental regulations for wetlands, sewage discharges, air quality, stream crossings, etc. • The Department of Transportation controls many local highways and interstate highways and issues driveway occupancy permits for these roads. • The Turnpike Commission operates the turnpike system, which has a significant presence in Montgomery County. • In addition to parks and forestry, the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) enforces protection of endangered and threatened species through its Natural Diversity Index. Evansburg is the largest state park in the county. The PADEP building in Norristown is a green building with LEED certification. FIGURE 138: PennDOT District 6 and PADEP Southeast Region Service Areas Lehigh Other state departments and agencies also have an impact on the county. For example, the Department of Community and Economic Development (DCED) has grants and educational programs for local municipalities; the state Historical and Museum Commission lists historic properties; the Department of Agriculture administers the farm preservation program; the Department of Corrections runs a large prison, Graterford, in the middle of the county and the Department of Public Welfare runs Norristown State Hospital. 476 Berks Bucks Montgomery 276 Lancaster 76 76 Philadelphia Chester 295 FIGURE 137: State Presence in Montgomery County Number of State Employees Amount of State-Owned Land 4,800 employees Delaware 95 7,700 acres Sources: Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection 183 GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE Federal and State Role Regional and County Role Municipal Cooperation Local Municipal Role Existing Municipal Types Regional and County Role Regional Role There are many Philadelphia regional organizations that play a role in Montgomery County, such as the Greater Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce or the Greater Philadelphia Cultural Alliance. The role of most of these organizations is fairly specialized and limited; however, there are three regional organizations with a more significant impact on the county’s landscape - DVRPC, DRBC, and SEPTA. • Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission DVRPC is the regional planning agency, as designated by Pennsylvania and New Jersey. DVRPC manages federal transportation funding for the region, as well as provides supportive planning work, demographic analysis, employment projections, and population projections for the region. • Delaware River Basin Commission - DRBC is a four-state agency—encompassing Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and New York—that regulates water quality and supply within the Delaware River drainage area. Any entity proposing to withdraw 10,000 gallons per day or more of groundwater within the basin must get a permit from DRBC. • Bucks Mercer Montgomery Chester Philadelphia Delaware Gloucester Burlington Camden Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority - SEPTA is a regional transit company that provides regional rail, subway, trolley, and bus service to Philadelphia and its Pennsylvania suburbs. SEPTA train 184 FIGURE 139: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission Area Source: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission The Schuylkill River is part of the Delaware River Basin. montgomery county today FIGURE 140: Delaware River Basin Commission Area County Role Montgomery County does not control zoning or local land development; the county does, however, play a significant role by: New York • Providing planning advice and technical services to local municipalities. • Prioritizing state transportation improvements for the county. The county also owns many roads and bridges and issues highway occupancy permits for its roads. • Supporting economic development projects. • Maintaining county parks and building regional trails. • Providing affordable housing. Pennsylvania New Jersey The county’s major focus is on the court system, property records, and social services. Bucks Mercer Montgomery Chester Philadelphia Burlington Delaware Camden Gloucester Maryland Delaware Sources: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, Delaware River Basin Commission DRBC Service Area DVRPC Region within DRBC Area The county courthouse is in Norristown. Central Perkiomen Valley Park 185 GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE Federal and State Role Municipal Cooperation Regional and County Role Municipal Cooperation The county’s 62 municipalities are independent entities; however, they often work together to accomplish common goals through groups like the Montgomery County Consortium, local Councils of Governments, and the township and borough associations. In addition, four groups of municipalities have created multi-municipal planning groups. These are: Local Municipal Role • Upper Perkiomen Valley • Indian Valley • Pottstown Metropolitan Area Existing Municipal Types • Central Perkiomen Valley Each municipality in each region has adopted their regional comprehensive plan and agreed to make their zoning consistent with the regional plan. Representatives of each community meet on a regular basis as part of a regional planning commission to discuss developments of regional impact and other cross-municipal issues and policies. Central Perkiomen Valley Region Upper Perkiomen Valley Region Indian Valley Region Pottstown Metropolitan Region PLANNING ISSUE Many development impacts, including traffic, stormwater, light, and economic development, go beyond local municipal borders; yet no strong framework exists to address these impacts. 186 montgomery county today FIGURE 141: Multi-Municipal Planning Regions Bucks County Lehigh County Telford Souderton 29 East Greenville Pennsburg Salford Marlborough Horsham Hatfield Bor. Franconia Red Hill Upper Hanover Lower Moreland Hatboro Montgomery Hatfield Twp. Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland 309 476 Upper Perkiomen Lansdale Green Lane Indian Valley Upper Salford 663 Douglass New Hanover Upper Frederick Towamencin Upper Gwynedd Lower Salford Lower Gwynedd North Wales Abington Rockledge Ambler Lower Frederick t u 202 73 611 Upper Dublin 276 Jenkintown Whitpain Cheltenham 73 Worcester Schwenksville Central Perkiomen Springfield Skippack East Norriton 100 grove West Potts Berks County Pottstown Area Upper Pottsgrove Limerick Lower Pottsgrove Pottstown Plymouth Perkiomen Trappe Collegeville t u 422 Sch uyl kill R iv er Upper Providence Philadelphia Norristown Lower Providence West Norriton Bridgeport Conshohocken West Conshohocken Upper Merion Royersford Whitemarsh 76 Lower Merion 29 Narberth East Coventry North Coventry 476 Chester County Delaware County 0 Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles ¯ 187 GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE Federal and State Role Local Municipal Role Regional and County Role The 62 municipalities of the county control much of the planning and land development that occurs in the county. All of these communities have zoning ordinances and subdivision and land development ordinances; the vast majority also have adopted comprehensive plans. Local municipalities: Municipal Cooperation Existing Municipal Types Adopt zoning and approve zoning changes; grant variances through zoning hearing boards. • Approve subdivisions and land developments. • Local Municipal Role • Control local roads. • Are allowed to impose traffic and park impact fees but not other types of impact fees; however, user fees for sewer, water, and other utilities can also be imposed. • Regulate stormwater runoff in accordance with state law and watershed plans, if one exists. • Provide sewage treatment in many cases. • Can provide parks, police protection, and volunteer fire protection; sometimes have libraries and other cultural facilities. Local municipalities can create independent authorities for specific governmental purposes. The most common type of authority in the county is for sewers; however, authorities also exist for water, parking, transportation, economic development, solid waste, and recreation. FIGURE 142: Municipal Classifications 45 43 29 Pennsburg 9 33 40 37 11 27 51 15 Hatboro 28 476 18 32 46 56 23 50 26 t u 41 62 30 PLANNING ISSUE 17 5 73 61 44 42 19 24 6 422 Pottstown 25 31 3 58 55 52 Conshohocken 7 57 39 36 476 59 First Class Township 76 22 29 Borough ¯ 35 Norristown Collegeville 47 t u 60 10 34 54 38 Jenkintown 2 202 20 8 1 276 Ambler 49 73 611 48 21 663 100 4 53 309 Lansdale 12 The process of development is often too time consuming, confusing, and confrontational for local officials, residents, and property owners. 13 16 14 29 Second Class Township Source: Pennsylvania Bureau of Municipal Services 188 montgomery county today FIGURE 143: Montgomery County Municipalities # NAME MUNICIPAL CLASSIFICATION 2010 POPULATION 2010 EMPLOYMENT # NAME MUNICIPAL CLASSIFICATION 2010 POPULATION 2010 EMPLOYMENT 1 Abington Township, First Class 53,310 30,421 32 North Wales Township, First Class 3,229 1,407 2 Ambler Borough 6,417 2,969 33 Pennsburg Borough 3,843 1,458 3 Bridgeport Borough 4,554 2,180 34 Perkiomen Township, Second Class 9,139 2,147 4 Bryn Athyn Borough1 1,375 1,400 35 Plymouth Township, First Class1 16,525 23,034 5 Cheltenham Township, First Class1 36,793 15,353 36 Pottstown Borough 22,377 10,812 6 Collegeville Borough 5,089 2,423 37 Red Hill Borough 2,383 600 7 Conshohocken Borough 7,833 8,684 38 Rockledge Borough 2,543 842 8 Douglass Township, Second Class 10,195 3,339 39 Royersford Borough 4,752 1,533 9 East Greenville Borough 2,951 623 40 Salford Township, Second Class 2,504 604 10 East Norriton Township, Second Class 13,590 8,537 41 Schwenksville Borough 11 Franconia Township, Second Class 13,064 6,952 42 Skippack Township, Second Class 1,385 404 13,715 4,205 6,618 2,724 19,418 8,037 12 Green Lane Borough 508 263 43 Souderton Borough 13 Hatboro Borough 7,360 3,919 44 Springfield Township, First Class 14 Hatfield Borough Borough 3,290 1,208 45 Telford2 Borough 15 Hatfield Township Township, First Class 17,249 16,005 46 Towamencin Township, Second Class 16 Horsham Township, Second Class1 26,147 30,872 47 Trappe Borough 17 Jenkintown Borough 4,422 4,082 48 Upper Dublin Township, First Class 18 Lansdale Borough 16,269 8,265 49 Upper Frederick Township, Second Class 19 Limerick Township, Second Class 18,074 9,962 50 Upper Gwynedd Township, First Class 20 Lower Frederick Township, Second Class 4,840 860 51 Upper Hanover Township, Second Class 6,464 4,197 21 Lower Gwynedd Township, Second Class 11,405 9,354 52 Upper Merion Township, Second Class 28,395 57,118 22 Lower Merion Township, First Class 57,825 49,592 53 Upper Moreland Township, First Class 24,015 15,654 23 Lower Moreland Township, First Class 12,982 7,813 54 Upper Pottsgrove Township, First Class 5,315 1,229 24 Lower Pottsgrove Township, First Class 12,059 4,484 55 Upper Providence Township, Second Class 21,219 15,963 25 Lower Providence Township, Second Class 25,436 11,926 56 Upper Salford Township, Second Class 3,299 1,001 26 Lower Salford Township, Second Class 14,959 7,894 57 West Conshohocken Borough 1,320 6,131 27 Marlborough Township, Second Class 3,178 742 58 West Norriton Township, First Class 15,663 8,541 28 Montgomery Township, Second Class 24,790 15,284 59 West Pottsgrove Township, First Class 3,874 1,056 29 Narberth Borough 4,282 1,895 60 Whitemarsh Township, Second Class1 17,349 19,102 30 New Hanover Township, Second Class 10,939 1,753 61 Whitpain Township, Second Class 18,875 18,940 Norristown Borough1 34,324 15,816 62 Worcester Township, Second Class 9,750 3,205 31 1 2 2,665 667 17,578 6,737 3,509 2,053 25,569 18,779 3,523 801 15,552 18,413 Home rule municipality Montgomery County portion only of Telford Borough 189 GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE Federal and State Role Regional and County Role Municipal Cooperation Local Municipal Role Existing Municipal Types Existing Municipal Types Existing land use and historic development trends can be used to categorize Montgomery County’s 62 municipalities by type of municipality. Towns and Redeveloping Areas Places like Ambler, Pottstown, Jenkintown, or Lansdale are among the towns and redeveloping areas in the county. Older, redeveloping areas in the county have been affected by the loss of population and jobs, but many of these places have also been the focus of intensive revitalization efforts over the past decade. Infrastructure improvements and beautification projects have improved appearances and these communities aggressively seek to attract new businesses and residents. These older communities tend to be pedestrianand transit-friendly places that can appeal to younger residents and empty nesters looking for a more traditional and urban environment. Mature Suburbs PLANNING ISSUE The county’s municipalities, which range from urban to rural, are wrestling with very different development issues. 190 Places like Abington, Cheltenham, West Pottsgrove, or Lower Merion have already undergone a significant amount of growth and development. Many of these places saw the majority of their population growth and development take place just before World War II or just after, during the 1950s and 1960s. These communities are dealing with aging infrastructure, infill development that may or may not match existing neighborhood character, older housing, and recreation needs for a denser population. They are also often home to small downtown areas with objectives similar to those of the county’s towns and redeveloping areas. Keswick is in a mature suburb. Suburban Communities Newer suburban communities like Horsham, Whitpain, and Upper Merion are characterized by a greater separation of land uses. Many retail developments have become regional destinations, but they were designed for the automobile and tend to discourage pedestrian activity. These places still have opportunities to reinvent their commercial areas and employment centers, as well as preserve community open space and trails that link residents to the places they travel. King of Prussia is part of a suburban community. montgomery county today FIGURE 144: Existing Municipal Types Telford Souderton 29 East Greenville Pennsburg Salford Marlborough Horsham Montgomery Hatfield Bor. Franconia Red Hill Upper Hanover Lower Moreland Hatboro Hatfield Twp. Bryn Athyn Upper Moreland 309 476 Lansdale Green Lane Towamencin Upper Salford 663 Upper Frederick Douglass New Hanover Upper Gwynedd Lower Salford Lower Gwynedd North Wales 611 Upper Dublin Abington Rockledge Ambler t u 276 Jenkintown 202 Lower Frederick 73 Cheltenham 73 Whitpain Worcester Schwenksville Springfield Skippack East Norriton 100 Plymouth Perkiomen Limerick Upper Pottsgrove grove West Potts Pottstown Lower Pottsgrove Trappe Collegeville t u 422 Sch uyl kill Riv er Whitemarsh Norristown Lower Providence West Norriton Upper Providence Bridgeport West Conshohocken Upper Merion Royersford Conshohocken 76 Lower Merion 29 Narberth 476 Towns and Redeveloping Areas Mature Suburbs Suburban Communities Growing Areas Rural Areas 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miles Source: Montgomery County Planning Commission ¯ Growing Areas Rural Areas Places like Limerick, Franconia, and Worcester are still likely to experience a significant amount of development pressure as the economy improves. Sensible planning in these communities can help protect existing natural features and ecosystems while accommodating market rate growth and creating new places. These communities may experiencing issues new to them such as traffic congestion on local roads, the need for increased municipal services, and expanding school districts. Places like Douglass, Upper Hanover, Marlborough, or Upper Salford are still considered rural municipalities with active farming areas and natural features that are worthy of future preservation efforts. Since public sewer and water systems do not extend into all of the rural areas of the county, growth in these areas can be limited. The rural character of these places can be maintained with the preservation of farms, villages, woods, hills, and streams. 191 GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE 192 GLOSSARY OF PLANNING TERMS GLOSSARY OF PLANNING TERMS Term Description Term Description Adult Day Care A non-residential facility supporting the health, nutritional, and daily living needs of elderly or disabled adults in professionally staffed, group settings. Arterials Affordable Housing Trust Fund As of 1993, a fund authorized by county ordinance to increase the recording fees of deeds and mortgages to support the county’s local affordable housing efforts. The funds raised are deposited in the general fund of the county, and the increased revenues must be used to fund affordable housing. A federal highway functional classification, arterials are either “principal” or “minor,” and provide greater mobility for longer trips, but offer more accessibility than expressways. Principal arterials in the county include roads like Bethlehem Pike (PA 309), Old York Road (PA 611) in Upper Moreland, and US 202 Dekalb Pike. Agricultural Area Security Law (Act 43 of 1981) This legislation allows for the creation of joint municipal agricultural security areas, which promote more permanent and viable farming operations over the long term. Agricultural or Undeveloped Land As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, generally land that is undeveloped and not wooded. Mostly this is farmland, but vacant land in urban areas is also included. Farmhouses, barns, and other buildings on farms are included in this category. Airport Hazard Zoning Act Passed in 1984, this state legislation restricts the (Act 164) heights of objects around airport areas to provide for safe aircraft flight paths. Ultimately this requires zoning overlay districts at a local level for affected municipalities. Ambulatory Surgery Center An ongoing statistical survey by the U.S. Census Bureau, sent to approximately 250,000 addresses monthly (or 3 million per year), which gathers information previously contained only in the long form of the decennial census. Brownfield Abandoned or underused industrial and/or commercial facilities available for re-use, at which expansion or redevelopment may be complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination. Collectors A federal highway functional classification, collectors are either “major” or “minor” and channel traffic to or from higher classification roads. Examples of major collectors include Conshohocken State Road in Lower Merion and Susquehanna Road in Abington. Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) A locally-based economic model of agriculture and food distribution in which a network or association of individuals pledge to support one or more local farms, with growers and consumers sharing the risks and benefits of food production. CSA members or subscribers pay at the onset of the growing season for a share of the anticipated harvest; once harvesting begins, they receive weekly shares of what is in season. Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRCs) Communities with a mix of independent and personal care units, as well as nursing facilities that offer a tiered approach to providing for the needs of aging residents. A facility which provides day-surgery services for patients who require less than 24-hour medical attention. American Community Survey Best Management Practices A term used to describe water pollution controls, (BMPs) frequently for stormwater management, in which structural or engineered control devices and systems ameliorate the negative effects of polluted and/or excess stormwater. 194 Montgomery County Planning Commission Term Description Term Description Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC) A four-state agency, encompassing Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Delaware, that regulates water quality and supply within the Delaware River drainage area. General Acute Care Hospital Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC) A regional planning agency that has served the Philadelphia region for more than 40 years, covering a nine-county, two state area on key issues of transportation, land use, environmental protection and economic development. An institution, whether operated for profit or not, which maintains and operates facilities for the diagnosis, treatment or care of two or more nonrelated individuals suffering from illness, injury or deformity and where emergency, out-patient, surgical, obstetrical, convalescent or other medical and nursing care is rendered for periods exceeding 24 hours. Historical Architectural Review Board (HARB) A public advisory body created by state and local laws. HARBs operate under the authority of the State of Pennsylvania's Historic District Act, General Assembly #167 of 1961, as amended 1963. Household A household includes all the people who occupy a housing unit. A housing unit is a house, an apartment, a mobile home, a group of rooms, or a single room that is occupied (or if vacant, is intended for occupancy) as separate living quarters. The occupants may be a single family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or unrelated people who share living arrangements. Expressways Family Floodplain Floodway A federal highway functional classification, expressways are the highest class and include divided multi-lane limited-access highways like the Blue Route (I-476). A family consists of a householder and one or more other people living in the same household who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. All people in a household who are related to the householder are regarded as members of his or her family. A family household may contain people not related to the householder, but those people are not included as part of the householder’s family in tabulations. An area of land adjacent to a stream or river that experiences flooding during periods of high discharge. It includes the floodway, which consists of the stream channel and adjacent areas that actively carry flood flows downstream, and the flood fringe, which are areas inundated by the flood, but which do not experience a strong current. The channel of a watercourse and adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge a base flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than a designated height. A federal program for assisting very low-income Housing Choice Voucher Program (formerly Section families, the elderly, and the disabled to afford decent, safe, and sanitary housing in the private 8) market which is administered on a local level by public housing agencies. Independent Living Facilities Communities where units are restricted to households where at least one member is at least age 55; residents live independently without nursing care. Industrial As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, lands with heavy industrial uses, such as oil refineries, chemical plants, steel and metal fabrication facilities, and manufacturing facilities - as well as lighter industrial uses, warehousing and distribution centers, ministorage facilities, body shops, junkyards, and other outdoor storage facilities. 195 GLOSSARY OF PLANNING TERMS Term Description Institutional As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, a land use category that includes a wide variety of governmental and non-profit services, such as government centers, educational facilities, places of worship, cemeteries, hospitals and medical centers, nursing homes, life care facilities, and correctional facilities. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Local Roads Advanced applications which aim to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks. Term Description Mining As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, a land use category that is limited to quarries. Mixed Use As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, areas including traditional main street or village corridors, featuring retail, residential, and office facilities with little separation among uses. Mobile Home Park As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, Residential developments with mobile or manufactured homes Montgomery County Workforce Investment Board (MCWIB) A board, which meets every other month, which seeks to increase awareness of workforce development issues and to strengthen the county's workforce development system by developing partnerships with business, government and community-based organizations. Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) This transportation bill was signed into law on July 6, 2012. Funding surface transportation programs at over $105 billion for fiscal years (FY) 2013 and 2014, MAP-21 is the first long-term highway authorization enacted since 2005. Multifamily As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, residential buildings that contain more than one dwelling unit, with units usually horizontally separated, such as apartments, including garden-style apartment complexes, and duplexes> Municipal Separate Storm Sewer (MS4) program This program aims to prevent harmful pollutants from being washed or dumped into an MS4, and requires operators to obtain a NPDES permit and develop a stormwater management program. Phase I, issued in 1990, requires medium and large cities or certain counties with populations of 100,000 or more to obtain NPDES permit coverage for stormwater discharges. Phase II, issued in 1999, requires regulated small MS4s in urbanized areas, as well as small MS4s outside the urbanized areas that are designated by the permitting authority, to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their stormwater discharges. A voluntary, consensus-based, market-driven program that provides third-party verification of green buildings. A federal highway functional classification, these consist of all roads not defined as arterials or collectors and which primarily provides access to land rather than allow through traffic for vehicles. This class includes all residential side streets. Location Quotient (LQ) A ratio that compares a region to a larger reference region according to some characteristic or asset, such as the strength of a particular industry Meal Delivery Provider A service providing meal delivery service to the elderly or home-bound, such as Meals on Wheels Medicaid The federal program for families and individuals with low income and resources. It is a means-tested program that is jointly funded by the state and federal governments, and is managed by the states. People served by Medicaid are citizens or legal permanent residents, including low-income adults, their children, and people with certain disabilities. Poverty alone does not necessarily qualify someone for Medicaid. 196 Montgomery County Planning Commission Term Description Municipal Waste Planning, A 1988 act, Act 101 mandates recycling in the state’s Recycling, and Waste larger municipalities, requires counties to develop Reduction Act (Act 101) municipal waste management plans, and provides for grants to offset expenses. Municipalities Planning Code (MPC) (Act 247) National Flood Insurance Program National Highway System (NHS) The MPC (Act of 1968, P.L.805, No.247), as updated, empowers counties and municipalities, individually or jointly, to plan their development and to govern the same by zoning, subdivision and land development ordinances, and additional tools. A federal program created through the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 which enables property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance protection from the government against losses from flooding. This insurance is designed to provide an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to meet the escalating costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods. A network of strategic nationwide highways, including the Interstate Highway System and other roads serving major airports, ports, rail or truck terminals, railway stations, pipeline terminals and other strategic transport facilities. The roads within the system were identified by the United States Department of Transportation in cooperation with the states, local officials, and metropolitan planning organizations and approved by the United States Congress in 1995. National Historic Landmarks Nationally significant historic places designated by the Secretary of the Interior because they possess exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the heritage of the United States. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the NPDES permit program controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States. Term Description National Register of Historic Places Established in 1966, the nation’s official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. A property listed in the National Register, or located within a National Register Historic District, may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred preserving the property. Nonfamily A household comprised of a group of unrelated people or of one person living alone. Nursing Homes A facility licensed to provide health care under medical supervision and continuous nursing care for 24 or more consecutive hours. Office As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, land occupied by office buildings and associated parking, research and development facilities, hotels, and/or convention centers Personal Care Homes A facility that is licensed to provide room and board and to assure that assisted living services are available when needed. Units typically house no more than two residents and have a lockable door on the unit entrance. Personal Care Subcontractor Agencies which provide personnel for non-skilled services to individuals in their homes or other independent living environments. These services may include assistance with self-administered medications; personal care such as assistance with personal hygiene, dressing, and feeding; homemaking such as assistance with household tasks, housekeeping, shopping, meal planning and preparation, and transportation; companionship; and respite care such as assistance and support provided to the family. 197 GLOSSARY OF PLANNING TERMS Term Description Term Description Pennsylvania Farmland and Better known as “Clean and Green” or Act 319, this Forest Land Assessment legislation provides a real estate tax benefit to owners Act of 1974 with land in agricultural use, agricultural reserve, or forest reserve and are enrolled in the “Clean and Green Program,” enabling the land to be assessed according to use rather than its prevailing market value. Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 A federal law enacted to improve railroad safety. Among its provisions, the most notable was the mandate requiring positive train control (PTC) technology to be installed on most of the US railroad network by 2015. This was spurred by the 2008 Chatsworth train collision the month prior to passage of the act. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission As of 1945, the official history agency of Pennsylvania, which is responsible for the collection, conservation, and interpretation of the state’s historic heritage. Recreation and Parkland Fields Pennsylvania Land Recycling Program A 1995 state law known as Act 2, this law encourages the voluntary cleanup and reuse of contaminated commercial and industrial sites by allowing an owner or purchaser of a brownfield site to choose any one or combination of cleanup standards to guide remediation. When one or a combination of the background standards are met, the remediator receives liability relief for the property. As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, a land use category pertaining only to outdoor recreational uses, both public and private, and parkland fields, even if not currently developed for active recreation, including parkland fields, golf courses, picnic areas, camps, fairgrounds, swimming pools, and zoos. Retail As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, land predominately used for the sale of goods and services, including commercial strips, malls, big box stores, shopping centers, gas stations, convenience stores, and restaurants. Senior Center A non-residential facility and community focal point where independent older adults come together for shared services and activities. Single-Family Attached As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, residential areas with homes that share at least one vertical wall with a neighboring house, including housing types like rowhomes, twins, townhomes, and quadruplexes Single-Family Detached As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, residential areas with homes which do not share party walls and have yards of varying sizes on all sides. As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, residential areas with the same characteristics as Single-Family Detached, but with larger lot sizes (typically an acre or more) and more rural character, generally found in areas without public sewer service. Pennsylvania Sewage Facilities Act (Act 537) A 1966 act which requires municipalities to develop and implement Official Sewage Facilities Plans to ensure adequate sewage service for existing needs and new growth. Pennsylvania Stormwater Enacted in 1978, this Act was in response to the Management Act (Act 167) impacts of accelerated stormwater runoff resulting from land development. It requires counties to prepare and adopt watershed based stormwater management plans, as well as municipalities to adopt and implement ordinances to regulate development consistent with these plans. Positive Train Control (PTC) A system of functional requirements for monitoring and controlling train movements to provide increased safety through (1) train separation or collision avoidance, (2) line speed enforcement, (3) temporary speed restrictions, and (4) rail worker wayside safety. Single-Family Detached Low Density Pottstown Area Rapid Transit (PART) A multi-line bus service, owned by the Borough of Pottstown, that serves Pottstown and several surrounding municipalities. Southeastern Pennsylvania A regional transit company that provides regional rail, subway, trolley and bus service to Philadelphia Transportation Authority and its Pennsylvania suburbs. (SEPTA) 198 Montgomery County Planning Commission Term Description Specialty Hospital A type of hospital that restricts its admissions to a particular group of persons or class, such as a children’s hospital, but also a hospital that specializes in a specific type of treatment, such as a drug rehabilitation or mental health facility. Transportation As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, areas dedicated to the movement of people or goods, including public transportation centers, highways, highway interchanges, roads, and airports Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) The regionally agreed upon list of priority transportation projects, as required by federal law (ISTEA, TEA-21, SAFETEA LU). The TIP document must list all projects that intend to use federal funds, along with all non-federally funded projects that are regionally significant. Transportation Management Associations (TMAs) Non-profit, member-controlled organizations that provide transportation services in a particular area, such as a commercial district, mall, medical center or industrial park. They are generally public-private partnerships, consisting primarily of area businesses with local government support. Travel Demand Management (TDM) A tool to reduce single occupancy vehicle (SOV) travel as well as facilitate mobility options for area residents. It increases the efficiency of the transportation system through the promotion and facilitation of alternative modes of travel. Utilities As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, areas including power generators and substations, water filtration and storage tanks, wastewater treatment plants, landfills, and recycling centers. Water As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, a category that, because of the scale of the map, only includes rivers and the Green Lane Reservoir. Wooded As shown on the Existing Land Use Map, a category that shows areas which are heavily forested, even in developed portions of the county. Interconnected woodlands along streams running through developed and lotted areas have been put into this category. 199 . ?14 -. nu Index Topic Page(s) Affordable Homes ............................................................................................................................................................ 114-115 Age ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Age Projections.......................................................................................................................................................... 29, 161, 163 Aging .................................................................................................................................................................................... 28-29 Air Toxics .................................................................................................................................................................................. 55 Air Quality ............................................................................................................................................................................ 54-55 Airports .................................................................................................................................................................................... 105 Arts and Culture................................................................................................................................................................ 178-179 Aviation ............................................................................................................................................................................ 104-105 Bicycle Lanes and Trails ......................................................................................................................................................... 102 Bicycle Mobility ............................................................................................................................................................... 102-103 Bicycle, Recommended On-Road Routes................................................................................................................................ 103 Bridge Ownership ................................................................................................................................................................. 92-93 Broadband......................................................................................................................................................................... 158-159 Bus Lines ................................................................................................................................................................................... 99 Climate ................................................................................................................................................................................. 48-49 Climate Change ......................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Communications ............................................................................................................................................................... 158-159 Commuting Patterns .................................................................................................................................................................... 9 County Government Role ........................................................................................................................................................ 185 Crashes, Automobiles/Bicycles/Pedestrians ........................................................................................................................ 25, 91 Crime Statistics ........................................................................................................................................................................ 165 Day Care ........................................................................................................................................................................... 162-163 Diabetes ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Disabilities ........................................................................................................................................................................ 118-119 Downtowns and Main Streets ........................................................................................................................................... 132-133 Economic Trends .............................................................................................................................................................. 142-143 Educational Attainment ............................................................................................................................................................. 17 Emergency Services.......................................................................................................................................................... 164-165 Employers ................................................................................................................................................................................ 130 Employment Centers ............................................................................................................................................................... 129 Employment Change ............................................................................................................................................................... 128 Employment Forecasts...................................................................................................................................................... 142-143 Energy............................................................................................................................................................................... 156-157 Energy Conservation ............................................................................................................................................................... 157 Farm Economy ........................................................................................................................................................................ 141 Farm Programs ................................................................................................................................................................. 140-141 Farmland Preservation ............................................................................................................................................................. 140 Federal Government Role ........................................................................................................................................................ 182 Topic Page(s) Flooding............................................................................................................................................................................. 53, 154 Floodplains ........................................................................................................................................................................... 52-53 Food Access.................................................................................................................................................................... 24, 30-31 Food Distribution....................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Freight .............................................................................................................................................................................. 106-107 Geology ................................................................................................................................................................................ 46-47 Government Facilities....................................................................................................................................................... 166-167 Greenhouse Gas Emissions........................................................................................................................................................ 49 Group Homes........................................................................................................................................................................... 118 Heliports .................................................................................................................................................................................. 105 Hispanic Origin ......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Historic Districts ....................................................................................................................................................... 170-171, 173 Historic, National Landmarks and National Register ....................................................................................................... 171-173 Historic Resource Surveys and Inventories ...................................................................................................................... 170-171 Homelessness .......................................................................................................................................................................... 118 Hospitals ............................................................................................................................................................................... 26-27 Household Size .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Household Types ....................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Household Types Forecast ....................................................................................................................................................... 122 Housing, Age .................................................................................................................................................................... 112-113 Housing, Bathrooms ................................................................................................................................................................ 113 Housing, Density ..................................................................................................................................................................... 111 Housing, Future Demand .................................................................................................................................................. 122-123 Housing, Home and Lot Size ................................................................................................................................................... 113 Housing, Jobs Balance ............................................................................................................................................................. 121 Housing, Median Sale Price .................................................................................................................................................... 115 Housing, Senior ................................................................................................................................................................ 116-117 Housing, Special Needs .................................................................................................................................................... 118-119 Housing, Substandard Units .................................................................................................................................................... 113 Housing, Tenure ...................................................................................................................................................................... 112 Housing, Unit Totals................................................................................................................................................................ 110 Housing, Unit Types ................................................................................................................................................................ 111 Hydrology ............................................................................................................................................................................. 50-51 Income ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) .................................................................................................................................. 93 Jobs, Location Quotients ......................................................................................................................................................... 131 Jobs, Private Sector.................................................................................................................................................................. 131 Jobs, Public Sector................................................................................................................................................................... 131 Topic Page(s) Labor Force, Resident .............................................................................................................................................................. 126 Land Use, Changes ............................................................................................................................................................... 32-33 Land Use, Existing................................................................................................................................................................ 34-35 Land Use, Regionally Significant ......................................................................................................................................... 38-39 Land Use, Trends .................................................................................................................................................................. 42-43 Land Use, Types of Landscapes ........................................................................................................................................... 40-41 Libraries ............................................................................................................................................................................ 176-177 Local Municipal Government Role .................................................................................................................................. 188-189 Municipal Cooperation ..................................................................................................................................................... 186-187 Municipal Government Types .......................................................................................................................................... 190-191 National Highway System ....................................................................................................................................................... 107 Natural Areas Inventory ....................................................................................................................................................... 66-68 Occupations and Industries ...................................................................................................................................................... 127 Office, Industrial and Brownfield Areas ........................................................................................................................... 134-135 Open Space, Preserved Permanently .................................................................................................................................... 70-75 Open Space, Preserved Temporarily..................................................................................................................................... 76-77 Open Space, Privately Conserved ......................................................................................................................................... 73-74 Parks, Federal and State ........................................................................................................................................................ 71-72 Parks, County............................................................................................................................................................................. 73 Parks, Municipal ........................................................................................................................................................................ 73 Pedestrians ........................................................................................................................................................................ 100-101 Phone Service, Wired .............................................................................................................................................................. 158 Phone Service, Wireless .......................................................................................................................................................... 159 Population ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7, 12-13 Population Change ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Population Forecast ................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Poverty ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Race ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Rail Lines ................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 Recreation Facilities ............................................................................................................................................................. 78-81 Recycling .......................................................................................................................................................................... 152-153 Regional Facts .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6-9 Regional Government Role ..................................................................................................................................................... 184 Regional Planning Areas ......................................................................................................................................................... 187 Retail Commercial ........................................................................................................................................................ 8, 136-137 Road Functional Classification .................................................................................................................................................. 89 Road Ownership ................................................................................................................................................................... 92-93 Roads, Scenic.................................................................................................................................................................... 174-175 Topic Page(s) Schools ............................................................................................................................................................................. 160-161 Senior Services .......................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Sewage Facilities .............................................................................................................................................................. 146-149 Soils ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 58-59 Soils, Agricultural ................................................................................................................................................................. 58-59 Solid Waste ....................................................................................................................................................................... 152-153 State Government Role ............................................................................................................................................................ 183 Steep Slopes.......................................................................................................................................................................... 56-57 Stormwater Management .................................................................................................................................................. 154-155 Surgery Centers, Ambulatory ............................................................................................................................................... 26-27 Tourism............................................................................................................................................................................. 138-139 Traffic Counts ............................................................................................................................................................................ 90 Traffic Volume .......................................................................................................................................................................... 90 Trails ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 82-85 Transit ................................................................................................................................................................................... 96-99 Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) ........................................................................................................................ 94-95 Unemployment Rate ................................................................................................................................................................ 127 Vehicle Crashes ......................................................................................................................................................................... 91 Walkability .............................................................................................................................................................................. 101 Waste Facilities ................................................................................................................................................................ 152-153 Water Facilities ................................................................................................................................................................. 150-151 Watersheds ................................................................................................................................................................................ 51 Wetlands ............................................................................................................................................................................... 60-61 Wildlife ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 Woodlands ............................................................................................................................................................................ 62-63